The document discusses the history and development of the theory of continental drift. It begins by explaining how the supercontinent Pangaea broke up around 225-200 million years ago into the continents as we know them today. It then describes how German scientist Alfred Wegener first proposed the idea of continental drift in the early 1900s, noting how certain fossil patterns matched when the continents were arranged as part of a single landmass. The rest of the document outlines how subsequent research, such as discoveries about seafloor spreading and magnetic striping of ocean crust, provided supporting evidence for Wegener's theory of continental drift.
What is Plate tectonics? In this presentation, you will be able to learn about Plate Tectonic Theory, the Plate Boundaries, as well as the Evidences of Plate Movement.
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
What is Plate tectonics? In this presentation, you will be able to learn about Plate Tectonic Theory, the Plate Boundaries, as well as the Evidences of Plate Movement.
Earth and Life Science
Earth Materials and Processes: Deformation of the Crust
The learners shall be able to:
1) explain how the seafloor spreads (S11/12ESId-23);
2) describe the structure and evolution of ocean basins (S11/12ES-Id-24); and
3) explain how the movement of plates leads to the formation of folds and faults (S11/12ES-Id-22).
Specific Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Discuss the history behind the Theory of Continental Drift;
2. Describe the Continental Drift Theory;
3. Enumerate and explain the evidence used to support the idea of drifting continents;
4. Identify major physiographic features of ocean basins
5. Describe the process of seafloor spreading
Scientists found a system of ridges or mountains in the seafloor similar to those found in the continents.These are called mid-ocean ridges. One of these is the famous Mid-Atlantic Ridge, an undersea mountain chain in the Atlantic Ocean.
It has a gigantic cleft about 32-48 km long and 1.6 km deep. The ridge is offset by fracture zones or rift valleys.
In the early 1960’s, scientist Harry Hess, together with Robert Dietz, suggested an explanation to the continental drift. This is the Seafloor Spreading Theory.In the early 1960’s, scientist Harry Hess, together with Robert Dietz, suggested an explanation to the continental drift. This is the Seafloor Spreading Theory. This material flows sideways carrying the seafloor away from the ridge, and creates a crack in the crust. The magma flows out of the crack, cools down and becomes the new seafloor.
Overtime, the new oceanic crust pushed the old oceanic crust far from the ridge. The process of seafloor spreading allowed the creation of new bodies of water. For example, the Red Sea was created as the African plate and the Arabian plate moved away from each other. Seafloor spreading is also pulling the continents of Australia, South America, and Antarctica away from each other in the East Pacific Rise. The East Pacific Rise is one of the most active sites of seafloor spreading, with more than 14 centimeters every year.
Findings that support Seafloor Spreading Theory:
1. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge.
2. Rocks far from the mid-ocean ridge are older.
3. Sediments are thinner at the ridge.
4. Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than those at the continents.
Scientists found a system of ridges or mountains in the seafloor similar to those found in the continents.These are called mid-ocean ridges. One of these is the famous Mid-Atlantic Ridge, an undersea mountain chain in the Atlantic Ocean.
It has a gigantic cleft about 32-48 km long and 1.6 km deep. The ridge is offset by fracture zones or rift valleys.
In the early 1960’s, scientist Harry Hess, together with Robert Dietz, suggested an explanation to the continental drift. This is the Seafloor Spreading Theory.In the early 1960’s, scientist Harry Hess, together with Robert Dietz, suggested an explanation to the continental drift. This is the Seafloor Spreading Theory. This material flows sideways carrying the seafloor away from the ridge, and creates a crack in the crust. The magma flows out of the crack, cools down and becomes the new seafloor.
Overtime, the new oceanic crust pushed the old oceanic crust far from the ridge. The process of seafloor spreading allowed the creation of new bodies of water. For example, the Red Sea was created as the African plate and the Arabian plate moved away from each other. Seafloor spreading is also pulling the continents of Australia, South America, and Antarctica away from each other in the East Pacific Rise. The East Pacific Rise is one of the most active sites of seafloor spreading, with more than 14 centimeters every year.
Findings that support Seafloor Spreading Theory:
1. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridge.
2. Rocks far from the mid-ocean ridge are older.
3. Sediments are thinner at the ridge.
4. Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than those at the continents.
Steps to Plate TectonicsStep 1 – Continental Driftwww.mat.docxdessiechisomjj4
Steps to Plate Tectonics:
Step 1 – Continental Drift
www.math.montana.edu / ~nmp / materials / ess / geosphere / inter / activities / plate_calc / pangaea_map.gif
The Continental Drift hypothesis published by Alfred Wegener in his 1915 book “ The Origin of Continents and Oceans”, although this was partially based on the work of earlier investigators.
Continental Drift = the continents were once connected in a single supercontinent called Pangaea. They have since drifted apart and are still moving today.
http://www.kidsgeo.com/geology-for-kids/0042-pangaea.php
Wegener’s hypothesis had several problems:
1) He had no power source – no way to make the continents move.
2) He thought the continents moved through the seafloor just like boats move through the ocean, but there was no evidence of this (no wake)
3) He was a meteorologist so many geologists didn’t take him seriously!
BUT Wegener had lots of evidence to show that the continents were once connected!
1) The jigsaw puzzle-like fit of the continents.
Figure 2.3 in text
Identical fossil assemblages on now widely spaced continents!
best about 250-200 MY ago
become increasingly dissimilar the closer to today we look!
