ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT
In this presentation of " Anatomy of Knee Joint" you will know about structures present in Knee Joint.
Bones, Joints, Ligaments, Muscles, Mechanism of movements of Knee Joint, Nerve and Blodd supply of Knee Joint.
to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
ANATOMY OF KNEE JOINT
In this presentation of " Anatomy of Knee Joint" you will know about structures present in Knee Joint.
Bones, Joints, Ligaments, Muscles, Mechanism of movements of Knee Joint, Nerve and Blodd supply of Knee Joint.
to download this presentation from this link.
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/12/joints-of-upper-limb.html
anatomy of the upper limb joints. shoulder, elbow, wrist hand
Atlanto occipital and atlanto axial jointShubham Singh
Anatomy:
>Atlas is the topmost vertebra and chief peculiarity of atlas is that it has no body, it is ring like and consist of anterior and posterior arch and two lateral masses.
>Axis, the 2nd cervical vertebra has a concave under side and convex from side to side. The most distinctive characteristic of this bone is strong odontoid process, the dens.
TheJoint:
>Atlanto-occipital joint (articulation between the atlas and the occipital bone) consists of a pair of condyloid joints.
>The atlanto-occipital joints are synovial socket-type joints
Ligaments:
> Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum.
>Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane: extend from anterior arch of atlas to anterior margin of foramen magnum.
>The ligamentam flavam join laminae of adjacent vertebral arches.
>The interspinous ligaments expand to form the ligamentum nuchae which inserts along the posterior foramen magnum and external occipital condyle.
> The following four ligaments stabilize these joints:
1.Apical ligament: Connects the dens to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
2.Alar ligaments: Connect the dens to the lateral margins of the foramen magnum.
3.Cruciate ligament: Attaches the dens to the anterior arch of the atlas and the body of the axis to the foramen magnum of the occipital bone.
4.Tectorial membrane: Starts at the skull and becomes the posterior longitudinal ligament.
>Atlanto-axial articular capsules are thick and loose, and connect the margins of the lateral masses of the atlas with those of the posterior articular surfaces of the axis.
Muscles:
>Flexion is produced mainly by the action of longis capitis, rectus capitis anterior and sternocleidomastoid (anterior fibres)
>Extension by the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, the obliquus capitis superior, the semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis, longissimus capitis, sternocleidomastoid and upper fibres of the trapezius
>The recti lateralis are concerned in the lateral movement, assisted by the trapezius, splenius capitis, semispinalis capitis, and the sternocleidomastoid of the same side, all acting together.
Movements:
>Flexion and extension in the Sagittal axis, which give rise to the ordinary forward and backward nodding of the head.
>Lateral flexion to one or other side in the Frontal axis(titling of head
>Lateral AAJ Movement: It is a synovial joint which allows only gliding
>Medial AAJ Movement: This joint allows the rotation of the atlas the axis i.e round the dens.
Clinical anatomy:
> Headaches can arise from many different sources including dysfunctional muscles, tears in the ligaments, misalignment of the vertebral bodies, injury to cervical facets and degenerative discs.
>Excessive flexion could rupture the supraspinous ligament.
>Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane ossification cause migraine headaches due to compression of artery.
This topic is related to the joints.
it is a type of synovial joint.
it is a ball and socket type.
This is very sensative joint and easy to have fracture to this part.
introduction about joints, types of joints . joints are present with in upper limb, movements of all joints and finally with clinical correlation of all joints.
Oswestry Disability Index or Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire is a self-administered questionnaire divided into ten sections designed to assess limitations of various activities of daily living.
Each section is scored on a 0 – 5 scale, 5 representing the greatest disability. The index is calculated by dividing the summed score by the total possible score, which is then multiplied by 100 and expressed as a percentage.
Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire has questions about: Pain Intensity, Standing, Personal Care, Sleeping, Lifting, Sex Life, Walking, social life, Sitting and Traveling.
