For GRADE 11, EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE K12 ORIGIN OF UNIVERSE

3. Origins of the universe, explained
the most popular theory of our
universe's origin centers on a
cosmic cataclysm unmatched in
all of history—the Big Bang.

4. The Universe is at least 13.8
billion of years old and the
Earth/Solar System of least
4.5-4.6 billions of years old.

5. The universe was born with the
Big Bang as an unimaginably
hot, dense point. When the
universe was just 10-34 of a
second or so old…

6. it experienced an incredible
burst of expansion known as
inflation, in which space itself
expanded faster than the speed
of light.

7. Big Bang is the simultaneous
appearance of space
everywhere in the universe

8. According to NASA, after
inflation the growth of the
universe continued, but at a
slower rate.

10. Universe is made of…
-4.9% baryonic matter
-26.8% dark matter
-68.3% dark energy

11. Objects in the Universe
composed of baryonic matter
include:
-Clouds of cold gas -Planets
-Stars -Comets and asteroids
-Neutron stars

12. Hydrogen, Helium and Lithium
are the three most abundant
elements in the world.

13. In the 1920, astronomer Edwin
Hubble discovered the
universe was not static.
Rather, it was expanding; a
find that revealed the universe
was apparently born in a Big
Bang.

14. Then, in 1998, the Hubble
Space Telescope’s
observations of very distant
supernova revealed that a long
time ago, the universe was
expanding more slowly that its
today.

15. stars is the building block of
galaxies born out of clouds of
gas and dust in galaxies.

16. Universe is an all space, time,
matter and energy including
the solar system, all stars and
galaxies and content of
intergalactic space, regarded
as a whole

17. There are three main
theories about the Origin of
the Universe:
1. The Steady State Theory
2. The Big Bang Theory
3. The Pulsating Theory

18. Steady State theory
It states that the counting of
the galaxies in our Universe
is constant and new galaxies
which are forming
continuously are filling the…

19. empty spaces which are
created by those heavenly
bodies which have crossed
the boundary lines of
observable Universe.

20. The theory was first put
forward in 1948 by British
scientist Sir Hermann Bondi,
Thomas Gold, and Sir Fred
Hoyle.

21. It was further developed by
Hoyle to deal with problems
that had arisen in connection
with the alternative Big Bang
theory.

24. Big Bang Theory
It proposes that the entire uni-
verse was once condensed in
a very small and compact
particle called primeval
nucleus.

25. It is estimated that about 20
billion years ago, primeval
nucleus suddenly expanded
in a big bang.

26. It was proposed by Georges
Henri Joseph Eduard
Lemaître

27. Hoyle said the notion that "all
matter of the universe was
created in one big bang at a
particular time in the remote
past," was irrational.

32. Evidences of Big Bang
Theory.

33. 1. Remember that
because light takes a long
time to travel across the
Universe, when we look at
very distant galaxies, we are
also looking back in time.

35. 2. From this, the galaxies a
long time ago were quite
different from today, showing
that the Universe has
changed. This fits better with
the Big Bang.

36. They are made up of
approximately 93% H, He
7% and trace Li.

37. The Big Bang Theory was
further supported by
George Gamow who
introduced the Big Bang
Nucleosynthesis.

38. BBN explains the formation
of the heavy isotopes of
hydrogen formed in the first
moments of the Big Bang

39. 3. Redshift
A red shift in light indicates
that the object is moving
away from the observer. This
is called the doppler effect.

42. Pulsating Theory: In this
theory it is assumed that there
is continuous expansion and
contraction in universe; It is
the possibility that after some
passage of time the expansion
in the universe may stop.

43. Then their may be the
possibility of contraction.
When this contraction will
approaches to a particular
size. As a result, expansion
of universe will start again.

44. Hence it results in a
pulsating universe in which
there is alternate expansion
and contraction of universe.

46. THEORIES OF
ORIGIN OF THE
SOLAR
SYSTE

47. The earliest accounts of how
the Sun, the Earth and the
rest of the Solar System
were formed are to be found
in early myths, legends and
religious texts.

48. The earliest scientific
attempts to explain the
origin of the solar system
invoked collisions or
condensations from a gas
cloud.

49. The discovery of 'island
universe', which we now
know to be galaxies, was
thought to confirm this latter
theory.

50. Nebular Hypothesis
A combination of centrifugal
force, produced by the
nebula's rotation, and
gravitational force, from the
mass of the nebula,…

51. caused rings of gas to be left
behind as the nebula shrank.
These rings condensed into
planets and their satellites,
while the remaining part of
the nebula formed the sun.

52. From this theory the sun and
other celestial bodies orbiting
around it where formed from
a nebula a spinning cloud of
gases.

55. Encounter Hypothesis
A rogue star passed closed
to the sun about 5B years
ago. Materials, in the form of
hot gas, is tidally stripped
from the sun and the rogue
star.

56. This material fragments into
smaller lumps which form
the planets. This hypothesis
explains why the inner
worlds are denser than the
outside planets.

58. Protoplanet Hypothesis
About 5 B years ago, a great
cloud of gas and dust
rotated slowly in space. The
cloud was at least 10 B km
in diameter

59. As time passed, the cloud
shrank under the pull of its
own gravitation or was made
to collapse by the explosion
of a passing star.

