Class XII Geography Study Material

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
SILCHAR REGION
STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS XII
GEOGRAPHY

CONTENT
1 Design of Question Paper
.
2. Selected Question Answer:
I)Fundamentals of Human
Geography (Book)
3. Selected Question answer :
II)India People and Economy(Book)
4. Skill based questions
With answers
5. Map Practise
6. Model Question paper (Solved)
7. Model Question paper (Unsolved)
8. Latest question paper 2014
8. List of maps

DESIGN OF QUESTION PAPER
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY(THEORY)
Time : 3 hrs Class-XII M.M.: 70
Weightage to content
Part-A : FUNDAMENTALS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY(TOTAL)- 35 MARKS
CHAPTERS -- 30 MARKS
WORLD MAP ( FOR IDENTIFICATIONONLY UNIT 1—5) --- 5 MARKS
PART-B : INDIA PEOPLE AND ECONOMY ( TOTAL) --- 35 MARKS
CHAPTERS 30 MARKS
MAPS 5 MARKS
TOTAL --- 70 MARKS
NOTE : VALUE BASED QUESTIONFROM ANY UNIT 1-11
III . WEIGHTAGE TO DIFFICULTYLEVEL
1.EASY (E)-- 20%
2.AVERAGE (AV) 60%
3.DIFFICULT (D) 20%

Question-paper design 2014-15
Code no.-029 Geography(theory) class-xii
Max marks-70 time-3 hrs
Sl
no.
Typology of
questions
Short
answer
(1
mark)
Short
answer
(3mark)
Long
answer
5 mark
Maps skill
(5)
marks %
1 remembering 3 1 1 1
Identification
& location
16 23%
2 understanding 1 1 2 ------ 14 20%
3 application ---- 1 2 ------- 13 19%
4 High order
thinking skill
2 1 2 1 (map
interpretion)
20 28%
5 Evaluation &
multi
disciplinary
1 1+1
Value-
based
- --------- 7 10%
6 total 7*1=7 6*3=18 7*5=35 2*5=10 70(22) +
Practical(30)
100%

Fundamental of Human Geography
Textbook I (NCERT)
Revised Map Items for identification only on
outline political map of the World.
Unit-1 Ch.-1 Nil
Unit-2 Ch. 2 to 4 1 Largest and smallest
Country of each continent in area.
2 Countries having smallest and largest
population of each
continent.
1 Areas having low and high density of
population of each
continent.
2 Countries having low/high growth rate of
population. .
Unit-3 Ch. 5 to 7 1 Areas of subsistence
gathering.
Primary Activities. 2 Major areas of nomadic
herding of the world.
3 Major areas of commercial livestock rearing.
4 Major areas of extensive commercial grain
faming.
5 Major areas of mixed farming of the World.

6 Major areas of mediterreneam agricalture of
the World.
Secondary Activities 1 Ruhr region, Silicon
Valley, Appalachian region, Great lakes
region.
Unit - 4 Ch. 8 to 9 2 Transcontinental Railways:
Terminal Stations of
transcontinental railways
3 Major Sea Ports :
Europe: North Cape, London, Hamburg North
America:
Vancouver, San Francisco, New Orleans
South America: Rio De Janeiro, Colon,
Valparaiso
Africa: Suez, Durban and Cape Town
Asia: Yokohama, Shanghai, Hongkong, Aden,
Colombo, Karachi, Kolkata
Australia: Perth, Sydney, Melbourne and
Auckland
4. Inland Waterways: Suez canal, Panama
canal, Rhine waterway
and St. Lawrence Seaway
5. Major Airports:
Asia: Tokyo, Beijing, Irkutsk, Vladivostok,
Mumbai, Jedda,

Aden
Europe: Moscow, London, Paris, Berlin, and
Rome
North America: Chicago, New Orleans, Mexico
City
South America: Bogota, Brasilia, Buenos Aires,
Santiago
Australia: Drarwin and Wellington.
Unit - 5 Ch. 10 Mega cities of the world
330
India-People and Economy (Textbook II)
for locating and labelling only on the outline
political map of India
Units - 6 Ch. 1 to 4 (i) States having largest
and smallest area.
(ii) States having largest and smallest
population.
(iii) States having highest and lowest density of
population
(iv) States having highest and lowest growth
rate of population 2001-
2011.
(v) States having highest and lowest rural
population.

(vi) States having highest and lowest urban
population.
(vii) States having highest and lowest
participation rate.
(viii) States having highest and lowest literacy
rate.
(ix) States having highest and lowest female
literacy rate.
(x) State having highest percentage of
population below poverty
line.
(xi) State at the top in human development
index.
(xii) 53 top ten Metropolitan cities (2011).
Unit - 7 Ch. 5 to 9 Leading producing states of
the following crops:
(a) Rice, (b) Wheat, (c) Jowar, (d) Bajra,
(e) Maize, (f) Groundnut, (g) Cotton, (h) Jute,
(i) Sugarcane, (j) Tea, and (k) Coffee
Minerals:
Iron-ore mines: Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Durg,
Bailadila,
Ratnagiri, Bellary.
Manganese mines: Sundergarh, Balaghat,
Nagpur, Shimoga.

Copper mines: Hazaribagh, Singhbhum,
Khetari, Udaipur and
Amarkantak.
Bauxite mines: Katni, Bilaspur and Koraput.
Coal mines: Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj, Korba,
Talcher, Singareni,
Neyveli.
Oil Refineries: Bhatinda, Panipat, Mathura,
Jamnager, Mangalore,
Tatipaka, Haldia, Guwahati, Baroni Industries.
Iron and Steel Plants: Bhadravati, Bhilai,
Bokaro.
Durgapur, Rourkela and Jameshedpur.
Cotton Textile: Ahmedabad, Surat, Gwalior,
Varanasi, Murshidabad,
Pune, Nagpur, Solapur and Mysore.
Software Technology Parks: Gandhinager,
Shrinager, Mohali,
Shimla, Delhi, Noida, Kanpur, Indore,
Hyderabad, Bhubaneshwar
and Major Industrial Regions.
Unit - 8 Ch. 10 - 11 Transport:
(i) States having lowest and highest density of
roads.
(ii) Headquarters of all railway zones.

(iii) Major Sea Ports: Kandla, Marmagao,
Kochi, Tuticorin,
Chennai, Paradwip, Haldia.
(iv) International Air ports:
Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai,
Kolkata, Guwahati,
Delhi, Amritsar, Panaji, Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram

CHAPTER-1
FUNDAMENTAL OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Human Geography - Nature & Scope
01 .
Ans
Who proposed the concept of Neo-determinism?
Griffith Taylor
(1)
02
Ans
Which subject is called the mother of all branches of knowledge?
Geography
(1)
03
Ans
Which sub field of Geography is calledDemography?
Population geography
(1)
04. Name two major components of Environment (Earth). (1
Ans Physical environment and lifeforms including Human beings
05. What was the approach of Human Geography incolonial period? (1)
Ans Exploration and description along with regional approach

06. Mention two branches of Political Geography (1)
Ans Electoral geography And Military geography
07. What is the neopossibilism?
Ans Nature can be conquered
(1)
08. What is Naturalization of Humans? (3)
Ans:•
•
•
•
Human activities are controlled and governed by Environment
Man istreated as a Passive agent
Human adjustment inthe environment with the help of availabletechnology
Example of Benda life inAbujhamaad area of central India.
09. What ishumanisation of Nature? (3)
Ans. •
•
•
•
Man istreated as an independent and active agent
Everywhere there are possibilities and man isthe master ofthese possibilities.
Man cantransform nature by cultural and technological knowledge
Example of Cari residing in Trondheim (Norway)
010. Mention three Characteristics of Neo-Determinism. (3)
Ans:•
•
•
•
Introduced by Griffth Taylor
Reflects the middlepath between the ideasof Environmentaldeterminism
and possibilism.
Emphasizesin solving the problemswithout damaging the environment
It believes inthe concept of stop and Go determinism

011. List outthe six approaches of human geography.
Ans: (i) Exploration and description
(ii) Regional analysis
(iii) Areal differentiation
(iv) Spatial Organisation
(v) Emergence of humanistic, radical and behavioural Schools.
(vi) Post - modernism in geography.
012. Name the fields of Human Geography. (3)
Ans: (i) Social Geography.
(ii) Urban Geography.
(iii) Political Geography.
(iv) Population Geography.
(v) Settlement geography.
(vi) Economic geography.
013. What is qualitative revolution? (1)
Ans Concerned with the use of computers and sophisticated statistical tools.
014. Distinguish between regional approach and systematic approach of Geography. (3)
Ans Systematic Approach Regional Approach
(1) Based on political units (1) Based on geographical units
(2) Single element is taken for studies
such as climate
(2) Based on similarities

CHAPTER-2
THE WORLD POPULATION
01.
Ans
Mention anytwo push factors.
Unemployment and lack of civic amenities
02.
Ans
Which Continent hasthe highest growth rate of population
Africa
03.
Ans
Name a mineral belt inAfrica vvhich has dense population?
Katanga -Zambia Copper belt

04. Name three componentsof population change (1)
Ans Birth rate, Death rate & Migration
05. Who are emigrants?
(1) Ans Who move out of aplace
06. Which countryin the world hasthe highest growth rate of populations?
(1) Ans Liberia
07. Why is population growth high insecond stageof DemographicTransition?
(1) Ans High birth rate & low death rate
08. What isthe trend of population growth inthird stage of demographic Transition?
(1) Ans stable, zeroor even negative
09. Why has life expectancy been reduced in some developing countries ofAfrica?
(1) Ans Due to deadly diseases like HIVI AIDS.
010. What is meant by DemographicTransition? (3)
Ans To predict the future population of anarea, demographic transition theory can be
used.
This theory explains 3 staged model ofdemographic transition :
stage (i) High birthrate, high death rate, low growth rate : Example Bangladesh
stage (ii) Initially highbirth rate, low death rate, high growth rate- example India
stage (iii) Low birth rate, low death rate, stable or low growth rate- example Japan.
011. Classify the world into various regionson the basis of population density. (3)
Ans 1 Areas
(i)
(ii)
of high Density:
MonsoonAsia, Southand South east Asia
Europe- rivervalley's, coastal plains
(iii) Eastern coastal region of NorthAmerica
2 Areasof Medium Density:
(i) Asia
(ii) Europe
(iii)
(iv)
U.S.A. Australia
Africa, South America

3 Areas of low Density :
(i) Hot Deserts
(ii) Extremelycold areas
(iii) Cold Deserts
(iv) equatorial Region
012. What are the components of population change? (3)
Ans 1 Fertility or Birth rate: CBR = ~ _x 1000 B =Live birth during the year
2 Mortality or Death Rate : CDR = ~ _x 1000 P = Midyear Population ofthe area
3 Migration
<Out-Migration
D =Number of deaths
'In-Migration
013. "There are many places where people are very few andfew places where people are
very manyinthe world." Support the statement with five suitable examples. 5
Ans •
•
•
•
•
The 1 O most populous countries contributes about 60% oft heworld's population
Out of1 O most populous countries 6 are located inAsia
SixAsian countries contributes 292.93 crores .
N.E part of USA, NW part of Europe, S.E. & EastAsia are densly populated with
morethan 200 persons on every sq. kms.
Area near the north & South poles, the hot & the cold deserts & high rainfall
zones nearthe equator have lowdensity of populationwith lessthan 1 person per
sqkm
014. What is the meaning of density of population? Explain with examplesfour geographical
factors influencing the distribution of population in the world. (5)
. . Population
Ans Density of population= Area
Geographical factors
1. Availability ofwater
2. Landforms
3. Climate
4. Soil

<
015. Which are the two sets of factors which influence migration in the world. Explain both
the set of factors with suitable examples.
(5)
Ans Two setsof factors
Push factors
PuII factors
1. Push factors - Unemployment,Poorliving condition,Political
termoil,Unpleasant climate, Natural disasters epidemics.
2. Pullfactors - Better job opportunities, peace & stability Security in life and
pleasant climate.
016. What arethe negativ impacts of population change?
Ans A declining populationhas following negative impact
(i) Lack of utilization of resources.
(5)
(ii) Ageing population leads to more pressure on economy interms of medical ex•
penses etc.
(iii) Decrease inworking population hinders societal, economic andscientific
& tech nological development.
An increasing population has following negative impact :
(i) Pressure on land , other resources and on infrastructure increases
(ii) Large population below the age of 18 years leadsto more expenditure on
education,health etc
.
(iii) Increase in poverty,deprivation and unemployment
(iv) Environmental degradation
017. Whal arethe positive impact of population change? (5)
Ans A declining population has following positive impact
: (i) Less pressure on land and on other resources
(ii) Less pressure on infrastructure and civic amenities
(iii) Higher per capita incomeand betterstandard of living
An increasing population, if in a desirable proportion, has following positive
impact : (i) Ample opportunity of work force /human resource
(ii) Good for an expandingeconomy.
(iii) Helpful in betterutilization of resources.
(iv) Bio - diversity is kept intact.

