Chemistry soaps and detergents
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PPT on Soaps and Detergents..... It also includes info about Micelles and Cleansing property of soaps....
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Soap and detergents
The document compares soaps and detergents. It discusses that soaps are salts of fatty acids made through saponification of fats and oils, while detergents are synthetic surfactants made from petrochemicals. Both form micelles to emulsify oils, but detergents work better in hard water since they remain soluble as calcium/magnesium salts. Detergents are more effective cleaners but also less biodegradable than soaps.
Soap and detergent
This document discusses soap, detergent, and their cleansing actions. Soap is made through saponification by boiling fats with alkali, while detergent is a synthetic sulphonic acid salt. An experiment shows soap works best in soft water but not hard water, while detergent works in both. Soap reduces surface tension to wet surfaces and remove grease as droplets, while detergent works similarly but is also effective in hard water due to additives that enhance cleaning.
Dyes and its Classification
This document discusses the classification of dyes. It begins by explaining Witt's theory of color, which states that dyes contain chromophores that produce color and auxochromes that intensify color. The document then discusses various dye classifications including by color theory, chemical structure, and application method. The main chemical structures of dyes discussed are azo dyes, which are the most important class, and anthraquinone dyes. Dye application methods covered are direct dyes, mordant dyes, vat dyes, and disperse dyes. Examples are provided for many different dye types and classes.
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The document compares soaps and detergents. It discusses that soaps are salts of fatty acids made through saponification of fats and oils, while detergents are synthetic surfactants made from petrochemicals. Both form micelles to emulsify oils, but detergents work better in hard water since they remain soluble as calcium/magnesium salts. Detergents are more effective cleaners but also less biodegradable than soaps.
Soap and detergent
This document discusses soap, detergent, and their cleansing actions. Soap is made through saponification by boiling fats with alkali, while detergent is a synthetic sulphonic acid salt. An experiment shows soap works best in soft water but not hard water, while detergent works in both. Soap reduces surface tension to wet surfaces and remove grease as droplets, while detergent works similarly but is also effective in hard water due to additives that enhance cleaning.
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This document discusses the classification of dyes. It begins by explaining Witt's theory of color, which states that dyes contain chromophores that produce color and auxochromes that intensify color. The document then discusses various dye classifications including by color theory, chemical structure, and application method. The main chemical structures of dyes discussed are azo dyes, which are the most important class, and anthraquinone dyes. Dye application methods covered are direct dyes, mordant dyes, vat dyes, and disperse dyes. Examples are provided for many different dye types and classes.
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SOAPS & DETERGENTS
Soaps are made by reacting fats or oils with a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. Detergents are similar cleansing agents but use synthetic surfactants instead of fats/oils and do not form scum with hard water. The manufacturing process for soaps involves saponification of fats/oils, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. Detergent production uses petrochemical raw materials and involves slurry making and spray drying. Both have advantages like cleaning ability but can harm aquatic environments if not properly treated in wastewater.
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Detergent
Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
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Soaps and Detergents
Soaps and detergents are cleansing agents that use their molecular structure to dissolve dirt and grease. Soaps have a hydrophilic ionic group that dissolves in water and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that attaches to non-polar particles. Detergents are similar but contain sulfonate groups, which allow them to work effectively in hard water by forming soluble salts with calcium and magnesium ions. Both soaps and detergents use micelle formation and emulsification to suspend dirt and oil in water so they can be rinsed away.
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Soaps and Detergents
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids that help water dissolve and remove dirt. Detergents are similar but are more effective cleaning agents as they do not form precipitates in hard water like soaps do. Soapless soaps, while different from normal soaps, perform similar cleaning functions through chemical rather than natural reactions, with advantages of being usable in any water type but disadvantages of being less environmentally friendly than traditional soaps.
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Soap & detergent chemistry
The document provides definitions and examples of soap and detergents. It discusses the history of soap manufacturing and the process of saponification to produce soap from oils/fats. A flow chart shows the steps of preparing soap in the laboratory. Detergents are defined and an example, sodium lauryl sulfate, is given. The preparation of a synthetic detergent from dodecyl alcohol is outlined. Finally, the cleansing action of soap and detergents is explained and their effectiveness compared, particularly in hard water.
