This document provides an introduction to 5G and discusses some of the key technologies that will enable 5G. It begins with an overview of 5G, defining 5G performance targets such as peak data rates of 10 Gbps for mobiles. It then discusses some new radio multiplexing technologies for 5G such as filtered OFDM, FBMC, NOMA and SCMA that can improve spectral efficiency. The document also outlines new spectrum usage techniques and energy saving mechanisms for 5G networks. It notes that 5G aims to be commercially deployed by 2020.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) as its underlying air interface technology. A UMTS network consists of three domains - the core network, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and user equipment. UMTS offers high-speed data and multimedia services along with traditional voice services through its core network and radio access network architecture and protocols. UMTS provides a platform for various services with different quality of service requirements.
The document describes the 3GPP Release 99 reference architecture for UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN). It discusses the key network elements, interfaces, and protocols in UTRAN including the radio network controller (RNC), Node B, Iub interface between Node B and RNC, Iur interface between RNCs, and functions like radio resource management and handover control. It also provides an overview of the protocol stack and interfaces between UTRAN and the core network.
This document discusses mobile systems in the Internet (architecture and applications of mobile networks). It covers topics such as IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs, IP mobile routing, TCP in wireless networks, GSM networks, GPRS network architecture, WAP, mobile agents, mobile ad hoc networks, and more. References and URLs are provided for further reading. Diagrams illustrate cellular concepts, network architectures, and the evolution of mobile technologies.
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced mobile communication technologies. It discusses key 4G enabling technologies like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. LTE aims to achieve peak rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink within 20 MHz bandwidth. LTE-Advanced further enhances LTE by introducing carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced MIMO techniques, and coordinated multipoint transmission. The evolution to 4G using these technologies has significantly improved wireless communication capabilities.
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
The document summarizes Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It discusses the evolution of LTE from 3G networks and its key features like downlink speeds of 100Mbps. The technologies that LTE uses are described, including OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. LTE architecture is explained as a flat all-IP architecture with E-UTRAN and EPC components. Future applications of LTE Advanced and 4G are also mentioned.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture according to 3GPP Release 8 specifications. It describes the core network elements including the MME, SGW, PGW and HSS. The radio access network consists of eNodeB base stations that interface with the core network via the S1 interface. The document also summarizes the interfaces between network elements like S1, S3, S4 and S5 and provides background on 2G, 3G and 4G mobile network standards.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) as its underlying air interface technology. A UMTS network consists of three domains - the core network, UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), and user equipment. UMTS offers high-speed data and multimedia services along with traditional voice services through its core network and radio access network architecture and protocols. UMTS provides a platform for various services with different quality of service requirements.
The document describes the 3GPP Release 99 reference architecture for UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN). It discusses the key network elements, interfaces, and protocols in UTRAN including the radio network controller (RNC), Node B, Iub interface between Node B and RNC, Iur interface between RNCs, and functions like radio resource management and handover control. It also provides an overview of the protocol stack and interfaces between UTRAN and the core network.
This document discusses mobile systems in the Internet (architecture and applications of mobile networks). It covers topics such as IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs, IP mobile routing, TCP in wireless networks, GSM networks, GPRS network architecture, WAP, mobile agents, mobile ad hoc networks, and more. References and URLs are provided for further reading. Diagrams illustrate cellular concepts, network architectures, and the evolution of mobile technologies.
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced mobile communication technologies. It discusses key 4G enabling technologies like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. LTE aims to achieve peak rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink within 20 MHz bandwidth. LTE-Advanced further enhances LTE by introducing carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced MIMO techniques, and coordinated multipoint transmission. The evolution to 4G using these technologies has significantly improved wireless communication capabilities.
This tutorial has been designed for audiences with a need to understand the LTE technology basics in very simple terms. This tutorial will give you enough understanding on LTE technology from where you can take yourself at higher level of expertise.
