The document discusses the causes and consequences of population explosion. The key causes are high fertility rates, decreasing infant mortality rates, and increasing life expectancy. This has led to rapid population growth, especially in developing countries. Some consequences of overpopulation mentioned are overexploitation of natural resources, increased pollution, poverty, and shrinking agricultural land. The document also outlines some population control measures taken in India, such as the national family planning program launched in 1952 and encouraging couples to limit family sizes. Overall, the document stresses that population stabilization can only be achieved through education, raising living standards, and voluntary family planning efforts rather than coercive policies.

1. 3.POPULATION EXPLOSION
CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES & MEASURE

2. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION
1) High fertility Rate /Accelerating Birth rate:
– Fertility rate of a country: The no. of Children a woman gives
birth to during her child bearing age.
– High fertility rate causes rapid increase in population of the
country.
– HFR (High fertility rate ) are prevalent in under developed
nations (where Literacy rates especially among women are low).
– 9 out of 10 top countries with highest fertility rate are in Africa.
– In Africa several regions are victims of poverty, famine, drought
and diseases.
• Ex: Niger –a country in Africa has HFR, a Woman on an
average gives birth to 7 children.
• India has Fertility rate of 2.2. ( in 1960’s it was 6)
– Bihar has highest fertility rate of 3.34 (on of the most Backward
state in India.
– AP Fertility rate is 1.6 , Telangana state : 1.7

3. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION..
2).Decrease in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
– IMR : The no of deaths of infants under 1 yearold
per 1000 live births.
– Reasons for IMR:
• An improvement in medical science and technology,
• Better maternal care facilities and
• wide usage of preventive drugs (vaccines).
• IMR is an index of the health of the country
• Monaco, Japan, Iceland & Singapore has IMR
less than 2.5
• While India (as on 2016) IMR IS 34.

4. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION..
3).Increase in life expectancy:
– The average life expectancy of human has improved
significantly due to –
• Improved living conditions, better hygiene,
• sanitation habits, better nutrition, health, and education.
• The steady supply of good quality of food makes
sure that population is well nourished.
– Hence population grow when adequately nourished.
• Japan, Switzerland & Singapore has highest Life
expectancy in the world i.e 83 yrs.
• Indians Life expectancy is 68yrs. (as in 2015).

5. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION..
4).Increased immigrations:
• An increase in immigration also causes
population explosion particularly in developed
countries.
• It happens when a large no. of people come
to an already populated place with the
intention to reside permanently.

6. India Population age groups

7. CAUSES OF POPULATION EXPLOSION..
• 5).Less space than required :
• In urban cities it is often found there is very less scope
for making available extra space to accommodate
additional population.
• Hence a large population is packed into a smaller
space.
• The population density (is the number of people per
unit of area) of India is 416 people per square
kilometer, which ranks 31st in the world.
• In Mumbai, the population density is 21,000 people
per square kilometer (54,000/square mile)
• Population residing in urban areas in India, according
to 1901 census, was 11.4%. This count increased to
28.53% according to 2001 census, and crossing 30% as
per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%.

9. Consequences of Population Explosion
(1) Over Exploitation of Natural Resources:
• Due to high growth in population, the
requirements of the people increased at a
tremendous rate and consequently, the natural
resources were unexpectedly over exploited
hence depleted.
• The Earth has limited natural resources in the
form of water, fauna, flora, minerals, fossil fuels
– Out of them, some are renewable and some are non-
renewable resources.
– The non-renewable resources are being extinct
because of over utilization.

10. • The water crisis and disputes about the rightful
share of the water within states and outside the
countries.
• Humans extract and use around 50% of the more
natural resources than they did just 30 years ago.
• It is estimated that within 40 years, the reserves
of petroleum will be vanished completely in the
world.
• Similarly, water scarcity can be observed
everywhere.

11. (2) Industrialization and Urbanization:
• Urbanization is a result of growth of population in
urban areas.
• As a country develops from primarily an agricultural
to an industrial economy, large-scale emigrational
rural residents to towns and cities takes place.
• During the process, the growth rate of urban areas is
typically double the pace of overall population
increase.
• Urbanization is taking place at faster rate in India.,
According to the 1901 census, the population
residing in urban areas was 11.4%. It was increased
to 28.53 % and in 2018 it is 33.2%.

12. • Urbanization eventually leads to a severe
decline in the number of people living in the
countryside, with negative population growth
rates in rural areas.
• Urban areas face acute shortage of land and
water and other environmental problems.
• Vast areas of urban are converted into slums.

13. INDIA SLUM FACTS
(Extra Information)
• According to last census in 2011, the slum-dwelling
population of India had risen from 27.9 million in 1981
to 93.06 million in 2011.
●Even after offering many services and facilities, most
of the people living in slum areas do not have
electricity, water supply and cooking gas.
●After Mumbai, Delhi has the second largest slum
Population in India.
●Slum people are mostly unemployed or daily wage
workers who cannot even afford basic necessities of
life.
●1 out every 5 person from the slums belongs to the
Schedule Caste (SC) community.
●However sex ratio of this community is far better
than the communities living in the urban area.

14. Future of
these CHILD
???

15. (Extra Information)
• The literacy rate in these areas has risen up to a
remarkable level that is 77%, but it is still less than
the urban area.
●Slum areas gets created when individuals or
families move to the urban areas in order to fulfill their
dreams or to find a better economy
●India is a third world country that suffers from
poverty, malnutrition, diseases, and more.
●India alone is responsible for 25% of the deaths of
children among the world.
●The slums offer many great risks for the poor
children due to the unsanitary environment.
●Nearly 1.8 million people lives in slum areas in
capital of India - New Delhi.
●According to UNICEF, “India alone, more than 1
million child lives could be saved with a few
vitamins and some type of okay nutrition.

