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0 fi191;qefj '6 ~~~~~I
[] ~ ~~ 9ftf.f ~ MC:1lf't ~
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cuMJt~~I
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D )ll~C'f:>t ~4Jl'GIC'A'A ~~ ~ (~,
pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS) C1cf.n ~
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o ~~-'lllitf ~~ Gll'AC~FHllC"l'A ~ ~
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tR '9"1"6'A ~ 'Pffic;qcwtf ~ ~ ~ 1 !j ~ ~ 19 'PfRlc<tcat IAl1il' 1•tttt
fR ~ ~ ~ ~~ "1RlC'CtC"1 ~ ~ fR '9"1C!S11 ill'slt"I• ~ ~ I (Key Words) I
~ '6 ~ ~ ~ -mf9flpf lft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fftCct"I ~I
'PfHC'CtC"1l ~"11'1191 ~ ~ I ~' ) I <qltll511 (Atmosphere) ~ ~ (Air),
~ 1 ~1Hi1'5'1 (Hydrosphere)~~ (Water), -e 1 f'1i1lil'5'1 (Lithosphere)
~ ~ (Soil) '6 8 I ~tet1i1'5i1 (Biosphere) 1 ~ C1;f ~tilf ~ (~ 'S
~ fR) ~ ~ ~ ~414119'1 ~ I P1'1li1'5Ci1'A W9RJ ~ (~), ~ '6
<tl{il&Cil'A ·~ ~ ~ it);qij&il • ~ ~ ~I ~~ ~ ~' "'iraC'Ct-t
~ ~, ~t-.c9f 91Rlciiat ~ ~' 'Pff1c;qc81 ~ ~ :"qi ~ 1
~9ft'llS, "lfiCcte81t ~lift~, ~' ~, ~' ~fMl:a 1Pttr ~9f!f
~ ~ ~ ~1 ~' 91ft;q"1 ~ ~ t"lftlC.,t eN'4:+ ~I
~~~~ewtlM
0 ctlfli1'9C•FSI "'11111.,"1fA'il ~ ~ ~ I p CFC ~ ~ ~"' "'1 ~ ~
o ~ -e •tc•Odlfl't ~ ~ ~9f, '5t9f,
~ '6 ~ficUC*'ff ~ "lfi~"C91'A
~-~C:f'ff ~~I
o ~, ~/C'f~~,. G1Jlcel•11Uil,
Sl'1C91:a ~~ Dt9f "'lilf ~~· ~1,ltilf
eul'~~~~~·I
D ~ ~~ ~ "'lilf "1°'1~ ~ ~
~~I
D ~ '1R!!C'fA ~41C'f<si ~ i1fW-1f9
~~~I
D ~'1JPJ'6~~~~
~l
0 ~ '51Jl"1"1tA'A ~ ~ ~ ~
~~~I
D ~ttf!54 '1JPr '6 ~ '1JPf Ptf'te111etN!s ~
~ '1Jl"l"!fil'A ~~~~I
0 ;qartlC!11 ~ tetlflf&Oii ~ ~ °'6
~ 91~QJIC9M ~"'1ii ~~~I
D filtw fi{g)IRl! <n1 ~4"1~ ~ ~
9iftCi4't it"ll~i1
....................................................1..111111
Environmental Chemistry](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-14-320.jpg)
![)."·"·a-'&19t-'Wt"f11liiil ~ ~ "Dtt'R~ (Pressure-Temperature Law)
"6l9f-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "1-~ ~ msa 1i9f I~~ ~9f g
~ etlCI'«.. ~~'Wtff ~'IM CCl"tfWe41'Mi1Ntt "1illi'*lif's41
~~ ~ ~ Dt9f, P l!lcn. ~ !l~, T ~
Pcx:T(~, V~)
~P=~xT
~PIT =~ ·.- (I)
~ I!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9tfi<1'6i1 ~ T1, T2, T3 ~ ~ ~ DT9f
<M1«11 PpP2,P3 ... ~ m 1 ,.,,, .. Wl
~=~= PJ = =~!!_=K ~
T1 T2 T3 Tn
WI 27°C .!19fi4fallt1.~-.flt·~~~<~ ltl*5if 90 L l'lt~ 57°C~>~
<Rt'r ~~ Dt.9t~ ~ ·~ ~-~ 81 L ~ 1 •~ Gilifb-t ~7
ha•~,~ s..56L]
;qc1t'l'i ~ -e 51-t'c:>Hi ~ ~ (Combination ofBoyle's·Law and Charles' Law)
IOO llRS, T K !l~ ~~ P Dtt9f ~~~ct~~= V
cttlC'l'i "J.Clllii411l, !l~ (T) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (V), Dtt9RJ (P)
<iJt!llij"'llCi!S 9fra<CtRt% ~ ~ Vex:_!_, ~ !l9f1milt T ~I
p
~ 5l-fc:>1t "J.Cllli'411l, Dt9f (P) ~ ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ (Y), ~ !l~ (T)
~~~I~ ve r, ~Dt9f P~1
I!!~ '519t (P) ~ 119111IClll (T) ~ .. "tftct~ ~ ~
Vex: T lfl V= KT (K~) -.n·PV =K (~)
p p T
I!!~ ~ 11RS, ~ ~ ~ ~ v "'lf°i<l~6 ~ v1 '<3 v2 "5'l41!S0'1, P Dt9f Y1ra<1Rt%
~ P1 '<3 P2 Dtt9f I!!~ T !l9f1milt 9lra<1Rt% ~ T1 '<3 T2 !l~; ~~ V, P I!!~ T-1!1~ ~
~ 9lra<1...ti1 ~ P1V1 = K, P2V2 = K
T1 T2
~ PV =P1V1 =P2V2 = =PnVn=K ~] (n~-~~"3t)
T T1 T2 r,
-300 -200 -100 ' 0 100 200 300 400
---- t(OC) -------+
fRI ).8· I V cpn1f ~"tilliiil, t {°C) ~
~)
)."·"·8 ~b trtli(IC'U 51-t'c:>tf ,_~{Graphical ~epresentati.onof Charles' Law)
~ Dft9f "5'14N5c-1<A t Pi
(V) R9fb ~Yf~lilll<A
v
(t) ~fiill f5if ~.8-~
~~I
.. Sfi{ ~ ~
~ '5Tt9f !l~~~
~4154 ~~
"iiUSMtt'llt (isobar)~ I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-22-320.jpg)
![V= Kn [V = ~~~<f'-n=t1A ~-~~] (1.13)
~~ '5fJICel'11Cilt"P~ ~ I
).~.a- ~' ~ -e eoltel'iltil<a ~ ~ ~ (Combination of Boyle's, Charles'
and Avogadro's Laws)
ctCllC'lt ~ I ~ !l~ ~ ~ C4R ~~!lit ~'Pfif ~· Dtt'Pfif <ulll-J"11Nl4 I
l
~ Jtiilli,i<ilm V oc P (T =~), : (1.14)
~ V= ~~~Cf'- P= ~ ~9Rl ~ '5l9f
61-fC'lt ~ I ~ "5lt9f f.if5ft .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (C4'1~~) !l~
~~I~ Voc T (P=~) (1.15)
~V=~~~<f'-T=~!l~
~ '5UICOl'11Cilt "J.'llliJ:aqlm, Vex: n (P '<3 T~) (1.16)
~~~9fm~~~~~
V oc n
4ff I
(4) I.!!~ ~ Mfi1'6l<•~il 1ft1:fl 300 K "!l~ 250 kPa Dtt<Pf ~f#t411~ '1J'Pr ~ 1 Mfi16Htt6
106 Pa "5l9f ~~~I ~ ~ •Ul>t~ Mfil'<Sl'Affl ~ ~ ~ "ftG'i{ewft't· c~ I ~
lft'<31A ~'t Mfil'<Sl~ft ~ ~ ~··~. I Mfi1'61CiHI ~~· = 1800 K
(~) •1Jl>t~ ~~ ~ 'fJt'f Mfit'<Slii 14.9 atm '5l<Pf ~ ~ 9fmf 1 Mfil'6l'At'6i1 1lt"1 27°C
"!l~ ~ '5f<Pf 12 atm I ~ ~ *'i{ 1'ft'ft1r Mfi1'6l'AfD'A ~!l ~~I ~
!l~ MM'6liit'6 ~ ~1 Plw I 99.5°C)
).".8 eoltel'iltil<a ~ (Avogadro's Law)
1811 ~ 'dtJICilPf~ 'dtJICOl'11Cil ~~~ ~ ~ '<3 ~ >t""i~ ~"4fG ~
(hypothesis)~~ I ~~<Pf s
~~ ~"iitlail ~ ~ ~ "tll'IC-,t ~ ~ "i1lt-f "I'-~~~ I
'15lilJ'!?IC<I ~ llm, ~ ~ '5l9f '<3 !l~ ~ ort'lf-~-.nl ~ 9fm ~ ~ ~ 9fttCf I
~~Cf~ '5t9f '<3 !l~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I~~~
~-~ (~)~~~I~ "5l9f P ~Cf'-~~ T ~"'ifil<l~b ~-
~ ~ '15llj>lle'A, ~ "5l9f ~ ~ !l~ ~
~"111%4SIC<! <ft ~ "1RI<!~ ~ I
~" ~ ~ 'l:Sll{l!)(Oi1 ~ !l~ ~ ~ "5l9f
~ ~ !l ~ ~ Fcl;c;pt~ >tililOA~ ~
9fNnrt llrn I I.!!~ >iil'lC'AtlJl 'dt~'llC•lt <ft~ 'dtlUS~I
~ (isochore) ~~I
~~
~~ ot9f-!St~ ~ ~'t I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-23-320.jpg)
![... (-.) 20°C ~~ '6 740 mm (Hg) Dtt'Pf 0.842 g ·~ ~ 400-mL ~ ~~
I i'fJtJl~'A "4l'1M4 1R' 'ff P (~ s 51.94JI
(~) "lllPtfBfit'1 (C2H2) '1J?r '(i~ ~"I~ ~.FRt· ~ ~~ '9liIT ~ ~ I ~-
~ .._M111cca~ f3tfite1c1 · Jift<qtlt( ~ Q 1 25.0 Ltiili!iCiHI ~~ Prfit&l'A 34.7 atm ~'Pf. c.!l~ 25°C
~~~~ 1{00 1 §1fitet't "4Jl~~fitc•fA ~ ~:fif:llr ~' [~ s 922.5 g]
('f) 250°C ··~~.··,'6 770mm Hg Dtt9f S02~ ~ ~7 [~ 1 2.65g/L]
('fl) 20°c 5t~~4·~~-~~~·0.12dm3 1 ~ •
'fJtt'R ~~ 47° C~ ~ '4'it 't(tl'r '5l9f fua4t ~'ilft.·~ ~ 15414'%i1 7l.5cm3 ~ I
·~~~? [~I 13.15 cm3]
).e.~ •1.Vtitt ~(fill• wt9t ~ (Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) 1 ~ Cft '!)'C!ilf~ '1TPf
'A!Jtl41M4 ~ ~ "'i'A"GS1CH ~ ~cfilit9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Wf I f.ITifi
~~ ~ "4IJJ!iCi1'SI '1Jt"f fil?tt~-~~ ~ Dl'Pf ~ I ~ Dl~ fil?tt~ '11$ Dl9f ~ I ~
'1lt"f ~ 91RltC1c6 ~ Q~ "'1 ~~ ~ ~~ "It~ fil?ttctif ~ ~ ~ ~ ell
R
_ PV _ I atm x 22.4 L mol'" _ O OSll I" K_1
1_1--- . - . itre atm mo
T 273K
Cft R =0.082 litre atm K-1 mol"
(tt) •11'111CI R-"ff ~I R = 8.3-14x 107 erg K-1 mol'
~ 1 calorie=4.183xl07 erg.
