a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
INTRODUCTION
Trichoderma -A Bio-Control Agent
General characteristics, PREPARATION OF MOTHER CULTURE, Materials required, Method of application, Precautions.
M.Sc. (Master's) Seminar on topic "Role of chemicals in plant disease managem...Harshvardhan Gaikwad
The importance and role of chemicals/ fungicides in plant disease management is the major objective of plant pathology. The need based, effective, ecofriendly application of chemical fungicides can leads sustainable agriculture and food production.
Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning W...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents’ magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement.
Done by: Hallaw group
School Name: AlEman secondary school for girls
Preparation of cellulose micro and nanofibers from date palm leaves.
• Cellulose as an abundant biopolymer was traditionally used for clothing, construction, furniture and paper making for thousands of years. The most complex form of cellulose in nature is in the cell walls of plants. In Qatar, date palms are the largest source of cellulose. The waste from date palms (particularly the leaves) has low utilization and is usually incinerated. However, since they represent a valuable source of cellulose that can also be transformed into nanocellulose and nanocrystals, we recently initiated activities in this field.
Water Content of Drug?
Impact Of Water Content Of Drug.
Methods Of Determining Water Content Of Drug.
Formula for Water Content Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Loss On Drying of Drug?
Impact Of LOD Of Drug.
Formula of LOD Determination.
Calculation With Lab Practical Demo.
Basic Difference.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
5. Merits of Spraying
1. Less cost of active ingredients per unit
2. Good coverage/deposition
3. Residual effect for more
4. Can spray in high wind velocity ( till 10 mile/hr)
5. Drop size can adjust
6. Better utilization of chemical & can reduce drift loss
6. Demerits of Spraying
1. More time & labour
2. Sprayers are heavy
3. Sprayers are costly
4. Have to prepare before use
5. Storage problem
6. No spraying in moist weather
7. Seed Treatment
1. Seed disinfectants
a. internally seed borne
b. Exp. Vitavax, Carbedazim
2. Seed disinfectants a. externally seed borne b. Exp. Copper carbonate
3. Seed protectants a. soil borne pathogen b. Exp. Thiram, Captan
9. Methods of Soil
Treatment
1. Soil drenching
2. Broadcasting of dust, powder or granules
3. Furrow application
4. Spot application
5. Strip application
6. Pits application
7. Plantation site application
10. Fungicides
Fungicide Latin word Fungus + caedo (to kill) “Fungicide
has been defined as a chemical substance which has the
ability to prevent damage caused by fungi to growing crops
and their products”
11. Classification of
Fungicides
(A). On the basis of chemical nature
(1). Protectants- Exp - Thiram Create a barrier b/w plant &
pathogen
(2). Eradicants- Exp- Tilt Remove the pathogen from
infection court
(3). Systemic & Non Systemic- Exp. Contaf
12. Classification of
Fungicides
(B). Base on the General Use
(1). Seed protectant – Exp. Thiram
(2). Soil Fungicide – Exp. Captan
(3). Foliage & Blossom Protectant – Exp. Ferbam
(4). Fruit Protectant- Exp. Captan
(5). Tree Wound Dressing- Exp. Bordeaux Mixture
13. Classification of
Fungicides
(C). Base on the Chemical Nature
(1). Sulphur compounds
(2). Copper Compounds
(3). Mercury Compounds
(4). Quinones
(5). Aromatic Compounds
(6). Heterocyclic Compounds
(7). Organotin Compounds
(8). Benzimidazoles
(9). Oxanthins
(10). Others
14. Characteristics of Ideal
Fungicide
1. High field performance
(i). Inherent fungi toxicity
(ii). Active constituents
(iii). Good coverage
(iv). Initial deposition
(v). Residual effect
15. Characteristics of Ideal
Fungicide
(2). Low Phytotoxicity
(3). Stability in Storage
(4). Stability after Dilution to Spray Strength
(5). Low Toxicity to Human beings & Cattles
(6). Cheap & Easily Available
(7). Compatibility
(8). Simple to Prepare & Easy to Apply
16. Formulations of
Fungicides
(1). Wettable Powders or WP
(2). Dust or Dustable Powder or DP- 4-10% AI
(3). Emulsifiable Concentration or EC
(4). Granules or G
(5). Suspension Concentrate or SC
(6). Slurries or Water Dispersible Powder for Slurry
Treatment or WS
(7). Solution
17. Sulphur Compounds S compounds
Inorganic Organic
• i. Elemental Sulphur
i. Ziram a). Dust sulphur
ii. Febam b). Wettable sulphur
iii. Thiram ii. Lime sulphur
iv. Menab vi. Nebam
18. Sulphur Dust
S - dust should be very fine
1. Particle size- 200-300 mesh or 47-74 µ
2. Natural ‘S’ from ores is grounded & used
3. Rate – 25 kg/ha – Rotary duster
4. S- control Powdery mildew
5. S- dust can be used as ST for sorghum smut
19. Wettable Sulphur
• Formulated as 80% WP
• T.N.- Thiovit, Cosan, Microsulf, Ultra sulphur
• Rate - 0.2- 0.25%
• Control- P. M. of Veg. & Fruits crops
20. Lime Sulphur
1. Calcium polysulphide = Ca S2
2. L. S used as spray – Use only in Fe/Zn pots Rock lime
= 20 lbs Sulphur = 15 lbs Water = 50 gallon • Method –
add water into lime & add S slowly & stir of suspension
continue – colour become golden yellow
3. Use supernatant
4. Dose- 0.75- 1.0 gallon/ 100 gallon water for cucurbits,
vegs. Pea etc.