Soaps and detergents
Soaps are made through saponification, the process of reacting fats or oils with alkalis. They are cheap and biodegradable but do not work well in hard water which causes insoluble scum. Detergents are made through chemical processes using petroleum products or natural esters reacted with alkalis. They contain surfactants, phosphates, and other additives. Detergents are more effective than soaps for hard water, but many varieties are non-biodegradable and can cause environmental harm. Both products have advantages like low costs but also disadvantages like limited cleaning power or environmental impacts.
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Soaps are made by reacting fats or oils with a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. Detergents are similar cleansing agents but use synthetic surfactants instead of fats/oils and do not form scum with hard water. The manufacturing process for soaps involves saponification of fats/oils, glycerin removal, purification, and finishing. Detergent production uses petrochemical raw materials and involves slurry making and spray drying. Both have advantages like cleaning ability but can harm aquatic environments if not properly treated in wastewater.
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Detergents contain various active ingredients like surfactants, builders, solvents, and enzymes that help remove dirt from surfaces. Surfactants are the primary cleaning agents that use their hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties to break the bond between dirt and surfaces and suspend dirt particles in the cleaning solution. Builders help reduce water hardness by binding with metal ions and protect surfactants' cleaning ability. Solvents aid in dissolving oils and greases that water cannot remove on its own. A variety of ingredients work together synergistically to achieve optimal cleaning.
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This document discusses molecular weight of polymers. It defines molecular weight as the sum of atomic weights of atoms in a molecule. Polymers have extremely high molecular weights due to their long molecular chains. There are different types of average molecular weights including number average, weight average, viscosity average, and z-average. Molecular weight distribution is also discussed. Higher molecular weight increases properties like ductility, impact resistance, weather resistance but also increases viscosity making processing more difficult.
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1. The document summarizes a lab report for a qualitative analysis experiment identifying inorganic compounds through precipitation reactions.
2. Key reactions identified calcium, copper, lead, carbonate, chloride, and sulfate ions based on the color and solubility of precipitates formed when the unknown compounds were reacted with specific reagents.
3. The experiment allowed the student to gain experience using common techniques to identify inorganic cations and anions through observation and interpretation of precipitation results.
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Soaps and Detergents
Soaps and detergents are cleansing agents that use their molecular structure to dissolve dirt and grease. Soaps have a hydrophilic ionic group that dissolves in water and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail that attaches to non-polar particles. Detergents are similar but contain sulfonate groups, which allow them to work effectively in hard water by forming soluble salts with calcium and magnesium ions. Both soaps and detergents use micelle formation and emulsification to suspend dirt and oil in water so they can be rinsed away.
Deviation of real gas from ideal behaviour
Real gases deviate from ideal gas behavior at high pressures and low temperatures due to the assumptions of negligible molecular volume and no intermolecular forces being incorrect in those conditions. Van der Waals proposed an equation to account for these deviations that includes pressure and volume correction terms related to intermolecular attractive forces and molecular size. The compressibility factor Z, which is the ratio of PV to nRT, can quantify this deviation from ideal behavior for real gases as it equals 1 for ideal gases but varies from 1 for real gases.
Soaps and Detergents
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of fatty acids that help water dissolve and remove dirt. Detergents are similar but are more effective cleaning agents as they do not form precipitates in hard water like soaps do. Soapless soaps, while different from normal soaps, perform similar cleaning functions through chemical rather than natural reactions, with advantages of being usable in any water type but disadvantages of being less environmentally friendly than traditional soaps.
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The document provides definitions and examples of soap and detergents. It discusses the history of soap manufacturing and the process of saponification to produce soap from oils/fats. A flow chart shows the steps of preparing soap in the laboratory. Detergents are defined and an example, sodium lauryl sulfate, is given. The preparation of a synthetic detergent from dodecyl alcohol is outlined. Finally, the cleansing action of soap and detergents is explained and their effectiveness compared, particularly in hard water.
Soaps and detergents
Soaps are made through saponification, the process of reacting fats or oils with alkalis. They are cheap and biodegradable but do not work well in hard water which causes insoluble scum. Detergents are made through chemical processes using petroleum products or natural esters reacted with alkalis. They contain surfactants, phosphates, and other additives. Detergents are more effective than soaps for hard water, but many varieties are non-biodegradable and can cause environmental harm. Both products have advantages like low costs but also disadvantages like limited cleaning power or environmental impacts.
