Disease and Insect Pest of Ber and their ManagementRamkumarrai3
Ber (Zizyphus Spp.) is a most important fruit and more nutritive value for the purpose of dryland fruit production. Its require heavy pruning during April- May .
Disease and Insect Pest of Ber and their ManagementRamkumarrai3
Ber (Zizyphus Spp.) is a most important fruit and more nutritive value for the purpose of dryland fruit production. Its require heavy pruning during April- May .
It is plant of both aromatinc and medicinal purpose. The species comes under it are- arvensis, spicuta and piperata.But most commomly used species are-
Arvensis -Called Japanese mint in English and pudinah in hindi,
Spicuta - Called Spearmint in English and pudinah in hindi.
Family – Labiateae
Part used-
Leaves and flowering tops and in some cases whole plant.
Constituents-
Volatile oil- menthone , menthol , isomenthol , methyle acetate,neomenthol,piperitone.
Uses-
Aromatic,Digestive,stimulant,antiseptic,spleen disease,jaundice,antibacterial antifungal
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
It is plant of both aromatinc and medicinal purpose. The species comes under it are- arvensis, spicuta and piperata.But most commomly used species are-
Arvensis -Called Japanese mint in English and pudinah in hindi,
Spicuta - Called Spearmint in English and pudinah in hindi.
Family – Labiateae
Part used-
Leaves and flowering tops and in some cases whole plant.
Constituents-
Volatile oil- menthone , menthol , isomenthol , methyle acetate,neomenthol,piperitone.
Uses-
Aromatic,Digestive,stimulant,antiseptic,spleen disease,jaundice,antibacterial antifungal
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
The inability or Failure of two different plant Grafted together to produce a successful graft union is called Graft incompatibility.
Some pear cultivars are successfully grafted on quince rootstock, whereas, the other may die soon. However the reverse combination i.e. the quince on pear rootstock is always a failure
Fruit Drop its Causes and Measures to ControlMd Mohsin Ali
Fruit drop is a premature shedding of fruits before harvesting for commercial purpose. There are so many reasons for fruit drop like internal (Hormonal balance, morphological and genetically) and external (biotic and abiotic) factors. Fruit drop is very much serious in some fruits like apple, peach, currant, mango, citrus etc. Fruit drop may occur at various stages of fruit growth, starting right from fruit setting till its harvesting. It may be natural, environmental or pest related. Losses due to fruit drop at various stages have long been a serious threat to the fruit growers. After determining the actual cause of fruit drop, adoption of a suitable control measure can bring relief to the growers. Among different drops, pre-harvest drop is of great economic importance which can cause serious crop loss to farmer.
References:
1. Fundamental of fruit production - K. Usha, Madhubala Thakre, Amit Kumar Goswami and Nayan Deepak, G
2. Fruit Drop Is Caused By - https://tipoftime.com/wp-content/uploads/uyqubb/fruit-drop-is-caused-by-ddb908
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Disease of-horticultural-crops-their-management like
Diseases of Citrus
Diseases of Mango
Diseases of Banana
Diseases of Grapes
disease of banana,apple,grape,guava,papaya.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
6. Powdery Mildew (Sphaerotheca
fuliginea)
first appear as white powdery
residue primarily on the upper leaf
surface. On the lower surface of the
leaves circular patches or spots
appear. In severe cases, these
spread, coalesce and cover both the
surfaces of the leaves and spread
also to the petioles, stem, etc.
Severely attacked leaves become
brown and shrivelled and defoliation
may occur. Fruits of the affected
plants do not develop fully and
remain small.
Control: Carbendazim (1ml/litre of
water) or Karathane (0.5 ml/litre of
water) is sprayed immediately after
the appearance of the disease. 2-3
sprays are taken at an interval of 15
days
Symptoms:
8. Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.
sp. niveum)
Eventually, the plant dies. The
roots are not affected. In older
plants, leaves wilt suddenly and
vascular bundles in the collar
region become yellow or brown.
Control: Three sprays of
Karathane (6 g in 10 litres of
water) or Bavistin (1 g /litre of
water) immediately on
appearance of initial symptoms
at 5-6 days interval controls the
disease. Leaves of fully grown
vines should be thoroughly
drenched during spraying.
Symptoms:
9. Downey Mildew (Pseudoperonospora
cubensis)
The disease is first seen as
yellow angular spots on the
upper surface of the leaves.