~'- R = S.3l4xl0: = 1.987 cal K-1 mol"
4.183x10
(~) fir111-t111tllc111Rifa1ct R-"ff ~a P = 1 atm,
(l.OPa = lNm-2
l.OJoule = l.ONm
I.ON= 1.0Kgms-2
V =r 22.4 litre mol ", T = 273 K
=8.314 JouleK-1 mol "
tTI R = 8..314x107 erg mol " K-1 (~dyne cm= erg)
SI ~~lit"' R-dff~·a ~ 107 erg=l J (~)
~~ R =
8314~107
JK-1 mol" =8.314JK-1 mol'"
10
SI~ R dff '1l'ftiff·~~
iJl. ~~ ~ Dl~ "111JIC4'1 (Pa) c.!l~ 5ll41!ii1C4 ~ ~ (rrr') c.!l ~<Rt ~ I
~~Cl, ~~ "'iYiiFeC!i, 1 mol ~ ~ '9liU STP ~-
p = 1 atm=10l.325kPa = l.01325x 105 Nm-2
V =22.414dm3 =22.414xl0-3m3
T = 273.lK
R = PV = l.01325xl05 x22.414x10-3
T 273](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-25-320.jpg)
![. - P1V1
··Po----
V1+V2
5l~Ci1'A "ft~fi't<1s Dt9f '!dlliJ'11t:a
p =Po +pN
P= P1V1 + P2V2
V1 + V2 V1 + V2
.<ft P(V1 + V2) = P1V1.+ P2V2
).~.~.~ <&I.Ve-Ht "llefMt4.'5'f9t ~ •trfil~• 1P'(ln ~91911l1•t (Mathematical Formulation of
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) 1 ~ ~' ~~ ~ ~ G4Ci14•1if ~ ~ ~'
A, B, C ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~ Dt9f P, ~ V, o$ ~-~~ n ~~ ~~ T C4'1Nsi1 I
~~ ·~fiRf "ft~fi't<1s Dt9f ~ pi, Pi, p~ ···················Pn ~'ift. ~-""-~ ~ ni, n2,
03, lln I ~ ~ J'1~4'ACf·~
PV =nRT (1.20)
nRT
p =- (1.20A)
v
~ ~ ~ ~ J'1~4'A'~ ~9f ~ lfm I~'
P1 = n1RT (1.20 B)
v
i1~tGltMCi1'A ~
P2(V1 + V2) = P2V2
~~ ~a-
Dt9f ~ ~ ~ ~ Df9f ~~ ~ ~ I ~~ Dt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'bl~· '5t't (partial
pressure ) ~ ·1
~ ~ ~ ~ 9il<s1111'1M4 ~ 12141.Carfif ~ ~ ~cm ~ Dt9f ~~'- ~
~YfMICi1'51 '5tt9Af 'Jlt~ Cln•t'!JI ~9ftiff '9fiIT ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1802 ~ ~ •tC<l'l'f~
tt''lltt''l '!dll41t:a ~41~ ~ I ~ Ci!'Vt-.t ~I~• 'it't ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~9f 8
~ •l"liiliiilt 9ffWllff M ~ °'1if ~ 1lf11l!Sif ttJPr ~dt'tt '111'·'5t't ~ ~ '"'~"
t"ll'TI_, •tJIJJf"1Ci(11 "511~ '61t9fi ~1"1•tiij'I ~I
~ ~' T ~~ V G4l4'6Ci1'51 ~ ~~ ~ ~ n ~t.~ ~9fllifM ~ ~
Mra,.411~9'1 ~~~I~ ~'ff CSffS l)f9f p ~~ ~~ ~~ •tJIJ'1J'1S{C~'R ~t.filf4 Dt9f
~ pi, p2, p3, ······Pn ~ '!Stcf
~t.filt4 Dt9f '!JlliJ'1IC'51, P =Pt+ p2 +p3 + + Pn. .. (1.19)
).~.~.) <&19'C*51 "'fl~'519t~~ (Application of Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure)
~~ ~ ~ vi mL I ~ P1 Pa (9iJIJiC4'1) '5tt9f G4~C@fi1 ~ 9!cf ~I ~~
G4IC'514ft ~ ~ ,U9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ l1Rf ~ V2_mL ~~ P2 Pa '5tt9f
i11~c:'GlfMi1 ~ 91cf ~I ,U9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o$ ~ ~ (V1 + V2) mL I
~~' P= ~~'R1Dt9f
Po= G4fi!cetCi1'51 ~~fi't<1s Dt'Pf V1mL V2mL
PN = i1l~c:'G1cetci1'SI "flt.~ Dt9f P1Pa P2Pa
~~ <IC4'C'l'SI '!JIP~!ilt<a,
G4fi!cetCi1'R ~
Po(V1 + V2) = P1V1 [:. P1V1 = P2V2]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-26-320.jpg)
![~WI (c,) ~~ IOL fitfittSICH ll'OO 27°C ~~. OAg_ He, 1.6 g 02 ~'Ctt. 1.4 g N2
'1Jt7f ~ I He ~ "5ltt~ '5t91 f#w ~ I ~~ C1illJ' '5l41f ~ ..mI [~ 8 2.46]
(~) ~~. ~ GIHmtCtfi{, i{~"lcetii ~~ ~ 5~Gl·f~ ~ ~ mfCt: I ~ ~
~ '5l9f 800 nun Hg ~~ GIKrtCVM . '<3 iil..QalCettii'SI ·~ '5191 ~ 100 mm Hg '6
300 mm Hg I "iia'llUC!S~ ~ 'dtlii'!Ciiil~ ~ ~ <R I
[~ 8. GIAlC6fi{ = 12.5%, iift~IC6fi1 = 37.5%, C02~so %]
('t) J2 g Glf91Ceti1 ~q'- 28 g i11-~lcetii '1Jt7f -'ti'5191 200 mm ~ "'lfitceti1 '6
i11':tcQIC6fCiit ~~ '519f ~? [~ I 100 nun, 3100 mm]
'111WJ-•--tI~~~ ~t.llf ~' -c:t~~ ~ ~~-~ ~~~t.~ ~ ~'f <R"tli ClJ ~?t'ft.llf 9fl'e1IT llt11 ~ ~ I ~t. ~ ~' ~ -~ ~
"5T9ft4 (P), ~ -ct~~~4 ~~ ~ ~-~?tl'.llf ~ ~ <R"tli '1JIJiftu<s1 ~'-~
"5T9f 9fll{31JT llt11 I ~
'1Wr flldt'Ri °'1ift9115flC ..t ~I~ wt't = •bl"lltt '111Wf-•--t x '111Uwt't
n2RT
P2 = ----y- ···················:···· (l .20C)
n3RT
p3 = -- (1.200)
v
'ft~~ Pn = nnRT (1.20E)
v
0
_ n.RT n2RT n3RT n0RT
~'Pi+P2+p3+ +pn ---+--+--+ +--
V V V V
RT
en Pi +P2 +p3 + +pn =-(n1 +n2 +n3 + +nn) (1.21)
v
(1.20 A)~~~ (1.21) ~ Jif~4'51'f ~ ~'f ~
P n n
------= =-=1 (1.22)
Pi +P2 +p3 + +pn lli +n2 +n3 + +nn n
~ n. +n2 +n3 + +n0 =n (1.23)
~'t(l.22)C~~
P = P1 + P2 + p3 + P4 + +pn (1.24)
~ '1Wr flldtiff C1J1Uwt'tJ1i '"1tlifl.."1Ci(t "'I~ '51t9lt "11'1•C'lt ~I
~~ (1.20 B) ~ ~ctt4 (1.20 A)~ ~~'f ~ 9fl'611Tllt11-
P1 =~ ~~ P2=~xP
P n n
n n
en P1 =-1 xP p3 =-3 xP
n n
~~ ~, ll2' Il3 ~ ~t.~fift4 '111Wf-·~~I
n n n](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-27-320.jpg)
![t1 r2 M1/V
~~ :: = ;: =~ ~: (1.28)
~ ~' >i~4'A'f (1.28) ~ ~ ~.:l11t(IDBI ~ ~ ~ 'Gf't'1M4 ~~<Rf l1m I
w 1 (cis) 16 mL 1':1~QiltGti1 30CJ'tt~oo·~~-q1 I.fl..-.·~ I.fl~·~ I.fl~~~
~ S0 2 ~~ ~1 [~ 8 2.8284nit]
(-.r) I.fl~ "!'If ~ ~ fimr· 432 mL I.fl.··~ A..'*ff Off ~···~ 1lftt't 36 ·.~I
~ 288 mL ~ I.fl~~ B, ~ c.fl~ fla·fPitv c.fl~ Dt'9f ·.'6 ~~ Off~~ -rrttt 48
1ilf.W 1 B-ltl~ ~Rl4 ·~ 64 ~ A-c.fl~ ~'IM+~~? [~ 8 16]
(~)I.fl~.!Sl'9f1fliJJt '9 Dtt9t °'1if 9fttiJRf I.fl~ f1a ~··~ c.fl-.fTJ.·'1'J?f '6 Gtfi!ttttii'A ~
~~ $ lMlaF<tii 5 : 6 I Gi~Cet~il ~· 17 ~ ~ ~ ~ '9 5Jt"1R4 ff fim1 <A I
[~ 8 24.48 '9 48.96]
r1 t2
-=-
r2 t1
:: = ;: =ff····················································································· (1.27)
~~' d= M [~M=~~~c.fl(f'.V=~~]
v
lo!!~ 6l~ '6 '5lt'Pf ~~~~~~I ~t.
d = M1 d =M2
1 v ' 2 v
>i~4'A'1 (1.27) ~
~-
t2 r1 M2 /V
-=-=
1'f ~ 'e 'SMiiliiili ~ ~ 410l"IC.,t ~ - ~ liilff{,-Wt '11Wl~"llf"fiiii" 1-
~ ~'Pf '<3 ~~ lffer ~ ~ ~ d c.fl(f'. CfJT'Pftittf ~ r ~' ~ I.fl JtlillijJ'il(31
I
r oc Jd
I
<rt, r = k~ Jd (1.25)
~~kc.fl~~,~~~
k k
r .11~0, r
1 = Jd ~'"'! 2 =Fi
~ r1 '6 r2 1~'62~~CfJT~~c.fl~ d1'6 d2~~~1
~Ill<! ;: =~ , (1.26)
~~,c.fl~~~~~~~~c.fl~~V~ctCfJT~~~t1'6
v vt2 ~ 1'ftt~ I ~'- r1 = - l.!l(f'. r2 =-
t1 t2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-29-320.jpg)
![).8 ~ '1~«'fil ~(Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases) .
~ ~ ~ ~'51M~• ~(kinetic-moleculartheoryj-e ~ I ~ ~ "<3 ~fZl;qs ~
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ R'8il~'AI ~ 4C'A(A~ ~ ~ ~SIM~•"'~ ~ I ~~ ~
~ ~ ~ 1 ~fir~ (Bernoulli),* (Kronig), ~11"1 (Clausius),~
.'ln'f.l ~l/2 ·~''•·
1B•lil"t•ttiaio191~w9fJrtiffi ~
Pl'lfl4ft ~.~ ... )
~attltt 1J!il. 11~ ~ a
) I ~ Mtf Wf'6 I f'tftt9 ftJl'f 1_cf~ I
~ l~-~~l'ltt~~ I
'-' I 'Plficfft ~ ll'211JKif ~~ etl+ICH. ~
~ ~~ ~~ )15, ~$ -e siU ~ Dt9f
iTt<3 I
8 I ~~~ft ~ '54141!SCi'HI ~ ~~
·'51t~ ttN5RIR1 ~ ~ I
ct I ~9fm 9ftfc;q¥1 •~ 'fils ~.·~'!rt 1111J?
5l~"HI 'Pf·'1-tfJfti·~ I
)t~f7RWWN!·I
~I ~.~~·1'j_cf·.~~·~'.~ f
'-'I f'lffff··· ~ 1fro· fltilililftC4 ~'
~1c.,tff;c4 ~·,~ ·~ C1'1ttB1ff;c4 ~~
~ lft'e I
81~~0thltlf·"4J1
<?I ~!SM~.·~~···~•.tQ·~ I
'1:t·1~~~~~~-l1Rrr
(-q) ~~ 235UF6 ~~ 238UF6 ~if~~cut~'$~~ I
[~ 8
235UF6-~'if
~~~
238UF6
~if cut~~ 1.0043 ~ OOXt~]
(!) ~~ ~ 4'to ~ ~ ~·~ ~ '54141Cii'A f'a X ~~ y ~I 41t>.,i'ift'A ~ 200
cm i ~~~~x~"'f~HCl~~~y~"'f~ NH3 ~~·~
~~ c;f'S1lt ~I~~ P ~~ csmn~'Pf!f ~ ~ C"fl'f Ix~ P ~~~
~? [~ 8 81.1 cm]
).e.v STP ~ SATP (Standard Temperature and Pressure and Standard Ambient
Temperature and Pressure)
STP ~ 141.,"1f( a~~' T = 0°C ~ 273 K, Dt'Pf, P =I atm ~ 101.325 kPa,
~' v = 22.4 dm3 mol"
SATP ~ 141.,"1f( I~~' T = 25°C ~ 298 K, Dt'Pf, P = 102 kPa ~ 1.01 bar
~' V = 24.789 dm3 mol"
SATP ~~ 51141!)C.,'A ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ SATP ~~ Dt'Pf ~ ~~~~~I
<IC~Ci'i'SI <>J:.~l~lm, ~ 'Slt~ <IJl~li91IN54 ~'<I''- blflCJ'f'A <>J:.~li~lm ~ C4'1Ns~ ~~
~~ I ~ SATP ~~ 51141'!)~'51 ~ ~ ~ I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-30-320.jpg)
![,._.a (<Ii) 25°C ~~di~ C02 ~di~. 27°C ~'9ii4lail~ di~ ~ll:QilCetili ~ ~
~~? ['88 6.l7xl021 J, 6.21xl021 J]
('ltf) zs-c~· lg C02mft"1'i~I"l'" iffi-1'® C'R<cR 1 [ftit g 84.46 J)
(~) ,25°C "!t~· 5 altlf. N2 ~~ m~ 1 [~ g 1858.79 J]
).~ ~ ttJPf" ~ i'fJPr (Ideal Gas and RealGas)
'1JPf "Pl' "'liJ'l'SICf ~ ~ ~ 'i{f- ~ ~ ~ !f~ ~ '5ftft 'Offt ~ l1rn I
~') ! ~'fJPf '6 ~I ~i'flPrl
).~.) ~ ttJPf (Ideal gas)
CtJ ~ '1JPr ~ ~~ '6 ~ Dtt9f i'fJPr J'["f>ii[~ ~' C1C~CG'1'51 "Pl', ~ "Pl',
"'IJIC'61'11Gil'SI "Pl' ~ Dtif ~ ~ tt11'f ~ I ~ ~ 5{fR't PV = nRT J'1~4'51'1 ~
M4lf!~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ dl'4fTi ~ "-rt~~ l1rn I ~ ~ ~ ~ C1Jfiti]f
~ ~~ "'1'51'4~'1 ~ GCl4'~Cii'SI ~9Rf f.1'5~~"1 ~ ~IC'1'51'4'6 ~ tfJt'f (fCl'f I ~ ~
i'fJT'C'Rf C1JfitiJf ( aE J = O
' av T
~ '5l9f '6 ~ ~~ ClllUlfG ~ ~ ~ i'fJPr J'1~4<act CW{ 1)tl'f I fff b; '5l9f ~
f.r!{ '!t~ ~~'-~ ~ C'lfitiJf di J'1~4<sief ~ ~ 'i{f I ~ ~ ~ G4l'iwf1SIC<q ~
~'i{f I~ '1JPr !!~ 4l•M4~1flijJ I
).~.~~~~·(Characteristicsof Ideal Gases)
~ 1 ~ '!t~ '5l9f '<3 ~ ~ di~~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ PV ~ P
(~9f) ~ ~~ ~ l1rn ~ ~ P-~ J'flllS<sil"I !!~ J'l<si'lC<siteft ~ (~ ).~) I
.( I '5l9f "IYf~qft!S ~ ~ ~9f1mm 0° C ~ -273° C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~~ ~)
).<t ~ •tf'6"'51 'l~fl'1 ~ tffe-tf9:a ~(Calculation of Kinetic Energy from
Kinetic Equation of Gases)
~ ~ ""~'~ ~ ~ 9fT1jlf ~ ~'1 '1JPr ~~~fit~~
~~~~~·llm~~~'5l9f~~I~~~~~
~~!1~~~$!l~~~~~~~~~~Dtt9Rf~~
J'1~4'S1Cf ~9f~ <Rf l1rn I ~,
. PV =JS mnc2
!!~ P= ~'5l9f V= ~' n= ~~~~ m=~~~' c= ~~
~~~if~C<i"f
!!~~if~~~~~ J'1~4'Sl'fe4 ~i1f.fi1JIJ'1 ~ ~9f ~ l1rn I ~
PV = _!_ mnc2
3
= ~x_!_mnc2 = ~x ~ ifNs•fN;t (~ n ~ ~ ~·~ = _!_ mnc")
3 2 3 2
3 3
:. ~i~ =-PV =-nRT (~~~ PV=nRT) (1.36)
2 2 .
~ ~9f1mm ~ ~ J'1~4'Sl~t (1.36) ~ '~N!t'SI ~~<Rf l1ro I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-32-320.jpg)
![450°C
200atm
Fe,Al203
N2 +3~2·
).~ ~IC'&t ~ ~l{116C'1 ~('ll'<i ~ -e ~ ..~ICIM ~~ (Reaction
Occurring in Atmosphere during Thunder and Fixation of Nitrogen in So.ii)
<111tl:sr.~~ 'IJRtcrn ~ft>~~ (3ooo-3soo0c)~~ 1 ~if~~ N2 -s
02 ~~~N0~9fW~ ~qt_ ~NO~ 02 ~~~~~N02 ~~
~I N02 ~~ ~~ ~ ~ HN03 ~~I MMa4ll~~~i1 g
~~ct
N2(g)+02 (g) 3200oC ) 2NO_(g)
2NO(g)+02 (g)~2N02 (g)
4N02(g)+02 (g)+2H20 ~ 4HN03 (aq)
~~ HN03 ~ 9flf.m ~ ~ ~ ~qt_ ~ ~~ ~ (CaO) -e CaC03 ~~ ~
~~~~~~~~~flrt-t~ I
CaC03(s)+2HN03 ~Ca(N03)2 +C02 + H20
).~.) ii~ICifii ~'"~ (Nitrogen Fixation)
~Nitl1'51 ~ i11ltialC$ii1 ~ ~ Q?!Ma~IC4 ii~ICIM fifttll''lii qcllf I ~~ fi1tit"'M '1.l:'51C<i ~
9fmt I~'
~I~~~~ (direct fixation) ~(f'. ~I~ ;r~~~ (indirect fixation)
) I ~ ~ I~ <ft~~~ ~ '64JICC!lc'Gl<iJl<P'G'51 (azotobactor) ~ ~'4 ~
<iJl<p'ij~~I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i11l~1Ceti1 ~ C1Ptif ~<tt. ~ ;r'.~ (fix)~ I
~I 9ftft1lf ~~ I craf~ ~ <ili(~6CV1 ~~ HN03 ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~'9e ~ ~ ~ ~ct 'S ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~Rl-~ll ~
9lc111..e1c;q iil~ICIM fifc..."191 I ~ ~ 91'41N5C!S H2 ~ 'S ~ N2 ~- tll51<14'~ ~"~ct
MRl-~1~ NH3 ~9fW ~ I ~l NH3 ~ ~ ~ 'S SllG1JIC~IM4JI~ ~J5)1C(l5U (DAP) ~ ~
<RT ~ I ~ ~~ Yfiijif%C!S NH3 ~ HN03 ~"9fW '41" ~ ~q'. HN03 ~ ~ ~
~~9f:J~~~~I
Po Vo =Po V2 2 2
<ft 0.8 x 0.2 = p02 x 2
0.8x02
<fl Po = = 0.08 atm
2 2
=- 0.264 + 0.08 = 0.344 atm (tfi]
Glf~CifCi1'51 Dti>f, P02 = 0.8 atm
GlfCJttetti1'51 ~, V02 = 0.2 L
~ 8 ~~li311~
i1i~c'falCl!tCi1'51 Dti1, PN = 0.88 atm2
~1l:c:'G1cetc~;g~, vN = o.62 L2
~~,V=2L
~~'
i!i~c;'Gicet<ti1'51 ·1'5IT'-~ ~9f pN2 ~en. Gl~CetCi1'51 "'1'.~ Dti>f p02
~l~tla1Cett:-1'Sl ~' Gl~CetCi1'51 ~'](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-37-320.jpg)
![).)<t.) • ~ "'ltcctit ~~•l•t (Classification of Acids and Bases)
3i1CJtJ<s-~ il'!>~IC"f ~ ~ ~¥1ll'A ~ ~Pt&~'(~ ~ ~ 9fmf I -~
) I etM~• ~.I HCI, HN03, H2S, H20, CH3 COOH ~I
~I eol.,lii~• ~.IHS04, HCO]·, HS-~ I
" I •11'tl111f1MsC!Jfill •IH30+' NH;' CH3 coon; ~ I
Gli1JfPrC4, ~~ti~'1'!>1'51 ~..rff ~ ~~ "fTtl I~·
) I "'l'l~CI' ~~I NH3, NH40H,H20, CH3 COOH, NH2 -NH2 ~I
~ I eol.,lii~C(i (!J1itf ~- • OH-' cor, s", NO]' ci-~ I
"I Cl'Jl'tlti~. (!J1itf ~I [Cu(H20)3(0H)t [Al(H20)5 (OH)]2+ ~I
).)f.~ a.,c4•-wntft 1'tW .lf"f1r-l ~ (Neutralisation Reaction According to
Bronsted-Lowry Theory)
!i1C~<s-wntft 11N, C11 ~faltlllll ~~ ~ (HA) ~ dl~ .. l'AC4'A (B) f'ifibialll ~ ~
~f'li '<3 ~ ~ ~"f!i~~ ~~~I~.