The document summarizes Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It discusses the evolution of LTE from 3G networks and its key features like downlink speeds of 100Mbps. The technologies that LTE uses are described, including OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink. LTE architecture is explained as a flat all-IP architecture with E-UTRAN and EPC components. Future applications of LTE Advanced and 4G are also mentioned.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
This document provides an overview of LTE network architecture according to 3GPP Release 8 specifications. It describes the core network elements including the MME, SGW, PGW and HSS. The radio access network consists of eNodeB base stations that interface with the core network via the S1 interface. The document also summarizes the interfaces between network elements like S1, S3, S4 and S5 and provides background on 2G, 3G and 4G mobile network standards.
LTE is a 4G wireless technology developed by 3GPP to provide high-speed data and media transport, as well as high-capacity voice support into the next decade. It combines OFDM and MIMO to significantly increase peak data rates while improving spectral efficiency and lowering costs. LTE aims to meet carrier needs through flexible scalable bandwidth, support for FDD and TDD spectrum, and simplified network architecture. It is designed to evolve GSM, WCDMA and CDMA networks towards an all-IP packet-switched system.
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
The document provides a summary of the history and evolution of internet and wireless broadband technology. It discusses the early concepts of computer networking starting in the 1960s, the development of ARPANET in the late 1960s, and the introduction of TCP/IP in the early 1970s which led to the modern internet. It then covers the emergence of dial-up internet access in the late 1970s and 1980s, and the evolution of cellular network technologies from 1G to 4G. Finally, it provides an overview of LTE and LTE-Advanced wireless broadband technologies and their capabilities.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnetijdpsjournal
A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
3G cellular networks aimed to provide higher bandwidth and data rates, global roaming, and support for multimedia services. The ITU defined the IMT-2000 standard to enable these capabilities. Major 3G technologies included W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and UWC-136. Early 3G networks rolled out starting in 2001, with the Japanese and Koreans among the first to offer services meeting IMT-2000 specifications. Key technologies like higher bandwidths, packet switching, coherent modulation, smart antennas, and interference management helped 3G networks provide improved performance over 2G networks.
LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for mobile data traffic by improving key metrics like latency, throughput, capacity and coverage compared to HSPA. It features flexible bandwidths up to 20MHz, simplified network architecture, advanced antenna techniques and OFDMA/SC-FDMA based access for downlink and uplink respectively. LTE supports peak rates of 300Mbps downlink and 75Mbps uplink depending on UE category and bandwidth. It adopts an all-IP flat architecture with simplified all-packet based transmission procedures.
This document summarizes LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology, including its goals of high data rates and low latency. Key factors that allow LTE to achieve these goals are new modulation techniques like OFDM, scalable bandwidth, and MIMO antennas. LTE provides advantages like simplified network architecture and automated management. While LTE adoption is growing, challenges include high device costs and need for additional spectrum in some areas.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
This document provides an overview of 3G LTE (Long Term Evolution) technologies. It discusses key LTE concepts like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and the system architecture evolution. OFDM enables high data bandwidths and resilience to interference. OFDMA is used for the downlink while SC-FDMA is used for the uplink due to its lower peak-to-average power ratio. MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase throughput. LTE also features increased speeds, lower latency and improved spectral efficiency compared to previous standards.
This document provides an overview of LTE and EPC networks. It describes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G technologies such as LTE. It outlines the key components of the LTE/EPC network architecture including eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs. It also describes the tracking area and connection state concepts for mobility management in LTE networks. Finally, it discusses EPS bearers which provide the identity and connectivity for data transmission from the UE through the EUTRAN and EPC to external networks.
This document provides an overview of WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) technology:
1. It describes the development of 3G mobile communication standards including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA, and outlines the 3GPP standard development process.
2. It explains the basic network structure of WCDMA based on 3GPP Release 99 (R99) and Release 4 (R4) standards, consisting of the core network and wireless access network (UTRAN).
3. It gives an overview of WCDMA technology characteristics such as supporting asynchronous and synchronous base stations, using QPSK and 16QAM modulation, power control, and soft/softer hand
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to 4G LTE networks. It describes the key aspects of LTE including the LTE architecture, air interface technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and the Evolved Packet Core. The goals of LTE were to provide higher data rates, improve spectrum efficiency, reduce latency and simplify the network architecture. LTE adopted an all-IP flat architecture with reduced network elements in the core to help lower costs and complexity.
