This document provides information about clauses in the English language. It discusses the different types of clauses, including adjective clauses, adverb clauses, and noun clauses. It explains that clauses can play the role of adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. The document also describes the different types of sentences, such as simple, compound, and complex sentences. It provides examples and properties of each type of clause and sentence.
Sentence, Parts of a Sentence, Subject and Predicate, Complements, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective, Basic Sentence Structure
Sentence, Parts of a Sentence, Subject and Predicate, Complements, Direct Object, Indirect Object, Predicate Nominative, Predicate Adjective, Basic Sentence Structure
Sentence Types Structural classification (Part I: Simple, Compound, Compound-Complex Sentence)
Compiled by: Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Types of Sentences: Structural
Sentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1.Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
The dog barked.
The baby cried.
Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.
St. George played well and won the game.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
A simple sentence might have a compound subject and/or compound verb.
Simple Sentence withCompound Subject and/or Compound Verb
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):
The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon:
The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences
are being treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit
chewed.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A. When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they
have a test tomorrow.D. After they finished studying, Juan and
Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after
they finished studying.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to
sells cosmetics.B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted
to Harvard University.
D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris,
is visited by millions of tourists annually.
The underlined part is the independent clause.
What Are Adverbial Clauses?
An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. (Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.)
All adverbs (including adverbial clauses) can usually be categorized as one of the following:
Adverb Of Time
Adverb Of Manner
Adverb Of Place
Adverb Of Reason
Adverb Of Condition
Adverbs of Concession
Definition, list and examples in each adverbial clauses.
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
Sentence Types Structural classification (Part I: Simple, Compound, Compound-Complex Sentence)
Compiled by: Belachew Weldegebriel
Jimma University
CSSH
Department of English Language and Literature
Types of Sentences: Structural
Sentences are classified in to four according to their structure i.e. the type and number of clauses it consists.
1. Simple Sentence
2. Compound Sentence
3. Complex Sentence
4. Compound-Complex Sentence
1.Simple Sentence
A simple sentence, also called an independent clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it expresses a complete thought.
The dog barked.
The baby cried.
Girma and Alemu play football every afternoon.
St. George played well and won the game.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence contains a subject and verb.
It expresses a single complete thought.
A simple sentence is a single independent clause.
A simple sentence might have a compound subject and/or compound verb.
Simple Sentence withCompound Subject and/or Compound Verb
The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.
It may have a compound verb:
The dog howled and barked.
It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:
The dog and the cat howled and yowled respectively.
2. Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by
(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction
(and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so):
The dog barked, and the cat yowled.
(2) a semicolon:
The dog barked; the cat yowled.
(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences
are being treated as items in a series:
The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit
chewed.
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS).
A compound sentence can also consist of two independent clauses joined by semi-colon
3. Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause.
A. When he handed in his homework, he
forgot to give the teacher the last page. B. The teacher returned the homework after
she noticed the error. C. The students are studying because they
have a test tomorrow.D. After they finished studying, Juan and
Maria went to the movies. E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after
they finished studying.
COMPLEX SENTENCES / ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
A. The woman who(m) my mom talked to
sells cosmetics.B. The book that Jonathan read is on the shelf.C. A girl whom I know was recently accepted
to Harvard University.
D. The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris,
is visited by millions of tourists annually.
The underlined part is the independent clause.
What Are Adverbial Clauses?
An adverbial clause (or an adverb clause) is a group of words which plays the role of an adverb. (Like all clauses, an adverbial clause will contain a subject and a verb.)
All adverbs (including adverbial clauses) can usually be categorized as one of the following:
Adverb Of Time
Adverb Of Manner
Adverb Of Place
Adverb Of Reason
Adverb Of Condition
Adverbs of Concession
Definition, list and examples in each adverbial clauses.
Grammar Proficiency - Phrases and Clausessession 3.pptxNafisaHaque7
Grammar Proficiency can be acquired by knowing the nuances of Grammar'.From the rule of substitute reduce split to knowing the parts of speech is crucial.
