Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is a critically important concept in the evaluation of crop production systems. Many agricultural soils of the world are deficient in one or more of the essential nutrients to support healthy and productive plant growth. Efficiency can be defined in many ways and easily increased food production could be achieved by expanding the land area under crops and by increasing yields per unit area through intensive farming. Environmental nutrient use efficiency can be quite different than agronomic or economic efficiency and maximizing efficiency may not always be effective. Worldwide, elemental deficiencies for essential macro and micro nutrients and toxicities by Al, Mn, Fe, S, B, Cu, Mo, Cr, Cl, Na, and Si have been reported.
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Movement of Herbicide in Plants and Soil.pptxRIMT UNIVERSITY
Introduction
Mode of action: Primary and Secondary
Soil applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Foliar applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Plant leaf cuticle and its structure
Herbicide translocation in plant: Symplast and Apoplast
Integrated Nutrient Management refers to maintenance of soil fertility and the plant nutrient supply at an optimum level for sustaining the desired productivity through optimization of the benefits from all the possible sources of Organic, Inorganic & biological component in an integrated manner.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Movement of Herbicide in Plants and Soil.pptxRIMT UNIVERSITY
Introduction
Mode of action: Primary and Secondary
Soil applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Foliar applied herbicides and factors affecting them
Plant leaf cuticle and its structure
Herbicide translocation in plant: Symplast and Apoplast
Classification of insecticides based on chemical natureVinodkumar Patil
Classification of insecticides based on chemical nature, insecticides classified based on nature of inorganic insecticides, Organic insecticides, Synthetic organic insecticides, and Miscellaneous compounds
This ppt is about natural pesticides. and how they are better than synthetics. this lecture is helpful for students of pharmacognosy and agriculture.
synthetic pesticides are need to be replaced with natural substances and natural methods to control like biological control etc.
pests are creating a huge economic loss so its the need of the time to focus on natural pest control methods.
if you like the lecture comment and share
Recent Advances in Biopesticides BY Ghulam Murtazamurtaza8513
Biopestides are being manufactured all across the world but due to limited resources the research in biopesticides is not upto the mark. however advancement has been made in recent decades to protect crops from the attack of different insect pest in order to meet the agricultural productivity.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
3. WHAT ARE PESTICIDES??
• Substances meant for attracting,
seducing, and then destroying any pest.
• They are a class of biocide.
• The most common use of pesticides is
as plant protection products (also
known as crop protection products),
which in general protect plants from
damaging influences such as weeds,
fungi, or insects.
• Use of pesticides is so common that the
term pesticide is often treated as
synonymous with plant protection
product.
• It is in fact a broader term, as pesticides
are also used for non-agricultural
purposes.
4. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) has
defined pesticide as:
• Any substance or mixture of substances intended for
preventing, destroying, or controlling any pest, including
vectors of human or animal disease, unwanted species of
plants or animals, causing harm during or otherwise
interfering with the production, processing, storage,
transport, or marketing of food, agricultural
commodities, wood and wood products or animal
feedstuffs, or substances that may be administered to
animals for the control of insects, arachnids, or other
pests in or on their bodies.
8. Facts about pesticides and herbicides
• Largest consumption of herbicides is
in wheat followed by rice and tea.
• The largest manufactured and
consumed herbicides in india is
isopruton.
• Per hectare consumption of pesticide
in India is less than 0.5kg/ha.
• Highest consumption of pesticides in
the world is Japan (10-12 kg/ha).
• Herbicide consumption in India is
40g/ha.
•The largest pesticide consuming crop in india is cotton
followed by rice and vegetables.
9. CLASSIFICATION OF HERBICIDES
A) Selective herbicides :-
One that kills only targeted
weeds e.g.,
• Simazine
• Atrazine
• 2,4-D
• MCPA (2-methyl,4-
chlorophenoxy acetic acid)
• Butachlor
• Pendimethalin
On the basis of selectivity
10. B) Non-selective herbicides :-
Kills all vegetation (crop + weed)
without the regard of species e.g,
• Diquat
• Paraquat
• Sodium chlorate
• Weed oils
However selectivity depends on
dosage of herbicides for ex.. Simazine
and diuron acts as Non-selective
herbicides when applied at high rates.
Selective herbicidal control has
reached such an advanced stage that
weed of a grass family can be
controlled in the crop of same family..
Ex avena
11. On the basis of Translocation
A) contact herbicide :-
Kills the vegetation
either weeds or crops
when it comes in
contact e.g.
• Paraquat
• Diquat
When applied to foliage
it will not kill its roots,
though in simple
annuals the roots may
die because they were
deprived of their shoots
12. B) Systemic or translocated :-
Moves within the plant from the
point of treatment to its other parts
and affect the whole system like
photosynthesis and respiration.eg.,
• 2,4-D,
• Atrazine
Important in controlling the
perrenial weeds.