This document appears to be a course diary for an Electronics and Communication Engineering course on Wireless Communication in the 8th semester. It includes details like the course code, credit hours, topics to be covered over 8 units, textbook and reference book information. The topics include introductions to wireless networks and technologies, cellular network components, multiple access techniques like TDMA and CDMA, modulation techniques and wireless hardware. It also includes a lesson plan layout the schedule of topics to be taught over the semester as well as sample exam questions.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
In this presentation file, High level structure of the LTE/SAE system is presented. Main resource for the presentation is chapter 2 of Christopher Cox-An Introduction to LTE_ LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G Mobile Communications-Wiley (2014).
3GPP is a standards organization that develops protocols for mobile telecommunications. It brings together seven telecommunications standards development organizations to agree on common standards for cellular technologies. 3GPP specifications include 2G, 3G and 4G radio systems as well as core network and service specifications. Releases define new versions of the 3GPP standards that add new features and technologies.
The document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE), the leading 4G mobile broadband technology. It discusses the key drivers behind the evolution to 4G including increasing user demands for speed and bandwidth. It then summarizes the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 4G LTE. Key features of LTE that make it superior include peak download speeds of 300Mbps, low latency, support for flexible bandwidths and large cell sizes. The document outlines the LTE network architecture consisting of the radio access network with eNodeBs and the core network known as the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the functions of various core network nodes like the MME, HSS, S-GW and P-GW.
5G is defined to provide peak data rates of 20 Gbps download and 10 Gbps upload with low latency of 1 ms or less. It will support high user densities of up to 1 million devices per square kilometer. The first 5G release by 3GPP (Release 15) in 2018 focused on enhanced mobile broadband. Future releases will support new applications like vehicle-to-everything communication and massive machine-type communication with many low-power devices. 5G will use both sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave frequencies above 24 GHz to provide wide channels for multi-gigabit data rates.
IRJET - A Real-Time Pothole Detection Approach for a Safety Transportation Sy...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a real-time pothole detection system to improve transportation safety. The system uses an accelerometer sensor to detect potholes by measuring deviations in road surface acceleration. An onboard GPS module provides the location of detected potholes. This location data, along with light and noise readings from an LDR and microphone, is uploaded to the cloud and plotted on Google Maps. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by unexpected potholes by making drivers aware of their locations.
LTE is a 4G wireless technology developed by 3GPP to provide high-speed data and media transport, as well as high-capacity voice support into the next decade. It combines OFDM and MIMO to significantly increase peak data rates while improving spectral efficiency and lowering costs. LTE aims to meet carrier needs through flexible scalable bandwidth, support for FDD and TDD spectrum, and simplified network architecture. It is designed to evolve GSM, WCDMA and CDMA networks towards an all-IP packet-switched system.
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
The document provides a summary of the history and evolution of internet and wireless broadband technology. It discusses the early concepts of computer networking starting in the 1960s, the development of ARPANET in the late 1960s, and the introduction of TCP/IP in the early 1970s which led to the modern internet. It then covers the emergence of dial-up internet access in the late 1970s and 1980s, and the evolution of cellular network technologies from 1G to 4G. Finally, it provides an overview of LTE and LTE-Advanced wireless broadband technologies and their capabilities.
UMTS Long Term Evolution, LTE, is the technology of choice for the majority of network operators worldwide for providing mobile
broadband data and high-speed internet access to their subscriber base. Due to the high commitment LTE is the innovation platform
for the wireless industry for the next decade.
This class will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this course you will have an understanding of
OFDM-principles including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO),
a fundamental part of LTE, will be explained as well as its impact on the design of device and network architecture. We’ll give a quick
introduction into the evolution of this technology including future upgrades of LTE features like multimedia broadcast, location based
services and increasing bandwidth through carrier aggregation.
The second part of the course will provide an overview including practical examples and exercises on how to test a LTE-capable device
while performing standardized RF measurements such as power, signal quality, spectrum and receiver sensitivity. We’ll address how
to automate these measurements in a simple and cost-effective way. We will introduce application based testing by demonstrating
end-to-end (E2E), throughput and application testing using the Rohde & Schwarz R&S®CMW500 Wideband Radio Communication
Tester. Examples of application tests are voice over LTE, VoLTE or Video over LTE.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and technology. It discusses the drivers for LTE including higher data rates and lower latency. It describes the evolution from 3G networks to LTE, which features a simplified all-IP architecture without circuit-switched elements. Key aspects of LTE include OFDMA modulation, support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz, and peak data rates of 100 Mbps downstream and 50 Mbps upstream.