The key lies in the function .How is it used is important.Thata decides whether a word would be a verb or a verbal.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
A clause comes in four types; independent, dependent, relative or noun clause. Every clause has at least a subject and a verb. An independent clause, also called a main clause, is a clause that can stand on its own. It contains all the information necessary to be a complete sentence.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
6. 1) Whatare clauses?
2) Types of Sentences
3) Types of Clauses & their properties
• Adverb Clauses
• Adjective Clauses
• Noun Clauses
7. CLAUSES
•Clause is a Group of words with a subject
& verb
•May or may not be a complete sentence
8. Types of senten
ces :-
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
We need this study to understand the occurrence of clauses i
n various forms
9. Simple Sentences :-
Simple
– 1 subject, 1 predicate, only 1 Finite Verb
– His courage won him honour.
-The finite forms of a verb are the forms where
the verb shows tense, person or number.
10. CompoundSentences-
Made up of 2 (or more) independent clauses
(Main) (all of same rank)
Joined by co-ordinating conjunction and
– Ram went to Nagpur and Shyam went to Pune
– Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
Types
– Copulative
– Adversative
– Alternative
– Illative
11. TypesofCompoundSentence
s:-
Copulative: main clauses are simply coupled
together
– God made the country and man made the town.
– Babar was not only a great soldier, he was also a wise ruler.
– He cannot speak, nor can he write.
– He plays the piano, he sings also.
– The innocent were punished as well as the guilty.
12. Adversative: two main clauses are opposed in
meaning
– He is slow, but he is sure.
– I did my best, nevertheless I failed.
– He is rich, yet he is not happy.
– He is vain, still his friends adore him.
13. Alternative or Disjunctive: main clauses are
disjoined in meaning
– She must weep, or she must die.
– Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.
– Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
– Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.
14. Illative: the second clause draws an inference
from the first
– He is diligent, therefore he will succeed.
– He is unwell, so he cannot attend office.
– The angels are equal, consequently the sides are equal.
15. Compound sentences: other stuff
Contracted subject
• He chid their warnings, but relieved their pain.
• = He chid their warnings, but he relieved their pain.
Contracted verb
• Some praise the work and some the architect.
• = Some praise the work and some praise the architect
No connecting word may be used
– Temperance promotes health, intemperance destroys it.
16. Complex sentences
They rested when the night came on.
When night came on cannot be a sentence by itself
– Hence lower rank
– Called subordinate clause
Complex sentence contains
– One main clause
– One or more subordinate clauses
Examples
– Anil called at 5:30 and I told him that you had gone out
Main Clause Main Clause Subordinate Clause
17. Three kinds of subordinate clauses
• Adverb clause
• Adjective clause
• Noun clause
18. Adjective Cl
auses
Play the role of an adjective
The umbrella with a broken handle is mine
The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine
– [Which umbrella ?]
Second sentence contains a subject & a predicate
19. Special properties of Adjective
Clause
Introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adve
– Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown
– He is the man whom we all respect
– The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed
– The reason why I did it is obvious
Relative pronoun (or adverb) may be missing
– Eat all ^ you can (that is understood)
– I saw a man ^ I know (whom is understood)
– Where’s the book ^ he left me ?
20. AdverbClause
Clause the playing the role of a adverb
– E.g., They rested when evening came.
• Not a phrase since
• Subject=evening &
• predicate = (came when)
Though like a sentence but inside a sentence
– He fled where his pursuers could not follow.
21. Kinds of Adverb Cl
auses
– Time
– Place
– Purpose
– Clause
– Condition
– Result
– Comparison
– Supposition or Concession
22. Adverb Clauses: Time
Introduced by subordinating conjunctions whenever, while, after, before, since, as
– When you have finished your work you may go home.
– I will do it when I think fit.
– Don’t talk while she is singing.
– After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.
– Do it before you forget.
– Before you go bring me some water.
