Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a photo-biochemical reaction which is mediated through the absorption of light energy .
The light energy is absorbed photosynthetic pigments in plants .
These pigments have capacity to absorb light of certain wavelength & reflect light of other wavelengths & imparting different colours to different pigments .
The colour of the specific pigment indicates the wavelength reflected by the pigment .
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
This dark CO2 fixation pathway is proposed by Ting (1971).
It is operational in Succulent Xerophytes like Cactus , Sedum , Agave , Pineapple , Bryophyllum etc.
The stomata of succulent plants remain closed during day & open during night to avoid water loss (i.e. Scotactive stomata ).
They store CO2 during night is used in Calvin cycle during day time .
Succulents refix CO2 during respiration & use it during photosynthesis .
Since this diurnal change in acidity was first discovered in Crassulacean plants e.g. Bryophyllum it is called as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.
The formation of Malic acid during dark is called Acidification/ phase I
Release of CO2 for actual photosynthesis during day is called Deacidification/ Phase II
despite of the enormous genomic diversity, the phage genome mapping is being done using a plethora of techniques,which includes both genetic mapping and physical mapping
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
despite of the enormous genomic diversity, the phage genome mapping is being done using a plethora of techniques,which includes both genetic mapping and physical mapping
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
Every science student must be aware of the Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic algal cell structure when they start their studies. This slide will be very helpful for knowing about the pro and Eu characteristics.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Plant Taxonomy with the passage of time deserves holistic approach in the domain of biology.Now, it becomes a synthetic science due to application of other branches of knowledge like Chemistry, Molecular biology etc.This slide is intended to UG & PG students of Botany.
• PRIMARY PIT FIELD
• PITS
• STRUCTURE OF PITS
• TYPES OF PITS
• COMBINATION IN PITS
• STRUCTURE OF BORDERED PITS
• COMBINATION IN BORDERED PITS
• PLASMODESMATA
• STRUCTURE OF PLASMODESMATA
• CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMODESMATA
• FUNCTION OF PLASMODESMATA
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
From its initiation in 1998, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) has focused on the production of an ever-more stable system of classification of the flowering plants (angiosperms). Based largely on analyses of DNA sequence data, the system is compiled by a larger group of experts than any previous system and has the advantage of being testable, allowing for confidence levels in the system to be estimated for the first time.
The "Telome theory" of Walter Zimmermann (1930, 1952) is the most accepted theory that is based on fossil record and synthesizes the major steps in the evolution of vascular plants.
It describes how the primitive type of vascular plants developed from Rhynia like plants.
Plant Taxonomy with the passage of time deserves holistic approach in the domain of biology.Now, it becomes a synthetic science due to application of other branches of knowledge like Chemistry, Molecular biology etc.This slide is intended to UG & PG students of Botany.
• PRIMARY PIT FIELD
• PITS
• STRUCTURE OF PITS
• TYPES OF PITS
• COMBINATION IN PITS
• STRUCTURE OF BORDERED PITS
• COMBINATION IN BORDERED PITS
• PLASMODESMATA
• STRUCTURE OF PLASMODESMATA
• CLASSIFICATION OF PLASMODESMATA
• FUNCTION OF PLASMODESMATA
intro-hostory and discovery-characteristics of phytochrome-chemical nature of phytochrome-mode of action-mechanism-phytochrome mediated physiological responses-phytochrome is a pigment system:some evidences-role of phytochrome
Photosynthesis (Light and Dark reaction of photosynthesis)Shekhar Tidke
Importance of photosynthesis. Light reaction of photosynthesis, Dark reaction of photosynthesis. Hill, and Blackman reaction or C3 cycle or Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis is a very crucial process in nature and I have cleared a lot of basics concepts in this presentation. Any student in grade 11 or 12 (medical sc/biology/biotech) or a college student from science field will be able to clear his/her concepts through this ppt.
Plz do follow my Instagram page @biologistindia
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis is a photo-biochemical reaction
which is mediated through the absorption of light
energy .
• The light energy is absorbed photosynthetic
pigments in plants .