HCI+CH3COOH ~ CH3COOH;+ci-
"'I~ ~ ~~~ ~~
~- 1 G11:ac~Jirn1JJt. ~'ii' ~, ~m ~ Pic~1N=t!) ~ C11 c~ ~~ ~ '!t ~ "iffi ~~
H20~'il'~~~ H30+ ~<rnf I
HCI + H20 ~ H+ + Cl" + H20 H20+ H+ +er~ H3o+ +er
).)<t d.,t:llJi-~ ~ -e tltictt ""-"Ptff (Bronsted-Lowry Theo·ry and Conjugate
Actd-Base)
1923 ~ ;s.,cJGw -e ~ (Bronsted and Lowry) 91~ ~m -e ...ms ~~ ~ ~
~~l~~~;s.,CJGQi"-~ .. ~~I
~fitM ~I C1l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CR'C'! 9fmf ~. ~ I
•lifl$'1 iCH3 COOH ~~ ~m I cmct ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9fmf I
CH3 COOH ~ CH3 coo- + H+
.. ltt+A ~I C1l ~ -~~ 00. C~~ct ~ 9fmf ~~~I
•lifl$'1 I NH3, co;-·~ I cmct ~1t ~~~ 9fmf I
~'Pltllf
).)8." etlt,~fll:it i1'6Cll'*" ~i41ct••l -(Ltmttations of Arrhenius Concept)
~ "lt~ ~~~cf~ "iffi I~~-~~ ~ifl<q,'!I ~~~I
~ I ~ ~ GliJ:JiflC'SI, C11 ~ ~m-~ ...ms~~~ !Rt'f ~ <rof I
~ I ~ '!>~liJiflC'SI, ~ ~ ~ '5Ji1J ~ ~ ~m-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "iffi I
~ '!t9f ~. NH4Cl ~ ~ NH3 -e HCI ~"f!i ~ I
NH4Cl(g)~NH3(g) s: flCl(g)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-44-320.jpg)
![~~ 8~
~"~~,~~~~~~~~~~ct~~~~
~~I ~~<f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Jfl1'Jl41tl4' ~I !51Cl1'51'4 ~-~ ~~
.. 1'51C4'51 lJ.'f&'r ~ ~ lJ.'M <fCl'f I
~~m-~~
-t •
HCl(aq) + H20(f) ~ H30+ (aq) + er (aq)
t t
~~-~~
).)~ ~ '8 ~ "1*"'1~ ~ ~ (Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases)
192l ~fit.~.~ (G.N. Lewis) ..,,,,~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ .. 1'51'4'51 ~ ~
~I~~ Gli<>11C'51, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfm ~ ~ (~ ~ ~ ~) ~ fifg'1f'f
-Ci'l~i1 ~~~~~:I ~ BF3 I
~~wrt,~~~,~-Cil~il~~~~~l~NH3 1
BFJ + :NH3~ H3N:~BFJ
~ ~~ ~ ...m ~ MfaRletl!5 ~
~'C'Jfit'Pf ~ llm, ~~ wrt l:til~il lJ'f1'f ~ (acceptor) ~~ ~ W11' ..,,.,~i1 lJ.~
~(donor) 1
).)~.) ~ ~~''" «t41tC'Ollf (Classification of Lewis Acids)
~ ~ ~ "t'51iil"J:C!> ~<IS ~ ~<IS1f~ ~l 'dltMUlil ~ ~ I ~ ~~
llt~~'l'OIC<l ~'Pf~ <Rt l1m I ~'
) I~~~ I BF3 ~ ·B~if ~ -...~ 6~ -til~i1~I~~~
~ ~~ ~ lC"1~i1 ~ ~I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ...Cif~i1 ~ct~
~l~l.!l~~~~I
tl'f1'(11'1 I BF3, BeCl2, AIC13 ~ ·,
~ I "14t ~ ~ d tiit~'ltwt ~ ~ "ltatlit cc'ft'1'1f( I ~ ~. d Gl'SIMfJldl ~
"!Slm~~1~dG1'5IMTJli1~~~~~~~~~~-c'14Qlf1~
~~~~~<>1ilrAl~~~~~~I
tltitt'*1 I AIF3 ~ 3p- ---+AIFt ~- AICl3 + COCI2 ---+[COCI] +TAICI4r
" I C'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ••'11'4•c1'ttwli~ ft-~l'J I
•llf liiji't 1 0 = C = 0 0- H-
a- a+ a-··. i ( )
~-1 O=C=O +: 0-H- ---...+O=C=O HCOi
, 8 I ~~I ~<P4'el(<q ~ 9Fitill'lefif ~ ~f'tw ~ ~ 9lflfi{ ~ I
lllfl@Gf i Fe, Ni ~ ~ ~~ I
Fe+5CO---+Fe(CO)s Ni+4 CO---+Ni(co)4
~ cPfalJl41~'1 ~ '~J<PF~f.i
<t I aq.,1'414 bill.,"1'{( I '!>INa<P!lc;.q 'Jft~ <PJIUIMJf~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~
~ s Gl'51MUl'1 ~ ~~ ~ .. lilt4'51 ~~~~~I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-46-320.jpg)
![).)~." ~ ~- 'ili"11t11 ._~ tl1'l1Pf ~ (Acid-BaseNeutralisation Reaction
According to Lewis Theory).
BF3 ~~~~m~~ NH3 ~~~~1~~1ft~~9f~~~1~,
BF3 + :NH3 ~ F3B ~ NH3
~ ~m ~ ~ ~ RtfJ19~1•1!) ~
).)~.8 ~ ~- etclt't' (Applications of Lewis Theory) I ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~
filfJRl'l ~~~~~~I ~ ~ ijl<iC4'51 ~9f~NiC!> ~ ltm I ~I ~ ~
..nn ~ 51iilll:Sti~ 1'1'514" ~ ~ 51iell:SG~ ~ '<i'JMJt ~- lfm 8 I ~ ~ ~
Jifi1c<1-t ~ ~ ~ ~ I
).)~.<t ~ ~ ~iil;q'i11 (Limitations of Lewis Theory) a ~ 1 ~~'.llf ~ ~...mcp
~~~~ ~1~~9Af••ctl~cp!>l'51~~~~~~1~~
fl~JilC'A-~-~ ~ ~ )111C(lli ~ ~ ~ Im~ ')1l~ ~-~ M~l'A w-m I .
).), f1m ~~"~(Sources and Importance of Fresh Water)
~~~~ct~~~~~~~~~~'fl
(~ ~ ~ ~ w~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~'fl) ~ f1m 9f1f.f (fresh
water) ~ '1ctJ ~ ltm I fim 9flf.m ~ ~9f g
~ I firaT 9ftf.{ ~ ~ ~ I ~: I ~"t"! ~'1 l'dt!>I ~ "-tt I e I ~ 9flfif ~ ~ "-tt I
8 I ~"t"! "'l'(M'il!> ~ ~ "411 ~ OOi'f ~ct ~ ~ ~ I
Ag
I
•'ft(t'1I Ag~+ )C=C(--> -C-C-
1 I
).)~.~ ~ •ltt+il 4f+ltto'f (Classification of Lewis Bases)
) I ell~~ ~ 9Rfltt~ ~<1S ~ ~<1Slf'~ fifg~ ~ lOil~~ ~ I
l'tliiji"l 1 NH3, PH3, H20, H2S, HF, HCl ~ 1
~I ~ '1111~"1'(1( I ·~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ l:Ci'i~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
l:Cfll~~ ~~~~I~~~~~ I
g'fl$'1I Cl- +H+ ~HCl, F- + BFj ~ BF4~, 6CN- + Fe2+ ~ (Fe(CN)6]4-
~ I C = C r.-~ ~ 00'1'1I( I ~ c<f$M ~ ~m 51Jli1Rac-1 00'1 ~ 51Jl'1f4C~'51 1t
l:011~~ ~ ~ ~m Ag+,cu2+,H+~ ~ ~ 1t ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~~C=C~~~~I
l'tl$"1·a Co3+ + 6NH ______.3
3+
8~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-47-320.jpg)
![).)b'.~ ~ ~O..ibl'A ~~pH (pH as a Critaria of Purity of Water)
pH~ H+ ~~ ~i1i!IJll<a ·~ l'f~ I~ pH = - log [H+]
pH ~ 9ftf.m ~ ~ iJtil'A<P~ ~ ~ l1m I 9ftf.m pH f.ffilrct ~ ~ ~ I 9ftf.m pH ~~
~ ~ C~ 9'tf.m ~ ~ l1m I ~N ~ ~en '<3 ~ ~t.;i- ~ lfm I ~ ~ '<3 ~ffl
(drinking) 9flf.ttf pH ~1' ~ 6.5 ~ 8.5 ~-em ~ I ·!Ifft m ~ ;i-'-~ (WHO) ~
~ ~ I ~t."11Cl1C"kf~ ~ ~ 6.5 ~ 9.2 I ~~~~'fut <q:>j<qlC>t<a ~~~
~pH !I~ 1fR 6.5 ~ 8.5 ~~ cm~~~ ~~~pH ~if 1fR 4.5 ~ ~
~~t. 9.5 ~~~~~~!ft~~ I
).)b'." d~'t• Gt~CIM (Dissolved Oxygen, DO)
~ ~~ 1ftif ~ ~ ~ Glf~cetii ~~~'ft 9tJl<AlfiiGl<A I ~ 1ft~ ~ ~
~ ~ tt1C4'1et~4' Glf°itCet~ ~ QfTC<P ~ ~ 'dl~CMii (DO) ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'4f°itCetCi1'A '~ ~ t!IC~let~"1 I ~ ~ ~
~ct ~ Gl~Ceti1 ~ ~ ~ .C<PR ~en~ 6fCCl1'SI 9ft'f ~ ~ ~ -rn I ~ ~
~·~ ~ ~ Glf°iteetli1'SI ~ct 4.6 mg/L ~-em~ I ~~ ~ ~ 9fTf.f ~ ~ I
,.. i.~~~ ~ ~·~ IOmL 9ftfif~u1~a.~~ 8.9mL ~~t. ~
~ 9ftfif~ul~t:'Q-r.f~ 4.8 mL EDTA ~~ ~C4'1eti1 ~I EDTA !11' ~ 0.01 M ~
~ ~ 9tlf.dTi ~ ~~~ Cftl'f lflf 1fCi; CR I
2Na -911'51~ + CaCh (aq)= Ca-Yll'AiJ:ff;'& + 2NaCl(aq)
2Na -"1l<s1tt&u + MgS04 = Mg-"11'51~ + Na2S04
).)b'.).~ ~ ~ (._ ~ ~) ~ (Determination of Hardness (Permanent and
Termporary) of Water)
ttt~R (Principle) I (GIJICi!IM"1iil <JPl'Ai~IS + GIJIC~IM4'1il (l~iCJll~IS) ~ ~ ~~
lRn:aFlil m T Mclif"1'4'A W"1fi(f!sc'! EDTA (~Mi11Sll:G1Jlfili1 ,fllalG1Jlf3tf&4 ~m) ~ ~
~ 9flf.m ~ (~ -e ~) ~ ~ ~ I Ull:~tb'. ~ Na2S ~ ~ ~ ~~'- ~
~ ~ ~ ~-"i'fTl'r (wine red) ~ YIRl;q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~(Calculations) ·g lmL O.OlM EDTA = 1 mg CaC03
~ ~' V mL ~ ~ 91~1'4 ~ ~ 0.01 M EDTA ~ y mL tt1C"11eti1 1
~~ ~ ~ = y x lOOO mg CaC03/L
v
).)b'.)." ~ ~ tetJ'Cll(iCH "l~irt (Disadvantages of Use of Hard Water)
~ I ~~ Ctfl'<3m ~ • ~ ~ .'Pflf.{ ~ ~ >tl<q1Ci1'A "GI'~~ I
~I~~~~~~~~ ~;q'lhl. ~~Cfif ~ct~~ I ~"Ai9f
~ct ~9f "f"1Rl<ql~ ~ ~li11M'A ~ ~ l1m I
~I <15l~, ~~ '<3 ~lr-ifi'ttl ~ 'Pflf.{~~lfm~ I~~~~~
~ (1Sl~ '<3 ~ ~ '<3~ ~ ~ ~~ ~I (1Sl~ ~ ~ ~~ <15ltet ~ ~~
~ ~ 9f1firn MMaM'SI ~ «fi<q~"1 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~9fn ~ I
8 I ~ ~ OM, SM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ b'A4l~'A ~'<3 ~ ~ QftC4 I b'5141Ri<R ~t.
~~lfml~'S~~~~t.tmt~~~I
a-o](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-51-320.jpg)
![).)lr.<t tl"1111~4 etft1ctM~(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD)
9flf.rn ~tfJ ~ ~"'15"~~ ~ ~ MC4lleti1"1C~l"1J (non-biodegradable) ~ ~' ~
MC~lsti1 <IJl4t&~4ll qt ~'l ~ ~ ~ -n I ~~~ MC4llstCi1fi1 'ijfi1J ~ ~ ~' Clfl(i{
K2Cr207 (~ "l~Cl9fi1 :>t'A<l<silt<: <ml) !IC~lsti1 ·~ I ~m ~ ~ ~-<ml I ~ '"'~!