018. How growth of population differ from growth rate of population. In what conditions it will
be natural growth of population.
Ans Growth of population - Change of population inparticular area between two points of
time
Growth rate of population -Change of population expressedin percentage
Natural growth of population - This is the population increased by difference between
births and deaths ina particular region between two points of time.
019. Why is there great variation among various countries in doubling their
population?
Ans • Developed aretaking more time to double their population.
• Developed countries have controlled their growth rate.
• Developing countries arestill lagging behind ex. Education, Health etc.
020. Mention any three sparsely population regions of theworld with less than50 person
/sqkm.
Ans Polar areas, equatorial areas, desert areas andhilly- mountaineeres regions areas
and hilly- mountaineeres regions.
021 Explain with examplesthree stages of demographic transition.
Ans I stage- High BR and High DR
II stage- High BR and Low DR
111 stage- Low BR and Low DR.

CHAPTER 3
POPULATION COMPOSITION
01.
Ans
Which country has the highest sex ratio in the world?
Latvia (1187 females per 1000 males.)
02
Ans
Which country has the lowest sex ratio in the world?
UAE (468 females per thousand males)
03
Ans
What is the average sex ratio in the world?
990 females per 1000 males.
04.
Ans
How many countries have the unfavourable sex ratio in the world?
72 countries
05.
Ans
Which country has declining population pyramid?
Japan

06.
Ans
Which country has constant population pyramid?
Australia
(1)
07.
Ans
What is occupational age group ofthe population?
15 to 59 years
(1)
08.
Ans
Which isthe largest linguistic group in the world?
Mandarinor Chinese
(1)
09.
Ans
Which areas are not attractivefor human dwellingin the world?
Mountain, arid &forest(including harsh climatic areas.
(1)
010. What is the average density of populationin the world accordingto 2001 census? (1)
Ans World population Density =World's pop (6.8 billion) + Earth's Land area (150 million
km2) = 45.3 per km2•
011. What is Sex ratio? Why isSex- ratio unfavourable to women in some countries of the
world? Explain any four reasons.
(5)
Ans Sex Ratio= Female Population x 1000
Male Population
Sex ratio – unfavourable to women – reasons
are :- (1) Practice ofFemale Foeticide.
(2) Femaleinfanticide.
(3) domestic violence against women.
(4) Lower Socio – economic status of women.
012. state the factorswhich discourage womento migrate from rural to urban areas in
India.
(5)
Ans High female participation infarming activitiesin rural areas
Shortage of housing.
High cost of living in urban
areas.
Paucity ofjob opportunities.
Lack of security in urban areas.
Social constraints.

013. The shape of the pyramid reflects the characteristics of the population. Explain the
statement vvith sultable examples. (5)
Ans A population pyramid is used to show the age-sex structure of the population
The left side shows the percentage of males while the right side shows the per
centage of women in each age group
Triangular shaped pyramid reflects expanding population. There is larger
population in lower age groups due to high birth rates. eg : Age sex
pyramid of Bangladesh.
Bell shaped pyramid shows that birth and death rates are almost equal leading to
a near constant population eg. age sex pyramid of Australia.
The Japan pyramid has a narrow base and a tapered towards the top showing
low birth and death rates. The population growth is usually zero or negative
014. How the process of urbanization brings differentiation and imbalance in population size
between urban and rural population size in various parts of the world. (5)
Ans • In Western countries males out number females in rural areas and females out
number the males in urban areas.
• The excess of females in urban areas of USA, Canada and Europe is the result of influx
of females from rural areas to avail of the vast job opportunities
• Farming in these developed countries is highly mechanized and remains largely a male
occupation
• In African and Asian countries urban areas remains male dominated due to predomi•
nance of male migration
• In countries Iike India, female parti ci pati on in farming activity in rural area is fairly high
Shortage of housing, high cost of living, paucity of job opportunities and lack of security
in cities discourage women to migrate from rural to urban areas.
015 List the factors influencing the literacy
ratio
Ans (1) Level of economic development
(2) Urbanisation
(3) status ofwoman insociety.
(4) Availability of education facilities
(5) Govt. policies

CHAPTER -4
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
01.
Ans
Who introducedthe conceptof Human development'?
Dr. Mahboob-ul- Haque
02.
Ans
Write four pillars of the human development.
Equalities,sustainability,productivity,empowermen
tt
03. Expand I.LO.
Ans InternationaLl abourOrganisation.
04. ExpandU.N.D.P. (1)
Ans United Nations DevelopmentPrograme.
05. Which countries has the highest human development index? (1
Ans Norway

06. What is the place of India in HDI of the world? (1)
Ans 127th
07. How many countries come under High HDI category? (1)
Ans 57
08. In l/Vhich year was the first HD report published by UNDP? (1)
Ans 1990
09. Write any two components of HD.
Ans Education & Health

010. What is the basic goal of human development? Explain with examplesthe four pillarsof
humandevelopment. (5)
Ans. - The basic goal of development is to create conditions where people can live
meaningfullives.
The four pillarsof human development -
Equity-It refers to providing equal access to opportunities available to
everybody irrespective of their gender, race, income and caste.
Sustainabillty- Sustainabillty means continuity in the availability of
opportunities for sustainable human development.
Productivity - It refers to human labour productivity in terms of human work. It
must beconstantly enriched by building capabilities in people.
Empowerment- It means to have the power to make choices. Such power
comes from increasing freedom and capabilities, good governance and
people -ori• ented policies, so as to empower people.
011. Define human development? Describe the various approaches toHuman development.
(5) Ans Human development is aprocess of enlarging the range of people's choices,
Increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and empowerment
and cover•
ing the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic,
social and political freedom.
Approaches to Human Development
( 1) Income Approach - The level of income reflects the level of freedom an individual
enjoys. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development.
(2) Welfare Approach -This approach argues for higher government expenditure on
education health, social secondary and amenities. The government is respon•
sible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure on
welfare.
(3) Basic NeedsApproach -The emphasis is on provision of basic needs of
defined sections. Six basic needs were identified- health. education. food.
water supply, sanitation and housing.
(4) Capability Approach -Building human capabilities inthe areas of health, educa•
tion and access to resources is the key to increasing human development.
012. Name four countries having high human development index. Discuss three reasons for
highhuman development index.
5
Ans. Four countries with high human development index

(1) Norway
(2) Iceland
(3) Australia
(4) Luxembourg
Reason for high HDI
Investment more inthe Social Sector (education, health care)
Good governance
Free from polltical turmoil and instability
013. Name any four countries having low human development index. Discuss three
reasons for low human development index.
5
Ans (1) Nigeria
(2) SierraLeone
(3) Burkina Faso
(4) Mali
Reasons for low HDI
Political turmoil.
Social instability (civil war).
Famine.
014. Discuss in detail about the alternative view of development given by Dr. Mahbub-ul haq
and Prof.Amartya Sen. (5)
Ans For many decades, a country's level of development was measured only in terms of its
economic growth.
The idea that the quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they have
and freedoms they enjoy are important aspects of development now and the works of
Mahbub-ul-Haq and Amartya Sen are important in this regard.
According to Haq - development in all about enlarging people's choices in order
to lead long, healthy lives with dignity. The basic goal of development is to create
condelons vvhere people can live meaningful lives.
Prof. Amartya Sen saw an increase in fi'eedom or decrease in unfreedom as the
main objective of development
The works of these economists are path breaking and have succeeded in bring•
ing people to the centre of any discussion on development.
015 What are the three parameters of HDI.
Ans (1) Health (2) Education (3) Access to resources.

016 Which country has given the recognition of "Gross National Happiness " country in the
vvorld?
Ans. Bhutan
017 Why does the particular region of the vvorld keep reporting low or High levels of human
development? Explain by giving suitable examples?
Ans Countries advanced in the three key areas i.e health, education and access to re•
source are having high level of human developed such as U .S .A, Japan etc. The coun•
tries lagging being in the above mentioned three key areas are having low level of
human development such as Nigeria

CHAPTER -5
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
01.
Ans
Write anytwo plantationcrop.
Banana & Coffee.
02. In vvhich country co operative farming most successful experiment?
Ans Denmark
03.
Ans
Mention the term for 'Grovvingof flowers'.
Floriculture

04
Ans
In which type of agriculture isthe farming of citrus fruit very important?
Mediterranean region.
(1)
05
Ans
Which type of agriculture is called Splashand Burn agriculture?
Primitive subsistence.
(1)
06.
Ans
Write any two primary activities?
Hunting, Agriculture, fishing,
mining.
(1)
07. What doyou mean by red color workers? (1)
Ans People engaged in primary activities.
08. What doyou mean by Transhumance? (1)
Ans Seasonal migration oft he people with their herds.
09. Name any two era based oncivilization of minerals? (1)
Ans Copper andBronze era.
10. Name the main crop grown in temperate grassland? (1)
Ans Wheat.
11. What is Truck Farming? Mention any two features of truck farming. (3)
Ans : • This type of farming is practiced in the peripheral areas of Metropolitan cities
where, vegetables and milkare brought daily to the cities by trucks bytravelling overnight.
• Farmers are engaged in growing of vegetables, fruits and flowers etc.
• They use HYV seeds, Chemicals and fertilizers.
• This farming requires a well developed network of roads connected with fields.
012. What is Plantation Agriculture? Why is it practiced mainly in tropical and sub-
tropical areaofthworld?
(3)
Ans : It is a special type offarming in which crops like tea, coffee, bananas and rubber etc.
are grown in big estates by using modern techniques. Crops are grown for
Commercial purposes. This agriculture requires more investment.
Reasons for plantation agriculture in tropical areas :-
1. Hot andHumid Climate
2. fertile soil
3. Availability of cheap labour
4. high density of population
013. What are the chief characteristic features of dairy farming? (3)

