Module 5:
Consideration of social aspects for
inclusive development
Organized by
With support from

Explore the social equity considerations when developing NDC implementation
plans for the agricultural sector
Understand the importance of giving special attention to examining the
political economy, analyzing gender concerns, and involving the youth in
implementation
Objectives

Thinking beyond technical concerns
• NDCs are intended to be pursued in
context of other development goals and
plans
• National priorities, including NAIPs
and NAPs
• Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs)
• Government 5-year plans
• How will pursuit of NDCs affect social and
economic development goals?
• Synergies
• Tradeoffs
• Predictable knock-on effects
Source: https://klimalog.die-gdi.de/ndc-sdg/country/ZMB
NDC-SDG connections:

Thinking beyond technical concerns: Cross-scale political economy
Equity implications in pursuit of NDCs
• When climate finance flows into a country, who will benefit…
• Within sectors?
• Within value chains?
• Within communities?
• Within households?
Photo: ILRI/Zerihun Sewunet

Thinking beyond technical concerns: Cross-scale political economy
Equity implications in pursuit of NDCs
• How will the promotion and
adoption of CSA practices reshape
relationships…
• Within sectors?
• Within value chains?
• Within communities?
• Within households?
Photo: CIFOR/Sheona Shackleton

Example: Uganda’s National Adaptation Plan for the Agricultural
Sector
Source: Uganda’s NAP-Ag
Gender-responsive actions integrated throughout the
NAP
Examples:
• Promotion of a gendered CSA programme through
implementation of a targeted gender capacity
support programme and development of a gender
and agriculture coordination mechanism;
• Mainstreaming gender in animal breeding
interventions
• Representatives from the Ministry of Gender, Labour
and Social Development on the Agriculture Task
Force monitoring implementation of the NAP

Thinking beyond technical concerns
• Issues of power and control
• Who makes decisions?
• On what information and
authority are they based?
• How might CSA
interventions shift power?
Important to consider gender
differences in CSA interventions (e.g.,
access to transport, child care duties,
and more)
Link to fertilizer success story

Thinking beyond technical concerns
• Usefulness and challenges of participatory
processes
• Who frames and facilitates the
process?
• Who gets a voice?
• Whose voice is not being heard?
Photo: CCAFS/S. Samuel

Case study: Zanzibar forest management project
• Women often have a preference for
agroforestry
• But their involvement in marketing products is
often restricted to small trade while men
dominate wholesale trade and timber
• Gender-responsive agroforestry actions can
include integrating tree species for fuelwood,
fodder, shade and fruit (instead of focusing on
trees used for poles and timber)
• A CARE forest management project in
Zanzibar focused on supporting women as
key producers and consumers through
community forest management agreements
Info source: FAO Gender and CSA module Box
Photo: Community Forests International

Case study: Zimbabwe Livelihoods and Food Security Programme
(LFSP)
• LFSP took gender inequality into
consideration as a factor in food
insecurity and poor nutrition
• Developed a gender strategy to inform
the programme
• Gender Action Learning System (GALS)
methodology used with households
alongside promotion of gender
responsive climate smart technologies
• Women farmers enabled to access
finance and invest in farm enterprise
diversification Photo source

Bottom-up approaches
• What are the local adaptation practices and dynamics in which farmers and
herders are already engaging?
• Consider introducing adaptation options that:
• Are well-evaluated
• Have been prioritized by local farmers
• Address prominent climate risks in the location
• Evidence on farmer prioritization can help support informed decisions that are in
line with government policies.
• Identification and prioritization of CSA technologies helps in designing an
investment portfolio across various agro-ecological zones.

