Chp2 introduction to the 68000 microprocessor copy

Introduction to The 68k  P

68k Instruction Set MOVE. B D0 , D1 Opcode Operand Source Destination Size

Assembly Language Progamming ,[object Object],0011 0000 0000 0011 Types of instruction i.e. addition or subtraction Data size, byte, word or long word The amount of the word in complete instruction Where the data for an instruction (operand) can find 0011 Op-code 000000 First operand 000111 Second operand

Cycle of Instruction Collection Implement

Cycle of Instruction cont… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

68K Addressing Modes SR USP SP PC Implied Addressing Implied Register #xxx #1-#8 Immediate Data addressing Immediate Quick Immediate (An) (An)+ -(An) d 16 (An) d 8 (An, Xn) Register Indirect Addressing Register Indirect Postincrement Register Indirect Predecrement Register Indirect Register Indirect with Offset Indexed Register Indirect with offset d 16 (PC) d 8 (PC,Xn) Program Counter Relative Addressing Relative with offset Relative with Index Offset xxx.W xxx.L Absolute Data Addressing Absolute Short Absolute Long Dn An Register Direct Addressing Data Register Direct Address Register Direct Syntax Addressing Modes

Register Direct Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object]

Register Direct Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Absolute Data Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],13 55 010002 13 55 010002 51 00 010000  51 42 010000

Absolute Data Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 13 55 010002 13 55 010002 00 00 010000  51 42 010000

Absolute Short vs Absolute Long ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

PC Relative Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

PC Relative Addressing ,[object Object],Cont…

PC Relative Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Register Indirect Addressing ,[object Object]

Address Register Indirect Addressing Post-Increment ,[object Object]

Address Register Indirect Addressing Predecrement ,[object Object]

Address Register Indirect Addressing With Offset ,[object Object]

Address Register Indirect Addressing with Index & Offset ,[object Object]

Immediate Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Note: $ = value for hexadecimal @ = value for octal % = value for binary & or blank = decimal ‘ AB’ = character ASCII

Immediate Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Implied Addressing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

68K Instruction Set ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

68K Instruction Set Cont… Data Transfer Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Integer Arithmetic Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Compare and Test Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Logic Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Shift Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Rotate Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Bit-Manipulation Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Subroutine Control Instructions

68K Instruction Set Cont… Binary-Coded Decimal Arithmetic Instructions

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],51 42 ED FE D1 EF BE ED FE D1 13 55 010002 13 55 010002 51 42 010000 51 42 010000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 13 55 51 42 D1 EF BE ED FE D1 13 55 01002 13 55 01002 51 42 01000 51 42 01000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 42 BE ED FE D1 EF BE ED FE D1 13 55 01002 13 55 01002 51 42 01000 51 42 01000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… EF BE ED FE D1 EF BE ED FE D1 13 55 01002 13 55 01002 EF BE 01000 51 42 01000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… EF BE ED FE D1 EF BE ED FE D1 EF BE 01002 13 55 01002 ED FE 01000 51 42 01000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… EF BE ED FE D1 EF BE ED FE D1 13 55 01002 13 55 01002 51 EF 01000 51 42 01000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 51 42 001006 AB 90 001006 02 01 001004 02 01 001004 13 55 001002 13 55 001002 51 42 001000 51 42 001000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… AB 42 001006 AB 90 001006 02 01 001004 02 01 001004 13 55 001002 13 55 001002 51 42 001000 51 42 001000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… MOVE.B D1, #$F1 F1 BE ED FE D1 EF BE ED FE D1

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… F1 FF FF FF D1 EF BE ED FE D1

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… AB 90 001006 AB 90 001006 02 01 001004 02 01 001004 13 55 001002 13 55 001002 51 F1 001000 51 42 001000

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 30 20 12 12 D5 7C 48 FF 00 D5 7C 48 FF 00 D1 30 20 12 12 D1

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 34 12 30 20 D1 30 20 34 12 D1

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Similar to: MOVEA.L #00200001, A0 01 00 20 00 A0 02 70 12 00 A0

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Similar to: MOVEA.L A1, A0 FF FF 10 00 A1 FF FF 10 00 A1 FF FF 10 00 A0 02 70 12 00 A0

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 0A 70 12 00 A1 00 40 00 00 A1 02 70 12 00 A0 02 70 12 00 A0