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This document discusses the chemistry of laundry detergents and soaps. It explains that soaps are made from fat and oil mixed with alkali to form fatty acids, while detergents contain petrochemicals and other chemicals. Detergents have advantages over soap in that they work better in hard water and prevent dirt from redepositing on clothes. Both soaps and detergents use surfactants that have both water-loving and water-hating parts to attach to oil stains and remove them from clothes with the help of enzymes.
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The document discusses water treatment and hardness for textile processing. It defines hardness as the condition where soap is less effective at forming foam due to the presence of calcium and magnesium ions. Hard water can cause issues like precipitates, poor dyeing and finishing results. Methods for determining total, temporary and permanent hardness are presented. Total hardness is measured by titrating with EDTA, while temporary hardness can be removed by boiling and titrating the residual with HCl. Common methods for softening hard water include lime-soda processing, ion exchange, demineralization, and use of sequestering agents.
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5.1 Soap and Detergent
Soap can be prepared in the laboratory by saponification, which is the process of boiling palm oil with a sodium hydroxide solution. This causes the palm oil to hydrolyze, producing glycerol and sodium salts of fatty acids known as soap. Sodium chloride is added to reduce the soap's solubility in water and precipitate it out of solution. Soap molecules have both hydrophilic sodium ion heads and hydrophobic fatty acid tails, allowing them to emulsify grease and suspend it in water for removal. Detergents are more effective than soap in hard water since soap reacts with calcium and magnesium ions to form insoluble scum, while detergents do not form scum.
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Soap and detergent
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil. Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes. Examples: Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
Soap preparation
Soap is produced through a chemical reaction called saponification where triglycerides (fats or oils) are reacted with a strong base like sodium or potassium hydroxide. This produces glycerol and fatty acid salts known as soap. In this experiment, coconut oil was reacted with sodium hydroxide through heating to produce soap. The soap produced was a white solid with a slight pandan smell. Saponification is an exothermic reaction where the internal heat generated supports the process without external heating.
Soap and detergent
Soap nut powder has been in use for almost 3,000 years. And still in many parts of India, soap nut powder is using as a natural soap to remove oil. Soap is a sodium salt or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids having cleansing action in water. They are using as cleansing agents to remove dirt, oil from the skin and clothes. Examples: Sodium stearate, sodium oliate and sodium palmitate formed using stearic acid oleic acid and palmitic acid.
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- Transesterification is a chemical reaction where the fatty acid chains of triglycerides are replaced with methanol groups, producing fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.
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Soaps are sodium or potassium salts formed from the alkaline hydrolysis of fats and oils. Syndet bars, also called soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocoyl isethionate that are derived from coconut oil or sodium palmitate. Syndet bars have a lower pH of around 5.5 that is closer to skin's pH, making them milder cleansers than soaps which have a pH of 9-10. Common ingredients in syndet bars include sodium cocoyl isethionate, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate.
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The document provides instructions for making home-made soap using the blender method. It explains that blending the soap mixture makes the trace stage much shorter, requiring only minutes instead of 15-40 minutes. The instructions outline adding oils and lye solution to the blender and processing until trace is achieved. Fragrance and additives can then be added before pouring into molds. Two liquid soap and two bar soap recipes for making soap in a blender are also included.
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This document provides instructions for making home-made soap using a blender. It describes how to safely dissolve lye in water and mix it with oils using a blender to produce soap in a shorter time. Essential oils and fragrances can be added once the mixture traces before pouring it into molds. Two liquid soap recipes and two bar soap recipes are also included that can be made using this blender method.
Soap saponification
Saponification is the process of making soap, which involves a reaction between fats/oils and a strong alkali like sodium hydroxide. This produces soap and glycerol. Soap molecules have a polar, water-soluble end and a nonpolar, water-insoluble end, allowing them to suspend oil in water and lower surface tension to help cleanse surfaces. There are two main types of soap: those made from animal/plant fats through saponification, and synthetic soapless detergents made from chemical oils.
Fats and oils
Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone. They undergo various chemical reactions including hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and saponification. The properties of fats and oils can be analyzed using various values such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and Reichert Meissl value. These values provide information about the fatty acid composition and purity of the sample being tested.