Neck Disability Index (NDI) is a 10 item questions that measures a patient's neck pain related disability, it was first published in 1991 by Dr. Howard Vernon and was based on the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire.
The 10 Questions of NDI include activities of daily living, such as: personal care, lifting, reading, work, driving, sleeping, recreational activities, pain intensity, concentration and headache.
The items are scored in descending order with the top statement = 0 and the bottom statement = 5
All subsections are added together for a cumulative score. The higher the score, the greater the disability.
Thomas Test is used to evaluate hip flexion contracture and psoas syndrome (Iliopsoas Tightness), which is more common in runners, dancers, and gymnasts with symptoms of hip “stiffness” and “clicking” feeling when flexing at the waist.
Thomas Test is used to evaluate hip flexion contracture and psoas syndrome (Iliopsoas Tightness), which is more common in runners, dancers, and gymnasts with symptoms of hip “stiffness” and “clicking” feeling when flexing at the waist.
Homan's Sign is a screening test used to check for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the calf. It’s sometimes called dorsiflexion sign.
It was first describes by John Homans in 1941 who was an American surgeon.
Read More: https://orthofixar.com/special-test/homans-sign/
A variety of hip muscles surround the hip joint, and act to accelerate, decelerate, and stabilize the hip joint. About 21 muscles cross the hip, providing both tri-planar movement and stability between the femur and the acetabulum.
https://orthofixar.com/anatomy/hip-muscles-anatomy/
Thomas Test (or as it called Hugh Owen Thomas well leg raising test) is used to measure the flexibility of the hip flexor muscles. It’s used to test for hip flexion contracture and psoas syndrome, which is more common in runners, dancers, and gymnasts with symptoms of hip “stiffness” and “clicking” feeling when flexing at the waist.
For more, See:
https://www.orthofixar.com/special-test/thomas-test/
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. • Clavicle anatomy consists of medial end,
middle and lateral end. There are many
ligaments and muscles connecting to these
parts of clavicle.
• Clavicle bone is the First bone in the body to
ossify (at 5 weeks’ gestation) and last to fuse
(medial epiphysis at 25 years of age).
3. Clavicle Bone
Anatomy
• Serving as a strut between the sternum and scapula,
the clavicle bone elevates and rotates to maintain
the alignment of the scapula, allowing for additional
motion when the arm is raised and preventing
excessive anterior displacement of the scapula.
• The proximal two-thirds of the clavicle bone is
characterized by an anteriorly convex bend. The
distal one-third begins to flatten while curving
concavely to meet with the scapula. The point at
which the clavicle begins to transition from a convex
to a concave bend, approximately two-thirds of the
way along its shaft, is relatively weak and is a
common site for fractures.
4. Clavicle Bone
Anatomy
• Thin and triangular, the scapula’s anterior costal
surface is concave, forming the subscapular fossa.
The vertebral (medial) border is marked by the
inferior and superior angles. The posterior surface is
distinguished by the horizontal scapular spine, which
divides the scapula into the large infraspinous fossa
below and the smaller supraspinous fossa above.
• On the lateral end of the scapular spine is the
anteriorly projecting acromion process, which
articulates with the clavicle. Projecting inferiorly and
anteriorly to the acromion is the beak-shaped
coracoid process. The infraspinous, supraspinous,
and subscapular fossae merge on the axial border to
form the glenoid fossa. Located below the acromion,
this fossa articulates with the humeral head.
5. Clavicle Ligament
• Medial Clavicle articulates with sternal bone forming the
sternoclavicular joint, there is relatively little motion at the
sternoclavicular joint. Medially the clavicle is secured to the
sternum by the sternoclavicular capsule. The thickening of the
posterior capsule has been determined to be the single most
important soft tissue constraint to anterior or posterior
translation of the medial clavicle.
