cloning vectors are the kind of vehicle that is used to transfer genes from one organism to another.Different types of plasmids having different shapes are used for this purpose such as M13 plasmid, BAC, YAC, Cosmids etc

1. PREPARED BY:
ASHA PATEL

2. Types of cloning vectors
1. Plasmids
2. Bacteriophage lambda, M13
3. Cosmids
4. Artificial chromosomes
BAC, YAC,PAC etc.

3. What are plasmids?

4. Plasmid consist of

6. PLASMID
CONSIST OF:
1 An origin of replication
2 Multiple cloning site (a polylinker to clone the gene of
interest).
3 An antibiotic resistance gene ( selectable marker).
The size of plasmids varies from 1 to over 400 kbp.
Plasmids used in genetic engineering are called vectors.

7. Shapes of plasmids
There are 5 shapes of plasmids
1. Nicked Open-Circular: DNA has one strand cut
2. Relaxed Circular: DNA is fully intact
3. Linear: DNA has free ends
4. Supercoiled: DNA is fully intact but has a twist in it, making it
more compact
5. Supercoiled Denatured: Slightly less compact than supercoiled

8. Shapes of Plasmids

9. TYPES OF PLASMIDS
1.ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION
Fertility Plasmids ( F PLASMID):
carry the fertility genes (tra-genes) for conjugation, the transfer of genetic information
between two cells.

10. Resistance Plasmid (R PLASMID):
- Contain genes that can build resistance to antibiotic or
poisions.

11. Col Plasmids:
- Contain genes that encode for the antibacterial polypeptides
called bacteriocins, a protein that kills other strains of bacteria.
The col proteins of E.coli are encoded by proteins such as Col E1

12. Degradative Plasmids:
Allow to digest unusual substances.
Virulence Plasmids:
Turn bacterium into a pathogen
Episomes:
An episome is a plasmid of bacteria or viral DNA that can
inyegrate itself into the chromosomal DNA of the host organism. For
this reason, it can stay intact for a long time, be duplicated with every
cell division of the host, and become a basic part of its genetic makeup.

13. 2 BY THEIR ABILITY TO TRANSFER TO OTHER BACTERIA
Conjugative Plasmids
Contain ‘tra’ genes (genes necessary for sexual transfer of genetic
material), which perform the complex process of conjugation, the transfer of
plasmids to another bacterium through a pilus.
Non-conjugative plasmids
Are incapable of initiating conjugation, hence they can only be transferred
with the assistance of conjugative plasmids.
Intermediate classes of plasmids
Are mobilizable, and carry only a subset of the genes required for
transfer.They can parasitize a conjugative plasmid, transferring at high
frequency only in its presence. Plamids are now being used to manipulate DNA
and may possibly be a tool for curing many diseases.

14. Plasmid applications
Plasmids serve as important tools in genetics and biochemistry labs,
where they are commonly used to
1 Multiply or express particular genes
2 Gene therapy.
3 Molecular cloning.