IWM FOR RABI PULSES IN IGP

1. Weed Management in Rabi
Pulses
ICAR-NDRI
SUBMITTED TO: Dr. Hardev Ram Sir
(Scientist NDRI karnal)
SUBMITTED BY: Pramod Kumar Tiwari
M.Sc.(Agronomy)

2. What is pulses ?
The word pulse is derived from French “Pottage” which means soup (dal).
Pulses are very high in protein and fiber, and are low in fat. Pulses are also
nitrogen-fixing,bacterial nodules are found in all pulses in their secondary root
system except rajmash crop of pulses.
What is rabi pulses?
These pulses are generally sown in oct. and harvested in the mid march to april.
Ex. Gram ,Pea ,Lathyrus, Rajmash,Lentil.
Importance of rabi pulses:
Pulses are important source of protein for a large portion of the global
population, pulses contribute to healthy soils and climate change mitigation
through their nitrogen-fixing properties.

3. Status of rabi pulses in India:
India is the largest producer (25% of global production),
consumer (27% of world consumption) and importer (14%) of
pulses in the world. Pulses account for around 20 per cent of the
area under foodgrains and contribute around 7-10 per cent of the
total foodgrains production in the country. Rabi pulses contribute
more than 60 per cent of the total production.
Gram is the most dominant pulse having a share of around 40 per
cent in the total production the total production of rabi pulses
during 2018-19 was 16.11 mt. and at present per capita pulses
availability is 52g/day which is recommended by WHO is 80g/day.

4. Losses of rabi pulses by weed
infestation
The critical weed competition in rabi pulses is
about 40 -45 DAS.
weeds cause 20-60% yield losses in different
rabi pulse crops.
It is estimated that losses due to weeds is
higher from any other pest or disease.
Weed compete with crop plants, largely for
moisture, nutrients as well as sunlight.
The intensity of weeds competition depends
on type of weed species.

5. Major weed flora of rabi pulses
1.Annual grasses weeds-Avena fatua, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Phalaris minor ,
Polypogon monspeliensis, Setaria pallidefusca.
Jungali jai
Rabbit foot grass
Gulli danda
Setria

6. 2.Annual broad leaved weeds- Anagallis arvensis, Cannabis sativa,
Chenopodium album, Coronopus didymus,Rumex dentatus, Melilotus alba.

7. 3.Perennial weeds-
Grasses-Cynodon dactylon Sedges Cyperus rotundus
Broad leaved weeds- Cirsium arvense, Sonchus arvensis.

8. Why weed management is important in rabi pulses?
Among the annual agriculture losses in India, weeds account 45% (acc.to IWS).
Weeds act as alternative hosts to pest and pathogens.
By the weeds menace poor quality of produce.
Affect germination as well as growth of a particular crops.
Reduce moisture regime from the field.
Allelopathic impact on the crops.
Reduce soil fertility as well as soil quality.

9. How to manage weeds infestation in rabi pulses?
The key elements of weed management in rabi pulses are
Prevention
Eradication
Control
Prevention :Aim at preventing introduction and spread of specified weed species.
In areas that are not currently infested with these plants species.
It can be prevented by:
Using weed free crops seed and seedlings.
Not using fresh or partly decomposed FYM or compost.
Keep the irrigation and drainage channels free from weeds.
Eradication: Infers that a given weed species, its seed and vegetables parts, has been
killed or completely removed from a given area and that the weed will not reappear to a
particular area.
Control: It aims at limiting unwanted plant growth, both in space and time, without any
attempt to eliminate from the scene.

10. Weed Control Method in Rabi Pulses:
Weed control methods are, broadly, classified into four groups.
Agronomic practices.
Mechanical methods
Biological methods.
Chemical methods.
Agronomic practices: Agronomic practices also called as cultural method .
The main objective of this method to provide a short term relief to crop during
initial growth periods so that the crop may take a lead in its growth and
development.
Some cultural management practices are:
Planting or sowing time
Use of clean seeds
Tillage
Stale seedbed
Method of sowing
Seed rate
Crop rotation
Mulching
Water management
Fertilizer management

11. Mechanical methods:
This method is also called as physical method.
Hand weeding or hand pulling .
Hand hoeing.
Tillage
Mowing and slashing
Flooding.
Soil solarization

12. Biological methods:
These methods involve utilization of natural living organisms (Bioagents) such as
insects, pathogens to limit the weed infestation.
Important criteria for a successful bioagrnts are:
Host specificity.
Fast damaging ability.
Efficient reproduction.
Bioherbicide: A bioherbicide is a plant pathogen used for weed control through
application of its inoculum . In rabi pulses mostly used bioherbicide is biolophos .
Bialaphos is a natural herbicide produced by the bacteria Streptomyces hygroscopicus
and Streptomyces viridochromogenes.