16. (3) Shrinking Agricultural Land:
• There is unbreakable cycle of transformation of
– forest land into agricultural land and
– the agricultural lands are being converted into
construction of residential colonies and establishment
of industries in or around the cities.
• The rate of transformation is tremendous.
• The per capita availability of land for cultivation
declined by 50% from 1.1 acres in 1911 to 0.6acres in
1971 in India. Since then it has shrunken much further.
• Ex: The tropical rain forests of Amazon Basin, within the
territory of Brazil were cut down at a large scale during
eighties for construction of agricultural farm lands, which
led a way for severe ecological disturbances.

17. (4) Global Warming:
• Population explosion is linked with global
warming.
• The increase in population leads to greater
consumption of resources.
• The amount of CO2 & other green house gasses
increases.
• This causes rise in global temperatures.
• The global average surface temperature has
increased during the 20th century by about 0.6
degrees centigrade.
• If it increases further the consequences will be
disastrous.

18. (5) Environmental Pollution
• The tremendous growth in population has led
to the degradation of the environment.
• Air , water, and soil have got polluted.

19. (6) Poverty, Malnutrition and Famine:
• Poverty and malnutrition is a growing and
common phenomenon in the underdeveloped
countries.
• Millions of people live in HUNGER & Suffer from
MALNOURISHMENT as they cannot afford to buy
food, nutritious food or cannot afford farming
supplies on their own .
Malnutrition in
BHUTAN

20. • Poverty and malnutrition are a common
phenomenon in underdeveloped countries.
• Africa – world’s poorest continent.
• Countries of sub sharan Africa suffer from frequent
droughts, and famines. Hence recorded highest rates
of starvation deaths. Malnutrition in
NIGER

21. 7).POPULATION REDUCES THE RATE OF CAPITAL FORMATION
• In underdeveloped countries due to high birth
rates and low life expectancy the no. of
dependents in family is high.
• Nearly 40-50% of population is in non-productive
age groups – that simply consumes and does not
produce anything.
• The per capita income is low because the
dependents have to be fed and taken care of.
• Job opportunities too are less in poor countries.
Hence there is little scope for savings and capital
formation.

22. 8).Population growth weakens social infrastructure
• In welfare states like India the Govt. pledges
to meet the social needs of the people by
providing basic facilities like –
– Subsidized education, housing & medical aid
• But vast increase in population casts a heavy
burden on the government and derails many
plans.

23. Are there any advantages of High Population Growth?
Increase in the rate of population growth has advantages also:
 The growing population of youth in developing countries like India
can play a important role in building the economy.
 Their strength and talent can be utilized in various ways.
 In contrast, the advanced countries like Japan and many European
countries are facing a peculiar problems associated with a sharp
decline in population.
– EX: Japan has become a society of aging people
because of rapid fall in fertility rate & increase in
longevity.
– Nearly a quarters of population is above 65 years
– Because of decreased labour force, dependence of
robots is increasing both at home and in factories..
– There is no one to take care of elderly population.

24. POPULATION CONTROL MEASURES
INITIATIVES IN INDIA
• There are no easy solutions to the problems of
population explosion.
• Population growth is linked with poverty, and
illiteracy.
• It is possible only when people are educated and
enjoy reasonably good standards of living that the
population of a country stabilizes.
• It is not a coincidence that countries like Norway,
Switzerland, Singapore, & The USA – have high
Human Development Index have a low growth rate
of population.
• In India economically backward states – Bihar, UP,
Rajasthan – have highest Birth rates.

25. • In countries like India societal norms, &
prejudices(an unjustified attitude or opinion,
usually a negative one) influences the size of
the families.
– The preference for a male child,
– Child marriages
– Low status of women in many communities

26. • India was first country in the world to launch a nation
wide FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME in 1952.
– Govt. agencies and institutions have spread the
message of the importance of having small families.
– Media was extensively used for making awareness
among the people.
– Enlighten the parents - could spend time and
resources in small families & hence can be happy.
– Cheap contraceptives were distributed even in
most remote areas.
.

27. FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME in 1952.
–Sex education was popularized.
–Sterilizations were conducted & Abortion
was legalized.
–Couples were encouraged to go in for
sterilization(Vsectomy for males, Tubectomy
for females) after the birth of 2 children.
Small family, Happy family, Healthy family

28. • Every country must devise its own ways to tackle
the problems of overpopulation.
– In 1979 China started the ‘one child per family’ policy.
Those who defied the law and had a second child
were subjected to brutal punishment.
– The child too had to face the impact as Chinese Govt.
had denied him/ her education& health care.
– The infamous population control measures was
successful in bringing down the birthrate. But at the
cost gross human rights violations.
• Such coercive policies would not be practical & ill
suited in a large democratic country like India.

29. Measure to control Population
a) The Govt. should regularly conduct programmes to
educate the public about the ill effects of
overpopulation.
b) Social organizations & NGOs should actively involve
and inform people about the available methods of
family planning.
c) People should be persuaded but not coerced to
undergo sterilization after having 2 children.
d) Family literacy should be encouraged, so that women
can take informed decisions about the size of their
families.
e) Ban on child marriages should be enforced strictly.
f) Maternal and child care facilities should be improved.

31. SMALL FAMILY … HEALTHY FAMILY &
HAPPY FAMILY..