Data Transfer Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 0A 90 12 00 A1 00 40 00 00 A1 02 70 12 00 A0 02 70 12 00 A0 00 20 00 00 D4 00 20 00 00 D4

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],ADD.W $1000,$2000 ADD.W $2000, D3 9B 57 CC FD D3 23 01 CC FD D3 78 56 34 12 D1 78 56 34 12 D1

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],Cont… ADD.B D0, D3 No carry, C = 0 9-bit after addition, C = 1

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],Cont…

Arithmetic Instruction ADD.B D0, D3 V = 0, C = 0 V = 0, C = 1 Cont… V = 1, C = 0 V = 1, C = 1

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Use ADDQ.L #$1, A1 for value 1~8, it is faster than ADDA.L #$1, A1 A0 20 00 00 A1 30 20 00 00 A1

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Use SUBQ.L #$1, A1 for value 1~8, it is faster than SUBA.L #$1, A1 C0 1F 00 00 A1 30 20 00 00 A1

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 1~8 only 02 57 34 12 D6 FF 56 34 12 D6

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],Cont… L only B, W, L Data Size Dn only Any Destination -128…+127 1..8 Source MOVEQ ADDQ

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… SUB.W $1000, $2000 23 01 CC FD D3 23 01 CC FD D3 55 56 34 12 D1 78 56 34 12 D1

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… V=0 V=1 Negative Positive Negative Negative V=0 V=1 Positive Negative Positive Positive Nothing happen (always V=0) Any Positive Negative Nothing happen (always V=0) Any Negative Positive Overflow Answer (d) d s

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… V=0 V=1 Negative Positive Negative Positive V=0 V=1 Positive Negative Positive Negative Nothing happen (always V=0) Any Negative Negative Nothing happen (always V=0) Any Positive Positive Overflow Answer (d) d s

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… D0 before SUB D1 before SUB D1 before SUB X N Z V C After instruction 1 1 0 1 1 00 E0 00 00 D0 00 90 00 00 D1 00 70 00 00 D0 0 1 0 0 0 00 20 00 00 D0 00 70 00 00 D1 00 90 00 00 D0 1 0 0 1 1 00 FD 00 00 D0 00 03 00 00 D1 00 00 00 00 D0 0 0 0 1 0 55 AA 00 00 D0 AA 55 00 00 D1 FF FF 00 00 D0 0 0 1 0 0 00 00 00 00 D0 40 00 00 00 D1 40 00 00 00 D0 0 0 0 0 0 3E 30 00 00 D0 02 00 00 00 D1 40 30 00 00 D0

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 1~8 only F8 56 34 12 D6 FF 56 34 12 D6

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],Cont… L only B, W, L Data Size Dn only Any Destination -128…+127 1..8 Source MOVEQ SUBQ

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 16-bit 32-bit 00 02 00 00 D3 00 01 CC FD D3

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Note: FFFF = 65535 65535 * 65535 = 4294836225 = FFFE0001 01 00 FE FF D3 FF FF CC FD D3

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Note: D3 = -1 (-1) * (-1) = 1 01 00 00 00 D3 FF FF CC FD D3

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],Cont… MULS XX, D0 D0=000001E0 (3 x 160 = 480 10 ) MULU XX, D0 D0=000001E0 (3 x 160 = 480 10 ) MULS XX, D1 D1=FFFFFD00 (3 x (-256) = -768 10 ) MULU XX, D1 D1=0002FD00 (3x 65280 = 195840 10 ) MULS YY, D1 D1=00500000 (-20480 x (-256) = 5242880 10 ) MULU YY, D1 D1=AF500000 (45056 x 65280 = 2941255680 10 ) -256 65280 FF00 Register D1 160 160 00A0 Register D0 -20480 45056 B000 Location YY 3 3 0003 Location XX As signed decimal As unsigned decimal Content in hex

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 00 10 01 00 D5 01 00 10 00 D3 00 01 CC FE D0 00 01 CC FE D0 Remainder Quotient

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Decimal -512 FFFFFE00 Register D1 Decimal 776 00000308 Register D0 Unsigned decimal 65280 FF00 Location ZZ Decimal –82 FFAE Location YY Decimal 18 0012 Location XX Decimal Content in hex