Ans (i) It is most advanced types of farming which is centered on efficient rearing
of milchanimals.
(ii) Heavy capital investment
(iii) Highly labour intensive as It involves rigorous care infeeding and milching
(iv) No off season as animals require care throughout the year.
(v) It ismainly practised near the urban and industrial centres where there isready
market for fresh milk and dairy products.
(vi) Scope for dairy farming has increased considerably dueto development of
trans•
portation, refrigeration, pasteurisation and other preservation processes.
014. What are the types of farming according to farming organisation? (3)
Ans (i) Co-operative farming : Group of farmers voluntarily pool their land and
resources and form co-operative society. It is practised in Denmark,
Netherlands, Belgium,Sweden, Italy. In Denmark every farmer is a member of a Co-operative.
(ii) Collective farming : It is based on social ownership of means of production and
collective labour. It was adopted in U.S.S.R. after 1917 revolution. Farmers pool
their resources likeland, livestock and labour in Collective farming.
015. Describe in fivepoints the mainfeaturesof plantation agriculture practisedin theworld.
(3) Ans. - Large estates or plantations
Large capital investment Single
crop specialisation Managerial
andtechnical support Scientific
methods of Cultivation
016. Distinguish between Intensivefarming I Extensive farming. (5)
Intensive farming
Ans. - It is practised in high density areas where population is large and agricultural
land is limited.
It is done in Monsoon Asia.
Land holdings arevery
small.
Most ofthe agricultural operations are done by manual labour.
Yield per unit area is highbut per labour productivity is low
017. Describe in brief the commercial livestock rearing economic activity in the world (5)
Ans. - Commercial livestock rearing is a specialised activity in which onlyone type of

(1) Depends on Nature (1) Permanant ranches
(2) Low levelof herding (2) Advanced technology
(3) Subsistence economy (3) Commercialeconomy
animal is reared.
It is practised on permanent ranches.
The emphasis is on breeding, genetic improvement, disease control and health
care ofthe animals
Products such as meat, wool, hides and skin are processed and packed scien•
tifically and exported to different world markets
New Zealand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay and United states of America are
important countries where commercial livestock rearing is practised.
018. What is the meaning of market gardening and horticulture? Describe any four charac-
teristics of this type of agriculture of the world. 5
Ans. Market gardening and horticulture specialise in the cultivation of high value crops such
as vegetables fruits and flowers solely for the urban markets.
Characteristics
Farms are small
Labour and Capital intensive
Farms are located where there are good transportation links with the urban centre
lays emphasis on the use ofirrigation, HYV seeds, fertilisers,
insecticides, green houses and artificial heating in colder regions.
019. Why Mediterranean agriculture is considered as one of the best and profitable type of
agriculture. (5)
Ans. - Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture.
Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality of the Mediterranean
region.
Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from high
quality grapes. Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currants
Olives and figs are produced in this region
The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such as
fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in Euro•
pean and North American Markets.
020. Distinguish between pastoral nomadism and commercial Livestock rearing. (5)
Ans Pastoral Nomadism Commercial linestock rearing

(1) Depends on Nature (1) Permanent ranches
(2) Low levelof herding (2) Advanced technology
(3) Subsistenceeconomy (3) Commercialeconomy
(4) Ex- Tribals of eastern (4) Nevv Zealand and all the
temperateAfrica, Tundra etc. grasslands
021 Explainthe factors affecting mining activity'?
Ans (A) Physical factors - Size, grade and mode of occurrence.
(B) Economic factors - Demand, Level of technology etc.
19.. Why Mediterranean agriculture is considered as one of the best and profitable type of
agriculture. (5)
Ans. - -Mediterranean agriculture is highly specialised commercial agriculture.
-Viticulture or grape cultivation is a speciality oft he Mediterranean
region.
-Best quality wines in the world with distinctive flavours are produced from -
high quality grapes. Inferior grapes are dried into raisins and currant,
Olives andfigs are produced inthis region
-The advantage of Mediterranean agriculture is that more valuable crops such
as fruits and vegetables are grown in winters when there is great demand in
European and North American Markets.
020. Distinguish between pastoral nomadism and commercial Livestock rearing. (5)
Ans Pastoral Nomadism Commercial linestock rearing
(3)
022. What are the two types of mining?
Ans Surface mining and underground mining.

Chapter 6
Secondary activities
01 .
Ans
Where isSiliconValley situated?
California (USA)
(1)
02.
Ans
What isthe smallestunit of manufacturing?
Cottageindustries
(1)
03.
Ans
Give an exampleof agro based industry.
Sugar industry,cottontextile etc.
(1)
04.
Ans
Wr~eany two industries based onforest.
Paper and medicine
(1)

05.
Ans
Which area is called the 'Rust Bowl' of the USA?
Pittsburgh
(1)
06.
Ans
Which type of industries produce raw materialsfor the other industries?
Basic industries
(1)

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07. Write the most important Industrial area of Germany?
Ans Ruhr region
(1)
08. Give any two examples of Hightech industries
Ans computer and chemicals
(1)
09. In which economy,factors of production are owned by individually?
Ans Capitalist
(1)
010. What arethe Characteristics of modern large scale
manufacturing?
Ans • Specializationof skills/methodsof production
• Mechanization
• Technologicalinnovations
• Organizationalstructure & stratification
• Uneven geographical Distribution
(3)
011. 'Africa has immense natural resources and yet it is industrially the most backward
continent'. Comment. (3)
Ans • Unfavourable Climatic conditions.
• Low level of technological development
• Lack of Rapid network of transport & communication
• Lack of developed Energy Resources.
• Lack of market facilities.
012. Write aShort note on the Ruhr coal -field of Germany. (3)
Ans • Coal aswell as ironand steel comprised the backbone of economy of this
region.
• Industry started Shrinking, as its demand for coal declined
• Significance of Ruhr region can be judged from the fact that it accounts for about 80%
of Germany's total Steel production
• Problems of Industrial waste and environmental pollution have assumed alarming pro•
portion
013. Classify industries based on raw material used.
Ans (i) Agro - based industries : Example tea, Sugar, cotton, jute textile

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(ii) Forest- based industries: Example paper, pulp, furniture
(iii) Metallic industries :
(a) Non-ferrous industries Copper, aluminium etc.
(b) Ferrous industries: Iron, Manganese
014. Name the three groups of lndustries of world. classify on the basis of their size.
write one Characteristics of each group.
Ans 1. Cottage industry- Run by craftsmen with the help of family members
Small Scale industry - group of skilled craftsmen
Large Scale industry- Power driven machines are used
015. What are the Characteristics offoot loose industries. (5)
Ans: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Light industriesthat often do not use raw material but component parts
Power requirements usually onlyelectricity available from the national
grid Employs small labour force
Non polluting
Accessibillty needsto be near a road network
016. Explainfive Characteristicsof modernlarge Scale manufacturingin the world?
Ans : 1. Complicated organisation
2. Specialised and skilled labour
3. Use ofMachines
4. Use ofpower resources
5. Large numberof labours
6. Large Scale production
017. Explainthe majorfactors influencingthe location of Industries. (5)
Ans: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Physical factors
Economicfactor
Socialfactors
Politicalfactors
other
Land. Climate. Powerresource. NaturalVegetation
Labour,Capital,means oftransport
Conditions prevailing inthe country
Govt. Policies
facilities/Advantageof Early start

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018. Why are high - tech industries are located in the periphery of metropolitan area? (5)
Ans : 1. Space for single - story factories and future expansion
2. Cheaper land values
3. Accessibility to main roads
4. Pleasant environment
5. Labour Supply from nearby
019. Explain the importance of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a
country. 5
Ans : 1. Transform r<NJ materialinto usefulgoods
2. Change shape of material& increase itsvalue and quality
3. raise the per capita income
4. help in urbanisation& social development
5. Help in developmentof public services like education,health, banking etc.
6. Help in earningforeign exchange.
020. Developed countries are much more industrialisedthan developing countries. Elabo•
ratethe statement.
Ans Developedcountries
(1) Huge capitalto invest
(2) Consumershavehigh purchasingpower.
(3) Good network oftransport and communicationsystem.
(4) Developedtechnology & high R & D facilities.
021. What arethe three sub-sectorsof cotton-textileindustry?
Ans (a) Handloom
(b) Power1oom
(c) Mills
••••••

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Lesson 7
TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
01.
Ans
To which sector arethe tertiary activities related?
Service sector
(1)
02.
Ans
Write any two types of trade?
Retail and wholesale
(1)
.
Ans
03 Write the name of any two meansofcommunication.
T.V. andRadio
(1)
04.
Ans
Write any two jobs that involve mentalwork.
Teaching and doctor
(1)
05. Write anytwo Quaternary activities. (1)
Ans Scientist, researchers, administrators
06.
Ans
Write any two examples of low order
services. Cobbler,
gardener,washermanetc.
(1)
07. Give two examples of important highorder services. (1)
Ans Finance and insurance
08.
Ans
Which isthe fastest means of communication?
Mobile, satelllte
(1)
09. Name two tourist regions of the world. (1)
Ans Mediterranean and Goa coast
010. Write any two elements of tertiary activities. (1)
Ans Productivity and exchange
011. Describe the factors affecting tourism. (3)
Ans Demand:
1. Improvement instandard of living and

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2. increasing leisure time.
Transport:
1. Travelling is easier vvith better road system
2 Expansion of airtravel has madeit more comfortable
3 Advent ofpackage holidays has reduced the cost.
012. What is 'Digital Divide'? (3)
Ans A divide or Gap which has emerged between the developed and developing
nationsdue to difference in economic, political and social disparities. In the field of
Information and Communication Technology(ICT) developed countries in genera
lhave surged forward while Developing countries have lagged behind and this is
known asthe 'Digital divide.'
013. India is fastemerging as an important destination ofmedical tourism in the world.
Discuss. (3)
An
s
World class hospitals in metropol
T
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
o
treatment for various ailments costs about one-fourth of the cost incurred
in the advanced countries.
• Patients ti nd it cheaper even after spending for their air passage to
reach India and enjoy as tourists in addition to medical treatment
• Medical tourism has benefited developing countries like India, Malaysia,
Thailand and Singapor
014. What is the importance of tourism? Explain with examples the four factors of
tourist attractions inthe world. 5 .
Ans. Tourism is the world's single largest tertiary activity in total registered
jobs and total revenue.Factors of tourist attraction are—
--- climate
 Landscape
 History and art
 Culture and economy
015. Define the term Trade. state four characteristics of Rural marketing centre.
Ans Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced
elsewhere.
Characteristics of rural marketing centre
--they cater to nearby settlements
---here personal and professional services are not well developed
---they form local collecting and distributive centres.

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T
h
e
y
c
a
t
e
r
t
o
n
e
a
r
b
y
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
s
-Significant centres for making available goods and services
which are most fre quently demanded .
Q16 outsourcing is providing lots of job in developing
countries.discuss.
Ans. –outsourcing has resulted in the opening up of large no of
call centres in India, China,Eastern Europe, Israel, Philippines and Coasta
Rica.
Outsourcing iscoming to those countries where cheap and skilled workers are
available.
Developing countries have IT skilled staff with good English languagesskills
and are available at lower wages than those inthe developed countries.

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Overhead costs are also much lower making It profitablefor the companies to get
job work carried out overseas whether it isin India, China or Botswana.
017. How is KPO different from BPO? (5)
Ans. The KPO (Knowledge processing out sourcing) industry is distinct from Business Pro•
cess Outsourcing (BPO) as it involves highly skilled workers. It is information driven
knowledge Outsourcing. KPO enables companiesto create addltional business
oppor• tunities. Examples ofKPOs include research and development activities &
learning, business research, intellectual property research, legal profession and the
banking sector.
018. Why quinary activities are considered as golden collar jobs? (5)
Ans. - Highly specific group of economic activities
highest level of decision makers or policy makers highly paid
Includes senior business executives, government officials, research scientists,
financial and legal consultants.
Their importance inthe structure of advanced economies far out weights their
numbers.
019. Explainthe three characterstics of quaternary activities. (3)
Ans (1) Knowledge based.
(2) Refers to more intellectual occuption.
(3) Highest income and higher degree of mobillty.
020. Explainwith examplesthe significance of service sector inmodem economic develop-
ment of the world. (3)
Ans (a)
(b)
Services are providedto individual consumers.
Weightless
(c) Supervised and performed by goverment
/companies.
(d) Provide more employment with more income or
profit.
••••••

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LESSON 8
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
01 . Name two terminals ofthe 'Orient Express.'
Ans Paris and Istanbul
(1)
02. Name the two major inlandwaterways of NorthAmerica.
Ans Mississipi and st. Lawrence river
(1)
03. Which material is transported by 'Big Inch' pipeline?
Ans Petroleum oiland natural gas
(1)
04. Which two places are connected by Channel
Tunnel?
Ans Paristo London
(1)
05. Name the famouspetroleum pipelinewhich connectsthe oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico
to the North Eastern states in USA. (1)
Ans Big Inch
06. What is an Internet?
Ans An Internetis a powerful medium of collecting information from the
computer.
(1)
07. Which are the two major regions ofthe world having very dense network of
Airways?
(1)
Ans Eastern north America and Western Europe
08. Which two seas are connected by the Suez
Canal
Ans The Mediterranean sea and the Red sea
(1)
09. Which ship canal connects the Pacific Ocean andthe Atlantic Ocean
Ans The Panama canal
(1)
010. Which two factors contribute to the growth of Railways?
Ans Invention of the steam engine and lndustrilization

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(1)
011. study the diagram given belowand answerthe questions?