– There was silence as the leader spoke.
– Just as he entered the room the clock struck.
23. Adverb Clause: Place
• Where, wherever
– I have put it where I can find it again.
– They can stay where they are.
– Where you live I will live.
– He led the caravan wherever he wanted to go.
24. Adverb Clause: Purpose
So that, in order that, lest
– I will give you a map so that you find the way.
– We eat so that we may live.
– The UNO was formed in order that countries might discuss world problems.
– He was extra polite to his seniors lest something adverse should be written into his reco
rds.
– Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.
25. Adverb Clause: Cause/Reason
Because, as, since, that
– Because I believe you, I shall help you.
– I did it because I wanted to.
– Since you are so clever you will be able to explain this.
– Since you swear to me, I will employ you.
– I am glad that you like it.
– He was very pleased that you have passed.
– As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.
26. Adverb Clause: Condition (1)
If, whether, unless
– If I like it, I shall buy it.
– Come, if you wish to.
– If it rains we shall stay at home.
– You must go whether you hear from him or not.
– Whether Ram gives him money or not, he will speak the truth.
– Unless you work hard you will fail.
27. Adverb Clauses: Condition(2)
Sometimes subordinating conjuct. is ommitted
– What would you answer did I ask you such a question?
– Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have believed it.
Sometimes introduced by a relative pronoun (adjective, adverb) without
any antecedent
– Whatever happens keep calm.
– Don’t annoy him whatever you do.
– Whatever may be the result, I shall refuse.
28. Adverb Clause: Result/Consequence
That (So or such may precede principal clause)
– He is such a good man that all respect him.
– So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.
– Romans built in such a way that their walls are intact.
– He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
Sometimes subordinating conjunction is dropped
– He was so weak ^ he could not speak.
– I am so deaf ^ I cannot hear thunder.
– It was so late ^ I waited no longer.
29. Adverb Clause: Comparison (degree/manner)
1. Adv. Clause of comparison of degree
– Than, as (relative adverb)
• He is older than he looks.
• No one can run faster than Rama.
• It is later than I thought.
• He is as stupid as he is lazy.
• He is not so clever as you think.
– Verb of degree of comparison is often understood and not expressed
• Nobody knows it better than I. [do]
• Few are better leader than he. [is]
• You like curry better than I. [like it].
30. Adv. Clause of comparison of manner
– As (relative adverb)
• You many do as you please.
• It all ended as I expected.
• As you have made your bed so you must lie o
n it.
• As he has lived so will he die.
• As the twig is bent the branch will grow.
31. Adverb Clause : Supposition/Concession
Though, although, even if
– Though I am poor I am honest.
– He set sail though the storm threatened.
– I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.
– Although I forbade this you have done it.
– Even if it rains I shall come.
– I would not do it even if you paid me.
Supposition: an idea or a statement believed or assumed to be true
Concession: failure to challenge, thus assumed to be true
32. Noun Clauses
Play the role of noun
– I expect to get a prize.
– I expect that I shall get a prize.
• [Expect what ?]
– 1st is phrase, 2nd clause
– That you have come pleases me
33. Noun clause can be a __
1. Subject of a verb
- That you should say so surprises me.
- What he said was true
2. The object of a transitive verb
- He says that he won’t go.
- Tell me where you live.
3. The object of a preposition
- Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.
34. Noun clause can be a __
4. In apposition to a noun or pronoun
- Your statement that you found money in the street will not be believed.
- You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy.
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are plac
ed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other.
E.g., my friend Ram, here Ram is an opposition to my friend
35. Noun clause can be a __
5. The complement of a verb of incomplete predication
– My belief is that he will not come.
– Her constant prayer was that the child might live.
– Life is what we make it.
– This is where I live.
– My wish is that I may please you.
Incomplete predication: Consider the sentence He looks upset.
You have to supply a word like upset (or tired, sad, happy, cheerful etc.) to make the sense complete. Looks is th
erefore a verb of incomplete predication.