Why be concerned about gender in NDCs?
• Men and women are affected by
and respond to climatic changes in
different ways
• Technological change (e.g. CSA)
can also distribute effects unevenly
across social groups
• Information should be made
available and accessible to men
and women, boys and girls, and
any potential increase in workload
should be minimized.
Photo:M.Acosta

The importance of the social context
Source: REEEP
Women not well
represented in
leadership
positions of co-ops
Example:
Gender in
dairy value
chains in
Kenya, based
on ILRI
research by
Tavenner and
Crane (Source
1, Source 2)
Women
registered at
lower rates
than men at
collection hubs
Women have
less access to
financial
services and
less say in how
dairy income is
used Young men
have greater
mobility and
freedom to
participate as
hawkers
Cultural
differences over
cattle ownership
and labor
responsibilities

Example tool: CSA Rapid Appraisal
Mixed method approach, draws on
participatory bottom-up, qualitative, and
quantitative tools to assess the heterogeneity
local contexts, and prioritize context-specific
CSA options.
Employs gender-disaggregated methods
Assesses within and between district variations in
farming systems, management practices,
challenges and climate vulnerability to inform
CSA targeting.
Method: key-informant and farmers interviews,
participatory workshops, pairwise ranking
matrix, information on farmers constraints
• Completed in 2 months
• Drove a US$15m investment in UgandaResource: The CSA-RA manual
(Mwongera et al 2017)

Criteria for evaluating whether a gender-responsive approach is used
in CSA-sensitive practices
1. The development and application of the practice have been
informed by gender analysis
2. All work related to the practice has involved the participation and
engagement of men and women, in particular those who
implement the practice
3. Efforts are made to reduce the constraints to uptake of the
practice
4. The practice results in immediate benefits for men and women
5. The practice results in long-term benefits for men and women
Gender concerns

Potential gender considerations of various CSA-sensitive practices
Adapted from World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2015; modified by Nelson &
Huyer 2016
Requirements for adoption of practice Relative
amount of
time until
benefits
are
realized
Potential for
women to
benefit from
increased
productivity
Female and
youth
labour
availability
Female
access to
and control
of land
Female
access to
water for
agriculture
Female
access to
cash and
ability to
spend it
Gender
impact:
women’s
control of
income
from
practice
Conservation
agriculture
High Low-medium High Low Low High Low
Improved
home gardens
High High High High High Low High

Youth in agriculture
• Seems to be a buzzword, or the latest trending topic
• BUT, the youth bulge will be around for a while….
Photo: Tamara Kaunda

Youth bulge, history and forecast, per Africa’s regions versus East Asia (Source: IOM and AU, 2018)

Youth in agriculture
• Strategies used to engage with the
private sector can also help bring in
young people to agribusiness
• Access to credit a constraint to be
overcome
• Think beyond agriculture to the whole
food system (ag research, equipment
manufacturing and sales, ag input supply,
processing and value addition, nutrition
education, food vendors, a whole range
of agri-entrepreneur opportunities)

Key messages
Different groups are affected by climate change in different ways. They
can also respond and help meet NDC targets through different means.
Careful examination of who benefits from climate finance flows is
needed to ensure equitable development.
Gender analyses should be carried out for all CSA practices to help
increase adoption rates.
Don’t forget to take the youth into consideration when making NDC
implementation plans and providing access to climate finance.

Thank you
Questions?

Gender and political economy resources
• Gender in climate-smart agriculture: module 18 for gender in agriculture sourcebook (English).
• Climate Change & Food Security Vulnerability Assessment Toolkit:
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55087/retrieve
• A Gender-responsive Approach to Climate-Smart Agriculture: Evidence and guidance for
practitioners
• “How-To” Note: Political economy analysis
• FAO and UNDP (2018) Promoting gender-responsive adaptation in the agriculture sectors: Entry
points within NAPs
• UNDP (2019) Gender and NDCs: Country Progress and Key Findings
• FAO and CARE (2019) Good Practices for Integrating Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment
in Climate-Smart Agriculture Programmes
• FAO (2017) The role of gender in Climate-Smart Agriculture
• Oxfam (2014) Gender Action Learning System: Practical Guide for Transforming Gender and
Unequal Power Relations in Value Chains
• Website on GALS methodology: https://gamechangenetwork.org/methodology/gals