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The document provides instructions for making soap through both cold and hot processes. It first discusses the basic chemistry involved - fatty acids react with lye (sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) through saponification to form soap and glycerol. For cold process soapmaking, exact measurements are needed and the mixture is poured into molds to saponify for 12-48 hours before cutting. For hot process, the fats and lye are heated and mixed at 80-100°C until fully saponified, then poured into molds. Both processes form soap through the reaction of fatty acid triglycerides with lye.
Industrial Soap_Production_and_Manufacturing_Process444444.pptx
The document discusses the industrial production and manufacturing process of soap. It describes the four main raw materials used - oils/fats, lye, brine, and additives. The three main processes are then outlined as the cold process, semi-boiled process, and hot process, which differ based on the temperature of saponification. The production involves four main steps - saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing.
FATS AND OILS.pptx
This is for Bachelor of Pharmacy 3rd semester students that cover the chapter fats and oils. This is useful and also help them to prepare for examination.
Chemistry of some cosmetics
Vanishing creams – which can also be called stearate creams – were known for their smooth, dry feel on the skin and their pearly sheen. Chemically they are oil-in-water emulsions consisting of stearic acid, an alkali, a polyol and water.
lipid.pptx
Lipids are organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, phospholipids, and glycolipids. Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of glycerol and three fatty acid chains. Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that can be saturated or unsaturated. Lipids serve important biological functions including energy storage, cell membrane structure, and as precursors to hormones and vitamins. Common chemical tests are used to analyze the properties and composition of lipids.
Ointment
This document discusses various topical dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels, and pastes. It defines ointments as semisolid preparations for external use that are easily spread. Various ointment bases are described such as hydrocarbon bases like petrolatum, absorption bases, water-removable bases, and water-soluble bases. Methods for preparing ointments like incorporation and fusion are outlined. Requirements for ointments regarding microbial content, packaging and labeling are also summarized.
Soap manufacturing process
soap is a salt of a fatty acid,.
Consumers mainly use soaps as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they are also used in textile spinning and are important components of lubricants.
Soaps for cleansing are obtained by treating vegetable or animal oils and fats with a strongly alkaline solution
Soap and detergent making process of Technology
The document discusses the production and manufacturing process of industrial and domestic soap. It covers the key raw materials used - oils/fats, soda/potash lye, brine, and additives. The three main soap manufacturing processes are described as cold process, semi-boiled process, and hot process, which differ based on the saponification temperature. The document also provides details on the history, chemistry, and individual steps of soap production including saponification and glycerin removal.
Detergent powder
This document discusses the ingredients and properties of detergent powders and soaps. Detergent powders are composed mainly of surfactants, plasticizers, binders, fillers, and water. Soap ingredients include fats/oils, alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and glycerin as a byproduct. Glycerin is a natural moisturizer that is separated from soap through a distillation process. Alkalis help emulsify oils and remove dirt through saponification reactions with fatty acids. Different ingredients provide functions like cleaning power, softness, or antimicrobial properties depending on the intended product.
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Chemistry soaps and detergents
- 4. Soaps are obtained by heating or animal oils and fats in presence of a solution Fats and oils are mainly composed of three molecules of fatty acids attach to a single molecule of
- 5. The alkaline solution, which is often called , brings about a chemical reaction known as . During this reaction, crude soap will be formed with the by-product glycerin which is a softening agent FAT or OIL + NaOH --------> SOAP + GLYCERIN
- 6. Take about 20ml of castor oil / linseed oil in a beaker and add 30ml of 20% NaOH solution Heat it with constant stirring for a few minutes till it thickens Add 5-10 g of NaCl to this and cool Filter the mixture using a filter paper Now the soap formed can be cut into various fancy shapes . Perfumes can also be added
- 8. Grabs onto oil , dirt and hydrocarbons
- 9. Micelles are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form inside aqueous solutions. The formation of a micelle is a response to the nature of fatty acids It will have a unique formation
- 14. • Most of the people would have observed some insoluble substance that remains after bathing • This is known as scum and is caused due to the reaction of soap with calcium and magnesium salts causing the hardness
- 15. The problem of scum can be overcome by another class of compounds called DETERGENTS Detergents are generally ammonium or sulphonate salts of long chain carboxylic acids