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(11.1)Namethe shipping canal shown in the map.
(11.2)What do the railway lines and fresh water canal indicate about the relief of the
region inthe map?
(11.3) How did relief helps in reducing the cost of construction of this Shipping
canal?
Ans : (1) The SuezCanal
(2) Generally aplain region
(3) Construction cost iscomparatively low due to plain terrain
012. List the factors vvhich affect the inland water
transport?
(3)
Ans : 1. Navigability of the water body/channel
2. Width and depth of the Canal/rivers etc.
3. Continuity in the water flow
4. Transport technology
5. Demand

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013. Why is Road transport better than rail transport?
Ans : (i) Construction and maintanence is cheaper than railways
(ii) Provides "Door to Door" services
(iii) Can be constructed over undulating terrain
(3)
014. What are the disadvantages ofAir Transport. (3)
Ans : (i) It is a very costly mode of transport and only rich people can afford it
(ii) Flights cannot beoperated in bad vveather
(iii) Accidents and hijacking of planes have become a serious problem these days.
015. List out the advantages of pipeline transport (3)
Ans : (i) Pipelines can be laidthrough difficultterrain as well as under water
(ii) Initial cost oflaying pipeline is high but subsequent cost ofmaintenance and
operation is low
(iii) Pipelines ensure steady supply
(iv) It minimizes tranship losses and delays
(v) It involves very low consumption of energy
(vi) It is a quick, cheap, efficient and environment friendly mode of transportation
016. Suggest measures to overcomethe urban transport
problems. Ans: - Higher Parking Fee
Mass Rapid Transit
Improved Public Bus Service
Expressways
Promoting Metro trains
(5)
017. Elucidatethe statement- "In a well managed transport system,various modes comple-
ment each other." (5)
Ans: - Road transport ischeaper and faster over short distances andfor door - to- door
services
Railways aremost suited for largevolumes of bulky materialsover long distances
within a country
High value, lightand perishable goods are best moved by airways
Ocean transport is a cheaper means of haulage of bulky material over long
distancesfrom onecontinent to another
Pipelines areused extensively to transport liquids and gases for an
uninterrupted flow

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018. Which is the busiest sea route in the world. Describe its four Characteristics. (5)
Ans: The busiest Sea route in the world is the Northern Atlantic Sea Route
Characteristics
-This links North eastern USA and North Western Europe, the two
industrially developed regions oft he world.
-The foreign trade over this route is greater than that of the rest ot the world
One fourth ofthe world's foreign trade moves on this route
-Both the coasts have highly advanced ports and harbour facilities
-It is also called the Big Trunk Route
019. What is the significance of inland waterways? Explain the three factors responsible
for the development of inland waterways in the world. 5
Ans: Inland waterways are the cheapest means of transport in the interior parts of the
coun• try very heavy cargo like coal, cement, timber and metallic ores can be
transported through inland waterways and they are the only means of transport in
dense forests.
Factors responsible for development of inland waterways
-navigability- vvidth and depth ofthe channel -
continuity in the water flow
-transport technology in use
-Demand
020. Name the vital man-made shipping canal which connects the Atlantic Ocean to the
Pacific Ocean. state any four characteristics of this canal.
(5) Ans: - The Panama Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean inthe eastto the Pacific
inthe west.
The Panama Canal has been constructed across the Panama Isthmus
between Panama city and Colon
The canal is 72 km long andinvolves a very deep cutting for a length of12 km
It has a sixlock system
It shortens the distance between New Yorkand San Francisco.

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021. Two man made navigationcanals serve as gateways of Commerce for both the
eastern and western worlds.Explain . 5
Ans: The SuezCanal and the Panama Canal are two vital man -made navigation canals
or waterways which serve as gateways ofCommercefor the eastern and western
worlds.
Suez Canal
--links Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
--reduces direct sea route distance between Liverpool and Colombo
Panama Canal
--Connects the Atlantic Ocean in the east and Pacific Ocean in the west
--Shortens the distance between New York and San Francisco by 13000 km
by sea
--the distance between Western Europe and the West coast of USA, and
north, eastern and central USA and East and South eastAsia is shortened.
021. Write a note on cyber space- internet.
Ans ConsultNCERT
(3)
022. Write any 5 features of Trans-Siberian railway.
Ans (1) Longest railwayline with 9332 Kms length.
(2) Connects st. Peterburg on west with Bladivostate on the east
(3) Crosses Ob, Yenisi and Ural mountain.
(4) Constructed for the economic developmentof Siberia
(5) Chila isan agrocentre and Irkutsk as fur centre.
023. What issatellite communication .How has itbrought the revolutionary changes in the
field of communicationin the world? (3)
Ans ConsultNCERT book
••••••

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CHAPTER 9
01.
INTERNATIONAL
Write the full form of OPEC
TRADE
(1)
Ans Organization of petroleum exportingcountries
02.
Ans
Namethe service land in and around the port
Hinterland
(1)
03.
Ans
Namethe type oftrade betweenthe countries
Bilateral
(1)
04. Namethe International Organisati ondealingvvith global rules oftrade between nations
(1)
Ans WTO
05. What doyou mean by Balance oftrade?
Ans Difference between export and import
06. Definethe term Hinterland
Ans Service land in and around port
(1)
(1)
07. What is Dumping? (1)
Ans Excessproducingcountries forcing the underdeveloped countries to buy the
products
with the fixed price (no liberalization)
08. Defineslavetrade (1)
Ans Europeancountrieslike Netherlands, ltlayetc done sellingof humanbeingscalled slave
trade
09. CategoriseInternationaltrade intotwo types
Ans Bilateral and Multilateral
(1)
010. Namethe type of most of the Great ports belongto
Ans Comprehensive ports
(1)
011. Namethe importantentreportport ofAsia
Ans Singapore
(1)

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012. Which association is the largest single market in the world
Ans European union (EU)
(1)
013. study the table given below and answerthe questions :
World Imports and Exports (in millions of U.S.$)
(3)
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Exports
Total Merchandise
95000 190000 877000 1954000 5162000 10393000
Imports
Total Merchandise
99000 199000 912000 2015000 5292000 10753000
(1.1) Calculate the balance of trade in 2005
(1.2) Why do you think that the volume of trade has increased over the decade?
(1.3) What had been the growth inthe Import duringtheyear2005 over the year 1955
Ans : (1.1) 360000 (10753000-10393000)
(1.2) (a) Growth in manufacturing sector
(b) Growth in Service sector
(c) Specialization in agriculture and in other sectors
(1.3) Approximately 108times (10753000 + 99000)
014. Why are ports always referred to as gateway of international trade
Ans The world port is derived from the latin word "Porta" meaning Gateway
Port is a connecting link between land and water
It is a place on the coast where ships start and end their journey
Here reached Cargo is unloaded and the Cargo which is to be exported is loaded
Port provides facillties of export and import
(3)
It is well connected to the interior of the country by a good network of roadways and
railways.
015. Classify ports on various bases.
Ans On the basis of Cargo handled :
(i) Industrial ports
(ii) Commercial ports
(iii) Comprehensive ports
(3)

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On the basis of location :
(i) Inland ports
(ii) Out ports
On the basis of specialised functions
(i) Oil ports
(ii) Ports of call
(iii) Packet stations
(iv) Entrepot ports
(v) Naval ports
016. Explain five basis of International Trade
Ans : (i) Variation inthe availability of natural resources
(ii) Difference inthe level of economicdevelopment
(iii) Population Factors<
(iv) Transportation
(v) GovernmentPolicies
(vi) Extent of foreign
Investment
Cultural Factors
Size of Population
017. Define the Word port? Write the classification of ports onthe basis of their location
(1+2+2=5)
Ans. Port - Ports are the medium of trade between two countries.It is that place on the
coast where cargo in large quantity is received from oceanic routes and sent to the
interior parts ofthe country.
Two types of Ports
(i) Outports
(ii) Inland ports
(a) Outports - deepwater port built awayfrom actual port
(b) Inland port -located away from the coast and liked with the sea through a
river or a canal.
018. What is international trade? Which are the two types of international trade? Give one
Characteristics of each. (1 +2+2=5)

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Ans International Trade - The movement of goods and Services from areas of Surplus to
deficit area between two countries.
The Two types of international trade
(1) Bilateral Trade
(2) Multilateral Trade
The exchanging of good between two countries
The exchange takes place between several countries
on regular basis.
019. "Ports are the gateways of international trade." Justify the statement
Ans : (i) It is a gateway from land to sea or from sea to land
(ii) Coast provide facilities such as docking, loading etc
(iii) It handles export & Import trade of Country
(iv) Imports are sent to hinterland of a port
(v) Travellers pass from one part of the world to another
(5)
020. Classify the ports onthe basis of Specialized functions and give one example each.
(2¥2 + 2¥2 = 5)
Ans (i) Oil ports- Abadan on the Gulf of Persia
(ii) Ports of Call- Singapore
(iii) Packet station - Dover inEngland
(iv)
(v)
Entrepot Ports - Rotterdamfor Europe
Naval Ports- Kochi
021. Define trade balanceand distinguish between positivetrade balance andnegative track
balanceoftrade.
Ans NCERT book
022. Wr~e short notes onthe following topics-
Ans (1) Barter system
(2) Slavetrade
(c) Dumping
023. What are the function of WTO.
Ans. (1) Solves disputes amongthe countries.
(2) Provide trade services.
(3) Dealswith the global rules oftrade between nations.

