Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.BRNSS Publication Hub
The present investigation was focused on the phytochemical screening, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis, and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa using various organic solvent extracts. Ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts from the leaves D. viscosa were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant was carried the qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, thiols, glycosides, resins, and saponins, and was richly present in petroleum ether and methanolic extracts compared to other extracts. The FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of carbonyls (C=O), phenol (C-O), thioethers (C-S), disulfides (S-S), normal polymeric O-H, phenolic compounds, and arylthio ethers. Plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The results revealed that D. viscosa had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of ethanolic extract and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of D. viscosa.
Evaluation of fungicides and biological agents for the management of mango an...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Mango is an important fruit crop in area and production in Gujarat also, where it is cultivated over an area of about 130.1 thousand hectares with annual production of 911.3 thousand tones with productivity of 7.01 tones/ha. Its plantation has become quite popular in the districts of Valsad, Junagadh, Navsari, Kutch, Surat, Amreli and Bhavnagar because of favourable agro-climate condition. Mango is affected by number of diseases at all the stages of its development right from plant in nursery to the fruit in storage or transit. Mango is prone to many fungal diseases like Anthracnose, Rhizopus rot, Stem end rot, Penicillum rot, Black mould rot, Mucor rot, Phyllosticta rot, Pestalotiopsis rot, Macrophoma rot and powdery mildew, leading to heavy loss in yield. Among these diseases, anthracnose is the major disease of mango as it occurs at all the growing parts including leaves, twigs, flowers, fruits except root and trunk throughout the year. Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld and H Schrenk (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)) appear to be more severe causing devastation of mango fruits during grading, packing, transportation, storage and marketing (Pathak, 1980).
Phytochemical Screening and Gc-Ms Analysis of Garudan Samba Traditional Rice ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Garudan Samba, an important Traditional variety of Tamil Nadu was investigated for its phytochemical screening and GCMS study. The brown rice was extracted using ethanol. The results obtained after GCMS studies were confirmed by spectral analysis. The analysis of the ethanol extract showed the presence of n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-, and Oleic acid, as major constituents of the total compounds (76.33%), which have the capacity to prevent many health related disorders. It also contained the medicinally important compounds like Caryophyllene, Ethyl Oleate, Squalene, γ-Tocopherol, Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3β)-, and phyto sterols like Campesterol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol. Hence, Garudan samba may be considered as one of the important Traditional variety with high level of medicinally important phytoconstituents.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity in leaves of Dodonaea viscosa L.BRNSS Publication Hub
The present investigation was focused on the phytochemical screening, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis, and antioxidant activity of Dodonaea viscosa using various organic solvent extracts. Ethanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts from the leaves D. viscosa were tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents, FT-IR analysis, and antioxidant was carried the qualitative analysis of phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, thiols, glycosides, resins, and saponins, and was richly present in petroleum ether and methanolic extracts compared to other extracts. The FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of carbonyls (C=O), phenol (C-O), thioethers (C-S), disulfides (S-S), normal polymeric O-H, phenolic compounds, and arylthio ethers. Plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The results revealed that D. viscosa had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of ethanolic extract and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of D. viscosa.
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wal...BRNSS Publication Hub
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae, and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their claimed medicinal property.
Mentha L. essential oils composition and in vitro antifungal activityiosrphr_editor
The essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation from the leaves of wild growing Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae) at the region of Mariovo, Republic of Macedonia were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography wit mass selective detector (GC-MS). A total of forty six and thirty two different components were identified in the essential oils obtained from M. piperita and M. spicata, respectively, constituting approximately >99% (w/w) of the oils. The major components in the essential oil of M. piperita were menthol (34.3%), L-menthone (18.24%) and isomenthone (5.16%), neoisomenthol (3.48%), pulegone (3.03%) and menthyl acetate (3.01%). The major components in the essential oil of M. spicata were carvone (61.4%) ; limonene (11.87%) and 1, 8 – cineol (5.21%). The antifungal activity of the oils was tested by disc diffusion method and the micro-dilution broth method (MIC) against six plant pathogenic fungi: Alternaria alternata Alternaria solani, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Rhizopus solani. The results from the disc diffusion method followed by MIC indicated that M. spicata essential oil showed maximum antifungal activity with larger inhibition zone (20 – 29 mm) and the smallest MIC values (65.8 – 120.3 μg mL-1) against all the strains tested. M. piperita essential oil exhibited good antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 19 and 20 mm and MIC values of 120.3 and 115.4 μg mL- 1, respectively against Fusarium solani and Aspergilus flavus and excellent antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 28 and 30 mm and MIC values of 65.4 and 50.6 μg mL- 1, respectively against Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus solani.