5. 1.0 – 2.o gallon/ 100 gallon for woody trees * 1 gallon =
3.78541 Litre
21. Organic S fungicides
Derivatives of Dithiocarbamates (Dithiocarbamic acid)
Dithiocarbamic acid is methylated to unstable the fungicidal
property
Zn, Fe, are used to stabilize dimethyl dthiocarbamate
1. Ziram
Zincdimethyl dithiocarbamate
T. N. – Corozate, Hexazir, Zirberk, Zerlate
Used as spray- @ 0.15-0.25%
Diseases controlled- E. B. of potato, Alternaria sp.,
Colletotrichum sp. Rust etc.
22. 2. Ferbam
Ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate
• T. N. – Fermate, Hexferb, Ferberk, Coromet
• Dose - @ 0.1 - 0.3% as foliar spray
• Dis. controlled-Fungal diseases of veg & fruits
• 4. Zineb • Zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate • T. N. –
Indofil Z- 78, Lonacol, Parzate C, Dupont • Used as foliar
spray • Dose - @ 0.2 - 0.3% • Dis. controlled- Rust, D.M.,
Alternaria blight, L.B. of potato, Anthracanose,
cercospora leaf spot
23. 3. Thiram
Tetramethyal thirum disulphate
T. N. – Arasan, Hexathir, TMTD, Thylate,
Thiride
Used as S.T
Dose - @ 0.2 - 0.3% & as soil fungicide- 10-25
kg/ ha
Dis. Controlled- Damping off, stem gall of
coriander
24. 4. Zineb
Zinc ethylene bisdithiocarbamate
T. N. – Indofil Z- 78, Lonacol, Parzate C, Dupont
Used as foliar spray
Dose - @ 0.2 - 0.3%
Dis. controlled- Rust, D.M., Alternaria blight, L.B. of potato,
Anthracanose, cercospora leaf spot
25. 5. Maneb
Mengnese ethylenbisdithiocarbamate
Not available in India
In India- Dithane M-45 (Maneb 78% + Zinc 2%)
More effective than Zineb
Dose - @ 0.2 - 0.3% as foliar spray
Dis. controlled- Anthracanose of tomato, tobacco, cucurbits,
D.M. of pea, rust of pea & wheat
26. 6. Nabam
Disodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate
1. Not available in India
2. T. N. – Vapam, Chemvape
3. Used as fumigant fungicide
4. Dose - @ 1.5 – 2.5 litre for 10 SQM area
5. Used for – weed flora, fungi & nematode
27. 7. Copper Fungicides
1.Copper sulphate preparations
2. Copper carbonate preparations
3. Copper oxychloride preparations
4. Cuprous oxide preparations
5. Oxine copper preparations
1. Bordeaux Mixture
1. 1882 – Prof. Millardet
2. Bordeaux University France
3. D.M of grape–Medoc- till Oct. remain green
4. Published – 1885 but used 1887
28. Bordeaux Mixture
4 : 4 : 50 = 0.8% Copper sulphate : Lime : Water 5 : 5 : 50 = 1.0% Copper
sulphate : Lime : Water 6 : 6 : 50 = 1.2% Copper sulphate : Lime : Water
Mostly used – 4 : 4 : 50 (0.8%)
Objective – Prepare 1% Bordeaux Mixture Requirements – CuSO4, Lime,
Water, Earthen pots, Muslin cloth, Rod, Potassium feracynide Method – i).