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025. study the table and answer the questions that follow:
World Imports and Exports (in millionsof U.S.$)
1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2055
Exports 95,000 1,99,000 8,77,000 19,54,000 51,62,000 1,03,93,000
Total Merchandise
Imports 99,000 1,99,000 9,12,000 20,15,000 52,92,000 1,07,53,000
Total Merchandise
(15.1) Which decade shows the highest increase oftotal value of imports and exports of
goods of and services?
(15.2) How much is the increase in total value of exports during 1955 to 2005?
(15.3) Why does the need for trade arise?
••••••
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(236)
CHAPTER10
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
01. What arethe two main types of Settlements?
(1) Ans Urban and rural
02. Name three factors onthe basis of which the villages are separated from towns.
(1) Ans Size of population, economic and administrative basis
03. Which was the first million city inthe world? (1)
Ans London
04. Which arethe two groups ofrural settlements? (1)
Ans Compact and dispersed
05. Name the countrywith 100% urban population (1)
Ans Singapore
06. What are slums? (1)
Ans Unhygeinic and illegalsettlements
07. Mention the name oftwo planned towns ofthe world? (1)
Ans AddisAbaba and Canberra
08. Whal % ofthe urban population is found in developing countries? (1)
Ans 40%
09. Whal are the problems of rural settlement in developing countries?
Ans : (1) Poorly equipped with infi'astructure
(2) Inadequate water supply
(3) General absence oftoilets and Garbage disposal facilities
(3)
(4) The house made up of mud, wood and thatch remains susceptible to damage
during natural calamities
(5) Lack ofproper ventilation
(6) Unmetalled roads and lack of modern communication network
(7) Lack of health, education and recreational infrastructure
010. Differentiate between Compact and dispersed
Settlement.
(3)

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Ans Compact Settlements :
1. They are mainlyfound in fertile plainsand river valleys
2. Houses are built inclose vicinity to each other and have lesser living space
3. The main occupation is agriculture. The size offields is small
4. streets are dirty due to lack of proper drainage
DispersedSettlements
1. Scattered settlements are mainlyfound in hills,plateaus. highlands etc
2. Houses are isolated and scattered overt he land. They provide more living space
3. Animal grazing and lumbering are the main occupations
4. These settlements are quite neat and clean
011. Classifyurban settlements (3)
Ans (i) Population Size: The Settlement inIndiawith 5000 persons and 30,000 per
sons in Japan is considered as urban. In India its density is an additional condi
tion, which is400 persons per sq .km
(ii) Occupational structure : In Italy a settlementis called an urban. ifmore than 50%
of the economically productive population are engaged innon-agricultural pur•
suits
(iii) Administrative Decision :In CentralAmerican countries, Brazil and Bolivia, even
asmall administrativecentre is designated asan urban settlement.
012. Write a note onAddis Ababa (3)
Ans Addis - New and Ababa - flower. This capital city of Ethiopia is often called the New
flower. It was established in 1878. It is located on a hill valley topography.A new
airport known as Bole airport has also been constructed. This multi - functional city is
located in the centre of Ethiopia and has grown rapidly inthe recent past.
013. Explain any five factors which affect the location of rural settlements inthe world. (5)
Ans. - WaterSupply
Land
BuildingMaterial
Defence
Planned Settlements
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014. Name the five types of urban settlements based on the size and the services available
(5)
Ans. (1) TOWN
(2) City
(3) Conurbation -
(4) Megalopolis -
(5) MillionCity
Manufacturing, retail andwholesale trade, professional ser
vices
Transport terminals, major financial institutions, Regional
administrative offices
Large area of urban development resulting from merging of
towns or cities.
Super Metropolltanregion extending as unionof conurbations
Population more than one million
015. What ismeant by urbanisation?Describefour problems associated vvith over
urbanisation in the developing countries?
(5)
Ans. Urbanisation means the increase inthe proportion population of a country who live in
urban areas.
Congested housing and streets
Lack of drinking water facillties
Lack infrastructure such as electricity, sewage disposal health and educational
facilities
Unsustainable concentration of population
016. What is healthy city? Explain its basic features
Ans. World Health Organisation suggests that ahealthy citymust have
a clean and safe environment,
meets the basic needs of all its
inhabitants, involvesthe community in
local government,
provides easilyaccessible Health Service
(5)
017. Classify rural settlements onthe basis of forms or shapes (5)
Ans. (1) Linear pattern
(2) Rectangularpattern
(3) Circular pattern
(4) star like pattern
(5) Cross shaped pattern

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018. Describe five types of towns on the basis of their functions. Also give an example of
each type oftown from different parts of the world (5)
Ans. - Administrative Towns -eg : New Delhi
Cultural Town - Jerusalem
Health and recreation - Miami
lndustrialtown- P~tsburg
Transport town - Singapore
Commercial town - Frankfurt
019. Discuss the various criteria on vvhichthe rural Settlements may be classified (5)
Ans. Rural settlements may be classified on the basis of a number of criteria
On the basis of setting
Plain villages
Plateau villages
Coastal villages
forest villages
desert villages
(b) On the basis of functions :
farming villages
fishermen's villages
lumberjack villages
pastoral villages
(c) On the basis of forms or shapes of the settlements
Linear
rectangular
circular
star like
Tshaped
double village
cross-shaped village

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Continent Early
1950
Mid
1970s
Mid
2000
Europe 23 30 58
Asia 32 69 206
North and CentralAmerica 16 36 79
SouthAmerica 8 17 43
Africa 3 8 46
Australia 2 2 6
World Total 84 162 438
020. Explain the priorities outlined by the UNDP as a part of its urban strategy. (5)
Ans. UNDP has outlined these priorities as part of Its urban strategy
Increasing Shelter for the urban poor
Provision of basic urban services such as education, Primary Healthy Care,
Clean Water and Sanitation
Improving women's access to Basic Services and government facilities
Upgrading Energy use and alternative Transport systems
Reducing air pollution
021. Distinguish between Rural settlements and Urban settlements.
Ans Rural Settlement Urban
Settlement
(5)
(1) People are engaged in (1) People are engaged in secondary ac
primaryactivities tivities andservices
(2) Village panchayat (2) Municipality Corporation and cantt.
(3) Small population (3) Large populationIMth high densities
(4) Simple mode of living (4) Advance mode
(5) Pollution free/Eco friendly (5) Pollution dueto transport and industries.
022. What are three criteria inIndia to consider a settlement as an urban settlement.
Ans (1) Minimum population of5000 IMth the density400 person /sq.Km
(2) 75% ofthe population should beengaged in secondary activities and services.
(3) Places should have municipality, corporation or contonment board.
023. See the following data of ' continent-wise distribution of Million Cities' and answer the
questionsthatfollow :
(i) Name the continentwhich has maximum MillionCities and why?
Ans Asia has the maximum Million Cities (206), because itis the largest continent. Many

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countries comes under it and it is also one oft he most populous.
(ii) Which continent has the minimum Million Cities and state one reason for that?
Ans Australia has the minimum Million Cities because Australia itself is a country and has
very low population.
(iii) Name the continent which inltially (between 1950 to 2000), had maximum growth of the
Million Cities.
Ans Asia has the maximum growth ofMillion Cities between 1950to 2000.
024 See the following data carefully and answer the questions that follow
Ans S.No.
1.
Name ofthe city
Tokyo
Country
Japan
Population (in Millions)
34.2
2. Mexico city Mexico 22.8
3. Seoul South Korea 22.3
4. New York U.S.A 21.9
5. Sao Paulo Brazil 20.2
6. Mumbai India 19.9
7. Delhi India 19.7
8. Shanghai China 18.2
9. Los Angeles U.S.A 18.0
10. Osaka Japan 16.8
11. Jakarta I ndonesia 16.6
12. Kolkata India 15.7
13. Cairo Egypt 15.6
14. Manila Philippines 15.0
15. Karachi Pakistan 14.3
16. Moscow Russia 13.8
17. Buenous Aires Argentina 13.5
18. Dhaka Bangladesh 13.3
19. Rio de Janeiro Brazil 12.2
20. Beijing China 12 ..1
21. London G.Britain 12.0
22. Tehran Iran 11.9
23. Istanbul Turkey 11.5
24 Lagos Nigeria 11.1
25. Shenzhen China 10.7
Table : Mega Cities of the world

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(i) Name the major countries which have the maximum mega cities. state on reason also.
Ans China and India have the maximum mega cities as both these countries are the most
popular oft he world.
(ii) How many mega cities are from the African continent?
Ans Legos (Nigeria) and cairo (Egypt) are the two major cities.
(iii) Name the mega city which has the maximum population (in million)
Ans Tokyo (Japan) has the maximum population(34.2 million among the mega cities .
••••••

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INDIA: THE PEOPLE AND ECONOMY
LESSON 1: POPULATION DISTRIBUTION – DENSITY AND GROWTH &
COMPOSITION
01.
Ans
Define density of population.
Ratio between total area andtotal population.
(1)
02.
Ans
What do you mean by growth rate?
Net change inthe size of population between two points of time.
(1)
03.
Ans
Name the state havingthe highest and lowest population growth rate.
Highest growth rate --Nagaland
lowest growth rate --Kera la.
(1)
04. What isthe present annual growth rate of India? (1)
Ans 2.2%.

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Ans
05. Define participation rate. (1)
Ans % of workers intotal population.
06. Name the states having highestand lowest populationdensity. (1)
Ans Highest density-West Bengal
lowest density---Arunachal pradesh.
07. Which state has the largest populationof Buddhists? (1)
Ans Maharashtra.
08. Which isthe largest minority group of India? (1)
Ans Muslims.
09. Mon-Khmer,Munda branch/groupbelongto which language family?
Ans Austric.
010. What is densityof population? Mention Four states of Indiawhich
have highest density of population.
(3)
. . Population
density of population = Area
(i) West Bengal
(ii) Bihar
(iii) Uttar Pradesh &
. (iv) Kerala are the four statesof Indiawhich have highestdensity
of population
(1)

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11. Why isthere uneven distribution of population in India?
Ans: (i) Climate and relief
(ii) watersupply
(iii) Soil fertility
(iv) Agriculture productivity
(v) developmentoftransport network
(vi) Industrialization and urbanisation.
12. Which parts of India have low degree of urbanisation?
Ans: (i) Non irrigated westem Rajasthan.
(ii) Remote and hilly areas andtribal areas of North East.
(iii) Flood prone areas
(iv) Hilly and Forested are as of Central India.

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13.Why is proportion of workers in agriculture sector declining in India? (3)
Ans : (i) Shift ofdependence of workers from farm based occupation to non farm based
occpations
(ii) Shrinking ofland holdings
(iii) Better salary and perks inother sectors
(iv) Better livingMlorkingconditionsin other sectors.
14. Which factors have contributed to slovving down slightlythe growth rate of India? (3)
Ans : (i) Average age ofmarriage has been increased.
(ii) Improved quality of life
(iii) Expansion offemale education.
15. Discuss the spatial pattern of density ofpopulation in India. (5)
Ans Density of population, is expressed as number of persons per unit area. It helps in
getting abetter understanding ofthe spatial distribution of population.
The density of population in lndia(2001) is 325 persons per sq km and ranks third
among the most densely populated countries of Asia following Bangladesh (849
per• sons) and Japan (334 persons).
India's highest densityof populationQointlywlthstate and Union Territory)is in National
Capltal Delhi(9340 persons per sq. km) The state with highest density of population is
West Bengal (903 persons) and state with lowest density of population is Arunachal
Pradesh (13 persons). Bihar (880) and U.P. (690) ranks second and third respectively
inlndia(Highest density of population).
16. What doyou understand by Population growth? Name the components of Population
growth. Explain the four distinct phases ofgrowth identified vvithin the period of 1901-
2001. (5)
Ans Growth of population is the change inthe number of people living in a particular area
Between two points of
time
Populationgrowth has two components namely- naturaland induced.The natural
growth is analysed by assessing the crude birth and death rates, the induced
components are explained by the volume of inward and outward movement of
people inany given area.
The four distinct phases of growth identifiedwithin the period of 1901-2001

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Phase
I
Period
1901-1921
Population Growth
stagnant Growth
Causes
Poor Medical facilities, illiteracy, inefficient
distribution of basic necessities
II 1921-1951 steady Growth Improvementin healthand sanitation,trans-
port andcommunication
111 1951-1981 Pop. Explosion Developmental activities introduced inthe
country, Improvementin Economy, immigra-
tion fromTibet, Bangladesh, Nepal
IV 1981 and Pop. Grovvth Increase inthe mean age at marriage, edu-
cation of after vvith slow rate females.
17. Why do we find regional variation in population grovvth in India?
Ans Due to following reasons, we find regional variation in population growth in India :
Explain:
(1) Climatic Variation
(2) Illiteracy
(3) Lovver age at marriage
(4) Grovvth ofadolescent population
(5) School dropont
(6) Low intakeof Nutrients
(7) High rates of HIV/AIDS infection
(8) Drug abuse and alcoholism.
18. What are the catagories of occupational structure with ref. to Census of India 2001
Ans - Cultivalors Agricultural
labourers Household
industrialworkers other
workers
(5)
19. Name four language families in India. Which one of them is spoken by the largest
number of people in the country? Name any four states in which this language is mainly
spoken.
Ans Concern N.C. E.R.T book.
20. " The spatial distribution of religious communities in India is quiteuneven". Support the
statement with exampleof different religions?