Performance Evaluation of QoS parameters in UMTS Network Using Qualnetijdpsjournal
A UMTS network based on the Wide Band-CDMA technology is a 3rd generation telecommunication system which provides various multimedia applications along with the conventional
telephony service. These various multimedia applications fall into four different categories, which are
differentiated from each other on the basis of required bit rate and delay tolerance etc. parameters. In
order to get best Quality of Service (QoS) for a particular application running on the subscriber
equipment the parameters of the respective category to which the application belong need to be in a
required range. In this work the performance of a UMTS network scenario is evaluated by using various values of the precedence bits of the CBR application. The simulation tool used is QUALNET 5.0. The performance of the scenario according to the respective precedence bits is analyzed by four metrics: average jitter, end to end delay, throughput and UMTS signals received and forwarded to MAC. The comparative analysis of all the four metrics according to the precedence bit values will be carried out and it will be concluded in the last section that which precedence bit gives the best performance for the simulated UMTS network scenario.
3G cellular networks aimed to provide higher bandwidth and data rates, global roaming, and support for multimedia services. The ITU defined the IMT-2000 standard to enable these capabilities. Major 3G technologies included W-CDMA, CDMA2000, and UWC-136. Early 3G networks rolled out starting in 2001, with the Japanese and Koreans among the first to offer services meeting IMT-2000 specifications. Key technologies like higher bandwidths, packet switching, coherent modulation, smart antennas, and interference management helped 3G networks provide improved performance over 2G networks.
LTE was developed to meet increasing demands for mobile data traffic by improving key metrics like latency, throughput, capacity and coverage compared to HSPA. It features flexible bandwidths up to 20MHz, simplified network architecture, advanced antenna techniques and OFDMA/SC-FDMA based access for downlink and uplink respectively. LTE supports peak rates of 300Mbps downlink and 75Mbps uplink depending on UE category and bandwidth. It adopts an all-IP flat architecture with simplified all-packet based transmission procedures.
This document summarizes LTE (Long Term Evolution) technology, including its goals of high data rates and low latency. Key factors that allow LTE to achieve these goals are new modulation techniques like OFDM, scalable bandwidth, and MIMO antennas. LTE provides advantages like simplified network architecture and automated management. While LTE adoption is growing, challenges include high device costs and need for additional spectrum in some areas.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, and UMTS mobile wireless technologies. It describes that GSM is a digital cellular standard developed in Europe to provide wireless voice communications. GPRS and UMTS are extensions of GSM that add wireless data capabilities, with UMTS moving networks toward being fully IP-based and supporting broadband services. The key components of a GSM network are the mobile station (phone), base transceiver station (handles radio link), base station controller (manages radio network), and switching centers.
This document provides an overview of 3G LTE (Long Term Evolution) technologies. It discusses key LTE concepts like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, MIMO and the system architecture evolution. OFDM enables high data bandwidths and resilience to interference. OFDMA is used for the downlink while SC-FDMA is used for the uplink due to its lower peak-to-average power ratio. MIMO uses multiple antennas to increase throughput. LTE also features increased speeds, lower latency and improved spectral efficiency compared to previous standards.
This document provides an overview of LTE and EPC networks. It describes the evolution of wireless networks from 1G to 4G technologies such as LTE. It outlines the key components of the LTE/EPC network architecture including eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs. It also describes the tracking area and connection state concepts for mobility management in LTE networks. Finally, it discusses EPS bearers which provide the identity and connectivity for data transmission from the UE through the EUTRAN and EPC to external networks.
This document provides an overview of WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) technology:
1. It describes the development of 3G mobile communication standards including WCDMA, CDMA2000, and TD-SCDMA, and outlines the 3GPP standard development process.
2. It explains the basic network structure of WCDMA based on 3GPP Release 99 (R99) and Release 4 (R4) standards, consisting of the core network and wireless access network (UTRAN).