Dissolve 5 kg CuSO4 in 250 Litre water in earthen/ wooden pot ii).
Dissolve 5 kg lime in 250 Litre water & filter in muslin cloth iii). Mixed both
mixture in other pot very well by shaking with rod
Testing for Phytotoxicity: • Take few amount of mixture in test tube • Add
few drops of potasium feracynide in tubes • If reddish brown deposit
appear than add lime Precautions : • Use immediately after preparation –
60 gm sugar in 500 lt. BM • Never use metallic container for B. M.
preparation (Fe/Zn) • Test the phytotoxicity level before use – leaf burning,
russeting Disease control: D.M., P.M., L.B., Anthracanose, Leaf spots,
citrus canker etc.,
29. 2,Bordeaux Paste
Bordeaux Paste CuSO4 : Lime : Water 450 gm : 450 gm : 4.5
Litre Uses - ↓ amount of water used as dressing Exp. Stem
Secretion of Coconut
3. Burgundy Mixture or Soda Bordeaux Mixture • Mason – 1887
• Burgundy in France • Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) used in
place of lime
i). 5 kg : 6.25 kg : 500 litre CuSO4 : NaCO3 : Water ii). 10 kg :
12.5 kg : 500 litre CuSO4 : NaCO3 : Water iii). 4 kg : 5 kg : 500
litre CuSO4 : NaCO3 : Water • Test acidity/alkalinity by litmus
paper before use • If blue litmus – become red – acidic – make
neutral • B. M. not used now a days because lime is available &
it is less effective & costly than B.M.
30. 3. Burgundy Mixture or Soda
Bordeaux Mixture
Mason – 1887
Burgundy in France
Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) used in place of lime
i). 5 kg : 6.25 kg : 500 litre CuSO4 : NaCO3 : Water ii). 10
kg : 12.5 kg : 500 litre CuSO4 : NaCO3 : Water iii). 4 kg : 5
kg : 500 litre CuSO4 : NaCO3 : Water
Test acidity/alkalinity by litmus paper before use
If blue litmus – become red – acidic – make neutral
B. M. not used now a days because lime is available & it is
less effective & costly than B.M.
31. 4. Cheshunt Compound
Bewley – 1921
Copper sulphate ( CuSO4. 5 H2O) = 2 parts
Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3) = 11 parts
Mix above compounds
Keep the mixture in a bottle for 24 hrs before use
otherwise Ammonia will be loss
Add 30 gm mixture in 9 litre water
Used for- drenching for damping off for disinfection •
Not store in metallic containers
32. 5.Chaubattia Paste
Developed in Govt. Fruit Research Station Chaubattia i.
Copper carbonate = 800 gm
ii. Red Lead powder = 800 gm
iii. Raw Linseed oil = 1 litre • Prepare a paste in a earthen/
glass pots by mixing above
Used as wound dressing
Exp. – black stem of apple & pear, die back of peach, collor
rot of apple & peach
33. 6. Copper oxychloride
compounds
low soluble copper is available in the form of copper
oxychloride
Copper oxychloride CuCl2.3Cu(OH)2- reacting with air
4-12% - copper oxychloride – dust
50% copperoxychloride – spraying (WP)
T. N. – Blitox- 50, Fyttolan, Blue copper 50, Cupramar •
Used – Pernospoirales fungi
Spraying - @ 3-4 kg/1000 litre water & Dusting - @ 25-35
kg/ha
34. 7. Cuprous oxide
4-12% - – dust
50% – spraying (WP)
T. N. – Fungimar, Perenox, Cuprocide, Cuprous- 50 • Used – Blight, D.M., & Rust fungi
Spraying -@ 3-4 kg/1000 litre water & Dusting - @ 25-35 kg/ha
Dicarboximide Fungicides
1. Iprodione :
3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-N-(1-Methyl,2,4-dioxo-1- imidazolidinecarboximide)
T. N. – Rovral, Glycophene, Chipco 26019
Contact fungicide • 50 WP or Dust
Used- Botrytis, Sclerotinia, Monilinia, Alternaria,
Vinclozolin:
3-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)-5-ethenyl-5- methyl-2, 4-oxazolidinedione
T. N. – Ronilan, Ornalin, Vorlan
50 % WP
Contact fungicide
Used- Botritis, Sclerotinia & Monilinia etc.
