Classical method , dry method, wet method , Instruments method, Significant figures, mean value or mean deviation

1. Classical method
Mohammad Ali jauhar University Rampur Uttar Pradesh
Dilshad

2. CLASSICAL METHOD
Qualitative analysis Quantitative analysis
Velumetric
Gasometric
Gravimetric
Physical method Chemical method
Dry method Wet method

3. CLASSICAL METHOD
Qualitative analysis :
It involves the identification of cantituents redical
present or absent of ferticular elements functional
group etc in an organic compound .
It involves the study of the given compound such as
meting point boiling point etc.
Steps of qualitative analysis :
a.Prelimilany test
b.Test for cations
c.Test for anion

4. Types of Qualitative analysis
Physical method:
Analysis depends on relationship
between chemical composition and
same physical Property eg.strepto
chemical analysis,
Chemical methods:
Chemical method depend on the use of
chemical.
it is cateigarious in to two type,

5. Dry method :
It this method we use dry
sample.
Wet method :
It which substence under
examination is dissolved and
resulted solution is tested.

6. DRY METHOD
Flame fest method :
In this the materical under
examination,with the help of platinum
wire,is introduced into a non luminous
Alay from the colour of the flanve the
elements presents in the matenial can
be recognized this test is applied for
identifine the following material
(metals)whose salf give the flame
colour shown against their name.

7. ELEMENTS FLAME COLOUR
Sodium salt
Potessium salt
Strontetium salt
Barium salt
Calcium salt
Yellow
Lilac
Crimson red
Yellow green
Dull red

8. Charcoal cavity test :
A little substence is to be texed is
mixed with sodium
carbonate(Na2Co3)and is heated in a
charcoal cavity.
First carbonate of metals are formed
which than decomposed to oxides thus
coloured or white deposit are observe.

9. METALS COLOUR
Lead (PB)
Arsenic (AS)
Aluminium (AL)
Zine (ZN)
Magenisium (MG)
Yellow deposit
White deposit
Blue deposit
Green deposit
Pink deposit

10. Bored bead test :
A loop of made up of platinum wire which is
heated on up flame some borex
(Na2B4o7.10H2o)is put on the loop and .it
is again heated when atrans parent glass material
is form this is called bead and it is again heated
different colour import (Show)E.g.
Cobat Blue
Nickel
Chromium
Yellowish brown
Green bead

11. Wet method
Analysis the in qualitative inorganic sopraty analysed
the base redical with are genraly reguarel to identity
are A+g lead Pb+2 Co,Hg,Cu,Cd,As ith,Trun,
cr,mn,Ba,Sr,mg,Na,k,Nh4,A,Semple cantent
are or more these anion be can sepreat forfarm test
for lach of these pons.

12. Quantitative method :
Quantitative analysis del with diterminetionof nature of the
constituats of a given sample and how much of can
canstutunts his phusent .
Method analysis of Quantitative :
It can be done by following
mathod.
Velumetric method
Garometric method
Grouimetric method

13. Volumetric mrlethod .
Volumetric method is based on the
measurement of volume of solution of
non strengt .
Gasometric method.
This mothad in bolves measurements of
the volume of the Gasome Gases then
method liprated in the givenin chemical
Geaction dnder different candition.
Gravimetric method .
In Gravimetric Analysis be chak or
Test weat and is a procsces of
isoleting and the beight compound of
any composition.

14. Instrumental method
Microbiological method Biological method

15. Instrumental method.
They are based on relation between the
contents and physio_chemical and physical
properties of the chemical system be
analysed.
Microbiological method.
The microbiological method is based upon a
comparison of the inhioition of growth of
bacteria by measure consentration of the
antibiotics.

16. The biological method refers to bioremediation, in
which biological processes (microorganisms) are
used to degrade and metabolize chemical substances
and restore environment quality. It is a cheap,
sustainable remediation method, and yet benign to
the environment.
Biological method.

17. Significant figure
The term. digits " denotes any one of the ten numerical
including the zero.
A Significant figure is a dilit which denotes the ammaut of the
quantity in the place in which it stands.
The zero digits is a significant figure except when it is the first
figure in a number.
Thus in the quantities 1.2680 gram and 1.0062 gram the zero
is significant but in the quantities 0.0025 kg the zero are nat
significant figures they serve only to locate the decimilpaint and can
be omitted is 2.5 gram .
The first two numbers contains five significant figure but
0.0025 contains only two significant figures.

18. Identifined significant digit or rules
Rule_1:
All non Zero digit are consider significant.
Eg. It has two significant digit (9and 1) while
123.45 has 5 significant digit (1,2,3,4,5).
Rule_2:
Zero appearing any where between two non zero
digits are significant .
Eg.3089 has four significant digits (3,0,8,9)

19. Rule_3:
Leading zero are non significant.
Eg.0.00052 has two significant digits.
Rule_4:
Trailing zero in a number conteining ad3cimal paint are
significant.
Eg.12.2300 has six significant digit (1,2,2,3,0,0)
2894380 has seven significant digit (2,8,9,4,3,8,
0).

20. Definition
Accuracy:
Accuracy is defined as the degree of agreement
between a measure value and true value.
Practically since no measurement is completely
accurate.

21. Precision
Precision may be defined as the agreement of measurement of
the same quantity.
Accuracy expresses the correct of a measurement ,while precision
the resproducibility of a measurement.
Accuracy without precision is impossible but precision does not
imply accuracy
Let a substance was khown to contain 49.10 of a constituent
.two analysts abtained results using same substance and the
same analytical method.
Their results were as.

22. Analyst 1 %: 49.01,49.25,49.08,49.14
The results range from 49.01% to
49.25% their mean value is
49.12% which is very close to the
amount of present in the
substance.

23. Analyst 2%:
49.40,49.44,49.42,49.42 the
results range from 49.40% to
49.44% and the mean value is
49.42% which is very much different
from the actual amount of present
in the substance.
Thus it is dear from the above example that although the
results of analyst 2 were precised yet were not accurate while
results obtained by anolyst 1 were not precised to such a
great degree but were accurate.

24. Mean value or mean deviation
Mean deviation or average or relative mean deviation is a
measure of precision.
Mean or average is obtained by dividing the sum of a set
of a set of measurement by the number of individual
results the set .
Where M is the individual measurement and h is
the total number of measurement.

25. Question: Problem one led in a series of independent
determination of a given quantity nine values are
obtained, 46.62, 46.47,46.64,46.70,
46.71,46.53,46.60,46.60,and 46.71 ?
Mean, M = EMn
h
Answer:
46.62+46.47+46.64+46.76+46.71+46.53+46.60+46.60+46.71
9
419.64
9
= 46.62= Answer