Under conditions of high
humidity, whitish powdery growth
appears on the lower surface of
the leaves. The disease spreads
rapidly killing the plant quickly
through rapid defoliation.
Control: Excellent control of this
disease can be achieved with
Ridomil (1.5 g/litre of water)
which must always be used
simultaneously with a protectant
fungicide such as Mancozeb
(0.2%) to prevent the
development of resistant strains.
Symptoms.:
12. Squash Gourd Mosaic
appearing on the leaves in the secondary
branches produced at the apical end of the
plant. Small irregular yellowish patches are
seen on the leaves. Some leaves show
vein clearing in one or two lobes of the leaf
and severely infected plants show
reduction in leaf size and elongation and/or
suppression of one or two lobes. Young
developing leaves are completely distorted
and malformed with considerable reduction
in their size. Some of the leaves show
marked reduction in the development of
lamina resulting in a shoestring effect. The
virus is transmitted by five species of
aphids.
Control: Spraying the crop just after
germination with Monocrotophos (0.05%)
or Phosphamidon (0.05%) at 10-day
intervals prevents aphid vectors.
Symptoms:
13. Witches' Broom Disease
of this disease are malformation and proliferation
of axillary buds. Diseased plants show many
abnormally little leaves, which fail to attain full
size. The diseased plants bear many flowers and
blossom earlier than healthy plants. Flowers on
infected plants show characteristic green,
phyllody symptoms. Fruit formation is noticed
from the flowers partially infected with the
disease. Fruits from these flowers are very small,
cylindrical and deformed. The outer surface of the
fruits is smooth and fruits are completely
seedless. Plants showing severe witches' broom
do not bear any fruit.
Control: Application of Carbofuran (1.5 kg a.i./ha)
at the time of sowing seeds followed by 5-6 foliar
sprays of either Phosphamidon (0.05%) or
Monocrotophos (0.05%) or Oxydematon Methyl
(0.05%) at 10 days interval, to control the vector
population. Spraying of Oxytetracycline
hydrochloride solution (500 ppm) at weekly
intervals suppress the disease symptoms.
Symptoms:
14. Angular leaf spot
Pseudomonas syringae
Small water-soaked
lesions on leaves which
expand between leaf veins
and become angular in
shape; in humid
conditions, lesions exude a
milky substance which
dries to form a white crust
on or beside lesions; as
the disease progresses,
lesions turn tan and may
have yellow/green edges;
the centers of the lesions
dry and may drop out
leaving a hole in the leaf
Symptoms
17. Bacterial leaf spot
Xanthomonas campestris
Dark, angular lesions
on leaves; leaf lesions
may coalesce and
cause severely blighted
foliage; water-soaked
lesions which enlarge
and develop into tan
scabs, or blisters, on
the fruit; blisters
eventually flatten as
they reach their full size
Symptoms
24. Alternaria leaf blight Alternaria
cucumerina
Small, yellow-brown
spots with a yellow or
green halo which first
appear on the oldest
leaves; as the disease
progresses, lesions
expand and becone
large necrotic patches,
often with concentric
patternation; lesions
coalesce, leaves begin
to curl and eventually
die
Symptoms
25. Anthracnose Colletotrichum orbiculare
Tan to brown lesions with dark
spots inside on leaves and
petioles, main stem and fruit
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Disease favors warm weather
Management
Plant resistant varieties; use only
certified seed; apply appropriate
protective fungicides; rotate
crops every year
Symptoms
28. Gummy stem blight Plectosporium tabacinum
V-shaped yellow to brown areas on
stem; cracked dry areas on stem;
lesions leaking a sappy material
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Disease may be seed-borne
Management
Use disease free seed; treat seeds
prior to planting; rotate crops every 2
years
Symptoms
29. Phytophthora fruit and crown rot Phytophthora
capsici
Sudden wilting of plants; brown lesions on
stems and roots; rotting fruit; stunted plant
growth; downy growth may be present on
lesions during periods of high humidity
Cause
Oomycete
Comments
Disease emergence favored by heavy
rainfall and poorly draining, waterlogged
soils
Management
Do not plant in poorly draining soils; avoid
over-watering plants; rotate cucurbits with
non-susceptible plants for a period of at
least 3 years
Symptoms
30. Scab Cladosporium cucumerinum
Angular brown lesions on leaves confined
by small veins; pale green and water
soaked lesions; holes in leaves from dried
out lesions; lesions may also be present
on petioles, stems and fruit
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Fungus survives in soil on crop debris;
may be seedborne; disease emergence