35. Mercury Fungicides
Mercury fungicides Inorganic Organic
1. Mercuric chloride HgCl2
2. 1. Ethyl mercury chloride (EMC)
3. 2. Mercurus chloride Hg2Cl2
4. 2. Phenyl mercury acetate (PMA)
5. 3. Methoxyethyl mercury chloride (MMC)
Inorganic- HgCl2 was used earlier as ST but due to high toxicity now not used.
Organic- use is restricted only for ST
Are sold in India under the following names
Agrosan GN- pink colour- used as ST- Jowar, Maize, Bajara, Cotton etc. – 1% metallic mercury 1. Agallal-
radish colour- 3-6%- wet treatment – S. cane setts & potato 1. Ceresan - i. ceresan wet ii. Ceresan dry 1%
metalic used as ST.- Maize, Jowar, Bajara etc.
Aretan – T. N. Aretan-6, 6% metallic used for ST. of S. cane & potato
36. HETROCYCLIC NITROGEN
COMPOUNDS
1. Captan-
N- trichloromethyl-thio-4-cyclohexene-1, 2-dicarboximide
T. N. – Captan, Esso fungicide 406, Orthocide 406,
Vanicide 89 • Used as ST & SLT
Available as WP 83% in India
ST - @ 0.2 - 0.3%
SLT- @ 20 – 25 kg/ha
Dis. Cont. – Damping off of seedlings caused by Pythium
37. 2. Captafol
Cis - N- 1,1,2,2, tetrachloromethylthio - 4- cyclohexane 1-2,
dicarboximide
T. N. - Difolatan- 80 WP
Dis. Cont. – Alternaria blight & L. B. of potato
3. Folpet-
N- trichloromethylthiophthalimide
T. N. – Folpet, Pholtan, Orthophaltan
Used as Captan – this also act against P. M.
38. QUINONE FUNGICIDES
1. Chloronil –
2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1, 4-benzequinone
T. N. – Spergan
Used as ST
Not available in India
Dis. Cont. – Smut & bunts
@4-8 auns/100 lbs
39. QUINONE FUNGICIDES
2. Dichlone
2,3 – dichloro 1,4 –napthoquinone
T. N. – Phygon, Phygon XL
Used as ST but as FS in apple scab
@ 1- 4 auns/100 lbs • Dis. Cont. - Smuts
• 48. BENZENE COMPOUNDS 1. Diazoben – • Sodium-p-
dimethylaminobenzene diazosulfonate • T. N. – Dexon • Used as ST
& SLT • Dis. Cont. – Damping off & root rot
• 49. 2. Chlorothalonil – • 2,4,5, 6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile • T. N. –
Kavach, Bravo, Termil- 75% WP & 20% dust • Used as F. S &
dusting • Dis. Cont. – E. B., D. M. Rust, scab etc. • @ 0.1- 0.2%
• 50. 3. Dinocap • Methyl heptyl dinitrophenyl • T. N. – Karathane,
Arathane, Mildex • Used as FS • Dis. Cont. – PM
40. BENZENE COMPOUNDS
1. Diazoben –
Sodium-p-dimethylaminobenzene diazosulfonate
T. N. – Dexon
Used as ST & SLT
Dis. Cont. – Damping off & root rot
2. Chlorothalonil –
2,4,5, 6-tetrachloro-isophthalonitrile
T. N. – Kavach, Bravo, Termil- 75% WP & 20% dust
Used as F. S & dusting
Dis. Cont. – E. B., D. M. Rust, scab etc.