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Ans Concern N.C ..E.R.T book
21. Discuss the reasons forpoor female participation inworkforce in
India. Ans • Low level of education.
• Joint family
• Frequent child birth
• Limited job opportunities
••••••

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CHAPTER2
MIGRATION
01. What is migration?
Ans Spatial mobility.
(1)
02. Which are the four streams of migration in India? (1)
Ans Rural--Rural Rural-Urban Urban---Urban Urban----Rural.
03. Which factor is responsible for highest migrationfor Mumbai?
Ans Economic factor ie pull factor.
(1)
04. What is cause ofmigration ofIndiansto other countries?
Ans Better employment.
(1)
05. Name any two beneficiary states of Indiafrom Internationalmigrant remittances? (1)
Ans Punjab and Kerala.
06. Name any two main consequencesof migration
Ans Economic and environmental consequences.
(1)

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09. Explain economic,social and demographic on sequences of migration.Write two
points of each.
(3)
Ans Economicconsequences
(i) Plays importantrole inthe developmentof industriesand agriculture
(ii) Developmentof slumsis anegativeimpactof migration

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(1) Poverty
(2) LackofHealth
(3) Lack of Educationfacillties
(4) Natural Calamities- Flood, Drought etc. Push factors (Explain)
(5) War
(6) Marriage
Social consequences :
(i) Flow of new thoughts like family planning, female education and new technology
from urban to rural areas.
(ii) Mixing oftwo cultures together
Demographic consequences :
(i) Redistribution of population inthe country
(ii) Affecting sex ratio of the state.
010. Distinguish between push and pull factors :
Ans : Push factors
(3)
1. People migrate from rural area to urban area due to unemployment in the village.
2. Caused due to over populationand pressureon agricultureland.
3. Hamper&rural development.
Pullfactors
1. People migrate from rural to urban area in search of better education, medical
facillty and employment.
2. Caused due to weak infrastructureinthe rural area
3. Helps in urban development.
011. Why do more people migrate from rural area to urban area ?
Ans Causes of Migration of people from rural area to Urban area
:
(i) Better Educationfacilities in towns and cities .
(ii) Developed medicalfacilitiesfound in cities.
(iii) More employmentin industries around cities.
012. What arethe main causes of Migration in India?
Ans: There are several causes of Migration in India
(3)
(5)

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(7) Job opportunities
(8) Highwages
(9) Educationfacilities
(10) Secured places Pull factors (Explain)
(11) Health facilities
(12) Entertainment
013. Describe the Positive and Negative consequences ofMigration inIndia
Ans (1) EconomicConsequences
(5)
+ Positive consequence- A major benefd for the source region isthe remit•
tance sent by Migrants
+ Negative consequences- Development of Slumsin industrially developed
states
(2) DemographicConsequences-
+ Positive Consequence- It leadstothe redistributionof the populationwithin
a country.
+ Negative Consequences - It lead to serious imbalances in age and sex
composition.
(3) Social Consequences-
+ Positive Consequences - It leads to intermixing ofpeople from diverse
cultures.
+ Negative Consequences - It leads to anonimity,socialvacuum and sense
of dejection, may motivate people to crimeand drug abuse.
(4) EnvironmentalConsequences-
+ Positive Consequences -Migration from urban to rural areas after retire•
ment leads to peace andnearness to nature.
+ Negative Consequence- It leadsto unplanned growth of Urban settlement
and formation ofSlums Shanty Colonies.
014. Name one male dominated and onefemale dominated streams ofmigratioin in India
Ans 1. Male dominated Rural to Urban
2. Female dominated Rural to rural
••••••

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CHAPTER3
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

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01.
Ans
How many points have been given to measure HDI?
0 - 1.
(1)
02.
Ans
Which state of India has highest HDI?
Kerala.
(1)
03.
Ans
Which state of India has the lowest literacy rate?
Bihar.
(1)
04.
Ans
Which state of India has the highest literacy rate?
Kerala.
(1)
05.
Ans
Name the state of India that has the highest poverty incidence ratio.
Orissa and Bihar.
(1)
06. Which age group of children has fundamentalrightto educationas per Indianconstitu-
tion? (1)
Ans 6-14years.
07. What is LifeExpectancy in Indiatoday?
Ans 65 years.
(1)
08. Explainvarious indicatorsof HumanDevelopment. (3)
Ans United nations development programs has suggested the following indicatorsof
human
development.
1. Health
2. Education
3. Access to resources
09. Explainthe reasons for low humandevelopmentindex infewstates of India. (3)
Ans Reasons-
(i) Low rate of llteracy in the states like Bihar, M.P.• and Orissa.
(ii) Low economicdevelopmentin the states like Orissa,Assam and Bihar etc.
(iii) Lack of effectiveimplementationof Govt. policiesin these states.
010. Explain how health indicators are progressing
inIndia-
Ans : (i) Decrease inDeath rate
(ii) Decrease in Birth rate
(
i
i
i
)

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Increase in Life expectancy. (3)

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011. What is the objectiveof humandevelopment?Explain three aspects. (3) Ans
Welfare of peopleis the main objectiveof human development:
Its mainaspects are -
(i) Economicdevelopment
(ii) Socialdevelopment
(iii) Culturaldevelopment.
012. What is 'Human Development'?Explainthe indicators of HumanDevelopmentin India.
(5)
Ans HumanDevelopment-It isthe enhancement in the people's choice and
improvement in their lives. The concept of Human Development was introduced by Dr.
Mahbub-ul-Haq in 1990.
Key Areas in Human Level
1. Access to Resources
2. Health
3. Education
Indicators
Purchasing power (in $)
Life expectancy at birth
Adult Literacy Rate & Gross Enrolment Ratio.

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013. Vl/hich factors havecaused spatialvariationsin the levels of Human
Developmentamong the major states in India? 5
Ans The followingfactors have caused spatial variations :
(1) Social factors -
1. Literacy Rate
2. Human Rights Violation
3. Social discrimination.
(2) Cultural factors -
1. Religion
2. Gender
3. Race.
(3) Political factors -
1. Crime & Terrorism
2. War and disturbances
3. Form of Govt. (Democracy or dictatorship)
4. Level of Empowerment.
(4) Economic factors -
1. Resourcebased
2. Productivity
3. Welfare (Per Capita availabillty)
(5) Historical factors -
1. Colonisation
2. Imperialism
3. Neo -Imperialism.
014. What are the aspects of euro- centric view of development inthe present
context?
Ans - Compulerisation
Industrialisation
Efficient transport & communication Network.
Advanced education system
Advanced and modern medical facilities.

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Safety and security of individuals
••••••

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CHAPTER4
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
01. What is the basic unitof settlement?
Ans A house.
(1)
02. Name any two ancient cities of India.
Ans Hastinapur,Kanoj.
(1)

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03. In which class of cities is largest population found in India?
Ans Class 1 cities.
(1)
04. How many Mega cities are there in India?
Ans 06.
(1)
05. What isthe population size ofmega cities?
Ans morethan 50 lakhs.
(1)
06. What isthe percentage of urban population in India accordingto 2001 census? (1)
Ans 28%.
07. Distinguishbetweenruraland urban settlements. (3)
Ans : RuralSettlement
1. Primaryactivities are main occupationin these settlementsand 75% population
is engaged in primaryoccupation
2. Populationsizeis low inthese settlements
3. Rural people are less dynamicand social relations are deep.
UrbanSettlement
1. Non agriculturework isthe mainoccupationin these settlementsand 75% popu•
lation is engagedin these activities.
2. Populationsizeis large in these settlements
3. Urban people are dynamic and their social relation are formal and complex.
08. Write three differencesbetween clustered and dispersed settlementsof India- (3)
Ans : Clustered
(i) These settlementsarefound infertile plains
(ii) streets arenot well drained
(iii) Houses are closeto each other and their size ismall.
Dispersed
(i) These settlementsarefound in hilly regionsor desert areas
(ii) Settlementsare neat and clean with drainagearrangements
(iii) Houses are big and are located at gaps.
09. Define town, city,metropolitanand mega city with exampleof each. (3)
Ans. TOV11 Those settlementsvvhichhave populationlessthan onelakh
example- Musourie

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City Those settlements which have
population morethan one lakh
Example -Allahabad
Metropolitan city- Those settlements which have
population morethan 1O lakh. example -
Kanpur
Mega city Those settlements which have population
more than 50 lakh is
Called mega city like Greater Mumbai.
010. Describe the factors which affect the types of settlementsin India.
Ans. (i) Physicalfeature -
A - Nature ofland I Relief
B - Altitude
C - Climateand water supply
. (ii) Cultural and humanfactors
- A- Caste
B - Religion.
(iii) Security factors
A - Polltical disturbances
B- War.
(3)
011. Classifythe Indiancities/Townson the basis of their fi.mctions. (5)
Ans : 1 . Administrativecity Eg. Chandigarh,New Delhi.
2. IndustrialTownEg. Mumbai,Jamshedpur.
3. Transport cityEg. Vishakhapattanam ,Mugalsarai.
4. CommercialTownEg. Kolkata,Saharanpur.
5. Mining TownEg. Raniganj,Jharia.
6. GarrissonCantonment TownEg.Ambala,Jalandhar.
7. EducationalTownEg. Roorki,Allahabad.
8. Religiousand CulturalTowns.Eg. Varanasi,Mathura.
9. Touristtown Eg. Nainital,Shimla.
012. Discussthe features of differenttypes of rural settlements with examples. (5)
Ans : The Differenttypes of rural settlementsare:

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1. Clustered Settlements - It is a compact or closely built up area of houses. Such
settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in the north-eastern
states.
Eg- Gangetic plains ofU.P.
2. Semi-Clustered Settlements - In such settlements. the land - owning and domi•
nant community occupies the central part of the main village, whereas people of
lower strata of society and manual workers settle on the outer flanks of the vil•
lage.
Eg - Gujarat and Rajasthan plains.
3. Hamleted Settlements - II/hen Settlement is fragmented into several units bearing
a common name. These units are locally called 'Parma', Para, Palli, Nagla, Dhani
etc.
Eg- Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.
4. Dispersed Settlements- Such settlements appear in the form ofisolated huts or
hamlets of few huts in remote jungles or on small hills with farms or pasture on the
slopes.
Eg - Meghalaya. Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh
013. study the given table and answerthe following questions. (5)
India - Class-wise number of towns and cities oftheirpopulation, 2001
Class Population size Number Population % oftotal %Growth
(Million) Urban 1991-2001
Population
I 100000 and More 423 172.04 61.48 23.12
II 50000-99999 498 34.43 12.3 43.45
111 20000-49999 1386 41.97 15.0 46.19
IV 10000 – 19999 1560 22.6 8.08 32.94
v 5000- 9999 1057 7.98 2.85 41.49
VI Lessthan 5000 227 0.8 0.29 21.21
All classes total 5161 285.35 100.0 31.13

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(13.1) Which class shows maximum no. of towns?
Ans IV
(13.2)Which class shows the highest %age oftotal urban population?
Ans I
(13.3) Which class shows the lowest growth %age?
Ans VI
(13.4) What are the total no. of towns in all the classes?
Ans 5161
(13.5) What is the %age growth in class-I town?
Ans 23.12 %.
014. Classify the Indian towns on the basis of their evolution indifferent periods
Ans. (A)
(B)
(C)
Ancient towns - varanasi, Prayag, Madurai
Medieval towns - Hyderabad, Jaipur etc Lucknow
Modern towns - Surat, Pondicherry, Chandigarh etc.
015. Explain any three factors vvhich determine the size and spacing of Indian villages.
Productivity ofthe land
Economic development of the area
Transport system
••••••