• There is also an interclavicular ligament which runs from the
medial end of one clavicle, gains purchase from the superior
aspect of the sternum at the sternal notch and attaches to the
medial end of the contralateral clavicle. Acting as a tension
wire at the base of the clavicle, this ligament helps prevent
inferior angulation or translation of the clavicle.
• There are extremely stout ligaments that originate on the first
rib and insert on the undersurface or the inferior aspect of the
clavicle.
6. Clavicle Ligament
• Laterally the clavicle articulates with the acromion bone.
• The coracoclavicular ligaments are stout ligaments that arise from
the base of the coracoid:
1. The trapezoid (more lateral): inserts onto the small osseous ridge of
the inferior clavicle.
2. Conoid (more medial): inserts onto the clavicular conoid tubercle.
• These ligaments are very strong and provide the primary resistance
to superior displacement of the clavicle. Their integrity, or lack
thereof, plays an important role in the decision making and fixation
selection in the treatment of displaced lateral third clavicle fractures.
• Clavicle fractures in this location will often have an avulsed inferior
fragment to which these ligaments are attached, especially in
younger individuals.
• The capsule of the AC joint is thickened superiorly and is primarily
responsible for resisting AP displacement of the joint.
• If one is inserting a hook plate for fixation of a very distal fracture, a
small defect can be made in the posterolateral aspect.
7. Muscle Attachments
• Medially: the pectoralis major muscle originates from the
clavicular shaft anteroinferiorly, and the sternocleidomastoid
originates superiorly.
• Laterally: the pectoralis origin merges with the origin of the
anterior deltoid, while the trapezius insertion blends superiorly
with the deltoid origin at the lateral margin.
• The medial clavicular fragment is elevated by the unopposed pull
of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, while the distal fragment is
held inferiorly by the deltoid and medially by the pectoralis
major.
• The platysma or “shaving muscle” is variable in terms of
thickness and extent, but usually envelopes the anterior and
superior aspects of the clavicle and runs in the subcutaneous
tissues, extending superiorly to the mandible and the deeper
facial muscles. It is divided during the surgical approach, and is
typically included in the closure of the superficial, or
skin/subcutaneous layer.
8. Neurovascular Anatomy
• The supraclavicular nerves originate from cervical roots
C3 and C4 and exit from a common trunk behind the
posterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
• There are typically three major branches (anterior,
middle, and posterior) that cross the clavicle superficially
from medial to lateral and are risk during surgical
approaches. If they are divided, an area of numbness is
typically felt inferior to the surgical incision, although
this tends to improve with time.
9. Neurovascular Anatomy
• The subclavian vein runs directly below the subclavius
muscle and above the first rib, where it is readily accessible
(for central venous access) and vulnerable (to inadvertent
injury).
• More posteriorly lie the subclavian artery and the brachial
plexus, separated from the vein and clavicle by the
additional layer of the scalenus anterior muscle medially.
subclavian vessels were closest at the medial end, with the
vein directly apposed to the posterior cortex of the medial
clavicle in some cases.
• In the middle third, the artery and vein were a mean of 17
and 13 mm from the clavicle, respectively, at an
approximate angle of 60 degrees to the horizontal (i.e., the
vessels were posterior-inferior to the clavicle).
• Laterally, the distances were greater, with the artery and
vein a mean of 63 and 76 mm, respectively form the clavicle.
10. Sternoclavicular joint
• The manubrium of the sternum serves as the site of
attachment for each clavicle. Projecting above the body
of the sternum, the superior surface of the manubrium
is indented by the jugular (suprasternal) notch.
Projecting off each side of the jugular notch is the
clavicular notch, which accepts the medial head of the
clavicle
• At the Sternoclavicular joint, the proximal portion of the
clavicle meets the manubrium of the sternum and a
portion of the first costal cartilage to form a gliding joint
that allows three degrees of freedom of motion:
• Elevation and depression,
• Protraction and retraction,
• Anterior and posterior rotation.