@ 0.1- 0.2%
3. Dinocap
Methyl heptyl dinitrophenyl
T. N. – Karathane, Arathane, Mildex
Used as FS
Dis. Cont. – PM
41. BENZENE
COMPOUNDS
2. Carbendazim
Methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate or MBC
T.N.- Bavistin, Derosal, Bengard, Dhanustein
More stable than Benomyl
50% or 60% WP & 25% Seed dressing powder
Used as ST & FS
Used for- PM, scab, dipping of fruits & roots
3. Thiabendazole
2, 4 – thiazolyl - benzimidazole or TBZ
T.N.- TBZ, Mertect, Thiabendazole W-7
60% WP
Used as ST, FS, soil drench, soil mix & fruit dip
Used for – rotting of fruits as post harvest dip or spray in apple, pear, banana & citrus
4. Thiophanates
1, 2 - bis (3 - ethoxycarbonyl 2- thioureido) benzene
T.N.- Topsin, Topsin M, Roko, Alert, Cercobin
60% or 70% WP
Used as FS
Used for- Cercospora leaf spot, PM, Sheath blight, Scab
42. Oxathins Compounds
1. Carboxin
5,6, dihydro-2-methyl-1,4-oxathin, 3 -carboximide
T.N.- Vitavax, Vitavax 200
75% WP, 10% dust
Used as ST for smut, bunt, R. solani, S. rolfsi
SLT- 1.5 kg/acre
2. Oxycarboxin
5, 6, dihydro – 2 – methyl - 1, 4 - oxathin, 4 - dioxide
T.N.- Plantvax, Plantvax L
Not as good as Vitavax, specialy for basidiomycotina
75% WP, 10% dust, 5% granules
ST - 0.1-0.5% - L.S. of wheat, barley, flag smut of wheat, smut of
sorghum, R. solani, S. rolfsi & rust pathogen
FS - 0.1 - 0.2% - rust pathogen – 2 - 3 sprays
43. Acylalanines or Acylanilides
1. Metalaxyl
N-(2-Dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl)-alanine
methylester
T.N.- Ridomil, Apron, Ridomil MZ-72
Specific to oomycetes – pernosporales
Used as ST, SLT & FS
25% & 50 % WP, granules – 1%, 2% & 5% and 5% EC
FS- L. B. of potato, DM of pea & cotton
Ridomil MZ- DM of mustard
44. Acylalanines or
Acylanilides
2. Furalaxyl
Methyl- N - 2, 6 dimethylphenyl-n-furoyl (2)
alaninate
T.N.- fongarid, fonganil
25% & 50% WP, 10% dust
Specific to Phytium & Phytophthora spp. – for soil
borne diseases
45. Pyrimidines
1. Dimethirimol
5-n-butyl-2-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine
T.N.- Milcurb
1.25%, 10% & 12.5% liquid form & 5% granules
Used for PM of cucurbits & chrysanthimum
Cucurbits @ 1-4 kg/ha
2. Ethirimol
5-n-butyl-2-dimethylamino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine
T.N.- Milstem
80% WP & 20% aqueous solution
Used for PM of cereals (wheat & barley) @ 0.25%
64. Morpholines 1. Tridemorph • N-tridecyl-2,5-demethylmorpholine • T.N.-
Calixin • 75% EC • Used for PM of various crops • Effective against PM of
various crops but higher dose is phototoxic • PM of barley, Cucurbits ,
beetlvine & rust of g.nut
48. Alkyl Phosphates
1. Fosetyl- AL
Aluminium tris-o-ethyl-phosphonate
T.N.- Aliette, EPAL
80% WP & 10% granules
Translocated both upward & downward
Toxic to honey bees, fish & birds
Effective to oomycetes- Pythium, Phytophthora, DM
49. Piperazine
1. Propiconazole
1-(2- (2, 4-dichlorophenyl) - 4propyl-1,3 - dioxolan - 2- ylmethyl)
1H-1, 2, 4 - trizole
T.N.- Tilt 3.6 E & Tilt 250 E
Effective against- karnal bunt, rust, sheath blight of rice, PM of
grape.
2. Tricyclazole
5 – methyl - 1, 2, 4 - trizole (3, 4 - b) benzothiazole
Beam, Blaside
20% & 75% WP, 1% dust & 4% granules
Used as soil drench & FS
Effective against- blast of rice
50. Antibiotics
Alexander Flaming – 1929 Penicillin from Penicillum
notatum “A chemical compound produced by one
microorganism that is able to kill or inhibit the growth of
other microorganisms”
Properties of Antibiotics 1. Effective in small amount 2.
Specific 3. Mostly antibacterial but also antifungal 4.
Systemic in action 5. May be Tem. Sensitive or not be
Mode of Action 1. Direct action on plant surface 2. Direct
action inside plant tissues 3. Action after transformation
within the plant 4. Action direct on host
51. Antibiotic Production
(A). Antibiotics derived from amino acids
1. Penicillin - Pencillium notatum
2. Chloromietin – Streptomyces venezuelae
3. Bacitracin – Bacillus licheniformis & B. subtilis
4. Viomycin – S. puniceus & S. floridae
B. Antibiotic derived from sugars
1. Streptomycin- S. griseus
2. Neomycin- S. fradiae
3. Gentamicin- S. spp.
4. Paranomycin – S. rimosus
C. Antibiotics derived from Acetate
1. Tetracycline – S. spp.
2. Puromycin – S. alboniger
3. Griseofulvin – P. griseofulvum
4. Fumagillin – Aspergillus fumigatus