Binding, or adsorbing, specific mycotoxins to limit their negative effects in livestock is a well-established method for mycotoxin deactivation. While a large number of binder products containing clay minerals such as bentonites are commercially available, there is a certain amount of confusion in the market regarding claims authorised by the European Commission.
Nanotechnology intervenes into food packaging chiefly to explore all the possibilities of:
Improvement in food quality
Formation of an effective barrier between food and the environment
Direct incorporation of nanomaterials inside the food
Reduce the negative impact on the environment
The application of nanotechnology in the food packaging process is considered the largest commercial application in the food sector.
For, food safety:
Nanostructured films and packaging materials can prevent the invasion of pathogens and other microorganisms and ensure food safety.
Nanosensors embedded in food packages will allow the determination of whether food has gone bad or show its nutrient content.
By adding certain nanoparticles into packaging material and bottles, food packages can be made lighter- and fire-resistant, with stronger mechanical and thermal performance and controlled gas absorption.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
Phytochemical Evaluation and Antioxidant Activity of Holarrhena pubescens Wal...BRNSS Publication Hub
The selected medicinal plant Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don belongs to the family Apocynaceae, and it was collected in hillock of Muthu Malai hill in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. In the present study, preliminary phytochemical screening of H. pubescens a medicinal plant was carried out. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirms the presence of various secondary metabolites such as steroids, tannins, alkaloids, and phenols. The results suggest that the phytochemical properties for curing various ailments possess potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant and leads to the isolation of new and novel compounds. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the existence of various compounds with different chemical structures. The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of H. pubescens for various ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug. Extracts from H. pubescens showed varying antioxidant (free radical scavenging) activities when compared to Vitamin C, and the results suggest that the antioxidant activity of H. pubecens may contribute to their claimed medicinal property.
Mentha L. essential oils composition and in vitro antifungal activityiosrphr_editor
The essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation from the leaves of wild growing Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae) at the region of Mariovo, Republic of Macedonia were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography wit mass selective detector (GC-MS). A total of forty six and thirty two different components were identified in the essential oils obtained from M. piperita and M. spicata, respectively, constituting approximately >99% (w/w) of the oils. The major components in the essential oil of M. piperita were menthol (34.3%), L-menthone (18.24%) and isomenthone (5.16%), neoisomenthol (3.48%), pulegone (3.03%) and menthyl acetate (3.01%). The major components in the essential oil of M. spicata were carvone (61.4%) ; limonene (11.87%) and 1, 8 – cineol (5.21%). The antifungal activity of the oils was tested by disc diffusion method and the micro-dilution broth method (MIC) against six plant pathogenic fungi: Alternaria alternata Alternaria solani, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Rhizopus solani. The results from the disc diffusion method followed by MIC indicated that M. spicata essential oil showed maximum antifungal activity with larger inhibition zone (20 – 29 mm) and the smallest MIC values (65.8 – 120.3 μg mL-1) against all the strains tested. M. piperita essential oil exhibited good antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 19 and 20 mm and MIC values of 120.3 and 115.4 μg mL- 1, respectively against Fusarium solani and Aspergilus flavus and excellent antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 28 and 30 mm and MIC values of 65.4 and 50.6 μg mL- 1, respectively against Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus solani.
Binding, or adsorbing, specific mycotoxins to limit their negative effects in livestock is a well-established method for mycotoxin deactivation. While a large number of binder products containing clay minerals such as bentonites are commercially available, there is a certain amount of confusion in the market regarding claims authorised by the European Commission.