favored by wet weather and temperatures
below 21°C (69.8°F)
Management
Rotate cucurbits with non-susceptible
crops for a period of at least 2 years; plant
only in well-draining soils; spray plants with
appropriate protective fungicides
Symptoms
32. Verticillium wilt Verticillium dahliae
Symptoms generally appear after fruit set;
chlorotic leaves which develop necrotic
areas; leaves collapsing; symptoms only
on one side of vine; discoloration of
vascular tissue in roots
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Fungus can survive in soil for many years;
disease emergence favored by cool or mild
weather in Spring
Management
Do not plant in areas where other
susceptible crops have been grown
previously; delay planting until
temperatures are warmer
Symptoms
33. Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora citrullina
Initial symptoms of disease occur on older leaves
as small spots with light to tan brown centers; as
the disease progresses, the lesions enlarge to
cover large areas of the leaf surface; lesions may
have a dark border and be surrounded by a
chlorotic area; the centers of the lesions may
become brittle and crack
Cause
Fungus
Comments
Fungus survives on plant debris; spread by wind
and water splash; occurs mainly in tropical and
subtropical growing regions
Management
Any diseased plants should be removed and
destroyed to prevent further spread; crop debris
should be removed after harvest or plowed deeply
into the soil to reduce inoculum
Symptoms
34. Septoria leaf spot Septoria cucurbitacearum
Initial symptoms of disease
are small dark water-soaked
spots on the leaves which
turn beige to white in dry
conditions; lesions develop
thin brown borders and the
centers may become brittle
and crack; small white spots
may erupt on the surface of
infected butternut and acorn
squash and pumpkin fruit
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
36. Cucumber mosaic Cucumber mosaic virus
(CMV)
Plants are severely stunted;
foliage is covered in
distinctive yellow mosaic;
leaves of plant curl
downwards and leaf size is
smaller than normal; flowers
on infected plants may be
deformed with green petals;
fruits become distorted and
are small in size; fruit is often
discolored
Cause
Virus
Symptoms
39. Squash mosaic Squash mosaic virus (SqMV)
Symptoms vary with variety
being grown but plants can
show symptoms which
include include green
veinbanding, mottled leaves,
blisters, ring spots or
potruding veins at leaf
margins; some squash
varieties may develop leaf
enations; infected plants are
often stunted and fruits may
be malformed with mottled
skin
Cause
Virus
Symptoms
40. Watermelon mosaic Watermelon mosaic virus
(WMV)
Symptoms vary widely
depending on species,
cultivar, virus strain and
environmental conditions;
symptoms on leaves may
include green mosaic
patternation, green vein-
banding, chlorotic rings
and disfigured leaves
Cause
Virus
Symptoms
41. Blossom-End Rot
Blossom-end rot appears as
a dark-colored dry rot on the
end of the fruit where the
flower was. The problem is
caused by a lack of calcium in
the developing fruit. It is an
indication that calcium is
lacking in the soil or that the
plant does not have the ability
to take up enough calcium.
When growth is rapid, not
enough calcium may be
delivered to the blossom end
of the developing fruit.
42. Target leaf spot
Corynespora cassiicola
Corynespora. melonis
Angular yellow spots appear
on older leaves; as the
disease progresses, the spots
enlarge and become circular
with light brown centers and
dark margins; as lesions
mature, they turn gray and
drop out leaving holes in the
leaves; if fruits become
infected early in their growth
then the blossom end may
darken and become
shrivelled
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
44. Belly rot (Fruit rot, Damping-off)
Rhizoctonia solani
Yellow/brown
discoloration on fruit;
water soaked spots
on side of fruit in
contact with soil;
brown mold growing
on rotting areas;
collapse of seedlings
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms
45. White mold
White mold is caused by
the fungus Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum. This
pathogen infects a wide
variety of vegetable crops
including beans, carrots,
tomato, cabbage, and
lettuce. In the cucurbit
family pumpkins and some
varieties of winter squash
are most severely affected
by the disease. This
disease does not cause
leaf spots but infects both
stems and fruit.
Symptoms
47. Southern blight Sclerotium rolfsii
Sudden wilting of leaves;
yellowing foliage; browning
stem above and below soil;
browning branches; stem
may be covered with fan-
like mycelial mat; rot on
fruit that begins on side in
contact with soil
Cause
Fungus
Symptoms