This document defines and provides examples of different types of clauses: - Independent clauses can stand alone as a sentence, while dependent clauses cannot without another clause. - Noun clauses act as a noun and can be a subject, object, or complement. Relative clauses begin with a relative pronoun and function as an adjective to further describe a noun. - Adverbial clauses provide information about a verb, adjective, or adverb in another clause, answering questions like how, when, where, or why, and are introduced by subordinate conjunctions.

2. 1. DEFENITION OF CLAUSE
A clause is a group of
related words containing a
subject that tells readers
what the sentence about,
and a verb that tells
readers what the subject
is doing.
A clause can be distinguished
from a phrase, which does not
contain a subject and a verb.
Eample :
in the afternoon,
drinking from the bowl
Types Of Clause:
Independent Clauses
Dependent Clauses
Noun Clauses
Relative Clause
Advebial Clause

3. CLAUSES Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses
Defenition
 Is a clause that can stand
alone as
a sentence (i.e: it expresses a
complete thought).
Joined by using coordinate
conjunction ( and, but, for, )
 Is a clause that cannot stand
alone, it depends on another
clause to make it a complete
sentence.
 Introduced by relaative pronoun(
who, whom, that, which, what,)
Example
1. The cat playing with the
ball is named
Bruno.
2. Henry stepped through the
doorway
and into the light
1. The cat playing with the ball
2. Through the doorway and into
the light
Kind of Clause
Simple Sentence.
Ex: 1. she prefer mango to
orange
 Compound Sentence.
Ex: 1. I like that bag, but I
have no money
Noun Clause (as a noun or
pronoun)Ex: That today is my
birthday isnot right.
Adjective Clause ( explained noun)
Adverbial Clause ( explained verb)
Ex: You were sleeping when she

4. b. Naun Clause
 A noun clause is a
dependent
clause that acts like a noun.
 It can be a subject, object,
or
complement.
a noun clause usually begins
with a relative pronoun.
A noun clause cab be :
A subject of a verb, ( What
Billy
did shocked her friends).
 An object of a verb, ( Billy’s
friends didn’t know that he
couldn’t swim.)
A subject compliment, ( Billy’s
mistake was that he refused to
take lesson.)
 An object of a preposition,
(Mary is not responsible for
what Billy did.)
 A noun clause (but not a
noun) can be an adjective
compliment, (Everybody is sad
that Billy drowned.)

5. C. Relative Clause
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun
and functions
as an adjective.
Used in sentences to further describe the noun.

6. Rule Example
Who / that ( refer to people) They caught the man who / that spied for
china.
Which / that ( refer to object ) I lose the map which / that she gave me.
Whose ( refer to possession) She complained to the man whose dog bit
her.
When ( refer to a moment in time ) Christmas Day is a day when people are happy
Where ( refer to a particular place ) Wee visited the house where our father was
born.
In-non defining sentence, the word that
cannot replace who or which.
Mata Hari, who was a famous famale spy,was
born in Sumatera.
Tomok place, which is in Samosir Inland , is a
favourite tourist site

7. d. Adverbial clause
 Is a dependent clause that
functions as an adverb and provid e
information about the verb, adjective,
or adverb whichare in the independent
clause
with its capacity to answer the
question: how, when, where,
why, or to what degree.

8. Example :
Keep hitting the
gong hourly.
(normal adver).
Keep hitting the
gong until I tell
you to stop.
(adverbial clause).
Adverbial clause functions
Provide information
about
verb. (You were sleeping
when she arrived)
Provide information
about
the adjective. (Her face is
fresh because she always
does exercise and eats
fruit.)
Provide information
about
adverb. ( He drove fast in
order that he could arrive
on time.)
Note
Red : adverbial clause
Purple : adverb
Yellow: adjective
Blue: verb
Green: subordinate
conjunction