Nanotechnology intervenes into food packaging chiefly to explore all the possibilities of:
Improvement in food quality
Formation of an effective barrier between food and the environment
Direct incorporation of nanomaterials inside the food
Reduce the negative impact on the environment
The application of nanotechnology in the food packaging process is considered the largest commercial application in the food sector.
For, food safety:
Nanostructured films and packaging materials can prevent the invasion of pathogens and other microorganisms and ensure food safety.
Nanosensors embedded in food packages will allow the determination of whether food has gone bad or show its nutrient content.
By adding certain nanoparticles into packaging material and bottles, food packages can be made lighter- and fire-resistant, with stronger mechanical and thermal performance and controlled gas absorption.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
In this work the antimicrobial activity and the economic viability analysis of the essential oil extracted from the hybrid formed by the seeds species of the Murupi (Capsicum chinense), Criollos de Morellos (Capsicum annuum) and Finger of the young (Capsicum baccatum ). The essential oil of the pepper was obtained by the steam drag process and for this extraction, the Soxhlet method was used. For the determination of the antimicrobial activity of the oil the disc diffusion method was used for the strains of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results point out the resistance of the tested strains to the essential oil of the respective pepper and, in terms of financial and economic aspects, this was not feasible on a small scale. It is suggested that other microorganisms be tested and, later, that studies be carried out with the purpose of characterizing the studied oil chemically for proper application in the agroindustry.
Plants are the oldest remedies to cure ailments of mankind. They are a storehouse of bioactive compounds which serve as a lead for the development of therapeutics against many diseases including skin diseases. In the present study, leaf extracts of Aegle marmelos, Nerium indicum, Ricinus communis, and Ziziphus nummularia were selected and tested against common skin pathogens, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The methanolic extracts of all the four plants were subjected to an assay for antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration. As antioxidants play a significant role in skin disease treatments, all the extracts were also evaluated for their antioxidant activity. Preliminary phytochemical screening and estimation of total phenolic content were carried out to establish its correlation with All the methanolic extracts showed good activity against the selected skin pathogens with significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. N. indicum and A. marmelos showed the highest zone of inhibition against all tested organisms. The extracts possessed potential antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species with N. indicum exhibiting most potent activity. Further, preliminary phytochemical screening indicated presence high amount of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins in A. marmelos and N. indicum. R. communis and Z. nummularia had the highest amount of phenolic content. The results of the study indicate that traditional knowledge can serve as a guideline to provide leads for further testing of potentially interesting plants to be used as modern treatment alternatives.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil (EO)...IIJSRJournal
Pathogenic bacteria recently turned to be increasingly resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, thus it becomes an essential need to find another active component that participates in controlling pathogens harms. Thymus capitatus is an endemic aromatic medical plant wildly distributed in the Libyan Green Mountain; therefore, T. capitatus extracted essential oil was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. T. capitatus was chemically analyzed to determine the antimicrobial active components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric techniques (GC/MS). The plant represented twenty-one chemical compounds including Alpha-thujenes, Gamma-terpinen, Carvacrol, Thymol, Trans-caryophyllene, Aroma dendrene, Alpha-humulene, Ledene, Gamma cadinene, Delta-cadinene, (-)-spathulenol, Caryophullene oxid, Alpha cadinol, Iso aromadrene epoxide, Cis-alpha bisabolene, Vulgarol B, 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole, Hexanoic acid, oct-3-en-zylester, Phenol l, 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl and Anisole. The antimicrobial activity of T. capitatus aromatic essential oil (EO) was analyzed on several types of pathogens using serial aromatic oil dilutions including (50%, 25%, 13%, 6% and 3%). The results showed 50% oil dilution is the most effective concentration for all tested pathogens including Escherichia coli 7839 ATCC; Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 ATCC; Staphylococcus aureus 12973 ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis 12697 ATCC with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 28 mm. The same oil concentration (50%) showed antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection including S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli; and K pneumonia with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 26 mm. Our study may contribute to initial knowledge and would help to discover substances with potential therapeutic uses.