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CHAPTER5
LAND RESOURCES AND AGRICULTURE

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01.
Ans
Give some exampleof common property resource?
Communityforest, Pastures.
(1)
02.
Ans
Which body maintains the land use record?
Land, revenue department.
(1)
03. Which Department is responsible formeasuring Geographical area? (1)
Ans The Survey of India.
04. What is the percentage of net sown area in India? (1)
Ans 54% of the total reporting area.
05. What is the desire % of forest area inthe country? (1)
Ans 33% of the total geographical Area
06. Write the reason fordecline in land under pasture and grazing land. (1)
Ans pressure from agriculture land.
07. Write the name of two crops ofkharifseason.
Ans Rice,jute,jwar,bajra etc (anytwo)
(1)
08. Write the nameof two Rabi crops.
Ans Wheat, Gram,pea and musterd etc (any two)
(1)
09. Write the nameof two Beverage crops?
Ans Tea and coffee.
(1)
010. What are common property resource? Explain. (3)
Ans These are the resources which can be used by all members of the community like -
CommunityHall, Pastures,ruralwater area etc.
No member of the community has ownership on any part of these resources. All the
members can only not use these resources but they have certain duties to save and
protectthese resources.
011. Which arethe major crop seasons ofIndia? Explain each.
Ans Crop seasons-
1. Rabi
2. Kharif Explain
3. Jayad.
(3)

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012. Distinguishbetween Dry agricultureand wet agriculture :
Ans Dry farming :
(i) Practised in the area having less than 75 cm rainfall
(ii) Main crops are Ragi, Bajra and Moong etc.
(iii) Practised Mainly inwestern India.
Wet farming -
(i) Practised in the area having morethan 75 cm of rainfall.
(ii) Main crops are - Rice, Jute, and Sugarcane etc.
(iii) Practised Mainly in Eastern India.
013. Name one Kharifand one Rabi crop of pulse.Also mentiontwo significance of pulses.
(3)
Ans Tur - Kharif
Gram-Rabi
Significance -
(i) Pulses are leguminous crops which add fertility in the soil by concentration of
nitrogen
(ii) Pulses are the sources of protein for vegetarian people.
014. Explain any three factors responsible for high productivity of crops in India. (3)
Ans:
1. High Yielding varieties of seed (HYV Seeds)
2. Fertilizers
3. Mechanization offarms.
015. Classify the Land use category adopted by Land Revenue Record in India. (5)
Ans Land use categories adopted by Land Revenue record are as following -
1. Area under forest
2. Land put to non agriculture uses
3. Barren and waste Lands
4. Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands.
5. Area under Miscellaneous Tree crops and Groves (Not included is net sown
area)
6. Culturable waste- Land
7. Current Fallow

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8. Fallow otherthan current Fallow
9. Net area sown
016. Explain the Important Geographical condition along with the major producing area of
Rice in India. (5)
Ans Geographical Condition
1. It is considered to be a crop of tropical humid areas.
2. This crop is sown in the areas receiving rainfall of 150 cm and above where the
rainfall isless irrigation is used for its cultivation.
3. Alluvial and clay soil most suitable
4. Required Temperature is 25°CTO 30°c.
5. Skill and Chief Labour is required
6. These are successfully grown from sea level to about 2000 m altitude.
Production and distribution
1. Rice is a staple food for the overwhelming majority of population in India.
2. It has about 3000 varities in the world.
3. The production of Rice is stretched from the net area of Eastern part to dry and
irrigated areas in India.
4. Three crops of Rice grow in West Bengal called 'aus' aman and boro.
5. In North Western parts of the country, it is grown as a kharif crop.
6. In India contribution 22% of Rice production inthe world and ranks second after
china.
7. Five important producing state are -
(i) West Bengal
(ii) Punjab
(iii) uttar Pradesh
(iv) Andhra Pradesh
(v) TamilNadu.
017. Explain the important problems of Indian
Agriculture
. Ans : The importantproblemsof Indian agriculture are :
1. Low Productivity.
2. Dependence on Erratic Monsoon.
3. Lack of the Land Reforms.

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Chapter 6
WATER RESOURCES
01.
Ans
Which percentage of earth is covered with water?
71%.
(1)
02. Mention anytwo states where ground water level utilization isvery high. (1)
Ans Punjab and Haryana.
03. Which sector grounds formost ofthe surface and ground water utilization? (1)
Ans Agriculture.
04. Why is irrigation required? Give one reason? (1)
Ans Because ofspatiotemporal variabillty in rainfall inthe country.
05. In which state major part of irrigation is carried out by well, tube-wells? (1)
Ans Gujrat.
06.
Ans
Mention two highly polluted rivers ofour country.
Ganga and Yamuna.
(1)
07.
Ans
What is the local name of rainwater harvesting structure in Rajasthan?
Kund 'or' Tanka.
(1)
08.
Ans
Who has Sponcered Hariyali programme?
Central Govt.of India.
(1)
09. In which state 'Aravary pani sansad' has been launched? (1)
Ans Rajasthan.
010. Give three reasons of depleting quality ofwater and scarcity of water? (3)
(i) Increasing demandof water
(ii) Excessiveuse ofwater
(iii) Water pollution.
011. Describe the use of water invarious sectors -
(3) (i)Agriculture
(ii) Multipurposeprojects

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(iii) Industrial sector.
012. Why is irrigation necessary in India ?
(3) Ans Because ofthefollowing reasons -
(i) Seasonal rainfall
(ii) Uncertainity of rainfall
(iii) Uneven distributionof rainfall
(iv) Grovving more andmorefood crops
(v) Dry climatein some region
(vi) Cash crops.
013. What are the main features of "National Water policy of India 2002"? Explain
(3) Ans : (i) Make available drinking water to every one.
(ii) To check the exploitation of groundwater.
(iii) start programme to check and improve the quality of water.
(iv) To create awareness among people aboutwater in the form of"Rarely
available resource"
(v) Scientific use ofwater
(vi) Increasing conservation awareness by educational institutions and other
enter•
prises.
014. What factors are responsiblefor maximumwater development inPunjab Haryana and
Tamil Nadu? (3)
Ans : (i) Perennial rivers
(ii) Capacity of easy seepage of water in the soil
(iii) More capacity ofground water resources.
015. What israin water harvesting? Explainthe objectives of rainwater harvesting. (3)
Ans Rain water harvestingis a technique of collecting rain water andalso increasing water
level inthe ground.
Objectives-
(i) Meeting with the increasing demand ofwater.
(ii) Checkingfloods.
(iii) To meetout with the domesticdemand during dry spell insummer.

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016. Why is Conservation ofwater necessary inIndia? Give three reasons.
Ans: (i) Completingthe demand ofwaterofincreasing population.
(ii) Due to intensive agriculture
(iii) Due to industrialization
(3)

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017. Discuss the availability of water resource inthe country and factor that determine its
spatialdistribution.
(5)
Ans The spatial distributionare :
(1) Surface water resource - The mean annual flow in all the river basins in India is
estimated to be 1869 cubic k.m. There are four major sources of surface water.
These are rivers, lakes, ponds and tanks. Only about 690 cubic km (32%) oft he
availablesurfacewater can be utilised.
(2) Ground Water Resource- The total ground water resources in the country are
about 432 cubic km. The Gangaand the Brahamaputra basins have
about46% of the total groundwater resources.
(3) Lagoons & Backwaters- There are severalLagoon lakesat the coastline of
India.
Such Lakes are largely found in Kerala, Orissa & West Bengal. The water is
generally brackish.
Factors:
(1) Uneven distribution of rainfall
(2) Difference in relief
(3) Difference insoil types
(4) Difference innatural vegetation
(5) Drainage system
(6) Seacoast
(1) Decreasingwater-table
(2) Wastage of water
(3) Water Pollution Explain
(4) Improperwater Management
(5) Deforestation
(6) PopulationExplosion.
019. What iswatershed Management? Do you think It can play an important role in sustain-
able development?
(5)
Ans It refers to efficient management and Conservation ofsurface and ground water re•

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sources. It involves prevention of run off and storage and recharge of ground water.
It can play an important role insustainable development bythe following Methods :
(1) Water Shed development
(2) Rain Water Harvesting
(3) Re-cycling ofwater
(4) Conjunctive useofwater
(5) Savingwater inhouseholdworks
(6) Prevention ofwater pollution
(7) Re-use ofwater
(8) People awareness about water conservation.
20. study the map and ansvverthe following questions
River Basin and towns located on them.

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1. Which river and its tributaries are shown in the map?
Ans River Ganga and its tributaries.
2. Name any three towns located onthe bank of the main river.
Ans Kanpur,Varanasi.Allahabad,Patna.
3. In which part of the river isthe quallty of water good & why?
Ans In the mountaineous region and foothill. Due to addition of fresh water from glaciers
and lack of industries and human interference.
4. How doesthe quality of water gets deteriorated in the Central and Eastern partof the
river?
Ans Beacuse ofthe pollution created by industriesand humanpopulation.
021. study the giventable and answerthe questionsthat follow :-
Percentage of net irrigated area to total area by
state
Gujarat
Percentaae
86.6
Rajasthan 77.2
Madhya Pradesh 66.5
Maharastra 65.0
uttar Pradesh 58.2
West Bengal 57.6
Tamilnadu 54.7
1 Which state shows the highest percentageof net irrigated area ofwells and
tubewells?
Ans Percentage of net irrigated area to total area by wells and tubewells isthe highest in
Gujarat (86.6%)
2 What are the implications of using ground water in drought prone areas of
Rajasthan
Gujarat, Maharastraand Tamilnadu?
Ans. (i) The overuseof groundwaterresources has led to declinein groundwatertable in
these states.

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(ii) Over withdrawalhas increase fluoride concentrationin groundwater
(iii) This practice inthese states has led to increase in concentration of arsenic in
parts ofMaharastra and Tamilnadu.
022 How has Ralegan Siddhi becomean examplefor watershed development throughout
the country ?
Ans 1 Retired army personnelsettled down inthe village and took upthe task of
water sheddevelopment.
2. Those who were working outside the village contributed to the development by
committinga month's salary every year
3. Percolationtanks were constructed inthe village.
Q23. Why isirrigation more developed inthe great plains than inpeninsular
India? And 1. These plains havelow lyingrelief.
2. In this region, agriculture is the main occupation.
3. Water resources are abundant dur to perennial rivers.
4. The slope ofthe land isso gentlethat canal irrigation isconvenient.
5. Digging of canals and wells is easy due to nature of terrain and soil.
6. Undergroundwater is abundantlyavailable.
024. Why is the petroleum referred to as " Liquid Gold"
Ans Crude petroleum consists of Hydrocarbons of liquid and gaseous states varying in
chemical Composition, colour and specific gravity.
Essential sources of energy for al internal combution engines in Automobiles railways
and aircrafts.
because of its scarcity and diversified uses .

