Building Design Factors that Affect LEED Energy Credits

1. ASHRAE 90.1 Building Design Factors
Vs LEED V4 Energy Credits

2. Objectives & Agenda
- Research the effect of ASHRAE 90.1-2010 on available energy
performance credits in LEED V4
- We will focus our analysis on Projects in Climate Zone 4A
- Overview of the updated EA-P2/C2 in LEED V4
- ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010, Highlight Changes from 90.1-
2007
Appendix G
Envelope
Lighting
HVAC
- Case Study, MASP Building 4C

3. LEED: V3 or V4:
- LEED V3, Registration Closed Oct/31/2016
- LEED V3, Sunset Date June/30/2021
- LEED V4 Adopts ASHRAE 90.1 2010, as opposed to 2007

4. LEED V3 EA Credits LEED V4 EA Credits
P1: Fundamental CX P1: Fundamental CX & Verification
P2: Minimum Energy Performance P2: Minimum Energy Performance
P3: Fundamental Refrigerant Mgmt P3: Building Level Energy Metering
C1: Optimize Energy Performance P4: Fundamental Refrigerant Mgmt
C2: Onsite Renewable Energy C1: Enhanced CX
C3: Enhanced CX C2: Optimize Energy Performance
C4: Enhanced Refrigerant Mgmt C3: Advanced Energy Metering
C5: Measurement & Verification C4: Demand Response
C6: Green Power C5: Renewable Energy Production
C6: Enhanced Refrigerant Mgmt
C7: Green Power & Carbon Offsets
35 Possible points 33 Possible Points

5. LEED V4, EA P2/C2
Option 1. Whole-Building Energy Simulation
5% NC or 3% Renovation BL performance
(vs 10% and 5% in LEED 2009)
Max. Points is 18 vs 19 in LEED 2009
Option 2. Prescriptive Compliance:
ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide
(vs ASHRAE 30% AEDG in LEED 2009)
1- 6 Points, vs 1 Point in LEED 2009
Option 3. Prescriptive Compliance:
Advanced Buildings™ Core Performance™ Guide
1. Design Strategies, 2. Core Performance Strategies,
3. Three Enhanced Performance Strategies
(Added Enhanced Performance Strategies, vs LEED 2009)
Only Pre-Requisite, No Additional Credit

6. LEED EA Credits
V3 x V4:
Credit NC-V4 NC-V3 REN-V4 REN-V3
0 5% 10% 3% 5%
1 6% 12% 4% 8%
2 8% 14% 7% 10%
3 10% 16% 8% 12%
4 12% 18% 10% 14%
5 14% 20% 12% 16%
6 16% 22% 14% 18%
7 18% 24% 16% 20%
8 20% 26% 18% 22%
9 22% 28% 20% 24%
10 24% 30% 22% 26%
11 26% 32% 24% 28%
12 29% 34% 27% 30%
13 32% 36% 30% 32%
14 35% 38% 33% 34%
15 38% 40% 36% 36%
16 42% 42% 40% 38%
17 46% 44% 44% 40%
18 50% 46% 48% 42%
19 48% 44%

7. Option 1. Whole-Building Energy Simulation
Proposed Building Baseline Building
Compliance with the mandatory provisions of
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010
Include all energy consumption and costs
within and associated with the building project
Projects must meet the minimum percentage
savings before taking credit for renewable
energy systems.
Compare against a baseline building that
complies with Standard 90.1–2010, Appendix G
Calculate the baseline building performance
according to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard
90.1–2010, Appendix G.

8. Climate Zones , Zone 4A
Climate Zone 4A is described as Mixed – Humid with IP
Units CDD50ºF ≤ 4500 AND 3600 < HDD65ºF ≤ 5400

