Responding to Climate Change: Impacts, Uncertainty and Adaptation - lecture 1...Jose M. Molina
Presentation by Jose Molina, Course 500.111 - Fall 2015 Johns Hopkins University: Global Climate Phenomena & Climate Change. Reflections on California Drought, Water Supply in Western US, Massive Fires in Indonesia, and Precipitation changes in the Tropics
Flat roofs collapses due to snow in belgium & some ideas about climatic changes.Benoit Parmentier
Some ideas about impact of climate change on building design. And some observations due to roof collapses in December 2010 due to snow.
Presented at TC Architects in 2011.
Responding to Climate Change: Impacts, Uncertainty and Adaptation - lecture 1...Jose M. Molina
Presentation by Jose Molina, Course 500.111 - Fall 2015 Johns Hopkins University: Global Climate Phenomena & Climate Change. Reflections on California Drought, Water Supply in Western US, Massive Fires in Indonesia, and Precipitation changes in the Tropics
Flat roofs collapses due to snow in belgium & some ideas about climatic changes.Benoit Parmentier
Some ideas about impact of climate change on building design. And some observations due to roof collapses in December 2010 due to snow.
Presented at TC Architects in 2011.
The presentation has been prepared as part of Final Project Assignment for World bank E learning course on 'Turn down the heat- Why a 4 degree World must be avoided
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
Chapter
Climate Change 2014
Synthesis Report
Summary for Policymakers
Summary for Policymakers
2
SPM
Introduction
This Synthesis Report is based on the reports of the three Working Groups of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), including relevant Special Reports. It provides an integrated view of climate change as the final part of the IPCC’s
Fifth Assessment Report (AR5).
This summary follows the structure of the longer report which addresses the following topics: Observed changes and their
causes; Future climate change, risks and impacts; Future pathways for adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development;
Adaptation and mitigation.
In the Synthesis Report, the certainty in key assessment findings is communicated as in the Working Group Reports and
Special Reports. It is based on the author teams’ evaluations of underlying scientific understanding and is expressed as a
qualitative level of confidence (from very low to very high) and, when possible, probabilistically with a quantified likelihood
(from exceptionally unlikely to virtually certain)1. Where appropriate, findings are also formulated as statements of fact with-
out using uncertainty qualifiers.
This report includes information relevant to Article 2 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
SPM 1. Observed Changes and their Causes
Human influence on the climate system is clear, and recent anthropogenic emissions of green-
house gases are the highest in history. Recent climate changes have had widespread impacts
on human and natural systems. {1}
SPM 1.1 Observed changes in the climate system
Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed
changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have
warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen. {1.1}
Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850. The
period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere, where
such assessment is possible (medium confidence). The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature
data as calculated by a linear trend show a warming of 0.85 [0.65 to 1.06] °C 2 over the period 1880 to 2012, when multiple
independently produced datasets exist (Figure SPM.1a). {1.1.1, Figure 1.1}
In addition to robust multi-decadal warming, the globally averaged surface temperature exhibits substantial decadal and
interannual variability (Figure SPM.1a). Due to this natural variability, trends based on short records are very sensitive to the
beginning and end dates and do not in general reflect long-term climate trends. As one example, the rate of warming over
1 Each finding is grounded in an evaluation of underlying evidence and agreement. In many cases, a synthesis of evidence and agreement suppo.
Tokyo Climate Center: TCC News No. 35 (27 February 2014)Saho Sekiguchi
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http://ds.data.jma.go.jp/tcc/tcc/news/tccnews35.pdf
IPCC 2013 report on Climate Change - The Physical BasisGreenFacts
"Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis" is a comprehensive assessment of the physical aspects of climate change, which puts a focus on the elements that are relevant to understand past, document current, and project future climate change.
The report covers observations of changes in all components of the climate system and assess the current knowledge of various processes of the climate system.
Direct global-scale instrumental observation of the climate began in the middle of the 19th century, and reconstruction of the climate using proxies such as tree rings or the content of sediment layers extends the record much further in the past.
The present assessment uses a new set of new scenarios to explore the future impacts of climate change under a range of different possible emission pathways.
Presentation held by Jasper Batureine Mwesigwa from IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), at the learning event The Community Based Adaptation and Resilience in East and Southern Africa’s Drylands, held in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia by Care International Adaptation Learning Program for Africa (ALP), The CGIAR research program on Climate change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and African Insect Science for Food and Health (ICIPE)
PROVIA-led research prioritization for vulnerability, impacts and adaptationPROVIA
On 4th June 2013, Prof. Cynthia Rosenzweig presented an update on the PROVIA-led research prioritization for vulnerability, impacts and adaptation at the 38th Session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA 38) Research Dialogue in Bonn, Germany
PROVIA Scientific Steering Committee Co-Chair, Saleemul Huq gave an overview of PROVIA and recent activities during the PROVIA side event at COP18 in Doha on 27th November 2012.