• These pigments have capacity to absorb light of
certain wavelength & reflect light of other
wavelengths & imparting different colours to
different pigments .
• The colour of the specific pigment indicates the
wavelength reflected by the pigment .
3. Types of Photosynthetic pigments
• There are three main types of photosynthetic pigments :
Chlorophylls
Carotenoids
Phycobilins
4. Chlorophylls
• The Chlorophylls are the most important &
abundant active pigments of photosynthesis .
• They are green in colour , are insoluble in water but
soluble in organic solvent .
• Chlorophyll-a is present in all photosynthetic
organisms ( except photosynthetic bacteria ) .
• Chlorophyll-b is also predominant & found in green
algae , bryophytes & all vascular plants .
• Chlorophyll-a & b show maximum absorption in
blue-violet & red regions of visible light .
5. Carotenoids
• Carotenoids are widely distributed in Chloroplasts &
Chromoplasts .
• They show wide range in colour , from yellow , orange
to red & insoluble in water but soluble in organic
solvents .
• They mainly absorb blue-violet region of visible light .
• There are two main types of carotenoids viz. carotenes
& xanthophylls.
Xanthophylls
• These are oxygenated hydrocarbons .
• Lutein is the major xanthophyll present in plants .
6. Phycobilins
• These are present only in cyanobacteria ( blue green algae ) & red
algae .
• There are two types viz. Phycocyanin (blue) & phycoerythrin (red) .
• In higher plants , there are Chlorophyll-a , Chlorophyll-b , Carotene &
Xanthophyll , as main photosynthetic pigments .
• (Anthocyanin , purple coloured pigment present in flower is not
photosynthetic ) .
7. Light Harvesting Complex (LHC)
• A light-harvesting complex consists of a number
chromophores which are complex subunit proteins
that may be part of a larger super complex of a
photosystem , the functional unit in photosynthesis .
• It is used by plants and photosynthetic bacteria to
collect more incoming light than would be captured
by the photosynthetic reaction center alone .
• Light harvesting complexes consists of proteins &
photosynthetic pigments & surround a
photosynthetic reaction center to focus energy ,
attained from photons absorbed by the pigment ,
toward the reaction center using Forster resonance
energy transfer .
8. Function
• Absorption of a photon by a molecule takes place when
pigment protein complexes harvest sunlight leading to
electronic excitation delivered to the reaction centre
where the process of charge separation can take place.
• Electronic excitation is The fate of such excitation can be a
return to the ground state or another electronic state of
the same molecule.
• Before an excited photon can transition back to ground
state, the energy needs to be harvested.
• This excitation is transferred among chromophores where
it is delivered to the reaction centre.
• Light-harvesting complexes have their pigments
specifically positioned to optimize these rates.
9. In purple bacteria
• Purple bacteria is a type of photosynthetic organism
with a light harvesting complex consisting of two
pigment protein complexes referred to as LH1 and
LH2.
• Within the photosynthetic membrane, these two
complexes differ in terms of their arrangement.
• The LH1 complexes surrounds the reaction centre,
while the LH2 complexes are arranged around the
LH1 complexes and the reaction centre in a
peripheral fashion.
• Purple bacteria use bacteriochlorophyll and
carotenoids to gather light energy.
• These proteins are arranged in a ring-like fashion
creating a cylinder that spans the membrane.
10. In green bacteria
• The main light harvesting complex in Green
bacteria is known as the chlorosome.
• The chlorosome is equipped with rod-like BChl c
aggregates with protein embedded lipids
surrounding it.
• Chlorosome are found outside of the membrane
which covers the reaction centre.
• Green Sulphur bacteria and some Chloroflexia
use ellipsoidal complexes known as the
chlorosome to capture light.
• Their form of bacteriochlorophyll is green.
11. Phycobilisome
• The light harvesting complex of cyanobacteria, and red
algae is known as the Phycobilisome which is composed of
linear tetrapyrrole pigments.
• Pigment-protein complexes referred to as R-phycoerythrin
are rod-like in shape and make up the rods and core of the
Phycobilisome.