9. Building Envelope Requirements:
U-Value Max R-Value Min. U-Value Max R-Value Min.
Roofs
Insulation Entirely Above the Deck U-0.048 R20-ci U-0.048 R20-ci
Metal Building U-0.065 R19 U-0.055 R13 + R13
Attic & Other U-0.027 R38 U-0.027 R38
Walls, Above-Grade
Mass U-0.104 R9.5-ci U-0.104 R9.5-ci
Metal Building U-0.113 R13 U-0.084 R19
Steel-Framed U-0.064 R13 + R7.5-ci U-0.064 R13 + R7.5-ci
Wood-Framed & Other U-0.089 R13 U-0.089 R13
Walls, Below-Grade
Below Grade Walls C-1.14 NR C-1.14 NR
Floors
Mass U-0.087 R8.3-ci U-0.087 R8.3-ci
Steel Joist U-0.038 R30 U-0.038 R30
Wood Framed U-0.033 R30 U-0.033 R30
Slab-On-Grade Floors
Unheated F-0.73 NR F-0.73 NR
Heated F-0.86 R15 for 24 in F-0.86 R15 for 24 in
Opaque Doors
Swinging U-0.7 U-0.7
Non-Swinging U-1.5 U-0.5
U-Value Max SHGC-Max. U-Value Max SHGC-Max.
Vertical Glazing, <40%
Non-Metal Framing U-0.4 0.4 U-0.4 0.4
Metal-Framing (Curtain Wall, Storefront) U-0.5 0.4 U-0.5 0.4
Metal-Framing (Entrance Door) U-0.85 0.4 U-0.85 0.4
Metal-Framing (All Other) U-0.55 0.4 U-0.55 0.4
Climate Zone 4A / Non-Residential Conditioned Space
ASHRAE 2010ASHRAE 2007
C-factor (thermal conductance):
time rate of steady-state
heat flow through unit area of a
material or construction,
induced by a unit temperature
difference between the body
surfaces. Units of C are
Btu/h·ft2.OF. Note that the C-
factor does not include soil or air
films.
U-factor (thermal transmittance):
heat transmission in unit time
through unit area of a material or
construction and the boundary
air films, induced by a unit
temperature difference between
the environments on each side.
Units of U are Btu/h·ft2.oF.
F-factor: the perimeter heat loss
factor for slab-on-grade
floors, expressed in Btu/h·ft·OF

10. Envelope Mandatory Requirements:
5.4: Mandatory Provisions
5.4.1: Insulation
5.5: Prescriptive
Compliance Option
5.5.3.b: Max. U/C/F
factor
5.5.3.Exception (a):
5.5.3.Exception (b):
5.5: Building Envelope Trade-Off
Option, Performance Method;
Using ECB, Chapter 11
5.5.3.a: Min. R Value
Maximum U-factor; C-factor, or F-factor for the entire assembly.
The values for typical construction assemblies listed in Appendix
A shall be used to determine compliance
For assemblies significantly different from those in Appendix A,
calculations shall be performed in accordance with the
procedures required in Appendix A
For multiple assemblies within a single class of construction
for a single space-conditioning category, compliance shall be
shown for either:
(1) the most restrictive requirement or
(2) an area-weighted average U-factor; C-factor, or F-factor.
Minimum rated R-values of insulation for the thermal resistance
of the added insulation in framing cavities and continuous
insulation only

11. Wall X-Section, Admin Area Wall X-Section, Shop Area

12. Section Table R Value Description Notes
A9.4.1 0.17 Exterior Air Film
A9.4.D 0.5625 9" Tiltup Concrete
5 1" Rigid Continuous Insulation
A9.2B 8.6 R19 in 6" Metal Studs Rated R Value
A9.4.D 0.56 5/8" Gyp Board
0 Vapor retarder membrane
A.9.4.1 0.68 Interior Air Film
15.57 Assembley R Value
0.064 U Value This U Value is calculated using ASHRAE 90.1 Section A9
Section Table R Value Description Notes
A9.4.1 0.17 Exterior Air Film
A9.4D 0.5625 9" Tiltup Concrete
14 4" Rockwool Continuous Insulation
A9.4D 0.56 5/8" Gyp Board
0 Vapor retarder membrane
A.9.4.1 0.68 Interior Air Film
15.97 Assembley R Value
0.063 U Value This U Value is calculated using ASHRAE 90.1 Section A9
Section Table R Value Description Notes
A9.4.1 0.17 Exterior Air Film
A9.4.D 0.5 8" Tiltup Concrete
5 1" Rigid Continuous Insulation
A9.2B 8.6 R19 in 6" Metal Studs Rated R Value
A9.4.D 0.56 5/8" Gyp Board
0 Vapor retarder membrane
A.9.4.1 0.68 Interior Air Film
15.51 Assembley R Value
0.064 U Value This U Value is calculated using ASHRAE 90.1 Section A9
4B-SHOPS: Exterior Wall Up To 8-Ft
4B-SHOPS: Exterior Wall 8-Ft to 25-Ft
4B-Office: Exterior Wall 0-9 FT