The Medicinal Plant of Mimusops Elengi (Sapodaceae) in Antimicrobial ActivitiesIJERA Editor
The selected study area for this study is Pachaimalai Hills, situated in Eastern ghats of Tamil Nadu. This study
was focussed on the antimicrobial activity of Mimosopselengi, one of the medicinal plant belongs to the family
sapotaceae. It is a tropically distributed the highly medicinal plant. Antimicrobial activities and extracts of
petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and methanol were also found to be better with respect to inhibitory function
against the two fungal species, Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus flavus. The study scientifically validates
the use of plant in traditional and ethno medicine. Three solvents such as Petroleum ether, Ethyl acetate and
Ethanol were used to take plant extract. These extracts were studied for antimicrobial activity against two gram
positive bacterial strains such as Bacillus substilis andBacillus thuriengensis and two gram negative bacterial
strains such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli. This study also extended to find antifungal activity
against four fungal strains
Antibacterial Activity of Stem Bark Extracts of Oroxylum indicum an Endangere...IOSR Journals
The present work has been under taken to study the antibacterial activity of stem bark extracts of O.
indicum against disease causing gram negative and gram positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity of solvent
extracts of stem bark of Oroxylum indicum has been studied to find out its activity against four important
bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Staphylococcus albus and S. aureus . The antimicrobial activity of
the stem bark extracts was done through well diffusion method and by measuring the inhibition zone around the
disc. The results revealed that the aqueous extracts of O. indicum exhibited antimicrobial activity against all the
microbes under study. The results provided evidence that the species O. indicum can be used as a potential
source of antimicrobial agent.
Phytochemical Studies on Linum Usitatissimum Seeds and the Nanoformulation of...Editor IJCATR
The phytochemical investigation of Linum usitatissimum, family Linaceae, resulted in the separation and
identification of a lignane, 8–5' neolignan 1 (dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol-4-β-D-glucoside), in addition to
identification of many compounds by the GC/MS technique. The antimicrobial activities of hexane, methylene
chloride and butanol fractions were comparable to ampicillin. The activities against E. coli were 29.2%, 37.5%,
and 66.7%, respectively; against S. aureus were 45.4%, 36.4% and 63.6%, respectively, and against C. albicans
were 26.9%, 46.1% and 73.1%, respectively. Antioxidant activity was assessed by ABTS method. It decreased
in the following order: ascorbic acid > butanol fraction > methylene chloride fraction > hexane fraction. The
cytotoxicity against HePG2 was found to be “moderate” for butanol and methylene chloride fractions, and
“weak” for the hexane fraction. The cytotoxicity against MCF-7 was found to be “strong” for butanol fraction,
and “weak” for both hexane and methylene chloride fractions. The lignane-rich subfraction, Lu 3d was
incorporated into pluronic nano-micelles using nanoprecipitation technique through a modified procedure.
The physicochemical characteristics of the developed Lu 3d-loaded nano-micelles such as particle size,
potential and morphology were determined using DLS and HR-TEM. The average diameters of the prepared
plain and Lu 3d-loaded pluronic nano-micelles were found to be 207 ± 12 and 225 ± 18 nm, respectively. The
encapsulation of Lu 3d into nano-sized particles has enhanced their aqueous dissolution and consequently
improved their bioavailability. Nanoformulation of Lu 3d led also to a stable colloidal dispersion with a strong
green color, indicating its homogenous distribution in the aqueous medium at a significantly higher
concentration than that obtained using other solvents.
Similar to Screening of bioactive compounds of ricinus communis using gc ms and ftir and evaluation of its antibacterial and antifungal activity. (20)
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Screening of bioactive compounds of ricinus communis using gc ms and ftir and evaluation of its antibacterial and antifungal activity.