Can be applied in low volume
sprays.
Some herbicides may exhibit both,
contact and tranlocation activities.
Ex., Atrazine
13. On the basis of its range
A) Narrow spectrum
herbicides : when applied to
a mixed population of weeds,
proves active on one or
limited species.
• Useful against specific
noxious weeds.
• Eg ., Metoxuron, Difenzoquat
and Diclofop are widely used
against specific weeds like
phalaris minor and avena
fatua.
• There is need to employ
additional herbicides to
control mixed weed species.
14. B) Broad spectrum herbicides : control weed
species belonging to different classes at a time.
15. On the basis of time of application
A) Pre-plant applied : such
herbicides are applied before
planting of crop in the field
e.g. Fluchloralin & Alachlor.
B) Pre-emergence : applied
before emergence of weeds
but post-emergence of crops
e.g. only selective herbicides
.
C) Post-emergence: applied
after the emergence of weed
and crop e.g. 2,4-D ,
Propanil, Diquat,Dalapon.
16. On the basis of method of application
A) Soil applied herbicides:
primarily applied to soil rather
than vegetation .
Inside soil it kills weeds as
they germinate & inhibits
sprouting of rhizomes, stolons
and tubers.
It eliminates early weed
competition for period it
remains active in soil (4-8
weeks).
Largely applied at the time of
at the time of planting of crops
ex.,
simazine,alachlor,trifluralin
17. B) Foliage applied : applied to
weeds after their emergence
from soil.
They are absorbed by the plant
foliage and translocated to
other plant parts
Most effective against young
weeds in their seedling stage
but at high rates may kill
established weeds ex., paraquat
,Diquat & MCPB(2-methyl,4-
chlorophenoxy butyric acid).
18. c) Aquatic application
• Chemicals specifically
formulated for use in
water to kill or control
aquatic plants.
• They are sprayed
directly onto floating or
emergent aquatic plants
or are applied to the
water in either a liquid
or pellet form.
Ex. Copper sulphate ,
2,4-D.
19. On the basis of its residual effect
A) Residual herbicide: Maintains its
phytotoxic effects in soil for
considerable time after its
application.
Residue period may be 3-4 weeks
in some herbicide (2,4-D &
EPTC) and much longer in others.
B) Non-residual herbicides : It is
inactivated in soil immediately in
few days after it reaches the soil.
ex.. paraquat , diquat , amitrole
very short persistence herbicides
for quick knock down of existing
weeds
20. ON THE BASIS OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
1) Inorganic Herbicides: Contain no carbon
atoms(such compounds may contain either C-H or
C-C bonds, but not both) in their molecules. These
were the first chemicals used for weed control
before the introduction of the organic compounds.
a) Acids:
Arsenic acid, arsenious acid, arsenic trioxide &
Sulphuric acid.
b) Salts:
Borax, copper sulphate, ammonium sulphate, Na
chlorate , Sodium arsenite ,Copper nitrate.
21. 2) ORGANIC HERBICIDES
• Contain carbon and hydrogen in their molecules.
• Consists of 16 to 17 groups.
• OILS: Diesel oil, standard solvent, xylene-type,
aromatic oils etc.
23. 1) Aliphatic acids
• Dalapon is active on plant
shoots.
• Maximum use is against
grasses in jute, coffee, citrus,
some stone fruits and under
grape vines.
• On non-crop land , combined
with 2,4-d,dalapon (10-20kg)
forms a very good general
weed killer.
• Split application has proved
more effective on perennial
grasses.
• Persistence in soils is 2-4
weeks.
24. 2)Amides & acetamides
• Principal use : selective pre-emergence control of
annual grass & broad-leaf weeds. However
propanil is used only post-emergence to the weeds
& has no pre-emergence activity.
• Mode of action :. They inhibit several metabolic
process including lipid biosynthesis and synthesis
of proteins and giberellins . Pronamide inhibits the
mitosis activity (foliar applied).
• Tranlocation : readily root absorbed and
translocated
• Common characteristics :
* Do not control established weeds.
* Readily leached in soils in rainfall condition.
* It is soil applied.
* soil persistence is 1-3 months .
* Herbicides loss from soil is mostly by
microbial action.
Butachlor
propanil
25. 3) Bypyridinium herbicides
Two herbicides namely paraquat and
diquat
Also referred to as “quaternary
ammonium herbicides”
These herbicides are active as cations.
Principle use :
- Non selective, early post-emergence
control of seedling grass and broadleaf
weeds in croplands prior to crop
planting or emergence.
- paraquat is also a crop dessicant.
-Diquat is principally used to control
aquatic weeds in ponds ,lakes and
ditches
26. Mode of action : These are post-
emergent, contact-type herbicides,killing
green tissue very rapidly.