13. LEED/ASHRAE Baseline Building Envelope (Appendix G):
Opaque assemblies for new buildings or additions shall conform with the following
common, lightweight assembly types and shall match the appropriate assembly
maximum U-factors in Tables 5.5-1 through 5.5-8:
Roofs: Insulation entirely above deck U = 0.048
Above-grade walls: Steel-framed U = 0.064
Floors: Steel-joist U = 0.038
Opaque door types shall match the proposed design and conform to the U-factor
requirements from the same tables. U = 0.7 swinging and 0.5 non-swing
Slab-on-grade floors shall match the F-factor for unheated slabs from the same
tables. F = 0.73 unheated
Fenestration
U-factors shall match the requirements in Tables 5.5-1 through 5.5-8.
(U = 0.4/0.5)
SHGC shall match the requirements in Tables 5.5-1 through 5.5-8.
(SHGC = 0.4, SC= SHGC ÷ 0.87 = )

14. Lighting Requirements:
ASHRAE 90.1 2010 ASHRAE 90.1 2007
Auto-Light-Shutoff Required, all spaces, Building Wide, Any
Building size
Required in building larger than 5,000-SF
Space Control All spaces must have a control device. The
device must be either:
- Manual on, or
- Auto-on to 50% or less
enclosed spaces only require control device.
Device could be manual or auto.
Vacancy Detection More spaces require installation of
occupancy sensor or a time switch that turns
lighting off within 30-mins of vacancy
Only classrooms, conference and meeting
rooms, and break rooms
Lite Level Control Enclosed spaces must have controls that
reduce the power level by 30%-70% of full
connected load, in addition to turning off all
lighting
Not Required
Day-Light Zone Automatic, multi-level daylighting controls
must be installed in enclosed spaces:
>> Sidelit areas 250-SF or more (windows)
>> Toplit areas greater than 900-SF (skylites)
Not Required
Lighting Power
Density
Allowable LPD levels reduced by 5% to 35%
from 2007 standard
> Office 0.90 W/SF; -10% 1.00 W/SF
> School/Univ 0.99 W/SF; -17% 1.20 W/SF
> Retail 1.40 W/SF; -7% 1.50 W/SF
> Warehouse 0.66 W/SF; -17% 0.80 W/SF
> Workshop 1.20 W/SF; -14% 1.40 W/SF
> Gymnasium 1.00 W/SF; -9% 1.10 W/SF
> Dining 0.90 W/SF; -35% 1.40 W/SF
> Automotive 0.82 W/SF; -9% 0.90 W/SF
Mandatory
Provisions
Prescriptive
Provisions

15. Occupancy Sensor vs Vacancy Sensor

16. Additional Interior Lighting Power
(Allowed Only When Using Space-By-Space Method)
- Decorative Lighting: 1.0 W/SF; must turn off automatically after business hours
- Sales Areas, Specifically for Merchandise:
Additional LPD W/SF = 1000 + (Area 1 x 0.6) + (Area 2 x 0.6) + (Area 3 x 1.4) + (Area 4 x 2.5)
Area 1: All Products not listed in Areas 2, 3, 4
Area 2: Areas for sale of vehicles, sporting goods, small electronics
Area 3: Areas for sale of furniture, clothing, cosmetics, and artwork
Area 4: Areas for sale of jewelry, crystal and china
Sales areas lights must turn off automatically after business hours
- Additional Lighting Controls: ASHRAE Table 9.6.2
- Room Geometry or Room Cavity Ratio (RCR) Adjustment
RCR = 2.5 x (Room Cavity Height x Room Perimeter) / Room Area
Adjustment is allowed when calculated RCR is greater than RCR threshold in table 9.6.1
Adjusted LPD = Base LPD in Table 9.6.1 x 1.2

17. How To Use RCR Adjustment
Enclosed Office, 300-SF:
20-F x 15-F x 9-F
RCR = 3.8;
Less than Threshold (8)
Allowable LPD = 1.11 W/SF
Open Office, 1000-SF:
20-F x 50-F x 14-F
RCR = 4.03;
Greater than Threshold (4)
Allowable LPD = 0.98 x 1.2 = 1.176 W/SF

18. HVAC Requirements, Zone 4A:
- Mandatory Requirements:
Economizer Control or Free Equipment efficiency requirements for unitary equipment
are comparable. Performance requirements for Water Chillers are significantly different
and more restrictive.
Baseline Model Efficiency are comparable in ASHRAE 2007 and 2010,
Don’t expect high impact on energy modeling output
Minor changes to Controls, Load Calculations, And Pump Head Calculations
- Economizer (Free Cooling), Zone 4A:
ASHRAE 90.1-2010: Air Economizer is mandatory for systems larger than 4.5 Tons
in Climate Zone 4A; Was not required in ASHRAE 90.1-2007.
Therefore expect a high impact on energy modeling output
- Energy Recovery: More systems will require Air Side Energy Recovery
Effect may vary by design strategy and % of OA