1. Screening of Bioactive Compounds of Ricinus communis Using
GC-MS and FTIR and Evaluation of its Antibacterial and
Antifungal Activity
Haider Mashkoor Hussein1
, Rafid Hadi Hameed2
, Imad Hadi Hameed3
1
Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah City, Iraq, 2
Ministry of Public
Health, Maysan Health Department, Mesan Governorate, Iraq, 3
Biomedical Science Department,
University of Babylon, College of Nursing, Hillah City, Iraq
ABSTRACT
The objectives of this study were detection of the secondary metabolite products and evaluation
antibacterial and antifungal activity. Bioactives are chemical compounds often referred to as secondary
metabolites. Sixteen bioactive compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Ricinus communis.
The identification of bioactive chemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular
weight and molecular formula. GC-MS analysis of Ricinus communis revealed the existence of the1,2,3,4-
Butanetetrol, [S-(R*,R*)]-, Ribitol, 3-Ethoxy-1,2-propanediol, DL-Arabinose, p-Dioxane-2,3-diol,
D-Limonene, Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-, Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate, Dithiocarbamate, S-methyl-,
N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-, (5β)Pregnane-3,20β-diol,14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4- , 3-(N,N-
Dimethllaurylammonio)propanesulfonate, Cetene, Gibberellic acid, Geranyl isovalerate, Phenol,4-(1,1,3,3-
tetramethylbutyl)-, Picrotoxinin, and α-N-Normethadol. The FTIR analysis of Ricinus communis leaves
proved the presence of alkanes, and alkyl halide, Amine, Aldehyde, and Alkane which shows major peaks
at 781.17, 875.68, 923.90, 1018.41, 1240.23, 1319.31, 1361.74, 1361.74, 2357.01, 2850.79 and 2920.23.
Clinical pathogens were selected for antibacterial activity namely, Pseudomonas eurogenosa, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabili. Ricinus communis has maximum
zone against Klebsiella pneumonia (5.000±0.19)
Keywords: Ricinus communis, GC-MS, Bioactive, Natural compounds.
Corresponding author:
Haider Mashkoor Hussein
Department of Biology, College of Science, University
of Al-Qadisiyah, Hillah city, Iraq; Phone number:
009647810068077;
E-mail: Haider.Mashkoor.H.@qu.edu.iq
INTRODUCTION
The medicinal use of natural products compounds
that are derived from natural sources such as plants,
animals or microorganisms precedes recorded human
history probably by thousands of years1
. Ricinus
communis, is a species of flowering plant which belongs
to the family Euphorbiaceae. Castor is indigenous to the
southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and
India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and
widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant). Herbal
products and secondary metabolites formed by plants
have shown great potential in treating human diseases
such as cancer, coronary heart diseases, diabetes and
infectious diseases.Antihistamine and anti-inflammatory
properties were found in ethanolic extract of Ricinus
communis roots2-5
. This plant is widely available in India
to obtain Castor oil which is used as a coolant and also to
cure indigestion, this plant was chosen to be screened for
antimicrobial properties because of its ready availability
and promise as a medicinal plant. Various drug resistant
forms of these bacteria have been isolated. Since the
treatment of drug resistant pathogens has proved to be a
very difficult task, it is important to develop new drugs
that act on these resistant varieties. The castor oil has
DOI Number: 10.5958/0976-5506.2018.00488.6
2. 464 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 2018, Vol. 9, No. 5
many industrial uses 6-10
. It is used in the manufacture
of printing ink, linoleum and oilcloth. Owing to their
strong bactericidal action, sodium ricionoleate and
sulphoricinoleate are important ingredients in toothpaste
formulations. Sulphonated castor oil (Turkey oil) is
used in cotton dyeing and printing and also in the
leather industry. Hydrogenated castor oil is used in the
manufacture of ointment bases, waxes, polishes carbon
paper and candles.The aims of our research were analysis
of the secondary metabolite products and determination
of antibacterial and antifungal activity
MATERIALS AND METHOD
Collection and Preparation of Plant Material
In this research, Ricinus communis leaves were dried
at room temperature for fifteen days and the fine powder
was then packed in airtight container 11-19
to avoid the
effect of humidity and then stored at room temperature.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy
(GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared
Spectrophotometer (FTIR) analysis
GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extract of Ricinus
communis was carried out using a (Agilent 7890Aseries,
USA) 20-31
. The powdered sample of Ricinus communis
was treated for FTIR spectroscopy (Shimadzu, IR
Affinity 1, Japan). The sample was run at infrared region
between 400 nm and 4000 nm.