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 65024 65792 FFFFFE00 DIVU ZZ,D1 308 0 03080000 DIVU ZZ,D0 -20 6 FFEC0006 DIVS YY,D1 38 -9 0026FFF7 DIVS YY,D0 Decimal –8 Decimal -28 D1=FFF8FFE4 DIVS XX,D1 Decimal 2 Decimal 43 D0=0002002B DIVU XX,D0 Remainder Quotient Result in hex Instruction

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 10 FF 67 34 D5 F0 00 67 34 D5

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 65 00 27 34 D5 65 20 27 34 D5 F0 FF 67 34 D5 F0 00 67 34 D5

Arithmetic Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 65 99 FF FF D5 65 99 27 34 D5 F0 30 00 00 D5 F0 30 67 34 D5

Practical Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],FFFFFE00 Register D1 00000308 Register D0 FF00 Location Z FFAE Location Y 0012 Location X As Hexadecimal Location and register

Compare & Test Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Initial value 1 0 0 1 0 2000 00 70 20 01 D1 00 90 20 01 D0 1 1 0 1 1 E000 00 90 20 01 D1 00 70 20 01 D0 1 1 0 0 1 F000 00 20 20 01 D1 00 10 20 01 D0 1 1 0 0 0 FFFF 00 00 20 01 D1 FF FF 20 01 D0 1 0 0 0 1 0001 FF FF 20 01 D1 00 00 20 01 D0 1 1 0 0 1 FFFF 41 30 20 01 D1 40 30 20 01 D0 1 0 0 0 0 0001 40 30 20 01 D1 41 30 20 01 D0 1 0 1 0 0 0000 40 30 20 01 D1 40 30 20 01 D0 X N Z V C 1 1 1 1 1 D0-D1

Logical Instruction 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1  B  A A  B A  B A  B B A

Logical Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Logical Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…  D0 = $0000000A 1010 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 A  B 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 $0F 1010 1101 0010 1011 0000 0000 0000 0000 D0

Logical Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…  D0 = $A2ED 1101 1110 0010 1010 A  B 0000 1110 0000 0000 $E0 1101 0010 0010 1010 D0

Logical Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…  D0 = $A2D2 0010 1101 0010 1010 A  B 1111 1111 0000 0000 $FF 1101 0010 0010 1010 D0

Logical Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…  D0 = $A2D2 0010 1101 0010 1010  D0.B 1111 1111 0000 0000 D0.B

Shift Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Shift Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… (-4) (-16) FC 56 34 12 D1 F0 56 34 12 D1

Shift Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… (60) (240) 3C 56 34 12 D1 F0 56 34 12 D1 0

Rotate Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Rotate Instruction ,[object Object],Cont… (01101000) (10100001) 68 56 34 12 D1 A1 56 34 12 D1

Rotate Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… (10101000) (10100001) A8 56 34 12 D1 A1 56 34 12 D1

Example ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bit Manipulation Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bit Manipulation Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Bit Manipulation Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Bit Manipulation Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object]

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],Cont…

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 0100 1110 1111 1000 0001 0000 0000 0000 0100 1110 1111 1001 0000 0000 1111 1111 1000 0000 0000 0000

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… C+Z=1 U Lower than or Same BLS C+Z=0 U Higher BHI Z+(N  V)=0 S Less than or Equal BLE N  V=0 S Greater than or Equal BGE N  V=1 S Less Than BLT Z+(N  V)=0 S GreaTer than BGT V=0 S oVerflow Clear BVC V=1 S oVerflow Set BVS C=0 U Carry Clear/Higher or Same BCC/HS C=1 U Carry Set/LOwer BCS/LO N=0 U Plus BPL N=1 U Minus BMI Z=0 U Not Equal to zero BNE Z=1 U EQual to zero BEQ If the test is true Arithmetic Meaning Instruction

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… 5. WHILE condition DO action 1 ; 6. CASE selector OF action 1 , action 2 , . . action N ;

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Action 1 F T

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Action 1 Action 2

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Action 1

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Action 1

Subroutine Control Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont… Action 1 Action 2

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…  A0 before addition Lower Byte Lower Middle Upper Middle Upper Byte  A0 after addition  A1 before addition Lower Byte Lower Middle Upper Middle Upper Byte  A1 after addition Destination Source

BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Instruction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Stack and Subroutine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Stack and Subroutine ,[object Object],Cont…

Stack and Subroutine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Subroutine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cont…

Subroutine ,[object Object],Cont…

Interrupt ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Interrupt ,[object Object],[object Object],Cont… extra

Chp2 introduction to the 68000 microprocessor copy

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