3. It gives an overview of WCDMA technology characteristics such as supporting asynchronous and synchronous base stations, using QPSK and 16QAM modulation, power control, and soft/softer hand
The document discusses the evolution of 3G networks to 4G LTE networks. It describes the key aspects of LTE including the LTE architecture, air interface technologies like OFDMA and SC-FDMA, and the Evolved Packet Core. The goals of LTE were to provide higher data rates, improve spectrum efficiency, reduce latency and simplify the network architecture. LTE adopted an all-IP flat architecture with reduced network elements in the core to help lower costs and complexity.
This document appears to be a course diary for an Electronics and Communication Engineering course on Wireless Communication in the 8th semester. It includes details like the course code, credit hours, topics to be covered over 8 units, textbook and reference book information. The topics include introductions to wireless networks and technologies, cellular network components, multiple access techniques like TDMA and CDMA, modulation techniques and wireless hardware. It also includes a lesson plan layout the schedule of topics to be taught over the semester as well as sample exam questions.
The document discusses 4G mobile communications standards including WiMAX and LTE. It provides information on:
- IEEE 802.22 which uses white spaces in TV frequencies for wireless regional area networks.
- Requirements for 4G standards defined by ITU including peak speeds of 1Gbps.
- How early versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE did not meet the full 4G requirements but were still branded as 4G.
- Mobile WiMAX Release 2 and LTE Advanced promising speeds of 1Gbps in 2013.
In this presentation file, High level structure of the LTE/SAE system is presented. Main resource for the presentation is chapter 2 of Christopher Cox-An Introduction to LTE_ LTE, LTE-Advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G Mobile Communications-Wiley (2014).
3GPP is a standards organization that develops protocols for mobile telecommunications. It brings together seven telecommunications standards development organizations to agree on common standards for cellular technologies. 3GPP specifications include 2G, 3G and 4G radio systems as well as core network and service specifications. Releases define new versions of the 3GPP standards that add new features and technologies.
The document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE), the leading 4G mobile broadband technology. It discusses the key drivers behind the evolution to 4G including increasing user demands for speed and bandwidth. It then summarizes the evolution of wireless technologies from 1G to 4G LTE. Key features of LTE that make it superior include peak download speeds of 300Mbps, low latency, support for flexible bandwidths and large cell sizes. The document outlines the LTE network architecture consisting of the radio access network with eNodeBs and the core network known as the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the functions of various core network nodes like the MME, HSS, S-GW and P-GW.
5G is defined to provide peak data rates of 20 Gbps download and 10 Gbps upload with low latency of 1 ms or less. It will support high user densities of up to 1 million devices per square kilometer. The first 5G release by 3GPP (Release 15) in 2018 focused on enhanced mobile broadband. Future releases will support new applications like vehicle-to-everything communication and massive machine-type communication with many low-power devices. 5G will use both sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave frequencies above 24 GHz to provide wide channels for multi-gigabit data rates.
IRJET - A Real-Time Pothole Detection Approach for a Safety Transportation Sy...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a real-time pothole detection system to improve transportation safety. The system uses an accelerometer sensor to detect potholes by measuring deviations in road surface acceleration. An onboard GPS module provides the location of detected potholes. This location data, along with light and noise readings from an LDR and microphone, is uploaded to the cloud and plotted on Google Maps. The goal is to reduce accidents caused by unexpected potholes by making drivers aware of their locations.
This document provides an introduction to the Internet of Things (IoT). It defines IoT as connecting everyday objects like refrigerators, cars, and home appliances to the Internet. Currently only 1% of objects are connected, but that number is expected to grow to 50 billion connected devices by 2020. The document discusses the importance of IoT and provides examples of applications like smart grids, healthcare devices, and industrial control systems. It also summarizes several protocols that enable IoT communication over power lines and wireless networks.
IRJET- MIMO-Energy Efficient and Spectrum Analysis using Congnitive Radio Tec...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on improving energy efficiency and spectrum utilization in wireless networks using MIMO and cognitive radio technologies. It proposes using a parametric method for cognitive radio networks, where priority is given to unused channels to allow secondary users to opportunistically access the spectrum without interfering with primary transmissions. Matlab simulations demonstrate how this approach allows a secondary user to identify and use an unused channel based on the occupancy status of channels used by five primary users. The parametric method and priority checking enable more efficient spectrum sharing while avoiding interference.