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chapter 7
mineral & energy resources
01.
Ans
Which is the largest coal field of India?
Jharia.
02.
Ans
Name two Ages or Eras offormation of coal.
Gondwana and Tertiary.
03.
Ans
Which is the largest oil refinery in India?
Jamnagar (Gujarat).
04.
Ans
Where was the first atomic station set up in India?
In 1969 at Tarapur near Mumbai.
05 Name two sources of non conventional energy
Bio-mass solar energy,wind,tidal,geo-thermal
06 Which state is the largest producer of coal
Jharkhand

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07 name one iron ore mine located in karnataka
kudremukh
08. Which is the hardest mineral?
Ans Diamond.
(1)
09. Which isthe largest oil producing centre of India?
Ans MumbaiHigh
(1)
010. Which mineralis obtainedfrom Monazite sand?
Ans Thorium.
(1)
011. What is Conservation of minerals? Why is conservation of minerals necessary? Ex-
plain intwo points. (3)
Ans Use of mineralsin a scientific mannerto avoid theirwastage, is called Conservationof
minerals.
Conservation of mineralsis necessary :
(i) for the regular advancementof the civilizationand
(ii) mineralsare exhaustibleresources. They are neededfor our future generation.
Methodsto Conserveminerals-
(i) Use alternatives in place of minerals like plastic doors in place of iron & steel.
(ii) Recycling.
012. Describe any three Commercialproducing oilfields in India.
Ans : 1. N.E. Region
2. Gujarat
3. Mumbaihigh.
(3)
013. Distinguishbetweenmetallicand non metallicminerals : Metallicminerals
1. Those mineralfromwhich we getmetals.
2. Can be drawn into wires and sheets after melting.
3. Example are- Iron ore, Copper and tin etc. Non Metallic minerals
1. Those mineralsfrom which we do not get metals.
2. Can not be drawn into wires and sheets.
3. Exampleare coal and marble.

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015. Distinguish between Conventional and non Conventional resources of energy. (3)
Ans: Conventional Sources of energy
1. These are exhaustible resources
2. They pollute the environment
3. Example are - coal and petroleum.
Non Conventional Sources of energy
1. These are inexhaustible resources.
2. They do not pollute the environment
3. Example are - Solar energy and wind energy.
016. What are the three characteristics of minerals which make us to conserve them?
OR
Why conservation of minerals innecessary? Give three reasons.
Ans. (i) Minerals are unevenlydistributed over space.
(ii) There isinverse relationship in qualityand quantity of minerals i.e. good quality
mineralsare less in quantity as comparedto low quality minerals.
(iii) All minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologically
and they cannot be replainshed immediatelyat the time of need.
017. Write a detailed note on the Petroleum resources of India. (5)
Ans Petroleum is an essential source of energy for all internal combustion engines in
automobiles, railways and aircraft. Its numerous by-products are processed in petro•
chemical industries suchas fertiliser, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibre,medicines,
vaseline, lubricants,wax, soap and cosmetics.
Crude petroleumoccurs in sedimentaryrocksoft he tertiary period. Oil exploration, and
production was systematicallytaken up afterthe oil and NaturalGas Commissionwas
set up in 1956. Tillthen, the Digboi inAssam was the only oil producing region.
Distribution-
Assam -Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran.
Gujarat-Ankaleshwar,Kalol, Mehsana, Nawagam.
Maharashtra- Mumbai High.
Oil Refining Process -

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Oil extracted from the wells is crude oil and contains many impurities. Itcannot be
used directly. It needs to be refined. There are two types of refineries in India :
(1) Field based- Eg Digboi refinery
(2) Market based - Eg Barauni refinery.
018. Describe the three broad belts of mineral concentration and distribution in India. (5)
Ans. (i) The North-Eastern Plateau Region - This belt covers Chotanagpur, Orissa Pla•
teau, West Bengal and Parts of Chhatisgarh major Iron and steel industry are
located inthis region.
(ii) The south-Western Plateau Region - This belt extends over Kamataka, Goa and
Tamil Naduand Kerala. This belt is rich in Ferrous metals such as iron-ore and
manganese. Bauxite and limestone are also found. Coal deposits are low. Kerala
has deposits ofmanazlte and Thorium.
(iii) The North-Western Region - This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and
part of Gujarat. Copper and Zinc are major minerals.
(iv) Other regions- (a) The Himalayanbet is anothermineral belt 'J'lhlerecopper,
lead zinc, cobalt and tungsten are known to occure. Assam valley has
mineral oilDeposits
(b) Mumbai High has rich oil resources inoff shore areas.
019. What are the Characteristics of Solar Energy?
(5) Ans. Solar Energy:
(i) Sun rays tapped in Photovoltaic cells can be converted into energy, known as
solar energy.
(ii) The two effective processes to top solar energy are photovoltaics and
Solar thennaltechnology
(iii) Solarthermaltechnologyhas some relative advantagesoverall other non-renew•
able energy sources.
(a) It is cost competitive, environment friendly and easy to construct.
(b) solar energy is 7 Per cent moreeffective than coal or oilbased plants and
10% more effectivethan nuclear plants.
(c) It isgenerally used more inappliances like heaters, crop dryers,
cookers etc.

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(iv) The western part ofIndia has greater potential forthe development of
Solar energyin Gujaratand Rajasthan.
020. study the following map of India and answer the questions
(1)

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Name the coal producing river valleys marked asA, B, & C
(2) Which isthe most important coalfield of the valley marked asA.
(3) Namethe lignite coal field ofTamilnadu marked as D. Write two characteristics ofthis
coal.
Ans 1 A Damodar Valley
B Mahanadianc Sonvalley
C GodavariValley
2 Jharia coal field
3 Nayvelicoal field.
21. Why isthe petroleumrefer to as "liquid gold"?
Ans Crude petroleum consists of hydrocarbons liquid & gaseous state varing in chemical
composition, colour and specific gravity.
Essential sources of energy forall combustion engines in automobiles railways and
aircrafts because of its scarcity and diversified use.
••••••

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Chapter 8
Manufacturing industries
Q1 when was TISCO at Jamshedpur
established?
Ans in 1917
(1)

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02. Name the largest centre of electronic industry in India. (1)
Ans Bengaluru.
03. Name any two industrial centre of Chota Nagpur region. (1)
Ans Ranchi, Bokaro.
04. Jute mills are mostly located inwhich state of India? (1)
Ans West Bengal.
05. When was the first moderntextile mill set up? (1)
Ans In 1854 in Mumbai.
06. Manufacturing isan activity considered under which type of economicactivity? (1)
Ans Secondary activity.
07. What are the types of industries in India on the basis oftheir ownership? (3)
Ans : (i) Public sector industries
(ii) Privatesector industries
(iii) Cooperativesectorindustries.
08. Describethe causesof Concentrationof Cottontextileindustriesin the cities of Mumbai
andAhemdabad. (3)
Ans: 1. HumidClimate
2. RawMaterial
3. Water supply
4. Nearnessto market
5. Skilledlabour
6. Bankingfacilities
7. Import and export facility etc.
03. What are the problems of cotton textile industriesin India ?
Ans : (i) Inferior quality of cotton
(ii) Oldtechnology
(iii) Irregularenergy supply
(iv) Unskilledlabour
(v) Competitionwith Syntheticfibre
(vi) High cost as compared'A'ith otherfibre.
(3)

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04. Why is Sugar industry a seasonal industry? (3)
Ans Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because of the seasonality ofraw material. i.e.
sugarcane. Sugar Industry is agro based industry. In North India it is started in the
month of Novemberand goes upto February.Remaining part of the year become pro•
ductionless.
05. Why most ofthe steel plants are located in public sector? Explain.
Ans Because-
(i) It requireshugecapltalinvestment
(ii) Need large infrastructure.
(iii) Heavy machinesand latest hightechnology needed.
(3)
06. How did the Swadeshi Movementgive a majorimpetusto the cottontextilesindustry?
(5)
OR
Discuss the causes of growth of cotton textile Industriesin India.
Ans: (1) Reasonsfordevelopment-
1. Cotton textile industry isone ofthe traditionalindustries of India.
2. Hot &Humid Climateavailablefor Its growth.
3. Large quantity of cotton was grovvn in India.
4. Abundantskilled labouravailablein the country.
5. NationalMovementencouragedcottonproduction.
(2) Developmentof Cotton TextileIndustryin India :
1. In 1854,thefirstModem Cotton Mill was establishedin Mumbai.
2. By 1947, the no. of Mills in India went up to 423.
3. Cotton industrysuffered a major recession after partition.
4. After Independence,this industry gradually recovered andflourished. By 1998,
the no. of Mills went upto 1782.
5. Presently,Mumbai,Ahmedabad,Sholapur,Kolhapur,Nagpur,Indore, Ujjain are
the importantcentres.
(3) Production of Cotton textile Industry in India-
1. The cotton textile industry in Indiacan be broadly dividedintotwo sectors - (1)
OrganisedSector
(2) DecentralisedSector

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2. The organised sector includes 'Mills' and decentralised sector includes handlooms
and povver1ooms.
3. Presently, 80% production is done under decentralised sector.
4. The leading producers are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu.
07. What is the role of Iron and steel industry inthe economic development of India? (5)
Ans : The development of the iron and steel industry opened the doors to rapid industrial
development in India.
The Indian iron and steel industry consist of large integrated steel plants as well as mini•
steel Mills :
+ Integrated steel Plants.
(1) TISCO-Tatalron and steel plant at Jamshedpur in Jharkhand.
(2) llSCO - Indian Iron & steel Company at Hirapur, Kulti and Burnpur in West
Bengal.
(3) VISL- Visvesvaraiya Iron and steel Works Ltd. at Bhadravati in Karnataka.
(4) Rourkela steel plant in Sundargarh district ofOrissa. (Set up in Collaboration
w~h Germany)
(5) Bhilai steel Plant in Durg district of Chhattisgarh (Set up in Collaboration with
Russia)
(6) Durgapur steel plant in West Bengal. (Set up in Collaboration with UK)
(7) Bokaro steel plant in Jharkhand. (Set up inCollaboration with Russia)
(8) Vizag steel plant at Vishakhapatnam inAndhra Pradesh (It is First port based
steel plant)
(9) Vijaynagar steel Plant at Hospet in Kamataka
(10) Salem steel plant in Tamil Nadu.
Apart from those major steel plants, there are more than 206 steel units located in
different parts of the country.
08. Explain the major industrial region and their Characteristics of India.
Ans There are 8 major industrial regions in India :
(1) Mumbai - Pune Industrial Region -
Major Industries - Cotton textile. Chemical Industry.
(2) Hugli Industrial Region -
Major Industries - Jute Industry, Hindustan Motors Ltd .• Diesel engine factory
(5)

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(3) Bangalore - Chennai Industrial Region -
Major Industries- Heavy Engineering Industry, Machine tools, Telephone,
Bharat Electronics.
(4) Gujarat Industrial Region -
Major Industries - Cotton textile Industry, Petro - Chemical Industry.
(5) Chotanagpur Region -
Major Industries - Heavy Metallurgical Industry, Iron & steel Plants.
(6) Vishakhapatnam- Guntur Region
Major Industries- Ship building Industry, Petro-Chemical Industry.
(7) Gurgaon - Delhi- Meerut Region
Major Industries- Electronics, Light Engineering & Electrical goods.
(8) Kollam- liruvanantapuram Region-
Major Industries-PlantationAgriculture and Hydropower.
(Note - Discuss major Industries, Industrial centres and causes of development
of each Industrial region).
09. Describe the dispersal ofcotton textile industry after 1921 caused byrailways and
hydroelectricpower.
Ans (i) Expansion of railway lines in different peninsular regionsjoining the centres like
Coimbatore, Madurai, Mangalore, Nagpur, Indore,Sholapuretc .All the above
centres arevery well connected with the railways.
(ii) Dispersal was further boosted with the development of hydroelectricity. This in•
dustry incoimbatore,Madurai and inTirunelveli islargely due to the availabilityof
electricity from Pykara Dam.
010. Synthetic fibres arewidely used inthe manufacturing of fabrics. Why?
Ans. Because of-
(i) Inherent strength
(ii) Durabillty
(iii) Washabillty
(iv) Resistanceto Shrinkage
(v) Cheaper
(vi) More attractive

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