Preliminary summary of the PROVIA Guidance for vulnerability, impacts and ada...PROVIA
Richard Klein, PROVIA Scientific Steering Committee member, presented a preliminary summary of the PROVIA Guidance for vulnerability, impacts and adaptation assessments during the PROVIA side event at COP18 in Doha on 27th November 2012.
How PROVIA can help improve effectiveness and efficiency of UN work on Climat...PROVIA
George Manful (UNEP/DTIE) gave a presentation on how PROVIA can help improve effectiveness and efficiency of UN work on adaptation during PROVIA side event at COP18 in Doha on 27th November 2012
Prof. Martin Parry PROVIA Presentation, October 2011PROVIA
On October 5th 2011, Prof. Martin Parry and Chris Gordon (Former Chair and member of PROVIA’s Scientific Steering Committee) met with Dr. Achim Steiner, the Executive Director of UNEP. They explained PROVIA’s initial activities and its future plans, and discussed with Dr. Steiner how these could best fit with UNEP’s other activities.
Prof. Richard J.T. Klein’s presentation on PROVIA, June 2011PROVIA
Prof. Richard J.T. Klein’s presentation on ‘PROVIA’ delivered at the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA 34), Workshop on Research, Bonn, Germany, 2-3 June 2011.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Climatic stressors major recent changes and projections in the central and south
1. Climate Change 2014:
Jose A. Marengo
CCST INPE
Sao Paulo, Brazil
jose.marengo@inpe.br
CLIMATIC STRESSORS: MAJOR RECENT CHANGES AND PROJECTIONS IN THE CENTRAL AND
SOUTH AMERICA: MAIN RESULTS OF CHAPTER 27 CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA OF THE IPCC
AR5 WG2
3. Executive Summary: Observed trends
Significant trends in precipitation and temperature have been observed in
CA and SESA (high confidence ). Besides, changes in climate variability and in
extreme events have severely affected the region (medium confidence ).
Increasing trends in annual rainfall in Southeastern South America (SESA;
0.6 mm/day/50years during 1950-2008) contrast with decreasing trends in
CA and Central-Southern Chile (-1mm/day /50 years during 1950-2008).
Warming has been detected throughout CA and SA (near to 0.7-1°C/40
years since the mid-1970’s), except for a cooling off the Chilean coast of
about -1 °/40 years. Increases in temperature extremes have been identified
in CA and most of tropical and subtropical SA (medium confidence), while
more frequent extreme rainfall in SESA has favoured the occurrence of
landslides and flash floods (medium confidence).
7. Risk of climate-related impacts results from the interaction of climate-related hazards (including
hazardous events and trends) with the vulnerability and exposure of human and natural
systems. Changes in both the climate system (left) and socioeconomic processes including
adaptation and mitigation (right) are drivers of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability.
8.
9.
10.
11. Projected changes in annual average temperature and precipitation. CMIP5 multi-model mean
projections of annual average temperature changes (left panel ) and average percent change in
annual mean precipitation (right panel) for 2046-2065 and 2081-2100 under RCP2.6 and 8.5.
Solid colors indicate areas with very strong agreement, where the multi-model mean change is
greater than twice the baseline variability, and>90% of models agree on sign of change.
12.
13. Warm nights 1951-2010Consecutive dry days 1951-2010 Heavy precip days 1951-2010
Consecutive dry days 1951-2003 Warm nights 1951-2003Heavy precip days 1951-2003
Alexander et al (2006)
Donat et al (2013)
Stations
coverage
Decay
Improve
14. Executive Summary: Projeted trends
Climate projections suggest increases in temperature, and increases or
decreases in precipitation for CA and SA by 2100 (medium confidence ).
Post-AR4 climate projections, derived from dynamic downscaling forced by
CMIP3 models for various SRES scenarios, and to different global climate
models from the CMIP5 for various RCPs (4.5 and 8.5), warming varies from
+1.6°C to +4.0°C in CA, and +1.7°C to +6.7°C in SA (medium confidence).
Rainfall changes for CA range between -22% to +7% by 2100, while in SA
rainfall varies geographically, most notably showing a reduction of -22% in
Northeast Brazil, and an increase of +25% in SESA (low confidence). By 2100
projections show an increase in dry spells in tropical SA east of the Andes,
and in warm days and nights in most of SA (medium confidence)
15. Key messages
• Observation systems are improving and hence our assessment
is better than AR4
• There are very major gaps (Africa, S. America..)
• Linking climatic, biophysical and human data is a promising way to
improve impacts assessment
• This allows us to distinguish climate change impacts from
consequences of other aspects of policy and development
• Many impacts may not have been observed, but that does not
mean that no impacts have occurred.