RctltMC~l'IJ ~ RctliM'51rAl'11 ~ "'lifl'(Jt('• ttltc'11 ~ ~c11~1 ~ '5fftltttc.,t blf4:'11c•
tl"tllf.1• '5fftiCWM ~ (chemical oxygen demand, COD) ~I ~ ~' ~ ~
COD~ 11M BOD'if ~ ~~ cqfit ~ ,· ~· COD ~ ~ ~ 15l!lfi1CAl"1J ~
MC!llsti1C~l"1J ~~ MC4llsti1"'1C~l'1J ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ COD~ 11M ~
~ Wtl l{1ft'Rf ~ ~ I I
).)lr.<t.) t1"111i~¥ etft1CiM~(COD) "lll..,lt '{'1~~ .(Principle of Te$t of COD)
~ ~Ma!ll~ ~ 9flf.ttf~ Ag2SO~ ~~~ HgS04 ~if,Yff~f%C!) 50% H2S04 ~~'fl
"'!N5Rl'6t~~ K2Cr207 ~~~~~~~OT-em~,~~~trJt~OO'
~~- ~ cllt~ K2Cr207 ~ ~ ~ 9f1f.f '6 col ~ ~~I Ag2S04 ~~ ~
~~~I
3 [CH20] + l 6H+ + 2Cr20~- ~ 4Cr3+ + 3C02 + 11 H20
~ 'Jft'fl MWRI~ !ftqfqqj6 5-ICiiUC4 C1lTif ~ (FeS04 (N~)2S046H20) ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~"f ~ f.R1r <Rt lf1111
COD~~ f.l~fit~ ~~<Rt 1lt1t I ~'
COD= (V1 -V2)xMx8xlOO mg/L
x
~~ V1 = ~~~ct~~ (mL, blank test)
g/
'
BOD 91tl"Plt -t~Rt (Principle of Test of BOD) I
.. ~~ct~~ BOD~~~~~ ~ct "l~Cet~ ~ ~~
20°c ~~ 5~~~~~1 ~~~~'fl~ M111~1~ 111~WPl"liflf.let11:>t'~
"'lf'91tceti1 ~ct emf ~~ 9flf.ttf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f:f <ml I BOD ~ ~ •
YfR!c;qcart·9b.~ ~~~ct "'l~Cl9fCi1<si !iC!llsti1 ~ ~ ~Yf CR1' l1m I
[CH O] 0 microorganism , CO + H O
2 + 2 7
2 2
BOD 01l1if ~) (mg/L) ~- -- ... , ,_,
I ~~
2 ~
3 Cll~lif'J ~
10 ~9f
20. ~~9f
~ ~ W3~ -a fitt1't9fif 9flf.ttf ~ BOD ~if~ 1 ...2 m LI
1l'ro ~ ~ Rl1Jill., I ~?IR~ 91'11~11 ~ ~ ~ 41ft1Ut'1 ~ BOD 1l1if .w
b ~ .~ 1ll9l1lt ~. -.Jlfitt llPrr "19fJ~ etftlClfttifil ~ ~~ 9l1A I BOD ~if 11M
~ ~ lfm, ~ ~ "l~cetii ~. ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I
~ "'~ f.i~ BOD f.lc(~ 'fit9f ~ CRi I~~ :>.<l' ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~ ).tt I BOI) 01'tm ~f'ltstli 9l1f.ff ...... 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-53-320.jpg)
![,_ .. : .. ~9'Pf ~·~'t4W •llfl~
.
"IJl'l~i:l CnH2n+2 CH4 (~), CH3CH3 ~)
~Jli1~"l CnH2n C2H4 ~), C3H6 ( G2f'tf9fif)
~1111~1~'1 CnH2n+l OH CH3CH20H ~), CH3CH2CH20H (ceft~)
t;51] 111ffl;~f~~ CnH2n+l CHO CH3CHO ~), CH3CH2CHO(ceft~),
~.~ t>fiiC•tlcilfl CdFt (Homologous Series)
;q<£i!IC"l ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~I ~ '1ft'1 ~ ~ ~ 00•1>t~C4
~ ~ )111C"ffi1 ~~fir~~ C~ ~ Cfft ~I~ C~ ~~ ~
~ ~ I ~ ~Jli1C4"l ~~ ~ ~ 4l~~fi14 ~~ "llC'S14ffl C~ I ~Jl"1C4C"l'SI ~
4l(~fi14 ~~ ~ ~I ~ ~Jli1'4"l C-~~~(CH4) -e ~
(CH3-CH3) ~ ~~'1JC4lif~~ I~~~' ~..-·~c1'twr~·~ ~ '1lt•tt>t'(C• ~ i!Fii~I., etlctR• "W ~ ~ ~,,.." - '*ltill'it ~ 'illt1I'
~ "tiJ:"llC'I 9fl 9fl ~ C1f ~ 9lt<Rrt 1ft1r ~ 1ffif 91Ml9'1filt 'l1t C'ltt'tf 1'00 ~ ~~fil.,
(-CH2-) ~ ~ ~ ~ cAl'1efilc• ~~~WW~~ -..t 1ft1r, ~.
~ • ~tt>fCi('I t>f1'C'11i8'1 ~~I ~~ >t~C•tl~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~-.ftt
JtatC•tliiMS ~ Ci(IC1f l'li'f (homologue) ~ 1
lllftf$'1. I ajlilC~ ~ >f~t•Ufm~ ~I GOl•h.4Ci1;st ~ ~ ~,Ca H2a+l ~
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ~ ~~ ~ GUl•1C4ii ~'ll4if ~~~~~I~
n = 1 W'f Clft•tfG<a ~~ 'Q CH4 (~) •
n = 2 W'f CllMffl<a ~~ ~ C2H6 (~)
n = 3 W'f oo•tffl<a ~'-~ Q C3H8 ( atn"C9fif)
n =4 W'f oo•ifG<a -~~ ~ C4H10 (~~t'6ii)
w~ ~l11~<ac'1 ~ ~' 9ft-tt9"f11t ~ ~ ~'1M4 "It.~ ~ 1J1ijf "!4 fil~fitii
- CH2 - ~ I ~" ~lli1C4ii ~'4ft >t~c·u~~ ~ I ~' ~' C2ftt9fi{ ~ ~
~lli1C4ii ')1'1TC~ ~ ~-. ~~ >t~C'tld!4 I :
~ ~.~I t>fiit!il-1 afff 9"1T, ~ ~ '9 •'flit.ff
I ~~~1 I~~~ I 1'11(ll~~1 1~~~1
I ~'~---~~.r------------.'t ~ 't
I~~ I (~~~~11 ~~m I ~~~ I
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f<rc't't f.ft5 .~~I
......--------.
~~
CO](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-71-320.jpg)
![- 0 - H ~1-Fti'l 1{"14 ~
GIJl.,C4lfdit4~
-OHR-OH
-XR-X
RC=CR
8 I GIJl'141..'1
()I'll~
-C=C-
1 I
-C=C-
1 I
RCH='CHR
I I
-C-C-
1 I
~-~ •t(.-ll ~(Functional Group)
~ :>t~C'11ci141 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Sil:>tlfiM4 ~ ~ ~ I "1iJPltC'SI, ~ ~ :>ti1Citlci141
~ c'1M:>t1!~ ~ ~ 'Al"ff!JM4 ~ ~ ~ I ~ Gl]t4'1C41('1 ~ 4l~M4 ~ ~ ~
l'1~C'11'1141 ~ I ~ "4Jl'lt41(11 ~ 41<ftfitqs ~ i5ill'1141M4 ttaft<ctfit:a 1100 ~ !<i:>tl'l-tl~ I
~it '4Rf1 ~ )111C•tlill41 ~ :>t"f"1Pl1!C('SI ~ ~ ~ ~ "1'Aill'.tt'~ ~ ~' lit ~
~ ~ Jf"ft>tJ'A ~ ~~ tl"1141M4 ~ ~ '4tf ~~ ~ Jf~t,11141 ~ Jf"f>fJJf1!Cf(il ~
~·~~.I'4R·:>t~titll41 ~ ~ M411"141~ ~1i9f ~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~
~ !54~!5 I~~~~~ ~5flidit ~ ~~ ~ ('fflt ~) .• ~.
~ tlJJtli~·.t ~ 1'tf ._. •t(4 l'f' 'WI I ~ ~ GOl'1C41('1 (CH30H), ~
"4Jl'1C4~., (CH3CH20H) ~~ft§ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ - OH 1J.l'fC4ir '9RlM4i~'l I
~ GIJl'1C41('1JfC(il 41(4 ~ Wft GIJl'1C4l(fi14~ ( - OH), GIJl'lffli(f~SJfC(il ~ 1l"f4
~ GOl'1ffli~cs '{"T4 (-CH());~ ~fJt(SJfC'il 41(4 ~ ~ 41~11 ~ (-COOH) I
~ :>t~t•11~41~4l(fll 1J.l'f'CR~, ~~ '6 ~~~~ Jfl'Af"Ctws ~"(tl'ft I
- ~.-e I ~ :ltiit*tlti ~ •t(4 ~
~ Jf~CS111it41 ~ ClIT'iJ'lC~'SI llt~ ~ ~ ~ I ~'
:> I ~~ !!4'fft ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1fl11 I
~ I ~~ !!~ ~ 41441 ~ ~ I ~ "4Jl'1C41'lt'l'SI <til(41l ~ ~ - OH I
~I 9ft-tt9f'tf1it~ Jf~C'11"1C4'SI llt~~~ (-CH2-) !l'f ~~I
8 I !!~ !!~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1fl11 I
~ I ~~ JfilC'lfli11!! ~ ~1Jf()('R ~ 41441 ~ ~· ~ ~IJ'll41M4 amf ~ flftC<fi I
m ~1'1M4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'-Cfi, ~'-Cfi, ~·~ ~ IJlll~li:>tlc'SI ""ra<ct<t..
~ 1 ~~ (CH30H) ~il~'.Cfi 65°C, ~ (C2H50H} ~il~'.Cfi 78.3°C1
r
~ CH3COCH3 ( ~~); CH3COCH2CH3 (M~I~[~)! CnH2nO(n = 3)
41<(~fi14 ~m CH3COOH (~ ~m)CnH2n+ICOOH
CH3CH2COOH (~~ ~m)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-72-320.jpg)
![eol'IC~IRI 1'Tlf eo1"1t~IRI 9ftlf ~~
~-
CH4 ~ C6H14
~ C2H~ ~~ C,H16
'514rlJ91 CsH1sC!flt~ C3Hs
-
~'rlJ91 C4H10 ~ C9H20
'~ CsH12 ~ C10H22
iso-~
n-C~
~.8 • ~ .,111+1'1 (Nomenclature of Organic Compounds)
~ ~~ ~ ~ csuf.hm:-sH11'tl'f ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 11tif ~ ~ 1 ~ ~
'1lf•1:>ti£C'it • -e :>f(8ffAltfJ 911144'51'1 5Mf°i(I( I ~'Nf 91l144itC'1 il:>fHMRf'1•1ct 4U14ft Rf~
~ '51<1!l<sictl ~ I ~tiff 11ttfJ ~ 'Oli~'fl I ~
:>I "fl~~ (Common or Trivial System) ,
~ 1 ~ ;~ ~ ~ (Derived System)
~ 1 ~ ~ <5il•ef1N54 ~ ~ ~9'JRS ~ (IUPAC System) [IUPAC=Intemational
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry]
eolfin•~• c'1tt'fl i4li1W'4 (Nomenclature of aliphatic compounds)
~)~·~~.,.I~~~ ~ "''1f, ~' ~ ~ <5ilRfifilitC4'51
-titliJtlC<si ~ 911144'51'1 ~~I ~ "1'41N5C'! ?8f<i' ~ 91li14'51C'Rl ~ '1~dl'!I "If'~ I ~
"1'4i~C'! 91l144i1'1 !fm "'tffl'!J'& ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ "1'4i~C'! 91li14'51C'1'51 ~ ~ I ~
eol"1C.., I '51Jl'1C4Q1il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n-19 <Rl "Q I ~ Yf '41~C'! ~
(1-r.tYil41:.ft91:st ~ '~~· (ane) 19 ~ I '51Jld1C4C91'51 ~ ~ ~ '51Jl'1C4C91 ~ 9Rflft'1 ~~
~ ~ ~ c-ftlf !1~' (ane) 1l5 '4af 91IJ44'51'1 ~ ~ I ~ C5H12 ~~ ~ '11t•1~<si ~
'~ (pentane) I lJ1if ~ f8t4Cdl<si ~~ ~ ~ 9RS1tl'.t' ~ ~<!Sfft (1-ilC8M ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ -nm ~ ~ (iso) Cllt't ~ "QI ~ ~ 9RS1tl'.t' ~ ~
(l-ClilC8f91 ~~~~~ht~~~~ (neo) Cllt't ~ "Q I ~
CH
I 3
CH3 -C-CH3
I
CH3
neo-G~
;,.,.,:; ... -.. •• 1~~~?1JA ~· ~J4t'mlh1 ~~~er
CH4 'CH2 =CH2 CH=CH CH3COCH3 CH30H
CH3CHO CH3NH2 ',
CH3CONH2 C2H5COOH C2H50-CH3
CH3CONHR CH3 -CO-NH-CO-CH3 R •' C6H5N02
I
0 CH3CH2COOCH3 N-R CH3COCI
II I
CH3 COCH2CH3 · R
I
~-•~ ~1efi1:a ,,_, :~:. '{'I~"''' ......:.~ ~.·~~.,~ 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-74-320.jpg)
![~ I ~ GIJlt<iilCiiffl<P t(l-Qil<Pl(ii ~ "'~ <.9'dalfi1tlii ~ ~ I
~ 'd01Ctltii$<P ~ ~ ~ -m 1 ~ 'JJ<P'f "51Jlfilw$<P ~ M ~ -m 1 ~ ~
~ GIJICtltiifD<P ~tvl<Pl(ii M ~·~ ~ ~ ·~ GfJlfilt~• ~l:Gil41(ii ~ ~ ~
~ I~ 5fJICttCilft4~ Gflf!aqlM<P~ C5m~ ~ GOlttltiifl<P ~ ~ ~ ~ I
GOIC<iiltiifD<P ~~~~~I~ c:ct49lCi1il ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ wrr I
'tlfadifttifi ~ _. ~ I ) I G*tlNi,111 C:cti1et<JJ~C4 C:>tl&liftl:it ~ ~ ~ CAi1fVti1t<IS
~~~~llml
0--0--@
~"'1~ etllt~t ~ 1t ~ .. .-., ~ ~~~ "lllCiit ~ ~
~~ ~ ~lt'llt eftl1't
0 6 4n + 2 = 6 GIJl~U;iiffl<IS
~ 4n=6-2 =4 t~J-Clil4l(i1
~
~n= 1
-
ro 10 4n + 2=10 GIJl~ltiiffl<IS
~ 4n= 10-2= 8 ·~J-til4l(i1»:
~~
~n=2
[] 4 4n + 2 = 4 .Gfll~1tiiffl<P
~ 4n=4-2 =2 ~l-Clil4F("1
"1l~CJPIM~t;l'5rl:i1 I ~I
~n=-
2
8
"!,
4n + 2 = 8 GIJl~ltilffl<IS
0 ~ 4n= 8-2~6 (l-Clil41("1h
I ~I
"1rl:CJP1~.t;1wurl-. cnn= 1-
2
[[) 6 4n + 2 = 6 "51Jl~ltiiffl4
~ 4n=6-2 =4 ~J-Clil414"1
- ~n= I
~91i{;l'51~..,~
~Jli11~i1 .
[[) 4 4n+2=4 GIJlt<iiltiiffl<IS
-~ 4n=4-2 = 2 i(l-Clil<PI(~
+ I ~I
~91i{;l'5l~i1~ ~n=-
~
2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-88-320.jpg)
![CH2
/ .
