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Motivation
This document discusses theories of motivation. It describes Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory which states that people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. Herzberg's two-factor theory is also described, distinguishing between hygiene factors like salary and supervision, and motivational factors like achievement and responsibility. The document also discusses reinforcement theories, explaining how behaviors can be strengthened through positive reinforcement or avoidance learning, and weakened through punishment or extinction.
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Motivation
- 2. GROUP MEMBER: Mohammad TalhaInayat Mohammad Taj-Uddin Saad Mazhar PRESENTATION MOTIVATION
- 3. 1 Definition Motivation is aprocess which begins with a physiological or psychological need or deficiency which triggers behavior or a drive that is aimed at a goal or an incentive.
- 4. Why people getUNMOTIVATED Repetitive Failure Less Support LessAvailability of Resources Getting JOB where you don’t have interest. Family problems
- 6. Theories of Motivation Someimportant theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsTheory Elton Mayo Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory
- 7. Maslow’s Hierarchy ofNeeds Theory Works on the assumption that the behaviour of individuals at a particular moment is usually determined by their strongest need. Based on hypothesis that within every human being there exists a hierarchy of five needs.
- 8. Maslow’s Hierarchy ofNeeds Theory(contd) Five needs: 1. Physiological : Basic needs of hunger, thirst, shelter, sex and other body needs. 2. Safety: security and protection from physical and emotional harm 3. Social: affection, belongingness, acceptance and friendship
- 10. REASONING BEHIND GOALSETTING Direction - specific goals direct your focus to relevant activities Effort - need to devote more intense levels of effort toward difficult goals - assumes people are goal driven Persistence - specific, difficult goals encourage you to persist longer at a task than would be the case without such goals Only possible exception is high “uncertainty avoidance” cultures.
- 11. Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene theory Basedon the conclusion that people have two different categories of needs: o Hygiene factors o Motivating factors
- 12. Fredrick Herzberg Hygiene FactorMotivators Supervision Salary Relationship with others Working Condition (Worker will take these thing for Granted) Achievement Responsibilities The work itself Advancement Job Rotation (Shifting Job on temporary Basis)
- 14. Motivation as aForm of Learning: The Law of Effect Behavior that leads toward rewards tends to be repeated Behavior that tends to lead toward no rewards or toward punishment tends to be avoided
- 15. Reinforcers Which StrengthenBehavior: What managers can do to increase the probability of behavior in the future a. Positive reinforcement--rewards contingent on exhibiting the correct behavior. b. Avoidance Learning—withholding something unpleasant when a desired behavior is engaged in (e.g., an annoying alarm is avoided when a machine is used properly, not operating in reverse). Or, using social learning, noticing how engaging in some behavior avoids an unpleasant outcome (e.g., arrive on time and the boss does not yell). Text: Negative reinforcement
- 16. Reinforcers Which WeakenBehavior: What managers can do to decrease the probability of behavior in the future a. Punishment--administering unpleasant consequences following an undesirable behavior. b. Extinction--when there are no rewards for a behavior which was previously rewarded.