Classification
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Antibodies can be classified in several ways: by temperature of reaction (cold or warm), by occurrence (natural or immune), and by species producing them (iso or heterophile). They can also be classified by their reaction with antigens, including agglutinins, agglutinoids, precipitins, lysins, opsonins, neutralizing antibodies, allergic antibodies, antitoxins, complement fixing antibodies, and blocking antibodies. Each type of antibody has a distinct function in reacting with or affecting antigens in the body.
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Thank you for the invitation, but as an AI assistant I don't require food or drink. Shall we continue our discussion?
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4) It lists 10 properties that determine an antigen's ability to stimulate an immune response, including foreignness, size, chemical nature, and specificity.
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Polio Final Presentation
Dear Doctor,
Its humbling that you liked the presentation and would like to use it for your purpose. Kindly find your requested presentation attached with this email.
The shortlink for your future reference is http://go.drankush.com/PolioFinal
We would always appreciate if you would place this reference as a due credit in your work and while sharing for others use.
Ankush, Amroskar S, Bhamaikar V, Barreto J. "Polio Final Presentation" Accessed from http://go.drankush.com/PolioFinal
-----------------------------------------------------
As we near eradication of this dreaded disease - "POLIO", we would like to share the following presentation we made for our Pediatrics seminar in 2012.
Best attempts have been made to cover most of the topic, keeping the size under 100 slides.
Hope you like it.
Ankush
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Varsha Bhamaikar
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This document discusses monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies, including their production and uses. Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone and recognize a single epitope, while polyclonal antibodies recognize multiple epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies are produced via cell fusion and screening of hybridomas, while polyclonal antibodies are produced by injecting animals with antigens to elicit an immune response. Both have advantages and disadvantages for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
Basic of immunology
The document provides an overview of the basics of immunology, including definitions of the immune system and its two main branches: innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the key components of the immune system, such as cells (antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes), proteins (cytokines, antibodies, acute phase reactants), and antigens. The document also discusses the structure and types of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and some applications of antibodies like Western blotting, ELISA, IHC, and flow cytometry.
Basic of immunology
The document provides an overview of the basics of immunology, including definitions of the immune system and its two main branches: innate and adaptive immunity. It describes the key components of the immune system, such as cells (antigen presenting cells, lymphocytes), proteins (cytokines, antibodies, acute phase reactants), and antigens. The document also discusses the structure and types of antibodies (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE), the difference between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and some applications of antibodies like Western blotting, ELISA, IHC, and flow cytometry.
elisa [Autosaved] (2). PPT pathologyyy..
Serology is the study of antigen-antibody reactions. Antigens elicit an immune response and the production of antibodies. Antisera produced contains antibodies that selectively react with antigens. Serological reactions involve antigens, antibodies, and their interactions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are commonly used methods to detect antibody-antigen combinations, including direct antigen coated ELISA and double-antibody sandwich ELISA. Dot ELISA is a rapid serological method that involves placing plant sap samples as dots on a membrane.
Antigen.pptx
Antigens are substances that induce an immune response and can combine with immune system products like antibodies and T cell receptors. They come in various types, including complete antigens that induce antibody formation on their own and incomplete antigens or haptens that require a carrier protein. Antigens are classified based on their ability to induce T cell dependent or independent responses. Superantigens can directly activate T cells without antigen processing. Diseases may result from exposure to bacterial or viral superantigens.
Basic principles of Immunology in detail.pptx
Immunology is the study of immune systems and covers topics like blood group antigens and antibodies. Antigens are molecules that bind to antibodies or T-cells, while antibodies recognize and help clear specific antigens. Antibodies are glycoproteins composed of polypeptide chains that determine the antibody's class. The main classes involved in transfusion medicine are IgM and IgG. IgM antibodies cause agglutination of antigen-positive red blood cells, while IgG antibodies are smaller and less able to agglutinate cells but can destroy transfused cells possessing the corresponding antigen. Antigen-antibody binding follows mass action principles and results in immune complexes. Red blood cell antigens are membrane-bound, making them accessible for antibody binding
IHC 2
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique that combines histology and immunology to detect antigens in cells and tissues through specific antibody-antigen interactions. IHC was first developed in the 1940s using fluorescent dyes, with enzyme labeling introduced in the 1960s and routine use on formalin-fixed paraffin sections in 1974. Key developments included avidin-biotin labeling in 1981 and antigen retrieval in 1991. IHC uses polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies, with monoclonal antibodies being highly specific for single epitopes. Adequate fixation is important for antigen preservation and detection, though frozen sections also have utility in IHC applications.
Antigen
Immunogens or antigens are foreign substances that elicit an immune response when introduced to the body. They are recognized by antibodies or T-lymphocytes. Immunogens can induce antibody formation themselves, while haptens require a carrier molecule to produce an immune response. Antigens are presented on antigen-presenting cells and recognized by B and T cells, initiating humoral or cell-mediated immunity. Exogenous antigens from bacteria, viruses, and other external sources are phagocytosed and processed, while endogenous antigens from infection or autoimmunity are presented via MHC I molecules.
ANTIGEN ( IMMUNOLOGY-1)
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
ALISATechnique-Principles-Types-HowCanMakeKittoDetermineAnyBiomarker.pptx
1. ELISA is an immunoassay technique used to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in samples. It relies on antibodies and enzyme-linked detection to provide sensitive, quantitative results.
2. There are several types of ELISA including direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive, which differ in their use of capture and detection antibodies.
3. The ELISA procedure involves immobilizing an antibody on a plate, adding samples and detection reagents, washing away unbound material, and measuring enzyme activity to determine antigen or antibody levels.
Immunity- Pharmaceutical Microbiology
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
BASIC_IMMUNOLOGY_-_Copy.pptx
This document discusses the immune system and immunology. It covers topics such as innate immunity, acquired immunity, antigens, antibodies, and the structure and function of the immune system. The key components of the immune system are described, including phagocytic cells, lymphocytes, and the lymphoreticular system. Different immune responses like humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity are also summarized. The roles of antigens, antibodies, and their reactions are defined.
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Classification
- 2. According to the TEMPERATURE at which they react Cold antibodies – react at 4 degree Celsius to room temperature Warm antibodies – react at 37 degree Celsius
- 3. According to OCCURENCE Natural antibodies – appear without any apparent stimulus Immune antibodies – appear following the introduction of an antigen
- 4. According to the SPECIES which produce them Isoantibodies – antibodies produced after the introduction of the antigen from the same species. Heterophile antibodies – antibodies produced after the introduction of the antigen from another species.
- 5. According to its REACTION with an antigen Agglutinins – antibodies responsible for immobilization of motile organisms and for cell clumping Agglutinoids – agglutinins that are modified by heat in such manner that they can no longer bring about agglutination but still are capable of combining with specific agglutinogens
- 6. Precipitins – demonstrated only against soluble antigens Lysins – cause dissolution of antigenic cells. The presence of complement is required in: a.) Bacteriolysin – acts upon bacterial cells b.) Hemolysin – acts upon the RBC c.) Leukocidin – kills leukocytes with or without lysis. They are produce by certain bacteria.
- 7. Opsonins – act upon bacterial invaders, weakening their resistance to the phagocytizing action of leukocyte Neutralizing antibodies – render antigenic microorganisms harmless. Allergic antibodies – antibodies which react with allergens in allergic reactions
- 8. Antitoxins – antibodies which neutralize specific toxins. Complement fixing antibodies – detected by the consumption of the complement by antigen- antibody complex Blocking or inhibitory antibodies – combine with the antigen but are not grossly detectable unless they are shown to block a reaction, or unless the protein species can be identified