CH2 - CH2
~'Pfif
~I >149~1 ~<ft Gi>f°19 ~ l!t41CH ~ GillC'SllCllfU4 cifM ~~ Gi>t°115 I
<ft I ,- -1 ~I
~I GIJl~C.tft4 ~ ~~-~~~ GIJIC~llc~m. ~ ~~ ~
~~ .. ~ I ~ CH4, CH30H, HCHO, 4F.fi1>t( N, S ~ 0 ~~I~
HCOOH~I ~ft~,~~,~~
~' 00
8 I ~'Qfiil GIJlfi,cqfU4 ~Jl:if"il <ft 'dfJli1C41~'1>1~ GiJIQAIC1ilU4 'll:ifif <ft~~~ ~'11
~~ ~9f111i I
(t I ~'Pfif G111fi,cqfU4 ~>t4'9 ~ GIJIQAIC11IU4 ~ Gi>t4'9 ~m ~
~ (llCillcetCii~, iil-~-1ii, >tli1"'51Cii~ (llCi'tlcetCii~, iii-~~' >tli1cqlci1-M ~
.... Ci1.~lf'1fi,4 ~'Pfif ~ ~'Pfif~~I
~~~-;n,
~ I >tffil;JJ~I GIJl{i,cqfU4 (11'11-&>t'~ ~ I "lllC~IC11ft4 tllli11-is ~ -.~ .......::i~ ~
CH3X+NaO~aq)-+CH30H+NaX -;n I ~ ~ "ftt9ft'tli ~ llW I
Cl OH
@<;>10% Na<>H, 200 atm, 100'c~@+NaCl
(ii) HCI
C I '9ITTl't G111{i,cqfU4 Gi>t4'9 cifM GillC'AIC11ft4 ~ Gi>t4'9 ~m ~'6
KMn04/KOH ~~~ KMn04 ~ ~ ~ -;n I·~ 51>14'&~1
~I~ RtWf1f ~I
HC=CH+4[0] · KMnO, )
HOOC-COOH
lrl~~ 'dfJl~cqft4 ~ .,, ~-- ... ~ 511IC'AIClltTi4 ~
,,
~ ~ctTl "" '"'
~~9t .. Pf~~I~~ ~9t1Pl'f~ .~I ~ ~ (C6H6)
(CH4) ~ C =?5%, H =25% C1ITt'1 C = 92.3%,H = 7.7% I
~ I &IJ!lcetl G111fi1c'l'ft4 ~ ~ '!t~ 51JIQAIC11ft4 ~ ~ C6H5 - NH2 ~
ctlM~ (0°-5° C) NaN02 is HCI ~if~ '!t~ NaN02 '6 HCI ~if ~
Mffil;!ll!J' &lillcetl ~ ~9f:J ~ -;n I {ljftil;!Jl41 ~ &IJJlcetlMillll <JPl'Al-5 ~9f:J
~ Gi)li1C4l~i1 ~9f:l ~ I '4'QA' I
CH3NH2 + HNQ2 NaNO~ )CH OH NH2 N2Cl
HCJ, 0-5°C
3
@+NaN02 +HCI ._,.c· .c§)+ 2H20+N2 +H20](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-90-320.jpg)
!['501'1C4C-HI (Properties of alkane) I '511lifC4Ci1 ~~ ~ M'1Jill~ I ~ ~
~~~~~~I.~~~ "111'Sllflli~ 'paraffin' (Parum = ~ -iq, affinis =
~)ctelf I
~faFll'I( (Reactions) I 1~Ci1IC4'A '"1~Ric! ~ (CH4) ~f~tilceti1e~ ~
(Cl2) ..00 ~~<Rt~ I !f~ 1~Cifl4 ~ ~ 1~CiftC4 ~~~~I ~
:> I CH4 + 2Cl2 ~ 1¢1C.,l'4i > C + 4HCI
~ I CH4 + Cl2 'f115itifil'4i > CH3CI + HCI
~ CJPl'A"S
CH3Cl + Cl2 ~ CH2Cl2 + HCI
S~CJPIC'AI ~
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 hu > CHCI3 + HCI
.:Q~tjjilC'AI ~
CHCI3 + Cl2 hu > CCI4 + HCI
''flfilfJPIC'AI ~
MtaHlffl filctlJCi1'A ~fir t{1~Qilceti1 ~ ~ aFill•t! ~~ 1{l1 ~· ~fJHtt1lccti ~ ~
(chain reaction) 4ftlr I
f.tt.11-.t.·I· Nicecitfi4i1-til•.«tmHll1 -~--!fHI>~ W.N 4'4.Jttl('h&Ro (~·~-m
) .C11Ki1J ~·'4Rt Q I
Cao ) R-H + Na CO
A 2 3
R - COONa + NaOH
" I ~•tt'1 ~ (By reduction} I '5111.,41'•wt iijlifl-.5'4 ~ '4iftlf '5111'1C4~ "'9ijf l{lf I
RX+2(H] C2H~OH+Na ) R-H + HX
"111114~ (11"1~ "IJl.,'491
CH3l + 2 (H] C2HsOH + Na CH4 +HI
~ 15tlC411Sll:S ~
8 I fffl;ft( ..., I <Plftfi14 ca~ c.>t1Ri411il ~ C:>tl5lifl'•11 (NaOH + CaO) ..00 '-
~ '5111'1C4~ "'9ijf ~ I ~ "1'4i~C'! 'Pffr1J(if~ '511111'4~ ~ <Rt ~ I ~ MWRl'il ~ ..
~.Cttt ~- 91f1111~~~I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-97-320.jpg)
![~-~-~ eol11•1-... (Alkynes)
~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ "'11'1.._9' ~ 1. ~ "Ol~IDfil+'le (acetylenes)~ 1
~1~~~'t4! CnH2n-2 ,.,tf(t't I~, H-C=C-H; G!tl~ CH3-C=CH ~I
..tw (Preparation)
) I 911l'lfMlt ~ (Laboratory method) I 4JlifP1411~ 414'1-.:cS'SI ~ ~ MRRl41
GiJIPtff;fitii ~~~ t
~I 1lfttct ~ (Oxidation .reaction) I ~ KMn04 ~1 1'f1 ~ ~ <:11Jti'if4~
~ ~ ~ ~9f!f ~ I Mffl1a41llUC!S KMn04 ~1 C~~ (pink) ~ ~ ~ I ~fU'6 ~
~ '54>149!Sl'SI 511<31~ffl ~' llt CCllllCH ~ ~ ~ I
KMn04 + KOH ~ K2Mn04 + H20 + [O]
H2C = CH2 + H20 + [O] -----+- CH2 - CH2
I I
"OH OH
~-1,2-~~~~
- .... ) ICH3 .;_CH-CH=CH-CH3 +03 --.+? ZnlH20 )?
I
CH3
~ ~ ~~· ......Gt""'llif1_..f4.,...G'"""~""it· .'<:J-c....1t..,.M~f~;--i MWl-illil HCHO, CH3COCH3 9ft-e1lt C'fl'f1 51Jli'fMlC~'SI
"'-~ f.fcht•.CR I
M~lffl ~ N-~ ~~~ '<3N-~~~11m I cmfct N-tqq~f&~ ~ ~
03 ~1 ~ 51~Cet~ ~'.t 19 ~ I
HO
CH3 -CH= CH2 + HBr 2 2
) CH3 -CH2 -CH2Br
~I ~Cifl~+Act ~ (Ozonolysis reaction) I~~~~~ ~'Pf~ g
CCI. 'H"-.c/ o,c/H Zn/H20
H2C = CH2 + 03 7 )2H-C-H+Zn0
H/ I I "-H ~ II
0--0 °~
"~ ~ I ~14'M•• ~ '51•,p11<31, "-f'1"1at "Oliir:.c... ~ •f'1"1at .R•ltt+ll RFM11
R•t11c+1 •'11'4• ~'-t (negative part) "Oliii:.t-ra ~ ......... .-1(cifii ~ ':ctnf ""'-~
i(-ICiM ~~ .... ~I
•lifliit.11'1 I CH3CH = CH2 + H+Br- -----+- CH3 -CH-CH3
I
Br
~-co itl~•• • 4't '411tlCJ1t '*tlt<attll'-"' .,.,.,. (Anti-Markonikoff Rule or
Kharaschs Peroxide Effect) I
~~ Mffi>illffl-.: ~ Yfl'Sl51911...C'i'SI VJYj~~C6 ~ ~ ~ M41'SIQIH ~~ ~'-t N-C,•Mf&
~~~~-..Uilt:et~~~~~I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-99-320.jpg)
![~' H2C=CH2+HBr ~CH3-CH2-Br
~Gilill-S
~ I '501trtt•li(C"1il "ltlf HX C1l1tt ~ I ~ ZnC12 ~if ~"1f(~C'! GfJl'1C<PIW1 HX '1nft
~ GiJl'141-'1 :Ulill-5 "'9ijf ~ I
R-CH20H+HX ~R-CH2X + H20
~' CH3CH20H+HCI ~CH3CH2Cl+H20
~(JPl'Sll-5
'5Ultrt•~trt (lltrt~Qkl ~filHIJt'( I 51Jl'141-'1 (Jl"ll-C5'51 Mffi1a~l"1~~9f-
) I ~ Na"R "ftlf ~I~~~~ R-X~if ~ 'f1R Na~if MWRI~
Gi)l'1C4i1 ~9f!i ~ I ~ MMa~IC<P ---~ ~ I~ GIJIWjt4i1 !iWN5C'! ~ ~~~I
2R-X+2Na ~ R-R+2NaX
~' 2CH31 + 2Na ~ CH3 -CH3 + 2Nal
~I~ Mg dR"ltlr~ I~~~~ R-X ~if~~ Mg flif MfJla~I~ GfJl1141~
1f.J1'1~Pt~lil ajl'll-5 (RMgX) ~9f'!J~ 1 RMgXC4~~«t• (Grignard reagent)~ 1
~~~
R-X +Mg R-Mg-X
~ M4F514 ~..mt ·-Rta:Jfitt! ~ (l~Cil41(91 ~ '4Cif I
RMgX + H20~R-H + Mg(OH)X
•liflf(i1'1 I CH3Mgl+H20~,CH4 +Mg(OH)I
~I KCN dR"ltlf~ I R-X ~if~ KCNCllt'f ~ 15411'141-'1 '1l~li11l:cs "'9ijf ~I
~~ ~~ Gi~ta:Jfitt! ~ •l~fil• ~~ "'9f!i ~ I ~ MffiRllU ~ ~~ 1U ~
(~~)~'t~~I
R-X+KCN ~ R-CN +KX
51]1'141-'1 :>fl~liil~S
) I otJlwtt•li(t"lt "ltlf PX5, PX3, SOCl2 ~ '.cf I '51Jlwte¥1f{tl1'R ~ PX5 /PX3 /
SOCI2 ~'t ~ GiJIW141~'1 :Ulill~5 "'9ijf ~ (X = :Ult*1ttwti1) I
R -CH20H + PX5 ~ RCH2X + HX + POX3
~' "CH3CH20H+PCl5 ~ CH3CH2Cl+POCl3+ac1
~ I '501"1~ 1(tW I GiJl'1f4Ci1'SI ~ HX Cllt'f ~ GfJl'141~'1 :Ul11f•is "'9f!i ~ I
R-CH=CH2 +HX ~ R-CH-CH3
I
x
CH3
I
H3C-C-Cl
I
CH3
30
Cl
I
H3C-CH-CH3
20
l"fl(ict I CH3 -CH2 -Cl
10
'51Jlwt¥~wt iUlwtl'-M tlWfW
)o~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-103-320.jpg)
![ijCI
~ I '1Jlwt11flhi ~fiFlht 1ft'6t1f I Cu2Cl2 -e HCI ~'f W"'t~R!st<!i ~ !il411Cetlf.Bllif <JPltl'~!i
~ (Jliltiiltcti1filli1"'~ ~ I
@I
llWfW (Preparation)
) 1 FeC13 !l"Slctt4t '""~R!st<!i <;.qiifirn;i1ii ~ Cl2 ~if ~faRlst <JPltiilCctliNt~~9f:J~ 1
Cl
FeCI, ~ @+ HCI
R-X + NH3----+- RNH2 + HX
~' CH3 + NH3 __:____.. CH3NH2 + HI
~J '5()11141-'1 COl'11- ~ NaOH ~ ~ '5()1'1t4'1i(~I) I GIJl'14ll:'1 :Ulil~t!iii ~
~ NaOH ~~ ~ <:5111'1t<Pl'l'1 ~~ GOl'1t<Pl'l~41 NaOH ~~ ~ GIJl'1Msi1~~ ~ I
R-X +NaOH(aq) ~ROH+NaX
~' CH3CH21 + NaOH(aq) ~ CH3CH20H + Nal
CH3 CH2 I + NaOH (ale) ----+- H2C =CH2 + Nal + H20
YJOlt-'1 COl'l-"5, QPttttC"_,,..., (Aryl halide, Chlorobenzene) I C<MfisttiBI ~cp$
(ll:tiltif~ ~ ~ ~9f5 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ (JPlt'Slltct~f9t~ I
<!111 ~ I C6H5 -Cl ~ ©-Cl
I~~!:::: lcilftttf ·-~ ., ... ~~~91!J~ I <II ~dt ~1
S I ~Wfltwf ~ I GOl'14ll:'1 :Ul'lll:!it<P~ ~ GIJl'lt<P~ ~9':f ~ I
R-X +2[H] C2H30H+Na > R-H + HX
~' CH3I + 2 [H] C2H,OH+Na > CH4 + HX
~ I NH3 dff ~ ~ I RX ~if~ NH3 ~if ~ffilastlst Gl11'14ll:'1 ~ ~9f:f ~ I
)o"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-104-320.jpg)
!['501Wit•lf(C'1t • ~
) I GOli1C41('1 '<a-r~!SI Cst'4ft1f I ~ ~ ~ ( H+~), ~ ~ ~ {H+ ~) I
~ I '51Jli1C41('1 ~ ~ I ~ '51Jli1C41('1 "e ~ ~ 1'ro H- ~. '(111
lllfW (Preparation)
) I eol'H'~ iQl'I-•'i(tW 1 GUl'141..,., (Jli11..,0H """. NaOH '1tt't ~ GOli1t41~ ~~ I
RX+ NaOH (aq) ~ R-OH + NaX
~' CH3CH21 + NaOH (aq) ~ CH3CH20H + Nal
~ I '501Wt~ ~ I 'd1Jlilf4ti1'A ~ H2SO4 C1tt'1 <ISWf G1Jli141~ (l°~Qi1Ceti1 'fl'ltil'G ~'Pf!f
~ I ~'Pf!f G1Jli141.i1 i(l-Ci1Ceti1 'fli1CiJ'°GC4 ~ ~ ~ G1Jli1C41('1 ~'Pf!f ~ I
R-CH=CH2 + H2S04 ~ R-CH-CH3 "20 > R-CH-CH3+H2S04
I ~ I
S04H OH
~' H2C = CH2 + H2SO4 ~ CH3CH2SO 4H z> CH3CH20H + H2SO4
" I '50l'IRA(i..ca ~ I GIJl'1Ri(l1:tSC4 ~ ~ G1Jli1C41('1 "'"f'if ~ I
R-CHO [HJ > R-CH20H
~ Il"t LiAll!.'-~.,-,, CH3CHO + [H] - > CH3CH20H
~
~.~.t' '5Ul'lt•lf('1 (Alcohol)
51Jl'1C41«'1'R 41(4~ 1{l'f4 -OH 1- OH 1{l'f4 51Jli1C4i1 ~ ~~ H -~ ~~ ~
Gf)lf1C411('1 ~9t!J~ I ~ CH30H, CH3 CH2OH ~ I
'5Ul'lt•lf(C'1t ~~•M (Classification of alcohol) 1 51Jli1C411('1C4 ~'Pf CdfilM<sl•1 CRt
~·9fttf I .