Garrison, 2012, Essentials of Oceanography
3) Sequences of similar rock types on continents which do not now have the same geologic environment!
http://www.geology.ohio-state.edu/~vonfrese/gs100/lect25/index.html
4) Geologic structures (mountain ranges, faults, chains of volcanoes) which match up on either side of oceans but can not be found underwater.
5) Apparent polar wander – paleoclimatic evidence the continents had very different climates 250 MY ago than they do today.
either the continents moved or
the climate bands moved – which means the Earth’s poles of rotation moved.
Earth’s climate zones today are arranged symmetrically around the poles.
http://www.webquest.hawaii.edu/kahihi/sciencedictionary/C/climatezone.php
Paleoclimatic data from ˶300 MY ago, figure 2.5 in text
After Wegener died, his ideas were largely dismissed, until…
Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)…
6) Apparent Polar Wander – Paleomagnetic evidence.
Figure 2.7 showing that the Earth has a magnetic field very similar to that created by a bar magnet.
Directions of magnets parallel to Earth’s magnetic field lines.
Post-Wegener evidence for drifting continents (and plate tectonics)…
Figure 2.7b showing how magnets align to the Earth’s magnetic field when allowed to move freely.
Rocks containing the mineral magnetite (especially basalt) record the orientation of the Earth’s magnetic field at the time the rocks formed.
Figure 2.8a showing apparent polar wander paths for Europe and North America.
Figure 2.8b showing alignment of polar wander curves if the Atlantic Ocean is “closed”
The polar wander tracks for all the continents show great variation, suggesting it is the continents that moved!
If we put the continents “back to.
In the beginning of 20th century scientist realized that they could not explain many of the earth structure and processes with in a single theory. Many hypotheses developed to try and support the confliction observation
This pdf covers theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.
Continental drift
Plate Tectonics
Mantle Convection
Convection currects
Types of Mantle convection
Drivers of the plate motion.
Bibliography_ Lutgens, Tarbuk and Tasa Publisher: Prentice Hall
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2. According to the
continental drift
theory, the
supercontinent
Pangaea began to
break up about 225200 million years
ago, eventually
fragmenting into
the continents as we
know them today.
3. The layer of the Earth we live on is broken into a dozen or so rigid slabs (called
tectonic plates by geologists) that are moving relative to one another.
4. As noted by Snider-Pellegrini and Wegener, the locations of certain fossil plants and
animals on present-day, widely separated continents would form definite patterns
(shown by the bands of colors), if the continents are rejoined.
5.
6. These four diagrams illustrate the shrinking of the formerly very large Farallon Plate, as it was progressively
consumed beneath the North American and Caribbean Plates, leaving only the present-day Juan de Fuca,
Rivera, and Cocos Plates as small remnants. Large solid arrows show the present-day sense of relative
movement between the Pacific and North American Plates.
7. Alfred Lothar
Wegener (18801930), the
originator of the
theory of continental
drift. (Photograph
courtesy of the
Alfred Wegener
Institute for Polar
and Marine
Research,
Bremerhaven,
Germany.)
9. The mid-ocean ridge (shown in red) winds its way between the continents much like
the seam on a baseball.
10. Computer-generated detailed topographic map of a segment of the Mid-Oceanic Ridge.
"Warm" colors (yellow to red) indicate the ridge rising above the seafloor, and the
"cool" colors (green to blue) represent lower elevations. This image (at latitude 9°
north) is of a small part of the East Pacific Rise.
11.
12. A theoretical model of the formation of magnetic striping. New oceanic crust forming
continuously at the crest of the mid-ocean ridge cools and becomes increasingly older
as it moves away from the ridge crest with seafloor spreading (see text): a. the
spreading ridge about 5 million years ago; b. about 2 to 3 million years ago; and c.
present-day.
13. The center part of the
figure -- representing the
deep ocean floor with
the sea magically
removed -- shows the
magnetic striping
mapped by
oceanographic surveys
offshore of the Pacific
Northwest. Thin black
lines show transform
faults that offset the
striping
16. View of the first high-temperature vent (380 °C) ever seen by scientists during a dive of
the deep-sea submersible Alvin on the East Pacific Rise (latitude 21° north) in 1979.
Such geothermal vents--called smokers because they resemble chimneys--spew dark,
mineral-rich, fluids heated by contact with the newly formed, still-hot oceanic crust.
This photograph shows a black smoker, but smokers can also be white, grey, or clear
depending on the material being ejected.
17. The deep-sea hot-spring environment supports abundant and bizarre sea
life, including tube worms, crabs, giant clams. This hot-spring
"neighborhood" is at 13° N along the East Pacific Rise.
18. The manipulator arm of the research submersible Alvin
collecting a giant clam from the deep ocean floor. (Photograph
by John M. Edmond, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.)
19. The size of deep-sea giant clams is evident from the hands of a
scientist holding them. (Photograph by William R. Normark, USGS.)
20. A colony of tube worms, some as long as 1.5 m, clustered around
an ocean floor hot spring.
22. The JOIDES Resolution is the deep-sea drilling ship of the 1990s
(JOIDES= Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth
Sampling). This ship, which carries more than 9,000 m of drill pipe,
is capable of more precise positioning and deeper drilling than the
Glomar Challenger.
24. As early as the 1920s, scientists noted that earthquakes are concentrated in very specific
narrow zones. In 1954, French seismologist J.P. Rothé published this map showing the
concentration of earthquakes along the zones indicated by dots and cross-hatched areas.