19. Case Study
- Project: Montgomery County MASP – Building 4C
- Location: Rockville, Maryland
- Building Description: PEMB with slab on grade construction
- Building Area: 12,000-SF, Building Elevation: 22-Ft.
- Exterior Wall: 8” CMU with perlite insulation in the core from floor up to 3’-4”; and 8”
horizontal Steel Girts at 6’ O.C.; R19 Batt Insulation from 3’-4” to the roof.
- Roof: Dual insulation; Total R Value is 32.
- Rooms Descriptions:
Modeled Spaces Area SF
Offices 625
Break Room 1,255
Warehouse/Storage 3,485
Restrooms/Lockers 830
Workshops 4,765
Utility Rooms 450
Area Total 11,410 SF

20. Building 4C – Floor Plan
Building 4C – Exterior Elevation

21. Building 4C – ASHRAE 90.1 THERMAL BLOCKS

22. Energy Modeling Inputs:
Proposed Building Model Baseline Building Model Baseline Building Model
LEED 2009 - ASHRAE 90.1 2007 LEED V4 - ASHRAE 90.1 2010
Roof U-0.031 U-0.048 U-0.048
Exterior Wall Above Grade U-0.07 U-0.064 U-0.064
Windows U-0.4; SHGC-0.4; SC-0.46 U-0.4; SHGC-0.4; SC-0.46 U-0.4; SHGC-0.4; SC-0.46
Extrior Doors U-0.3 U-0.7 U-0.7
Overhead Doors U-0.067 U-1.5 U-0.5
Interior LPD
Offices 0.90 W/SF; -10% 1.10 W/SF 1.11 W/SF
Break Room 0.99 W/SF; -17% 1.30 W/SF 1.23 W/SF
Warehouse/Storage 1.40 W/SF; -7% 0.80 W/SF 0.58 W/SF
Restrooms/Lockers 0.66 W/SF; -17% 0.90 W/SF 0.98 W/SF
Workshops 1.20 W/SF; -14% 1.90 W/SF 1.40 W/SF
Utility Rooms 1.00 W/SF; -9% 1.5 W/SF 0.95 W/SF
Exterior Lighting 1.4 KW 5.2 KW 4.8 KW
Operating Schedules Same Same Same
Equipment Loads Same Same Same
Service Water Heating Storage, 97% Eff. Storage, 80% Eff. Storage, 80% Eff.
HVAC
Economizer Yes No Yes
Fan Power Credit Same Same
Cooling/Heating Delta T Same Same

23. Modeling Results:
Proposed Building Baseline Building Baseline Building
LEED 2009 - ASHRAE 90.1 2007 LEED V4 - ASHRAE 90.1 2010
Interior Lighting KWH 13,823 41,306 32,263
Space Heating, Electric KWH 4,791 0 0
Space Heating, Nat. Gas KBTU 370,366 651,385 449,239
Space Cooling KWH 1,575 3,062 2,688
Pumps KWH 939 939 939
Fans - Interior KWH 9,788 13,268 12,495
Service Water Heating KBTU 79,730 70,388 70,388
Air Curtains KWH 9,883 9,443 9,443
Ceiling Fans KWH 2,651 2,651 2,651
Exterior Lighting KWH 6,643 24,674 22,776
Process Loads KWH 58,971 58,971 58,971
Total KBTU 820,914 1,246,441 1,003,195
% Energy Savings 34% 18%
% Cost Savings 31% 21%
LEED Potential Credits 10 8

24. Resources
- ASHRAE 90.1, 2007 AND 2010 EDITIONS
- International Energy Conservation Code IECC, 2012 Edition
- LEED for New Construction – 2009 (v3)
- LEED Building Design and Construction – v4
- Comparison of Standards 90.1 2010 and IECC 2012, US
Department of Energy
- Energy & Energy Cost Savings Analysis of IECC 2015 for
Commercial Buildings, Pacific Northwest National Library
- Understand the Difference Between ASHRAE 90.1 2007 and
2010 – Cooper Controls
- Occupancy/Vacancy Sensor Design Guide – Lutron

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