) I OH-~~~ '"ff~~ 'dfJli1C411('1C4~"8tt't~CRt1ftlr I ~'
(<IS) ilti1N:l~fi4 GIJl'1C411('1, ~ ~~ l1tiJI - OH ~' ~ CH30H (~)
(-.f) tSl••~J~4 51Jl'1C411('1, ~ ~ -OH ~' ~ HO-CH2 -CH2 -OH
~-1,2-~
('1) Yffi1~J~4 G1Jli1C4ll(it I CH2 -CH-CH-CH-CH-CH2 CH -CH-CH
~ ~-.tr~ - OH I I II I I I
2
I I
2
~1 OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH ·OH
'f<afit'G11 ~
~ I (1.ifli'l ~ ~·-Gl~i'f.,.,IC-f ilti11(1~4 'dtJli1C41('1 ~ ef<ISR I ~'
(<IS) i!il'-11111 G1Jli1C41('1 (1°.G1Jli1C411('l) CH3CH20H, ~ -CH2 -OH~~
(-.f) c:>tC4'9lll iatJli1C41('1 (2°'d1Jli1C41'l'1) CH3-CH-OH, ~-CH-OH~~ II I I c.. ,. '
CH3
CH3
I I
('1) 'Gltf3'~1~ GIJl'1C411('1 ( 3° GIJl'1C411('1) CH3 -C-OH, ~ -C-OH ~ ~ I
I I
CH3](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-106-320.jpg)
![" 1 • C#ttt• ~-tt'1 - I YfJlillRsiilJi (Pd) ~ ~ BaSO 4 -~if ~Yf~~C!S ~
'*':si'-.""''ii( (1-.fliicet.. ..oo Met1ra"' ~ G111f!Rs(t~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ c111t1M11te ~
(Rosenmund reductionj sna ~ 1
RCOCl Pbtaaso, ) RCHO + HCl
[H]
Mffi>"'" ~~ G11111Rs,1-.5 ~ ~ . Met1ra" m G11t11w1«11 ~ 'i{t ~, CJf ~
BaS04 ~ CRt ~I ~~ BaS04 ·~ ~ ~ ~ R1f (negative catalyst or
catalyst poison)~~ <rot I
"5lw ~(Physical properties) I~~~ :>t'1:>t1•t'11 ~I ~~~fir
• 1 ~~fir~~ I~ )f"f:>tJwfit'SI Gl-.M<P'SI ~~I~~ ~fir
'!'1tf& 1 ~ ~ ~efir ~ ~ {!Pit~) 'l'tr.+ac'1 ~ ~ ~ 1 G1Jl11Rs~-." ~ ~
~ (polar)~ I 30-40% ~ • ~ ¥iii4lfil.. ~ I q:siJllfiM ~ 41(4~
~<ciletj<..I~ I "1~.. MTt'SI ~ M•lr•..'SI ~ ~~ eol"'t+el<A ~ ~ I
tlJtl•~• ~ a G1Jl11Rs~1-." ~ ~t'Oic-.<s1 lit~ R'1Jlll-. ~ ~ ~ > c = o 1 ~ ~
ft11~ ~ ~ CJllUl{m ~~~I C:SCJli1Rs~l--S ~fir~ "ft~~~~ I
C:SCJl'l<Pl.. 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fir ~ ~ ~ I C:SCJlilRs~l--S ~ Mst&lc-1'SI ~ ~ ~
~'Pf 8 HCHO > CH3CHO > C~3COCH3 > CH3COC2H5 > C2H5COC2H5 ~ 1
) I C+til~ ~•tt• '1(t4111UM I GlJlilRs~l--S ~ Mst<:-i'SI <Pl4'M'1 .flit'Pf (> C =0) (1.. Qilcet91
:>tl!ll..l...S (HCN), NH3, e:>t1Rs4llii <cil.. :>tli1"51l.'G (NaHS03) ~ C<P'til<P~ R<Pl'S14 ff~~
~llWI R R OH
' S+ S- + - ' /
/C=O+HCN---+ /c,
R/H R/H CN
RCHX2
~KOH
[ /OH l -n,o ) RCHO + KXRCH (X= ajlC'1IC9M)
'oH
RCX2R
.;mKOH
RC(OH)i R -a,o ) RCOR + KX
..-...tR )O~
~ 1 •"-IOIWl-'1 ~ I S~ajldfl.. S ~ KOH ff Gl~C!f~! (hydrolyzed) ~ GIJlilRs~--S
~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ fili<PCl'l'SI ~ '-Olti11C9M ~ Sl.. ajl.,l ..S ~ GIJlilRs,l-.5 ~~
ajltdflcet~~ fKi<Pt'l'SI ~ C4R Gl<ci~IC.. ~ ~ Sl.. ajl'll ..5 ~ ~ ~~ ~ I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-110-320.jpg)
![~~ )))
C I ~itlt"I ~ I <4') ~ M9fl'R4 c:>ilNi411Ji Gi)liil'l'i"111 ~ 9ftf.ff ~ ~ LiAIH~ ~
GIJl'1Nt(l1:'S MetlRl'! ~ ztl1:ill~ (1 °) GiJl'1C4lt(d1 ~~ ~ MetlRl'! ~ C>tc<P'51~ (2°)
GIJl'1C41~ ~ ~ I
Ar/ R - CHO+ 2[H] Na-Hg+HzO ) Ar/ R - CH20H
Ar/ R -CO - R + 2[H] Na-Hg+HzO ) RCH{OH)- R /Ar
(~) ~ Metl;n4 ~'4-G!Jlillil•~ (Zn!H:g) ~ ~ HCI ~f'Jw ..nn 4l<lff.ti1 ~ ~ MetlRl'!
~~(-CH2-) ~~~I ~~~MMa41141~fisfAi1Vt., ~Wfltwf 1
Zn - Hg+ 2HCI ~ ZnCl2 +Hg+ 2[H]
CH3CHO + 4[H] ~ CH3 - CH3 + H20
~.2D.b' •l~fll• • (Carboxyltc acids)
~'4-41ftfit4 ~~ ~·~ ~~ wrr, RCOOH 1 ~~ '>ft~ "11'1M4 ~'c<P'!"
CnH2n+1COOH I G!Jlfitcqffl4 41ftfit4 ~~ 1'Jtftt ~ (fatty acid) ~ I 4F(~fit4
~~ ~~~ ~ 41(411 ~~ -COOH ~~ ~~ ~~9f g
#0
-C~
""-oH
~~~(General methods of preparation)
) I eol'IC41f(t'1t'if1t't~.I GIJl'1C41~'1 ~ GIJl'1Nt(l1;<s~ r.t'GICi1'A ~.~ 41~fit4 ~
~m lltlr 1 ~ ~ K2Cr207 + H2so4 ~ ~ 1
RCH20H [OJ ) RCHO [OJ ) RCOOH
1° 154Jl'1C41~'1 154Jl'1Ni(ll:<s ~
RCHOH CH2R1 [OJ > RCOCH2R1
101 ) RCOOH + R1COOH
2° "4Jl'1c<Pl~'1 ~ ~
~I ~ ~•It• ~ I 0°C ~illiiilii ~ <sl~ii11:<s (C02) ~ M4liic<P'SI
(GIJl'141~'1 11Jli1Ciifi1411il (Jl'lll:S) ~ ~ '4ti 4lcff'~fit4 ~ ~'Pf!f '4ti I
~ . ~ /OH
0 = c = 0 + RMgX~ RC -OMgX [H;O] ) R-c-OH + Mg"
~~ H+ X
c9fw ~ I ~ ~fir Rlf, m h'ff ~~ (.Cw ~ ~9fm ~) ~I
~VJ1i1rn• ~~ 6-10% ~ ·~ ~-MRI ~, ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 16.1°c
1!19filliiilii ~ ~ -utlr (glace like)~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tU~iilWt eolfittt. 8 ~ I
I
tl"tltf.H ~ I ~ 41~., ~ (HO - C = 0) ~ 4lc1f.1'1 ~9f (> C =0) ~ ~
GiJl'1t41~~il~ (-OH) ~ f ~ ~ 41~fit4 ~~~ GIJl'1C41~Cdl'SI ~~<mr-tt I
) I •f's'(l"l~I ~QilCCifll ~I 41~fit4 ~ (i1;(l'ilcetii ·~ ..nft ~~ ~ I
RCOOH + Zn -----+ (RC00)2Zn+H2](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-112-320.jpg)
!['51JIC11IM41I
H
I
H-N-H
H R R
I I
R-N-H R-N-H R-N-R
~ ~ C)IC*I~ ~ Ul'SlfJt411~ ~
(Io~) (2o~) (Jo~)
R-l!l"'A' 91Rl;qc6 fif911-if ~91 (C6Hs-) ~9M~ 51JIC3i!Cilffl4 ~ :1flSm ~I
......GIJ"'""lfil'""'91-ofir ~ ~ (organic base) 1
eotfltc-.11 ~ ttP ~
) 1 .,~c1;1eo111c•c-.11 ~ifltct ~ a ~ -e l!lm ~ iil-c'falG1Jlift4i'i Rletl~!S ~ ~1-111a)
~(lo~)~~I
~+~ 'Ar/R-N02 ---- Ar/RNH2; Sn+2HCl~SnC12+2[H]
[HJ
10~
~ I GIJlllll:S LiAIH4 ~ PtetlRl!S l{ti ttll:atlll ~ ~ ~ I
Ar IRCONH 2
LiAIH. > Ar IRCH NH ·
[HJ 2 2
10~
" I f(•iOI., ~· (Hoffmann's reaction) I tflJllll...CS'A ~ ~ '6 9fl;1P11lat
l{!Qitll:CS'A RIWRll ~ ~ tt1•iif~ (intermediate) catll:c:>ti'11411Ci'tB ~i'f!f ~ I l!l'f efi'tl1191
~ «tl-illll ~ (1 ° ~) 9ft'6'1t lJtll 1
Ar/RCONH2 + Br2 + KOH -----+ Ar/RNH2 + K2C03 + KBr "!"- H20
~.~.)o ~ (Amines)
~4!f~~~I~,
) I "'31'141~ ~(alkyl amine) ~ 1 51JIC'Altii$4 ~(aromatic amine)
hll ~ 51Jlfil91C4 Gl]IC11IM41l'A Ct:5RIC'5$'5 (~) ~91. ~'1J ~ ~ I <mf'f 51]1Ci!IM4Jl'A H-
9R1111'1 'dt]l'l+l-'1 ~ Gl]l'Al-'1 ~91 ~ ~~ ~ GIJ1filcqffl4 ~ 51JICJilCiim4 ~ ~ ~ I
GIJIC11IM411'A l!l"4flt H-~'1 ~i'f! ~"ii-ilia) ~ (1° ~); ~ H ~'1 ~i'f!
~ C'1C4ela) ~ (2° ~) l!Jqt ~ H ~'1 ~i'f! ~ Ul'APt4Jla) ~ (3° ~)
~~I
RCOOR' + H 0 NaOH ) RCOONa + R10H2
"am~ l!l~ q RC~'1C4 "114'1.,ll., (saponification) ~ 1 '11<q!iilM Rlffi18411m l!l~ 1
~ I ~iflt'1 (Reduction) I Na/C2H50H ~ LiAlH4 ~ ~~ RletlRl!S ~ I0
Sllli1C4IW1
~~I RCOOR1 [Hl RCH20H + R10H
Na/ '51Jl'1C411(1'1
" I "501Ciil~ll • ~ClllM I l!l~ '6 GIJICaJlM~I ~ ~ 'dtlliil-5 ~9fjf ~ 1
RCOOR1 + NH3 ~ R CONH2 + R10H
GIJlllll&
~ I CPJ '6 Dfcf fti:>flRiC91'A l!l~ I CPf '6 ~ llttfl 51JlifC41~i1 ~tllf l!l~ ~ l!lqt
~ l!lm ~t-t ~ ~ 41;{'"'fi14 l!lm ~ ,
RCOOR1 + H20 H_ RCOOH + R10H
~~ '51)1'1""511('1
))8](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-115-320.jpg)
![..
R NH2 + H20~R NH;+ OH-
ro~
~ "IJlfilCfiBI Kb ~if 1lr.{ 4.31x10-4 (~ NH40H -~if Kb = 1.8x10-4) I
~I ~~~g~~ "1Jlfili1l: (1°, 2°, 3°) ~"ft'f MffiMJl41~~9f!l~ I
RNH2 + HCI .----. RNH; er (GfJl'141l:il "IJICiilM411il <JlSl'All:S)
~ RNH2. HCI
R2NH + HCI ~ R2NH.HC1
R3N + HCI ~ R3N . HCI
~ I eol"1-"1fl'1 (Acylation) I 1° '6 2° t;;SfJlfili1ofif "IJl<>tll:il (11'11l:Ci'SI ~ Mftbi41141
~~ GIJliil-S ~ GfJIJtll:'l ~ "'9e emf I
RNH2 + RCOCI ~ RNHCOR
~~ GIJliill:S
R2NH + (CH3C0)20 ~ R2NCOCH3 + CH3COOH
N,N- ~ Gf)l'141~ G1JlfStT;111ll:S
8 I ett"1•_..fft (Alkylation) I GNR9 CH31 ~ ~ 1° ~ <>t"'t'f«"f GOl'14~'1'f'! ~ t
RNH2 + 3CH31 ----. R-N+(CH3)3r
4° GfJltiilM411it c1fM
ct I ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1° Gf11fi1Ci1'SI "f'C9f HN02 ~ ~ i11-QilC8fi1 '6 . 1°
Gfll'1C41('1 "'"f!f ~ I
"5fw ~I~ "1Jlfilcqft4 ~~~~~I~ ~fir~ I~
~fir ~;aRJ, ~~~fir~~ I
"IJIOSllCiift4 1° "lllfili1ofif ~ ~ ~ I 2° ~ 3° ~ "ft~ • ~ I "IJl'All:il
"'1111•1l:11 ~"ft~~~~~~ aro 1 ~m ~ 1
111"111~· ~I
) I ~ ~ I "1Jlfilcqft4 "1Jlfili1ofif ~ ~ I ~m "IJICiilM411'51 C5tli ~~ ~ I
~~Pt~'" ~m on ~ ~ 1
~~ ))~
~- PifJRl41 'llf GfHilf~c<JHI ~ ·~~ cm1 "'~ GOlfiU•i1'SI ~ ~~~ 9fm I ~ ~
~~ l{i1ii]li1 "f!lt~~ ~ ~ I
8 I~~ A•l't'I - I Gf]l'1Nsf(l-i '6 1 o GOlfiUA'SI PtfJR141 ell filf1f-~ "'9f?f ~ ~
PietlR'! ~ CJtC4&11l ~ (2° ~) 9fte1lt 1;fT11 I
RCHO + RNH2 ----. RCH = NR + H20 [H] ,_. RCH2NHR
20~
ct I eolwt•l-"1 iijlwt~<i ~ I "1Jlwtt411(~41 ~ GfJICiilM41l'A ~ GIR!>R'8 "IJl'14ll:'1 (Jlilll:S
ftG ~ T;1~M4llR ~ (3° ~) "'9ffl~ I
3RX + NH3 ------+- R3N + 3HX
30~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-116-320.jpg)
![N=N:@
@-N,CI+ OOO~ooOH+HCI
~--ut9f~ 1'1Wf ~"
~.~.)) eot11~ (Amides)
4F'fti., ~~ (1...iftti1 ~'Pf 51Jlfiltiil ~'Pf (-NH2) ~ ~'Pf"! '(t1l 51)1111'~S • ~ I
Gi)lilll:C'5'SI 41~4~ ~ GIJl1'll:ccs1~'Pf, - CONH2 I
~-~~
) I ~ '501Cill~ili4 ~ ~·I ~ GIJIDllM~l1' ~!!'Pf~ '3'Jlil~CS ~ ~ 1
RCOOH NH1 ) RCOONH4 ~ RCONH2 + H20 •
~ GIJIDilfiliilaf ~ GIJl~l~55
~ 1 Gi11.,,1"tai t<J1,,,1l:cs, ~m '3'Jliit<ll:&;1l:cs Cft ~~ 5l11c111M"' ~ P1c(l1f8t!) emf G111111-..cs
"ft<311t lft11 I
RCOX NH3 ) RCONH2 + HCl
(RC0)20 NH] ) .RCONH2 + RCOOH
tl:rtll~• ~ 1 GIJlill..,csofif firi;111"1 "1~.. 141 f.Rft"f"IF (neutral)~ ~m 1100 ·.,,.r1n~r•
~~~...rfhr~~l~~ift~~l~~~~~~I~,
RCONH2 + HCI ~ RCONH2 .HCI (~ ~)
RCONH2 +Na~ RCONHNa + !H2 <•~)) 1 "'~''d"'t (Hydrolysis) 1 ISlm ~ ~ G1ll11ll:<sC4 GlraMt~ emf~~ 9fte1ft llt111
RCO ~ NH2 20%
HCI ) RCOOfl + NH4Cl
-H20
~ ..nn 11Jlilll:C5'SI • R~t Plf'a1;4Jl4' GiJICiflM~I ~"1?f ~ I ISl M~41l'Si ~ Gi)lill...5 614t4
~ ~ ll1111 Plffi>~l4' NH3 ~ ~ ~ 9fl~11l ll1111
RCONH2 20%
NaOH ) RCOONa + NH
[H20] 3
~ I ~iflli't (Reduction) I Na IC2H50H Cft LiAIH4 ~ ~ f'iffi1;41l!J GIJlilf~c;s ~ I0
GI) l'141l:"1 ~ "ft'611t '(ll1f I
RCONH2 lttJ ) RCH2NH2
~ I ~~~-~I GIJlilll:csofif HN02 -ISl~Plt'f PlffiR111 MtlllfVt!S '(C11 N 2 "1t"f
~"1?f~ I
RCONH2 HNOa ) RCOOH + N2 + H20
~ eufii-CW ?iitfit'IJ9f'6 ~(characteristic reaction) 1
eot11-·~ (-CONH2)"li4l...t ~. 20%NaOH ~ 00'1 '<ISti ~
GiJlilll:<s ~ ~ ~ NH3 ~ ~ ~'It '(ll1f I
CH3CONH2 + NaOH ~CH3C00Na +NH3 t](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-118-320.jpg)
!['6'Jl'1Ni~l'l:5 '6 f<sst~ICiB1 1100 "11~ 4l:cfl'i1"1 ~9f (> C=O) M11Jlllii I ~ ~ '1lttt
2,4- Sll:iill:i:'alfiliil~ ~l:ilC~lii C&RlC~ ~ '4tif I
2, 4-DNPH ~I~~~ 2/3 Cl1$t ~..nt ~ 'iitlf fi{ai ~ 'lft'fJ 2 mL.