11. Sternoclavicular joint
• Although the overall stability of the joint is enhanced by the
presence of a fibrocartilaginous disc, the SC joint has the
poorest bony stability of any of the major joints. Its strong
ligamentous structure and protected location, however,
makes it one of the least frequently dislocated joints.
Surrounded by a synovial membrane, the SC joint is
supported by the anterior and posterior SC ligaments, the
costoclavicular ligament, and the interclavicular ligament.
• The sternoclavicular disc, which has qualities similar to the
menisci found in the knee, functions as a shock absorber.
The upper portion of the disc is attached to the clavicle, and
its lower portion is attached to the manubrium and first
costal cartilage. This disc divides the joint into two articular
cavities, one between the disc and the clavicle and a second
between the disc and the manubrium.
12. Sternoclavicular joint
• Although the overall stability of the joint is enhanced by the
presence of a fibrocartilaginous disc, the SC joint has the
poorest bony stability of any of the major joints. Its strong
ligamentous structure and protected location, however,
makes it one of the least frequently dislocated joints.
Surrounded by a synovial membrane, the SC joint is
supported by the anterior and posterior SC ligaments, the
costoclavicular ligament, and the interclavicular ligament.
• The sternoclavicular disc, which has qualities similar to the
menisci found in the knee, functions as a shock absorber.
The upper portion of the disc is attached to the clavicle, and
its lower portion is attached to the manubrium and first
costal cartilage. This disc divides the joint into two articular
cavities, one between the disc and the clavicle and a second
between the disc and the manubrium.
13. Acromioclavicular joint
• The distal end of the clavicle meets the acromion
process of the scapula to form the Acromioclavicular
joint. A plane synovial joint, the AC joint allows a gliding
articulation between the acromion and the clavicle,
capable of 3 degrees of freedom of movement, each
around an oblique axis:
• Internal and external rotation around a vertical axis,
• Upward and downward rotation around an axis
perpendicular to the plane of the scapula,
• Anterior and posterior scapular tilting around a horizontal
axis.
• This articulation allows for the motion necessary to
maintain the relationship between the scapula and the
clavicle in the early and late stages of the GH joint’s ROM
14. Acromioclavicular joint
• Surrounded by a synovial membrane, the AC joint is
supported by the AC ligament and the coracoclavicular
ligament, which suspend the scapula from the clavicle.
• A synovial disc is present between the clavicle and the
acromion that disappears by the fourth decade of life.
• Divided into two separate bands, the superior and
inferior portions of the AC ligament function to maintain
continuity between the articulating surfaces of the
acromion and clavicle.
• With much of its restraint in the horizontal plane, this
ligament maintains stability by preventing the clavicle
from riding up and over the acromion process.
15. Acromioclavicular joint
• Most of the AC joint’s intrinsic stability arises from the
coracoclavicular ligament, a structure extrinsic to the joint.
Because of its direct connection to the scapula, the
coracoclavicular ligament influences scapulohumeral motion.
• This ligament is divided into two distinct portions:
1. The lateral quadrilateral-shaped trapezoid ligament.
2. The medial triangular-shaped conoid ligament.
• Separated by a bursa, the trapezoid ligament limits lateral
movement of the clavicle over the acromion. The conoid
ligament restricts superior movement of the clavicle. Acting
jointly, these ligaments limit rotation of the scapula and
provide some degree of horizontal stability.
• The conoid portion of the ligament is critical for the passive
posterior rotation of the clavicle that occurs during shoulder
elevation. A horizontal dislocation of the AC joint can occur
with the coracoclavicular ligament remaining intact.
16. References:
1. Orthofixar | Orthopedic Surgery Learning
2.Millers Review of Orthopaedics -7th Edition Book.
3.Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults 8th Edition book.
4.Hyland S, Charlick M, Varacallo M. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper
Limb, Clavicle. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Available from:
NBK525990.