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 6G, comparing their key features such as bandwidth, deployment years, and services provided. 2. 6G is proposed to integrate 5G networks with satellite technology to provide global coverage with high-speed internet connectivity up to 11 Gbps for multimedia and weather information services on mobile devices. 3. 6G aims to use nanotechnology and artificial intelligence to connect all network operators to a single core and provide benefits like smart homes and cities, space technology applications, and disaster control.
1. The document discusses the evolution of mobile technologies from 1G to 6G, comparing their key features such as bandwidth, deployment years, and services provided. 2. 6G is proposed to integrate 5G networks with satellite technology to provide global coverage with high-speed internet connectivity up to 11 Gbps for multimedia and weather information services on mobile devices. 3. 6G aims to use nanotechnology and artificial intelligence to connect all network operators to a single core and provide benefits like smart homes and cities, natural disaster control, and space communication.
TOP 20 Cited Wireless & Mobile Networks Research Articles 2021ijwmn
This document summarizes the top 20 most cited articles from 2021 in the field of wireless and mobile networks research published in the International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks. The first article proposes a wireless sensor network system to monitor air pollution in Mauritius using wireless sensors deployed across the island. The second article discusses using wireless sensor networks to automatically monitor and control greenhouse parameters for precision agriculture. The third article performs a performance comparison of different routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks.
IRJET- Analysis of 5G Mobile Technologies and DDOS DefenseIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on 5G mobile technologies and defenses against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks. It discusses two key 5G technologies: photonic technologies for 5G transport and data centers, which use fiber optics to transmit large amounts of data, and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), which allows more users to be served simultaneously. It also discusses challenges of 5G such as interference and proposes software-defined networking and network function virtualization approaches to detect and mitigate DDoS attacks.
The document provides an overview of an introduction to the Internet of Things lecture. It discusses what IoT and machine-to-machine communication is, provides examples of connected devices, and discusses the growth of IoT from 10 billion connected devices currently to an estimated 50 billion by 2020. It also summarizes some of the protocols covered in the lecture, including power line communication standards like HomePlug, and gives examples of applications of cyber-physical systems like smart grids.
This document discusses candidate modulation waveforms for 5G communication systems. It compares OFDM, UFMC, and FBMC modulation schemes in terms of their spectral efficiency, power spectral density, peak-to-average power ratio, and robustness to asynchronous multi-user uplink transmission. The document provides background on the evolution of 5G and expected 5G applications including enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable low latency communications, and massive machine-type communications. Evaluation results using MATLAB show that having prior information on signal-to-noise ratio can significantly increase the spectral efficiency of the transmission scheme.
Presented at the FDP Emerging Trends in IOT Enabled Wireless Communication , 8TH – 12TH, August, 2022 (ONLINE MODE) Organized By Department of Electronics Communication Engineering In association with IQAC, Haldia Institute of Technology Haldia-721657, West Bengal.
IRJET- Vanet Connection Performance Analysis using GPSR ProtocolIRJET Journal
The document discusses performance analysis of VANET (vehicular ad hoc network) connections using the GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing) protocol. It proposes an energy-aware version of GPSR that optimizes greedy forwarding by selecting neighbor nodes to forward packets to based on both distance to the destination and remaining energy. The methodology section describes simulating the VANET network, implementing traffic monitoring using probe messages, predicting link lifetimes, using Bloom filters for 2-hop neighbor management, and evaluating performance based on data throughput and transmission time. The conclusion states that incorporating link lifetime prediction into an existing reliable routing protocol like RIVER can improve reliability in VANETs.
