Introduction
parasympathetic nervous system
cholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic agents
Divisions of Autonomous nervous system
Drugs acting on adrenergic nervous system
Adrenergic agents
Introduction
parasympathetic nervous system
cholinergic drugs
Anticholinergic agents
Divisions of Autonomous nervous system
Drugs acting on adrenergic nervous system
Adrenergic agents
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
Autonomic nervous system ( by Dr. Takele Beyene,DVM,MSc,@AAU)AAU
I have no contribution in any part of all my lecture notes on slideshare, but I've just saved them as to make them ma favorites, then 2get them anywhere I go!!! Here, one 've 2know that I never let him/her save the lectures & Every body is blocked of downloading the notes! When you read the notes online GIVE PRIOR THANKS FOR MY INSTRUCTORS & I NEED NO THANKS !!! Omega Kifle
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The content starts from brief introduction to nervous system. Introduction to adrenergic nervous system and cholinergic nervous system, classification, mechanism of action, receptors, classification including agonists and antagonists, structure activity relationships, therapeutic uses. This content is prepared by using various books and internet sources.
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Cholinergic antagonists and blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,LecturerDr. Jibachha Sah
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
The parasympathetic division typically acts in opposition to the sympathetic autonomic nervous system through negative feedback control.
This action is a complementary response, causing a balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.
Overall, the parasympathetic outflow results in the conservation and restoration of energy, reduction in heart rate and blood pressure, facilitation of digestion and absorption of nutrients, and excretion of waste products.
These are drugs that produce actions similar to that of Acetylcholine hence known as parasympathomimetics.
They act either by directly interacting with cholinergic receptors or by increasing the availability of Acetylcholine at these sites.
Autonomic nervous system ( by Dr. Takele Beyene,DVM,MSc,@AAU)AAU
I have no contribution in any part of all my lecture notes on slideshare, but I've just saved them as to make them ma favorites, then 2get them anywhere I go!!! Here, one 've 2know that I never let him/her save the lectures & Every body is blocked of downloading the notes! When you read the notes online GIVE PRIOR THANKS FOR MY INSTRUCTORS & I NEED NO THANKS !!! Omega Kifle
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
The content starts from brief introduction to nervous system. Introduction to adrenergic nervous system and cholinergic nervous system, classification, mechanism of action, receptors, classification including agonists and antagonists, structure activity relationships, therapeutic uses. This content is prepared by using various books and internet sources.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Cholinergic antagonists and blockers-Dr.Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc,LecturerDr. Jibachha Sah
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
Pharmacology of Cholinergic Drugs. It contains a detailed elaboration of Cholinergic Agents, Cholinomimmetics, Cholinergic Antagonists, Synthesis of Ach, Receptors, Classification, Mechanism of Action, Pharmacokinetics and Dynamics, Dosage and Adverse effects
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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7. Muscarinic Agonist
Direct acting agonist ……. Directly act on Ach receptor
Three action ---------
1) Miosis , ( sphincter pupillae )
2) Accommodation and ( ciliary muscle )
3) Increase aqueous outflow.( longitudinal fibers of CM .. Tension on scleral
spur ….. Opening of TM .
Examples. Acetycholine
Carbachol
Pilocarpine etc
7
8. Acetycholine.
Acetylcholine : does not penetrate corneal epi…well ,
> rapidly degraded by acetylcholinesterase ,
>not used topically ,
>1% use in ant seg surgery Intracameral.
Note: Produce prompt and marked miosis .
8
9. Carbachol.
0.01% carbachol is 100 times more effective and long lasting than Ach.
Maximal miosis within 5 min .
Last for 24 hr.
An effective hypotensive drug.
9
10. Pilocarpine.
0.12% used diagnostically to confirm Adie tonic pupil.
Denervated iris exhibit , hypersensitivity and response well .
Normal iris doe not response .
0.25% , 0.5% upto 6% ( 4 times daily in case of POAG) and also in pt with
PACG.
NOTE: 4% is contraindicated in acute attack of angle closure glaucoma ,,,
closing the angle.
10
13. Muscarinic Drugs.
Indirect acting agonist:
Cholinesterase inhibitor . ( forming an enzyme-inhibitor complex )
Longer duration of actions as compared to direct acting agonist .
Twice daily treatment is sufficient.
Reversible inhibitor ( physostigmine , neostigmine and edrophonium)
Irrersible inhibitor ( echothiophate , diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate )
13
14. Con…
The action of phosphorylating cholinesterase inhibitors can be reversed on
an acute basis by treatment with oxime containing compound like
pralidoxime .
14
15. Con..
Note: pt receiving long term , irreversible cholinterase inhibitor therapy
such as echothiopate may experience toxic reaction from systemic
absorption by local anesthetic containing ester group (procaine)that are
normally inactivated by plasma cholinesterase.
Same for succinylcholine during induction of GA …. Respiratory paralysis .
Not combine with direct acting cholinergic agonist .
Were use in past for treatment of lice infestation of eyelashes .
No longer available for ophthalmic use in US.
15
16. Muscarinic Antagonists
Paralysis of iris sphincter …. Unopposed action of dilator muscle, causing
pupillary dilation & same for relaxation of Accommodation.
Uses:
Examination of peripheral lens, CB & Retina.
Cycloplegic refraction and Iritis
Reduce blood-aqueous permeability , hence use in ocular inflammatory
disease.
Examples: Atropine
Cyclopentolate ,Tropicamide
Scopolamine & Homatropine.
16
17. Relive pain in case of iridocylitis.
Treat ciliary block glaucoma.
Note: use of these drug to dilate the pupil of pt with POAG may elevate
IOP.
17
18. Adverse effect:
Local irritation with swelling.
Conjuctival hyperemia.
Photophobia and blurring of vision.
Systemic effect:
especially in children are, flushing , fever, tachycardia , constipation ,
urinary retention.
Note: in mild cases only discontinuation of the drug while in severe cases IV
physostigmine.
18
19. Nicotinic Drugs.
Indirect acting agonist: Edrophonium
Use in the diagnosis fo MG.
Nicotinic Antagonist: (neuromuscular blocking agent)
To facilitate intubation in GA.
Two types of anatognists,
1) nondepolarizing agent ( gallamine & pancuronium )
2) depolarizing agent. ( succinylcholine & decamethonium)
19
20. Nicotinic antagonist.
Note: in singly innervated muscle fibers , depolarization and contraction
followed by prolonged unresponsiveness and flaccidity, while in case of
multiply innervated fiber ( one-fifth of EOM) such contractions of EOM
exert force on the globe.
Avoid such drug in GA in operation on lacerated eyes.
20