• Little light reaches algae that reside at a depth of one meter
or more in seawater, as light is absorbed by seawater.
• A Phycobilisome is a light-harvesting protein complex
present in cyanobacteria, glaucocystophyta, and red algae
and is structured like a real antenna.
• The pigments, such as phycocyanobilin and
phycoerythrobilin, are the chromophores that bind through
a covalent thioether bond to their apoproteins at cysteine
residues.
• The apoprotein with its chromophore is called phycocyanin,
phycoerythrin, and allophycocyanin, respectively.
12. In cyanobacteria and plants
• Chlorophyll b is almost identical to chlorophyll a,
except it has a formyl group in place of a methyl
group.
• This small difference makes chlorophyll b absorb
light with wavelengths between 400 and 500 nm
more efficiently.
• Carotenoids are long linear organic molecules
that have alternating single and double bonds
along their length.
• These molecules also absorb light most efficiently
in the 400 – 500 nm range.
• on.
• Carotenoid molecules suppress damaging
photochemical reactions, in particular those
including oxygen, which exposure to sunlight can
cause.
14. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
• This dark CO2 fixation pathway is proposed by Ting (1971).
• It is operational in Succulent Xerophytes like Cactus , Sedum , Agave ,
Pineapple , Bryophyllum etc.
• The stomata of succulent plants remain closed during day & open during
night to avoid water loss (i.e. Scotactive stomata ).
• They store CO2 during night is used in Calvin cycle during day time .
• Succulents refix CO2 during respiration & use it during photosynthesis .
• Since this diurnal change in acidity was first discovered in Crassulacean
plants e.g. Bryophyllum it is called as Crassulacean Acid Metabolism.
• The formation of Malic acid during dark is called Acidification/ phase I
• Release of CO2 for actual photosynthesis during day is called
Deacidification/ Phase II
17. Regulation of CAM through transport of
metabolite
1. Carboxylation
• PEPA (Phosphonelphosphate) receives CO2 & then PEPA is converted
into OAA ( Oxaloacetic acid) in presence of enzyme PEP carboxylase
2. Reduction
• OAA is then converted into Malic acid in the presence of enzyme
Malate dehydrogenase
• This malic acid is stored in the large vacuoles of Mesophyll cells
during the entire night
18. 3. Decarboxylation
• During the day time Malic acid undergoes decarboxylation & forms
Pyruvic acid in presence of enzyme Decarboxylase
• The CO2 which is released during decarboxylation enters Calvin cycle
& forms glucose
• During the entire day Pyruvic acid is stored in the chloroplast
4. Phosphorylation
• During the night time Pyruvic acid undergoes phosphorylation to
form PEPA in presence of enzyme Pyruvate kinase
19. Let’s ask Mr. Cactus to tell us , how he
survives in the hot desert everyday ?
Hi There !
20. • It is so hot there in the desert ! But I don’t want my water
to evaporate…..
So what do I do now?
AHA ! I will use my Crassulacean Acid Metabolism !
Here’s how I do it !
21. How CAM pathway is going to help Mr. Cactus
• I have to keep my stomata closed during the day time so that not
much water will evaporate out of me .
• The problem? Photosynthesis can only occur in the day time because
of Light dependent reaction! I also need photons! Right?
• ………But our kind has found a way to solve this. Yippee!
• We have decided that we will do carbon fixation during Night!
22. So what I do every night is ………
• Open my stomata
• Take in CO2
• Do carbon fixation & make a four carbon acid malate by using an
enzyme called PEP Carboxylase because it can only react to carbon .
• Since I can’t do photosynthesis yet , I just store the malate in my Big
Vacuoles .
23. When the Sun is now up ……..
• I close my stomata
• Start doing photosynthesis
• Since I can’t take in CO2 now because my stomata are closed . I use
the malate that has been stored in my vacuoles .
• In the Calvin cycle , the RuBisCo will not be able to waste energy since
it cannot react to oxygen anymore . The enzymes can only react to
carbon .
• I can now produce sugar in a very efficient way .