~Jli1C41t(tl 00'1~~~1 ~l' 'lft'fl 2-3 mL 2,4-<sll:iill:i:'alf4i11l:"1 ~~IMii ~ (2,4
DNPH ~) <AM ~ ~'6 I ~ ~ ~$:1~9f "itt ~ 10 ~ ~9f11ft ~ I ~
~ft111i9f ~- "itt ~ ~ ~ ~ Rilt¥1 ~ ift'6 I ~ 'fliili11'SI ~~9f ~ I .
~l: ~~9f 2,-4 <sf.iil'~~lfiP'fll:'l ·(l~ltt!M CSBl~C'«'A I ~~ ~lt'lf91 9ft'ellT
c~ ~~ ClJttt "'11.,ro,~l:S~ ~~ f
R/H', :? . · R/H' flC=O.+H2N- 0 NOi ~HsOH) .. 'C=N--NH ·o NO:i+H20
RIW ~ . RIW
· N N
~~-~~'9Pf~
60tw-'i " f«'Dliffl 'IM*'J.H ~(fest for identification of aldehydes & ketones)
(i) ~~ 4-.t a ~ GOl'lNtl{t'l:cso~ ~~-~ MwtlRt<! ~ 1 ~ ~9f
~orn-~1
~~ ~ 'i{tl'f 91"'*"1~ ~ "1JliC411(~41 ·-:ctt 9ftf.R ~- (0.05 g ~ 2/3 ~
~2-3 mL ~ ~ "'ll'1C41(Ci1 ~ 'R) 2~JmL ~~ P"f ~ ~I ~41t4 ~~
"11f4'~ (waterbath) 2 -3 ~ ~ I ..,.... ~-
• ~ ~ ~- ~ ~fC'll'11 ~ - "l)lwtfdi(t~~ l
• 91~.. liJ~~~'i{t·-~~I
CuS04 + NaOH~Na~S04 +Cu(OH)2
Cu(OH)2 + NaKC4H406 ~Cu2(C4H406); Cu(OH)2
CH3CHO + Cu(OH)2 + NaOH ~ CH3C00Na + Cu20 i +H20
~ . "lf1Wr ~~~
~ ~ ~ I 100 mL ~«ml 7.0 g Cu$04, 5H20 ~ ~ l ~--1~
~ 1 ~~ ~~ 1'frolf 100 mL·~ ~$ 5.5 g.atta>fif ~ (Na-K ~)Iii~
100 g NaOH ~ ...'CRI -~ ~ 1R I d ~ ~I ~OJ4(1CH 4tCcf 1 ~ '6 ~ ptt'
"'11"1fltllttct C1P'ft'6 I ~ ~ ~ ~ I
(ii) m ~•RI• 9ftt"5t I ~~ ~ "i{tl'f 0.05 g ~ 213 C11$t ~~ CllM2-3mL
Gtll'1C41(t9~-1R l ~~ ~N <2..'...3 mL ~ fil4lt1• '1ft't ~ I ~CR, ~-~ ~
~~I Wr--~ ~ Qrftt1!11l<~ ~".tl~~ 'fR ~ W. ~I~ 4'1-
• -~ ~ fe'!tH ftm{ ~ t'Jll'tilt:Jf.fct W{-eotwtNi'1...5 ~ I •
• qt1111"'1Ciifis;q11>4.~ - ~~-l
AgN03 + N~40H ~ [Ag(NH3)i]OH+NH4N03 +H20
CH3 -CHO +"(Ag(NH3)2]0H---¥CH3COONH4 + Ag -l- + NH3 +H20
. (lf9f't)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-121-320.jpg)
![91fitt~ICJPIC'AI ~ (PTFE)
[JJ_]·1 I
F F n
n (CF2 = CF2)
'~ICJPIC'A~i1
CH=CH2
Jn@ ~:'5M
~
PVC~ 52°C ~~'69atmDTt9f~~~~~~~I
~(;ol~-t) I
Cl
I
(-CH2 -CH-)n
PVC
CcM'ffil"l 91IHI fl:c,s
Wr.o Dt9f '6 ~9f
n (CH2 =CH-Cl)
"tfil~t~'I CiPlt-ti (PVC) I
itC.,litlt ·~ I HC =CH+ HCl(g) isooc > CH = CH- Cl
HgCl2 2
~ ~~ ~ (JPl'A~S
'ZtR1'1tr-f
~ ~~ (n) ilc-11111'51 Mffil;4Jl'SI ~ ~ '111C•U., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
Y~1f~,9Af~~~I~,
Y = H ~ 11Ci11111'SI ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9ffif (~)
Y =CH 3 ~ 11Ci11111'SI ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9ffif (celflf~)
Y =Cl ~ llc-11111'51 (JPl4511~~ ~~ ~ ~· "lfi1~i11~ (JISl~I~& (PVC)
Y .= C6H5 - ~ 11Ci11111451 ~ :>1il~i1 f!Cft. ~ ~ Yifi1:>1il~i1
Y = -CN ~ llc-11111'51 ~ clftf~ i11'li1~'1 ~~~~~(orion)
Y = CH3 coo- ~ i!Citllll'SI ~ ~i11~ G!JIPlt&'n fl~ ~ ~ Yifi1fei11~'1 G!Jlf'n•W
((ff PVA) 1
9ffil' ~) ~ 9'fit~_, I
3n (CH2 = CH2)
1000-1200
atm ) (CH2 "'"""CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -)n
~ ~) 200°C "'111'1J0, ~l~
~I . ~ ~ "1i1'Al1M4 ~~
~(9ffit~)
CH3 CH3 CH3
I 12ooc ( I . I )
3n CH= CH2 . ) -CH-CH2 -C1H-CH2 -CH-CH2 n
T1Cl3, 140 atm
c~~ CH3
~~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-132-320.jpg)
![~ ~' ~ ~ 'fM ~fir (~ ~' ~ ~' ~'fttit ~ ~) 51i"1'A'I
~ff "1~4'ACf ~ "41tT lfm I
en CJnWJ, ~ C1l1Wf1I etl1•-. ~ eolt•l•UQll ~ 1't-o'~(Relation between mol,
molar volume of gases and Avogadro number) I
~<J$ ~ ~ = !l<J$ ~"It~~ = 22.4 dnr' (STPC!) = 6.022x I023 nt ~
'~ ~ ~ ~ Mjffi1~ '1Cfin '4in lfm I ~-
(i) ~ Int tsJCra ~ ~ ~1'1M4 ~
...., "'~ = 6.022x1023 g
__ 6.022 x I 023 ~
(ii) Ig~~~~~ ~~~ 1l1
{~ PV=RT]P1V1 P2V2
-=--
RT1 RT2
21' P1VI . P2V2
""'41 -=--
T1 T2
~ V2=(p~~1)/(~:)
e.) 111"111~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ eijliiii (Chemical Calculation and Molar Volume of
Gases)
~) '111"111~• tt'fin (Chemical Calculation) I 'Al'>tl4'M4 '1~ ~ ~ ~ ""-~
~ ~ '1~ ~~I '1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Rt C1l ~ ~ ~ I 'A)ll41Ci1'A "lCf
11fMIC6l 'Al"114'M4 '1~ «IC4'1eti1 ~ I ~~ 'tcr.ml ~ 9fA111T~ ~' ~~ ~' ~
~~ ~~' "111!>l'6' 'A1"11~M4 "1~4'A'I ~Cft. ~ 'Al"1141M4 'Pf~"'I" "'i(c;q"'Cf ~ t'PfN! (data)
~ ~ ~ I 'Al"114'M4 "1~4'A"1 MWR4 '6 ~'Pft;f ~' ~ C1l ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~~ "1~4'A'1C4 ~ ~~ ~ ~. ~ <RT llrn I 'Al"11"M4 '1'firrt4 ~ ~
~'1 <RT ~ 9fmf I ~-
~ l~~~~~~~W~~~~~~'f~ ~I~~~
'f.icrn ~ I ~~ ~~ f.m1 8 I 'Al"11"M4 "1~4'51'1 ~ M~4 '6 ~~ ~ '6 ~
(~) 'f.icrn (t I ~ tMlllall'A ~ (~ ~~) ~ 'f~ ~ I 5ll!J!>i1fi1Ns4 Mt:f'4C~ ff~
C 1 '661-=ifilN>• Mc:1'4t'f"'A ff~ l7' 1 'A'"''"f.i• 9f~ .. 1'A w~ ~ ~, ~ C1l r<if'J.1a"1'A ~ tf1f
(~- ~'~~)ff~
)~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 511Cttlf5!> ~I ~ ~ ~ 8~ ~ ~'iit ~ 'fer-mt
~~~I
(~) ·~ -~ 14111i., (Molar volume of gases) I ~<J$ OOff ~ 5ll!J!>i1C4 ~
C1lt-nl~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~9f1mllt '6 Dlt9Rf W9Rf ~ ~ I ~... ~9f1mllt '6 Dlt9f
~ ~ ~ ~ ~~I ~fft ~'fttit ~ ~~ ~ 0~9!_cf 51.P,'411• I
~Cf ~9f1mllt -e Dtt9f (~ 0°C Clt 273 K ~9f1mllt -e 1atmClt760 mm Hg '51t9f) ~ C1fTlml
~22.4L(~)I
~ ~ ~ ~~ 'e Dlt~ W'Pflf ~ ~I ~ Tl ~911ffim '6 pl Dlt9f C4M
~ .~<J$ ~ ~ VI ~ T2 ~9f1mllt 'e P2 Dlt9f ~~~~I ~ ~~ ~
V2 ~ 'Wf ~ ~ "1~4'A'I ~ <fStf ~ ~ lfm I ~-
)8~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-143-320.jpg)
!['1lf'lf'i• ~ 'e "'" lat(tif
•'11i(t'1 ) I 1.£1~ 9ftf.m ~ ~ ~?
~ I 9ftf.m "511'1M4 ~ = 18 1 ~'. l mol 9f'tf.{ = 18 g ~
1 mol ~ 6.022x1023 1t Wi ~
~'- 6.022 x I 023 ff; 9ftf.m ~ ~ = 18 g
11t 9ftf.m~~ 18
g = 2.99xl0-23g [~]
6.022x 1023
g'11i(t'1 ~ I 5001t ~ ~ ~ CY!~C'1'SI 55.6 mg ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~
~'i.~~?
~I~ 4lcfti1'SI 1mol=12g~=12 x lOOOmg~= 1 mol ~
~o 55 6 ~ 1 x 55.6 . I~
' · mg = 12 x I 00 mo
~' 1 mol ~ ~ ~ 6.022x 1023 1U ~
lx55.6 mol~~~ 6.022xl023x55.61t
12 x I 000 12 x I 000
"'
~ SOO ff;~~ ~ = 6.022 x I 023 x Ix 55.6· 1t ~ 9Rf1n'i_
' 12xl000
t 1t~~~ =·6.022):(1023xlx55.61t~~
12x lOOOx 500
= 5.580380x1018 ff;~ ~ (~]
•'1tf(t'1 " a~~~ -e Dtt9f 1 mL G4f9'cetii ~ G4f9'cetcii<a ~ W1 M~J~lii?
~I~~'~~~ -e Dtt9f 22.4 L ~ 22.4xl03 mL ~ 1.£1'4 ~ ~
~I~ 1 mo~~ 6.022xl0231tWi QfTC41
~ ~~ -e Dtt9f 22.4 x I 03 mL ~~~"flt =6.022 x I 0231t
~~Cf~ct~~-eDtt9f lmL ~~~"flt = 6•022xI0:3·1t= 2.6875xl0191t
22.4xl0 (~)
io.).) tl"tll~ ~ ~fq._'i w~1( ·9flif (Important Terms Used in Chemical
Calculations)
<al:>tlJJf.14 'f~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 11t-u Rlffi1a411<a ~ ~ ~r:t 'f~ ~ ~
~ !fCSilefii ~ I 1.£1~ 'Al:>tl!Jf.14 'f'fimi ~ ~ G~91_cf 9fif f.{ts '541Ci'llbiil '4ifT Wfl I
(~i) STP ~ l.Odm3 ~~
(v) 1 g~STP~~
-- 22.4 drrr'
6.022x 1023
= 22.4 dm'
~~~
~~~
= g
22.4
(iv) 11U ~ STP ~ ~
= 6.022x1023 n;
22.4
(iii) STP ~ 1.0 dnr' ~ ~ ~'."lll](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-144-320.jpg)
![~I ~ 151 (Formula mass) '04141M4 ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ t~·
~ ~ Yfl4Ai!l'1M4 ~ 00•1"f'i1C4 ~~ ~ ~ I
~NaCl ~~ ~~ ~ = ~~Na~~~+ ~~Cl Yf'ftlll,, ~
= 23 amu + 35.5 amu = 58.5 amu
C I tl"tlff~• "1~+.ct (Chemical equation) g ~~ ~~ 'Sil=>il{IM<P MMa41l<sl "'ff~t.--t
~ Gll41t:il'i1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ <PJ111Pt4111l <J151'Al"5 ~ ~ C=>ilNrn111 4l~t-1'fl ~
~ ~ ~- "l'f~9f'f ~ 'l(V 1 ~ ~8t'Jfi~ 'Al>il41M<P ~ 4Jli1Pl4111l <Pl(Ci1U 1 ~ MffilaWs~
1't'f ~ :st1Jf141M4 118';q'6i1 ~ '!l =>1~<P'SIC'f'i1 ~ ~ <Rt'f. ~-
·caC12 (aq) + Na2C03(aq) ~ CaC03(s) + 2NaC1(aq)
~ MMa!ml 4Jr'Gl41i1 qr G1Jli1141Ci1'A ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ Mffi>411C<P ft-«tf'5,..t'P{ (double
displacement) ~ ~ ~ 1 ~9ftmJ Mffi1a!@ MMa414 ~ -~~ ~!541'4 "'f'l ~ =>i~<P'SIC'~
~ ~ ~ =>1~4'A'lITk4 ~~· .,,_,CH'i (molecular equation) ~ ~ I CaCh ~<ft.