IRJET - Network Selection and Spectrum Handoff based on Adaptive Weights in C...IRJET Journal
This document discusses network selection and spectrum handoff in cognitive wireless networks using adaptive weights. It proposes using a particle swarm optimization technique to minimize handoff delay and increase throughput. The technique allows secondary users to utilize unused licensed spectrum. Simulation results show the proposed PSO-based algorithm, called PHSCR, performs better than other methods in terms of handoff delay and throughput. The document also discusses using multiple attribute decision making methods like the grey relational analysis method to help cognitive radios select the optimal network for spectral handoff.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document reviews the Security and QoS Aware Dynamic Clustering (SQADC) Routing protocol for cognitive radio networks (CRNs). It first discusses existing routing protocols for CRNs and identifies gaps, including that most focus on improving quality of service but few address security issues. It then outlines the objectives of designing a new routing protocol to achieve a tradeoff between QoS performance and security performance for CRNs. The proposed SQADC protocol will use dynamic clustering based on ant colony optimization for cluster head selection and re-clustering to optimize spectrum allocation and quality of service while introducing a lightweight trust-based mechanism for detecting malicious nodes.
This document discusses the key technologies, challenges, and trends related to the development of 4G wireless networks. It covers topics like network convergence, next generation networks using IP Multimedia Subsystem, the use of technologies like cognitive radio and MIMO to improve spectrum usage. It outlines challenges around seamless connectivity, latency, complexity, interference and discusses potential solutions. The conclusion is that 4G promises to revolutionize wireless communication but overcoming technical challenges will be difficult.
IRJET- Different Technique over 5G LTE Wireless Network: A SurveyIRJET Journal
This document discusses different techniques for 5G LTE wireless networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless communication technologies from 1G to 5G. 5G networks are expected to provide higher data rates of 1Gbps or more compared to 4G networks. The document also discusses the architecture and working of 5G networks, including using massive MIMO technology to establish indoor and outdoor setups to reduce infiltration losses through building walls. This will help improve energy efficiency, cell throughput, data rates, and spectral efficiency of cellular networks.
This document describes a proposed LoRa-based data acquisition system for monitoring vehicles. Key points:
- The system would use LoRa technology and sensors to monitor various parameters in a vehicle and report the data to users via an IoT dashboard.
- LoRa allows long-range and low-power wireless connectivity for IoT applications. The system aims to leverage these capabilities of LoRa for vehicle monitoring.
- The goals of the data acquisition system are to monitor operations, provide effective communication to identify issues, collect and store diagnostic data, and analyze performance metrics in real-time to ensure reliable operation.
8 of the Must-Read Network & Data Communication Articles Published this weeke...IJCNCJournal
Beamforming for millimetre-wave (mmWave) frequencies has been studied for many years. It is considered as an important enabling technology for communications in these high-frequency ranges and it received a lot of attention in the research community. The special characteristics of the mmWave band made the beamforming problem a challenging one because it depends on many environmental and operational factors. These challenges made any model-based architecture fit only special applications, working scenarios, and specific environment geometry. All these reasons increased the need for more general machine learning based beamforming systems that can work in different environments and conditions. This increased the need for an extended adjustable dataset that can serve as a tool for any machine learning technique to build an efficient beamforming architecture. Deep MIMO dataset has been used in many architectures and designs and has proved its benefits and flexibility to fit in many cases. In this paper, we study the extension of collaborative beamforming that includes many cooperating base stations by studying the impact of User Equipment (UE) speed ranges on the beamforming performance, optimizing the parameters of the neural network architecture of the beamforming design, and suggesting the optimal design that gives the best performance for as a small dataset as possible. Suggested architecture can achieve the same performance achieved before with up to 33% reduction in the dataset size used to train the system which provides a huge reduction in the data collection and processing time.
A Novel Implementation for Radio Resource Allocation on Mobile Access Based o...IJASRD Journal
The proposed technology can reduce network costs by allowing optimized use of radio resources in mobile wireless networks. The system provides reliable and high-capacity channels, while the wireless part allows user mobility. Solving the problem involves an attempt to determine an optimal distribution of radio resources to the RAUs (radio allocation unit) and network cells can be split or merged dynamically to optimize this distribution as a function of the fluctuation of demands.
This lesson describes the concept of VPN and introduces some VPN terminology.
Importance
This lesson is the foundation lesson for the MPLS VPN Curriculum.