-These herbicidal activity is dependent on
presence of light,oxygen,and photosynthesis
- They are rapidly absorbed by green plant
tissue and they interact with the
photosynthetic process to produce
superoxides, which destroy the plant cells.
Tranlocation : paraquat and diquat are
not translocatedin plants
common characteristics :
- They are photochemically degraded on
plant surfaces .
- they have no soil residue activity.
- weed biotypes resistant to paraquat and
diquat have occurred where these herbicides
were applied repeatedly for 5 or more years
27. 4) Dinitroaniline herbicides
• Pendimethalin, trifluralin,fluchloralin belong to this
group.
Principal use
o Pre-emergence control of seedling grass , broadleaved
weeds and corn fields.
Mode of action
Inhibition of mitosis
Inhibit root and shoot development by interfering cell
division in meristems
Adversely affect development of cell wall and membranes
Translocation
Not tranlocated in plants after root or shoot absorption
Selectivity
• Should avoid contact with desired plants .
Characteristics
Applied prior to weed seed germination
Have little or no post emergence activity
Lateral root development of crop plants (cotton and
soybean ) is inhibited in soil treated with these herbicides.
Their soil persistence is about 6 months or less.
29. 5) Thiocarbamate herbicides
Metham , Butylate , thiobencarbe or benthiocarb, EPTC(S-Ethyl
dipropylthiocarbamate)
Principal use
• Used in pre-emergence control of annual grass weeds
• Do not control established weeds
• Metham ( dithiocarbamate used as nonselective soil fumigant to
control weeds , insects , fungi) & also kill roots in sewer pipes.
Mode of action
Inhibit lipid formation due to inhibition of acetyl-CoA.
Translocation
Rapidly absorbed by roots and translocated upwards
Selectivity
Selectivity is due to rapid molecular degradation of the herbicides
by tolerant plants and failure of susceptible plants to do so.
Herbicide placement with respect to seed germination and seedling
development
Common charcteristics
Site of action is the developing shoot and coleoptile of grass
seedlings.
Only control seedling grasses
Highly volatile therefore it is soil incorporated by tillage
31. 6) Triazine herbicides
Principal use
Used for selective pre-emergence and post-
emergence control of seedling grass and
broadleaved weeds.
Most effective in controlling the broadleaf weeds
Mode of action
Inhibit photosynthesis by binding onto the pigment
protein of the ps-II complex
Tranlocation
Readily absorbed by plant roots and then
translocated to the leaves via tranpirational stream
Applied post-emergence these are foliar-absorbed
except for simazine.
Selectivity
Achieved by their rapid detoxification by tolerant
crop plants
Common characteristics
• Readily absorbed by both roots and foliage.
• Do not control established annual or perennial or
deep-rooted weeds applied at recommended
dosages
• They are readily absorbed to soil colloids and they
resist leaching
32. 7) Urea herbicides
Principal use
For selective pre-emergence and post-emergence
control of weed grass and broadleaved weeds &
also non-selective control of weeds in non crop
areas.
Mode of action
Inhibit photosynthesis by inhibiting Ps- II
complex.
Secondary effects such as production of free
radical are responsible for rapid plant kill.
Selectivity
It is primarily due to herbicide placement rather
than physiological tolerance of crop plants.
Common charcteristics
Resistant weed biotypes of some species have
developed by continuous use of these herbicides.
Low water soluble
Adsorbed to soil colloids and resist leaching
Generally applied to soil surface as pre-
emergence treatment to the weeds
33. Other herbicides
Glyphosate
Used nonselective post-emergence control of annual,
biennial and perennial grasses and aquatic weeds.
Mode of action
. Primary mechanism of action of this foliage activity,
wide-spectrum herbicide is inhibition of enzyme 5-
endolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP)
which is reponsible for synthesis of phenylalanine,
tryasine and tryptophan
They also inhibit the synthesis of aminolevulinicacid
(ALA), thereby blocking porphyrin ring synthesis and
subsequently , all compounds normally containing
porphyrin rings such as chlorophyll , cytochromes and
peroxidases.
Translocation
Following foliar application it is readily absorbed and
translocated through aerial and underground plant parts.
Selectivity
Achieved by use of directed or shielded spray to avoid
contact with green stems and foliage.
They are strongly absorbed to soil colloids and have no
soil activity
34. Picloram
• It is persistent auxin like substance.
• It stimulates cell elongation in the
susceptible plants.
• The affected plant exhibit epinasty
and split-shoots due to tissue
proliferation.
• Leaves are puckered and cupped.
• The roots deteriorate and die
because of abraded development of
vascular bundles.
• It is reported to lower the nuclease
enzyme activity, resulting in
abnormally high nucleic acid
content
Editor's Notes
in intensive crop rotations , usually herbicides with 3-6 rotations are used . Persistence of herbicide function of herbicide structure,rate,soil type,&climatic condition
primary mode of action of this group is not known except for pronamide