Determination of antimicrobial activity of crude
bioactive compounds of Ricinus communis
Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring
the zone of inhibition against the test microorganisms.
Methanol was used as solvent control. Amphotericin B
and fluconazole were used as reference antifungal agent
32-38
. The tests were carried out in triplicate.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
GC-MS analysis of alkaloid compound clearly
showed the presence of sixteen compounds and the
components corresponding to the peaks were determined
1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol , [S-(R*,R*)]- , Ribitol , 3-Ethoxy-
1,2-propanediol , DL-Arabinose , p-Dioxane-2,3-
diol , D-Limonene , Dodecanoic acid ,3-hydroxy- ,
Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate , Dithiocarbamate , S-methyl-
,N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)- , (5β)Pregnane-3,20β-
diol,14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4- , 3-(N,N-
Dimethllauryl-ammonio) propanesulfonate , Cetene
, Gibberellic acid , Geranyl isovalerate , Phenol,4-
(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)- , Picrotoxinin , and α-N-
Normethadol Table 1. The FTIR analysis of Ricinus
communis leaves proved the presence of alkanes, and
alkyl halide, Amine, Aldehyde, and Alkane which
shows major peaks at 781.17, 875.68, 923.90, 1018.41,
1240.23, 1319.31, 1361.74, 1361.74, 2357.01, 2850.79
and 2920.23 Table 2. In the current study, the anti-
microbial activity of Ricinus communis methanolic
extract was evaluated by determining the zone of
inhibition against five bacteria and fourteen fungi and
yeast. Clinical pathogens were selected for antibacterial
activity namely, Pseudomonas eurogenosa, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Proteus mirabili. Ricinus communis has maximum
zone against Klebsiella pneumonia (5.000±0.19) Table
3. Antifungal activities against Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus
fumigatus Ricinus communis was very highly active
against Aspergillus flavus (5.898±0.14) Table 4. As an
attempt to discover new lead compounds, plant extracts
are screened by many researchers to detect secondary
metabolites having relevant biological activities,
including antimicrobial activities. In comparison to the
antibiotics used in this study, the plants extracts were
far more active against the test bacterial strains39-45
.
However, further studies are needed, including toxicity
evaluation and purification of active antibacterial
constituents from Ricinus communis extracts looking
toward a pharmaceutical use46-51
.
Table 1. Major phytochemical compounds identified in methanolic extract of Ricinus communis.
Exact Mass
Molecular
Weight
RT (min)Phytochemical compound
Serial
No.
122.0579091223.1501,2,3,4-Butanetetrol , [S-(R*,R*)]-1.
152.0684741523.264Ribitol2.
120.07864431203.3163-Ethoxy-1,2-propanediol3.
3. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 2018, Vol. 9, No. 5 465
150.0528231503.362DL-Arabinose4.
120.04225871203.367p-Dioxane-2,3-diol5.
136.12521364.374D-Limonene6.
216.17254452165.782Dodecanoic acid ,3-hydroxy-7.
158.0942951585.679Methyl 6-oxoheptanoate8.
191.0438561915.811Dithiocarbamate , S-methyl-,N-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl)-9.
489.3090384898.557(5β)Pregnane-3,20β-diol,14α,18α-[4-methyl-3-oxo-(1-oxa-4-10.
335.2494143358.9003-(N,N-Dimethllaurylammonio) propanesulfonate11.
224.25040152249.776Cetene12.
346.14163834610.646Gibberellic acid13.
238.1932823810.915Geranyl isovalerate14.
206.16706620611.109Phenol,4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-15.
292.09468829212.786Picrotoxinin16.
Table 2. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic profile solid analysis of Ricinus communis.
Group
frequency
Functional group
assignment
Type of
Vibration
Bond
Type of
Intensity
Peak (Wave
number
cm-ˡ)
No.
650-1000AlkenesBending=C–HStrong781.171.
650-1000AlkenesBending=C–HStrong875.682.
