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CLINICAL TRIALS
TRIAL PHASES AND DESIGN
PRESENTED BY:
Padmini Dutta Hazarika
RCR 2557
1
2
PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIAL
3
Preclinical Research
IND Application
Phase IV
Submission of NDA
Phase III
Phase II
Phase I
Pharmacodynamic
studies in animals
Assess safety,
tolerability, PK and
PD of drug
Drug disease
interaction,
efficacy of drug
Evaluate
effectiveness and
risk- benefit ratio
Monitor long term
effects and
effectiveness
IND application requesting approval to begin
testing in humans
Formal proposal to approve new drug for sale.
In animal models
20 to 80
individuals
100-300
individuals
1000- 3000
individuals
1000+
individuals
3-6 years (3.5
approx)
1-2 years
1-2 years
2-3 years
Ongoing
following FDA
approval
4
5
CASE CONTROL STUDY:
•Identification of subjects based on outcome status.
•Retrospective in nature.
•Comparison of frequency of exposure in a group having the disease with a group free
of the disease.
6
COHORT STUDY:
•May be prospective or retrospective.
•Group of people with defined characteristics are followed up to determine
incidence of, or mortality from, some specific disease, all causes of death, or some
other outcome.
7
CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY:
•To determine the prevalence without manipulating the study environment.
•Causal relationship not determined as subjects are not followed up.
8
LONGITUDINAL STUDY:
•Similar to cross sectional study.
•Follow up carried for a longer duration and hence causal relation of condition
determined.
•Can be descriptive or analytical.
RANDOMISED CONTROL TRIAL:
•Participants are randomly allocated into group receiving control or treatment
drug.
•Reduces bias.
9
Defined population
TREATMENT
NO
TREATMENT
Improved Not improved Improved Not improved
Parallel design graph
10
Crossover design graph
11
Latin Square design
Subjects
Study
Period 1
Study
Period 2
Study
period 3
Study
period 4
1 A B C D
2 B C D A
3 C D A B
4 D A B C
Washoutperiod
Washoutperiod
Washoutperiod
12
Both A and B
B but not A
A but not B
Neither A nor B
TREATMENT B
+ -
TREATMENTA
+
-
Factorial design graph
THANK
YOU!
13

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Clinical trials ppt

  • 1. CLINICAL TRIALS TRIAL PHASES AND DESIGN PRESENTED BY: Padmini Dutta Hazarika RCR 2557 1
  • 3. 3 Preclinical Research IND Application Phase IV Submission of NDA Phase III Phase II Phase I Pharmacodynamic studies in animals Assess safety, tolerability, PK and PD of drug Drug disease interaction, efficacy of drug Evaluate effectiveness and risk- benefit ratio Monitor long term effects and effectiveness IND application requesting approval to begin testing in humans Formal proposal to approve new drug for sale. In animal models 20 to 80 individuals 100-300 individuals 1000- 3000 individuals 1000+ individuals 3-6 years (3.5 approx) 1-2 years 1-2 years 2-3 years Ongoing following FDA approval
  • 4. 4
  • 5. 5 CASE CONTROL STUDY: •Identification of subjects based on outcome status. •Retrospective in nature. •Comparison of frequency of exposure in a group having the disease with a group free of the disease.
  • 6. 6 COHORT STUDY: •May be prospective or retrospective. •Group of people with defined characteristics are followed up to determine incidence of, or mortality from, some specific disease, all causes of death, or some other outcome.
  • 7. 7 CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY: •To determine the prevalence without manipulating the study environment. •Causal relationship not determined as subjects are not followed up.
  • 8. 8 LONGITUDINAL STUDY: •Similar to cross sectional study. •Follow up carried for a longer duration and hence causal relation of condition determined. •Can be descriptive or analytical. RANDOMISED CONTROL TRIAL: •Participants are randomly allocated into group receiving control or treatment drug. •Reduces bias.
  • 9. 9 Defined population TREATMENT NO TREATMENT Improved Not improved Improved Not improved Parallel design graph
  • 11. 11 Latin Square design Subjects Study Period 1 Study Period 2 Study period 3 Study period 4 1 A B C D 2 B C D A 3 C D A B 4 D A B C Washoutperiod Washoutperiod Washoutperiod
  • 12. 12 Both A and B B but not A A but not B Neither A nor B TREATMENT B + - TREATMENTA + - Factorial design graph