13. Chemical methods:
This method is most effective compared with other methods of weed control.
Suitable for adverse soil and climatic conditions.
In the rabi pulses use of herbicides in India not very common like other crops,but
the most promising herbicides used in rabi pulses are:
CROPS HERBICIDES DOSE (g/ha) TIME OF APPL.
Gram Fluchloralin 1000 PPI
Alachlor 1000 PE
Clodinofop 60 Post Emergence
pendimethalin 1000 PE
Pea,Lentil,
Lathyrus
Oxyflorafen 150 PE
Pendimethalin 1000 PE
Trifluralin 1000 PE

14. IWM IN RABI PULSES
IWM involves the utilization of a combination of mechanical, chemical and cultural
practices of weed management in a planned sequence, so designed as not to affect the
ecosystem.
IWM is a science-based decision–making process that Coordinates the use of
environmental information, weed biology and ecology, all available technologies to
control weeds by the most economical means, while posing the least possible risk to
people and the environment.
Concepts of weed
control/management
Prevention
Eradication
Control
Management

15. Advantages of IWM
It shifts the crop-weed competition in favors of crop.
 Prevents weed shift towards perennial nature.
 Prevents resistance in weeds to herbicides.
 No danger of herbicide residue in soil or plant.
 No environmental pollution.
 Gives higher net return.
 Suitable for high cropping intensity.

16. IWM IN CHICKPEA:-
Weed problem in rainfed crop can be minimized with intercultivation
since the crop is drilled with a row spacing of 30-45cm.
It requires hand weeding twice (30 and 60 DAS) or thrice under irrigated
conditions and only 1 hand- weeding under dryland condition.
• Preplant soil treatment with fluchloralin or trifluralin at 0.75-1 kg/ha.
• Pre-emergence pendimethalin (0.50-1.5 kg/ha), Linuron at 0.9 kg/ha;
isoproturon (1.0-1.25 kg/ha), alachlor 0.75 – 1.5 kg/ha; metolachlor (1.0-1.5
kg/ha), and pendimethalin 0.50 kg/ha +mazethapyr 50 g/ha.
•Post-emergence quizalofop-ethyl 0.04-0.05 kg/ha.

17. IWM IN PEAS:-
It requires hand weeding twice (30 and 50 DAS).
•Preplant soil treatment with fluchloralin or trifluralin at 0.75-1 kg/ha. Mixed
in soil uniformely at the time of last ploughing.
•Pre-emergence pendimethalin (0.50-1. kg/ha).in 500-600ltr.of water with flat
fan nozzle.
•Post-emergence quizalofop-ethyl 0.04-0.05 kg/ha
•and clodinafop 60 g/ha.in 600-800ltr. Of water with hallow cone nozzle.

18. IWM in Lathyrus sativus (khesari) :
For normal sown crops one hand-weeding at 30-35 days after sowing (if soil
condition permit). Weeds can also be managed effectively by spray of fluchloralin
(Basalin) 45 EC @ 0.75- 1 kg a.i./ha in 750-1000 liters of water as preplant
incorporation.

19. IWM IN LENTIL:-
The first 45-60 DAS is the critical period of weed competition.
hand weeding at 30 and 60 DAS is the traditional practice. Alachlor 1.0 kg/ha
pendimethalin or imezethapyr + pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha with 800-1000ltr.of
water .

20. Some
Herbicides
with their
trade name

21. Conclusion:
Two or more weed control methods can be practiced for effective weed
control. Herbicide can be used at low rates and can be integrated with
hand hoeing or other methods.
In pulses cultural practices like crop rotation, dates of sowing,
planting patterns, seed rates, methods of fertilizer application,
etc. can be integrated with chemical or hand hoeing methods
if needed.
“WEEDING IS NECESSARY TO AGRICULTURE AS
SOWING”

22. Reference :
Weed management principles and practices(O.P. Gupta)
Weed science and management (ISWC &ISA)
Weed science basics and application (T.K. Das)
N.G. Ranga modules
Agropedia