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the learner will be able to perform the following
tasks:
■ Describe the concept of VPN
■ Explain VPN terminology as defined by MPLS VPN architecture
This lesson describes the concept of VPN and introduces some VPN terminology.
Importance
This lesson is the foundation lesson for the MPLS VPN Curriculum.
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the learner will be able to perform the following
tasks:
■ Describe the concept of VPN
■ Explain VPN terminology as defined by MPLS VPN architecture
This document discusses MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) configurations using IS-IS as the IGP. It covers topics such as MPLS TE tunnel setup with IS-IS, explicit paths, bandwidth reservations, metric manipulation, static routing, targeted LDP, fast reroute, inter-area MPLS TE using IS-IS areas, and inter-AS MPLS TE. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the various MPLS TE concepts and configurations.
This lesson describes the concept of VPN and introduces some VPN terminology.
Importance
This lesson is the foundation lesson for the MPLS VPN Curriculum.
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the learner will be able to perform the following
tasks:
■ Describe the concept of VPN
■ Explain VPN terminology as defined by MPLS VPN architecture
This lesson describes the concept of VPN and introduces some VPN terminology.
Importance
This lesson is the foundation lesson for the MPLS VPN Curriculum.
Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, the learner will be able to perform the following
tasks:
■ Describe the concept of VPN
■ Explain VPN terminology as defined by MPLS VPN architecture
This document describes the transmission convergence layer specification for Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks (G-PON). It defines the frame structure, encapsulation, dynamic bandwidth allocation, operations, administration and maintenance (OAM) functionality, security, and other aspects of the transmission convergence layer. The transmission convergence layer provides the interface between the optical distribution network and the payload data and is responsible for the transmission of different traffic types over the G-PON infrastructure. It allows the transport of services such as voice, video and data at rates up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream through encapsulation using the G-PON Encapsulation Method (GEM).
The document discusses the history and development of artificial intelligence over several decades. Early research focused on symbolic approaches using rules and logic but progress was slow. More recently, machine learning techniques such as deep learning have seen increasing success by learning from large amounts of data without being explicitly programmed. These new approaches are being applied to many areas and fueling a new wave of innovation and development in AI.
Trong quá trình phát triển của con người, những cuộc các mạng về công nghệ đóng một vai trò rất quan trọng, chúng làm thay đổi từng ngày từng giờ cuộc sống của con người, theo hướng hiện đại hơn. Đi đôi với quá trình phát triển của con người, những thay đổi do chính tác động của con người trong tự nhiên, trong môi trường sống cũng đang diễn ra, tác động trở lại chúng ta, như ô nhiễm môi trường, khí hậu thay đổi, v.v... Dân số càng tăng, nhu cầu cũng tăng theo, các dịch vụ, các tiện ích từ đó cũng được hình thành và phát triển theo. Đặc biệt là áp dụng các công nghệ của các ngành điện tử, công nghệ thông tin và viễn thông vào trong thực tiễn cuộc sống con người. Công nghệ cảm biến không dây được tích hợp từ các kỹ thuật điện tử, tin học và viễn thông tiên tiến vào trong mục đích nghiên cứu, giải trí, sản xuất, kinh doanh, v.v..., phạm vi này ngày càng được mở rộng, để tạo ra các ứng dụng đáp ứng cho các nhu cầu trên các lĩnh vực khác nhau. Hiện nay, công nghệ cảm biến không dây chưa được áp dụng một các rộng rãi ở nước ta, do những điều kiện về kỹ thuật, kinh tế, nhu cầu sử dụng. Song nó vẫn hứa hẹn là một đích đến tiêu biểu cho các nhà nghiên cứu, cho những mục đích phát triển đầy tiềm năng. Để áp dụng công nghệ này vào
thực tế trong tương lai, đã có không ít các nhà khoa học đã tập trung nghiên cứu, nắm bắt những thay đổi trong công nghệ này.
Experimental Evaluation of Distortion in Amplitude Modulation Techniques for ...Huynh MVT
Experimental Evaluation of Distortion in Amplitude Modulation Techniques for Parametric Loudspeakers
A PC (Intel Xeon with 16Gb of RAM, Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, California, USA)
Audio Measurements in the Presence of a High-Level Ultrasonic Carrier
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.