60. Any leftover large bodies were
captured as moons or ejected
by gravity assist into the Oort
Cloud.

61. The Oort Cloud is an
extended shell of icy
objects that exist in the
outermost reaches of the
solar system.

64. The Milky Way is our galaxy.
It is one of the millions of
galaxies which form the
universe.
It contains hundreds of
billions of stars.

67. Planets
Is an astronomical body
orbiting a stellar remnant that
is massive enough to be
rounded by its own gravity.

68. Mercury
The closest planet to the
sun, Mercury is only a bit
larger than Earth’s Moon. Its
day side is scorched by the
sun and can reach 450°C,

69. but on the night side,
temperatures drop to
hundreds of degrees below
freezing. It has virtually no
atmosphere to absorb
meteor impacts, so its…

70. surface is packed-marked ,
with craters, just like the
moon. And it has no
satellites.

71. Named for: Messenger of the
Roman gods
Diameter: 4878 Km
Rotation: 58.6 Earth days
Revolution: 88 Earth days

74. Venus
Venus is terribly hot, even
hotter than Mercury. It is dim
world of intense heat and
volcanic activity,

75. Venus’ thick, toxic
atmosphere traps heat in a
runaway “greenhouse effect”.
Oddly, Venus spins slowly in
the opposite direction of
most planets.

76. Named for: Roman goddess
of love and beauty
Diameter: 12104 km
Rotation: 225 Earth days
Revolution: 241 Earth days

77. Venus picture

78. Venus picture

79. Venus picture in the sky

80. Earth
Earth’s atmosphere is rich in
life-sustaining nitrogen and
oxygen. Earth is water world,
with 2/3 of the planets
covered by ocean.

81. Named for: Anglo-saxon word
erda/erde means soil or
ground and Old-English ertha
Diameter: 12742 km
Rotation: 23hrs;56mins;4secs
Revolution: 365.25 days

83. Mars
Is a cold, dusty place. The
dust, an iron oxide, gives the
planets its reddish cast. Mars
shares similarities with Earth

84. It snows on Mars and harbor
water ice.
The highest mountain and
volcano in the Solar System
is on the planet Mars.

85. Named for: Roman god of
War
Diameter: 6787 km
Rotation: 687 Earth days
Revolution: 24hours
37minutes

86. ure of mars

87. ure of mars

89. Jupiter
It is a huge and is the most
massive planet in our solar
system.
It’s a mostly gaseous world,
(H and He)

90. The big feature of this planet
is the Great Red Spot, a
giant storm which has raged
for hundred of years.

91. Named for: Ruler of the
Roman gods
Diameter: 139,822 km
Rotation: 11.9 Earth days
Revolution: 9.8 Earth hours

92. Picture of Jupiter

93. Picture of GREAT
red spot

94. Picture of Jupiter

95. Saturn
The sixth planet from the sun
is known most for its rings.
Galileo Galilee was the first
to observe Saturn with a
telescope in 1610.

96. He incorrectly guessed that
there were two large moons
on either side of Saturn. Two
years later when he viewed
Saturn again, the "moons"
had disappeared.

97. After another two years,
Galileo viewed Saturn again
and found that the "moons"
had returned. He concluded
that the rings were "arms" of
some sort.

98. Galileo's drawing
of Saturn, 1610
Galileo's drawing
of Saturn, 1616

99. More than 40yrs later,
Christian Huygens proposed
that they were rings. The
rings are made of ice and
rock.

102. Named for: Roman god of
Agriculture
Diameter: 120,500 km
Revolution: 29.5 Earth years
Rotation: About 10.5 Earth
hours

103. Uranus
It’s the only giant planet
whose equator is nearly at
right angles to its orbit- it
basically orbits on its side,

104. It was discovered completely
by accident of British
astronomer William Herschel.
He was performing a survey
of all stars of at least
magnitude 8

110. Named for: Personification of
heaven in ancient time
Diameter: 51,120 km
Revolution: 84 Earth years
Rotation: 18 Earth hours

112. Neptune
Neptune is known for strong
winds, sometimes faster than
the speed of sound.

113. Neptune was the first planet
to be discovered by using
mathematics. After the
discovery of Uranus in 1781,
astronomers noticed that the
planet was being pulled
slightly out of its normal orbit.

114. John Couch Adams of Britain
and Urbain Jean Joseph
Leverrier of France, used
mathematics to predict that
the gravity from another
planet beyond Uranus was
affecting the orbit of Uranus.

115. Johann Gottfried Galle,
decided to search for the
predicted planet and
observed Neptune for the first
time in 1846.

117. Named for: Roman god of
Sea
Diameter: 49, 530 km
Revolution: 19 Earth hours
Rotation:165 Earth years

118. Named for: Messenger of the
Roman gods
Diameter: 4878 Km
Rotation: 58.6 Earth days
Revolution: 88 Earth days

119. Named for: Messenger of the
Roman gods
Diameter: 4878 Km
Rotation: 58.6 Earth days
Revolution: 88 Earth days