650-1000AlkenesBending=C–HStrong923.903.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1018.414.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1240.235.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1319.316.
1000-1400alkyl halidesStretchC-FStrong1361.747.
----Unknown2357.018.
2850-3000AlkaneStretchC-HStrong2850.799.
2850-3000AlkaneStretchC-HStrong2920.2310.
Cont... Table 1. Major phytochemical compounds identified in methanolic extract of Ricinus communis.
4. 466 Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, May 2018, Vol. 9, No. 5
Table 3. Zone of inhibition (mm) of test bacterial strains to Ricinus communis bioactive compounds and
standard antibiotics.
Bacteria
Plant (Ricinus communis) / Antibiotics
Ricinus communis Streptomycin Rifambin Cefotoxime
Pseudomonas eurogenosa 3.843±0.17 1.082±0.12 0.993±0.11 1.273±0.11
Escherichia coli 3.071±0.16 1.624±0.13 1.006±0.12 1.996±0.13
Klebsiella pneumonia 5.000±0.19 1.881±0.13 1.152±0.12 0.817±0.10
Staphylococcus aureus 3.829±0.17 0.973±0.11 1.937±0.14 0.981±0.11
Proteus mirabilis 2.000±0.14 2.419±0.15 2.005±0.14 1.775±0.12
Table 4. Zone of inhibition (mm) of Aspergillus Spp. test to Ricinus communis bioactive compounds and
standard antibiotics.
/ Plant
Antibiotics
Aspergillus Spp.
Aspergillus niger Aspergillus terreus Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus fumigatus
Plant 3.120±0.12 5.093±0.14 5.898±0.14 4.985±0.13
Amphotericin B 2.775±0.11 4.379±0.13 4.094±0.13 4.073±0.12
Fluconazol 5.001±0.14 3.311±0.11 3.000±0.11 4.850±0.13
Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CONCLUSION
Sixteen chemical constituents have been identified
from methanolic extract of the Ricinus communis by
gas chromatogram mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In
vitro antibacterial and antifungal determination of
Ricinus communis forms a primary platform for further
phytochemical and pharmacological investigation for the
development of new potential antimicrobial compounds.
Financial Disclosure: There is no financial
disclosure.
Conflict of Interest: None to declare.
Ethical Clearance: All experimental protocols
were approved under the Department of Biology, College
of Science, Hillah city, Iraq and all experiments were
carried out in accordance with approved guidelines.
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chromatography-mass spectrometry. International
Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological
Research. 2016; 8(6): 462-470.
45. Hussein HM, Ubaid JM, Hameed IH. Insecticidal
activity of methanolic seeds extract of Ricinus
communis on adults of callosobruchus maculatus
(Coleoptera: Brauchidae) and analysis of its
phytochemical composition. International Journal
of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research.
2016; 8(8): 1385-1397.
46. KadhimMJ,SosaAA.,HameedIH.Evaluationofanti-
bacterial activity and bioactive chemical analysis of
Ocimum basilicum using Fourier transform infrared
(FT-IR) and gas chromatographymass spectrometry
(GC-MS) techniques. Journal of Pharmacognosy
and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(6): 127-146
47. Al-Jassaci MJ, Mohammed GJ, Hameed IH.
Secondary metabolites analysis of Saccharomyces
cerievisiae and evaluation of antibacterial activity.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical
Research. 2016; 8(5): 303-314.
48. SosaAA,BagiSH,HameedIH.Analysisofbioactive
chemical compounds of Euphorbia lathyrus using
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and
fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Journal of
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126.
49. Hussein AO, Mohammed GJ, Hadi MY, Hameed
IH. Phytochemical screening of methanolic dried
galls extract of Quercus infectoria using gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)
and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR). Journal of
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50. Hussein HJ, Hadi MY, Hameed IH. Study of
chemical composition of Foeniculum vulgare using
Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer and
gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Journal of
Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016; 8(3): 60-
89.
51. Al-Marzoqi AH, Hadi MY, Hameed IH.
Determination of metabolites products by Cassia
angustifolia and evaluate antimicobial activity.
Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy. 2016;
8(2): 25-48.