Na2C03 ~ Gll41M4 ~ ~<f'- ~ ~ ~m "ft.~ ':;51141i1~C'Pf ~ 1 ~~ct CaCh ~
Ca2+ ~~Cr~~, Na2C03 ~Na+~~ co]: ~~I~ ~ct Ca2+ ~
~<f'- COi- Gll41Ci1'A ~~ 'dQi;q'ft~ CaC03(s) ~ 'l(al ~"(t~I~ Na:~ ~<ft. Cr
Gll{lC91'A ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ift ~-~ ~ ~ ~ 1lrn I ~~
=>1~4'A'lfflC4 GllM~C'Pf ~ 9fte11t llrn-
Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + Coi-(aq) ~ CaC03(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq).
~' ·~ =>i~fit'f Na+(aq) ~ Cl-(aq) -~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~iit MWRl{l
""'~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1t1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ MfaR141 ~11ra~ffi ~ ~1'4'
~(spectator ion)~~ I~~~~~~ MWRl'SIFW =>1~ff1 ~~'Pf g
Ca2+(aq)+co;-(aq) ~ CaC03(s)
~ MfdMit:a 'l1ti1' ~ f.tlt 'Sil'lltM• 11RI~".. I 'Jll!!M4 )t~+sit'1'A ~'4ftt ~ fif4 ~' ~N
~ <sil)1141M4 ~ 'fMl llm 1 ~ ~ ca2+ ~ C5m ~lfif ~ '4t-l CllM; ~ coi
~ CST1r ~1fif ell~~~~~ f.W ~ ~ fifp'Pf g
Ca2+(aq)+Coi-(aq) ~ CaC03(s)
-- ~)·2.0.mol ~~ 11'5111~ ~~f.ft.f1f~ 1~)9~0 g ~- ~- ~ ~~ ~~
0 :<!H "'itatt'lt ~-~CR 1 ~)4.1 g Ca(N03)2 ~ ,Ca, N~~0 "'itill~ ~ fiffir <15i 1
. : : . - ...
ft I eolcet'11til ~ ~ ·caotceMtatt ~(Avogadro number or Avogadro constant) 1
~~ 001l ~ ~ ~ 1fi! ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'dOICOl"11Cil ·"ft.~ qr "5()1COMICil
~~~I ~~NA~~~~ I ~ ~~ NA=6.022x1023 ~ -00 ~I
15ftf(t'1 I ~~ OO'l-~ 9flf.i ~ 18 g ~ 1Jttfl 6.022x1023 ff; ~~~I ~~ ClTI1'f
~ (l ..Cl'ilceti1 qr 1 g l(ll:Cl'ilcett:il l(ll:Cilceti1 ~'J. ·~ 6.022x 1023 ff; I ~~ ClrT'f "'f'J.
l(ll:tllilrM91 ~ 2 g (l ..tllil"1Ci1 ~ ~~ 6.022x 1023 ff; I ~ Clr, ~~ 001'f-"'f'l ~ (H20)
1fttfl 2 ~-~ l(l..Cli1Cet91 'e 1 ~-~'l Gl~Ceti1 M~Jillii I
)8(t](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-146-320.jpg)
![~ ~9ftw1 (% ~9ftw1) = • '1~ ~~ x 100
~ ~9fflif ~ ~ 'f~ ~<PfWff Cm7 ~ 'Q I
•'Ttf(t'1 1 I!!~ RIM-iirn 10.0 g Rl~'Gliiim4 I!!~ C4H802, ~Ciilvt<•if'A ~~Rr& ~li1Cf1'A ~
~<ml 9.72 g ~ M~Ul"iCilU ~9e ~ I Rlffil-41141 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I
~I MfJ1i4llffl ~-
CH3CH2CH2COOH + CH3CH20H ---.--+ CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3 + H20
M~Ul"im4 l!lm ~ ~ M~Ul"iCW
10
Rl~'Gliiim<P ~~ ~-'Jt'~'tfn =
88
= 0.114 (Rl~'Gli1m4 I!!~ ~ ~ = -88 g/mol)
1 mol Rl~'Gliiim<P t.!l~ ~ ~ Rl~tl"iCW 9fl-em ~ 116 g
~I!!~ 0.114 mol Rl~'Gliiim4 I!!~~~ Rl~'GliiiCW 9fliem ~ (l 16x 0.114) g
= 13.2 g
•~l!l~~<PfWff ~ ~ =
9·72x100
= 73.6 [~]
13.2
2t I IR't' ~ ~ 'liiiililll (Solution and its concentration) I 'SllJtl41M4 ~~<ml l!l~'f<P
~ ~ !!~ ~~~emf~ ~ Nd'1C4 IR'f' ~ ~ I 11fft "1l'fl~'A ~'R CIJliti]f c1$
~<P!>'A "1raii1tct ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~"tilftc•~~ ~ 1 ~ 911fif.~ ~~ ~
~.~I ~~ ~ "1141!>C"i ll!>ff~~ ~ 1'!l ~~~~"flt-~ I
$l1't IR'f' I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ "1141!>Cif 8m ~ '!lift ~ C'f ~
lfl(1't ~ ~ ~ I ~ tlf ~ ~ >t~4'6IC~ ~ ~ '!>tt4 ltJnll' a.r tCfClf I ~
1 M HCI, 0.1 M H2SO 4, 0.5 M Na2C03 ~ I t.!lVRT fiC!>J4fU ~ • ef11TCt ~ I ~
t~ fiC!>J4ffl ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I ~l'Wa-Fi «i~l41 ~ ~
~~I ~c:t ~ >tl(l~J ~~~ ti"iJila!BI ~~~~~I~~
lr I ~9fttq "ll+AI ~ (Percentage yield) I~ '<PT«ct ~ MWlaiilii ~'f
~-~'<3~ ~c:t ~~ ~9e ~~I !!if cmfct ~9f ~ 9fmf I~
~ I ~'1' ~ (incomplete reaction) ~ I Jtlll~<aliil ~ (parallel reaction)
~ 1 ~Ma!Jl<P<ac:t ~(processing loss)
~~ ~i~I~ ~ ~9froff Y!RilllC'Rf elf ~~ist ~ Mffi1-41141 9fl'<311t ~ ~ •
"'9fttq ~~(%yield)~~ I ~9f !!if~ CRT~ I
~~ ~~I~ elf ~c:t ~~ 9fl'e11t ~ ~ ~ ~ • '1'19111''6 ~911if !!~~
~Maiil'a ~elf ~c:t ~~ 9fte11t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"'911if I ~
~~~
~.~.: ..... a M~fi1~ ~~ >t~+a-to~f.{l; dll4'f.Ha Jt~'ff'1i!C9f ~ s
(-.) Ca(N03)2(aq) + K2C03(aq)---.--+ CaC03(s) + 2KN03(aq)
('ff) ~C2H302(aq) + NaOH(aq)-----+ NaC2H302(aq)+H20(£)
('t) Pb(N03)i{aq)+Na2S04(aq)-----+ PbS04(s)+2NaN03 (aq)
<aF>tHIM<P ~'f'imf ~ ~ ~~ Jt~<P<act ~ ~ ~ I cmfct ~ ~'f MMafJ<P ~ ~
WJ~~~~~Cft·~~cmf~~~I
)8~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-147-320.jpg)
![P2 =,750mm Hg
T2 = (27 + 273) K =300K
)
Y2 =?
P1=76~mmHg
V1=13.44 L
T1 = 273 K
tt~r..~. '»tilltftif
•"fli(PI ) I ~ !t~ ~ Dtt9f ~ 750 L .,1-c'rilttt., ~ ~ "t'h~t'! ~ ~
GIJIC11IM411 '1JT'f ~ ~ lfttef? ~~ ,~ ~ ~Jl:UlilCet., '1JT'f l!tC4119M ~?
~I ~1" ~Q;4111'J:a "1~4:actft wn-
N2 + 3 H2 2NH3
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
STP ~ 22.4L 3x22.4L 2x22.4L
STP~ 22.4L N2 ~~~9f!J NH3 '1Jtt'll~=2x22.4 L
750 L N '1JT'f~t..tlf!f NH ~~= 2x22·4x7SO = 1500 L (~)
2 3 22.4
~ 2x22.4 L NH3 ~?al 3x22.4L H2 ~
~~~' 1500 L NH3 ~"f!f ~
3
x
22.4
x 1500 L = 2250 L H2 ~ !tft]
2x 22.4
•iiftf(1f1 ~ ·a ~-. kg p{t9fm ~ HCI -~if ~ ~ STP -~ ~ ~ C02 ~
"tteln~?
"'11t'f1if I ~~ "1~4:acrtt ~9f 8
CaC03 + 2HC1 ~ CaC12 + H20 + C02
(40+12+48) g 22.+ L STP ~
=100 g.
:.100 g CaC03 ~lftG C02 '1Jtt'll~ =22.4L(STP~}
1000 g CaCO ~lftG CO '1Jtt'll~
22·4xlOOO
L = 224 L(STP~)3 2
100
~I C02-~'f~ 224 L
•."f'1(1i't e I 49 g KC103 C. ftG 4fftlf STP ~ ~ ~ Gltlicet., 9J!e1n llm? 27°C
!t~ ~ 750 mn (~) '5Tt9' ~ "4tlicetc.,:a ~~~·I
~I~ "1~4:aC1fb ~"'.'"
2KC103 ~ 2KCI + 302.
. .
2(39+35.5+16x3)g · 3x22.4 L(STP~)
=245g
245 g KC103 ~ ~9fif eiftlttt., STP ~ 3 x 22.4 L 'Q
3x22.4x49 ._
:. STP~ 49g KC103 ~ ~9'W eiftlciM - L =13.44 L ("V11)
245
~ STP~ omit~
)82-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-150-320.jpg)
![~«lfff)
Pt.. tert .... ~ Plfiil;JJl'SI ~9ftlf - ~ ~
itCiil~il t"f;cp:a'f a ~'6~ ~ '1f~cet<a ~ ~' ~ cn<tSICiU ~ ~' '1Jt'f ~' ~ 1t
~I
itCiil~il tPllilf.t+ 11cn I Zn {'f,~· HCI
~I Zn(s) + 2HCI(aq) = ZnC12 + H2 t znt(+Hcl~ ·W}~
~(Procedure) 41*-.
) I !I~ tl~ICH~1ifllt ~·~~·•-re I iMa~'ff~ H2 tfnm~
~ I~ ~~-'~,fQ··CRI. fia9ftt¢··"1@• ~l4IC"il ~ ~ ~ 1.
~ I !I~ 'fJ?f ~ 911fi{. u ~ '<ISCi. ~ W9ff ~ ~ di~ ~ ~ M41UBI' ~'fl ~ '6
Jti)IC'6t ~ ~'9R CR I
8 I ~ ft~c:q<a 5Rl(4'G1 '111 HCI~ 11_cf~ I dlil 1100 5 -10 g Zn -l'f'Pfl'6 (fif9f ~) I
<?' 1 Zn ~ HCIdl'f 11ro "lt9f ~ RfiiRn 'RI' ·~ l ~ OtR ·-n CR1 lMIJfii<q !J"!) ~ ~ .
m.fit ·~~~CCII~ 'l'ltttte ~ ~ t'f tflt11'~-11t16' ~ ~ I
~I~~~ ·1111f'mr ~-~ ~.~~ F
C I ~ ~' ~QilClfif ~·~·.·-.f ~ $11'<!> 'lti '1JPr ~ llfl1t ~ (~ ~
·~~ ~ 9ftfi{'$'f)fftt'1'1~) I
b't~· ...~·(~~~~l{tif).*1"1~~~~~~1~
91.,.. lil '6M"ll&lll -o '1t"l·tfJtm ~··J
... I <Hiii!SICCC ~· ~ fittlftR ~ ·'1]Pf··~· 111fiRI .ClftS'J ~ ~.l,H ~ Clft9'J ~..-
~ dftif-~·~·.9f1i ~~I
[~ I 1.50 mol )
[~ 812.8 g]
[~:27.0g1
-..1 CH4(g)+202(g)-----+ C02(g)+ 2H20(/)
!I~ MfJRl<a 1lfifJ ~ <A"- ·
f•} 1.50 mol CH.~~~ '1itWf CC>i 9ftq ~?
(~). 0.20 mol CH.~~~·~ ':llfltbst"i «!C4'11M?
('1) 12.0gCH. ~~·~~ H20 ··~~~?
!f!t ~' ~ '6 5ltft:>t'51 ':>t1mT "Pl ~-
pl v1 P1 v,-=--
Tl T2
~ V2 • = P1 V1 T2 = 780 x 500 x 273 mL =467 mL = 0.467 L (~)
P2 T1 760 x 300
STP ~ 22.4 L ~l~QilCetC..'A ~ = 2 g
:. 0.467 L~l~Qiltetc;:i:si ~ =
2
x 0.467 g =0.0417g (~)
22.4
)ct)
vi= SOOmL
Ty= (273+27)K =300K](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-152-320.jpg)
![~) c•U'J1fit!J ~ "ICCS+lll ~ (Per~ntage ·~nit from m()l•rlty)
Cill111~ = mol/L =·(mot·~~ x ~-~ lft) g/L
>= (mol~x~-~'R)g /lOOmL
=~$(w/v)
oo Cl41'11~ ~ f"lf9t~ (ppm) ~ (ppm unit from molarity)
Clll'llRlffl = mol/L = (mol ~~ x ~-~'1Pt4 ~) g/L
= (mol ~~ x ~-~f'1~4 ~) 103 mg/L
=ppm .
(tt)'Plf9t~ ~ "1•+111 ~(Percentage unit from ppm)
1ppm=0.0001 %
~ %= ppm/IO'
·t~f'>•~ -e :11141~
.liftt(tct) 1 l.5xl0-2M NaOH~~ppm-e~~~~CRI
~I l.5xl0-2M· NaOH!fCJCt
= 1.5x10-2 mol/L !fCfCt
= (1.5x10-2 x 40) g/L [M(NaOH) = 40 g/mol]
= (l.5xl0-2 x 40 x 103) mg/L'(ppm)
~600ppm(~)
~ 1.5x10-2M NaOH~
= l.5x10-2mol/L~
= (1.5x 10-2 x 40) g/1000 mL !fCfCt
= (1.5x1~~2x40) g/lOOmL~
·= 0.06 g/100 mL ~
= 0.06% !fCfCt (w1v) (~)
•llfli(t'I ~I C41if NaOH ~ ~ 400ppm1«'f ~ Ci41'11ftt1St'!S ~ ~7
:11111*"1if I~~'
1 ppm = 1 mg/L
~t. 400 ppm =400 mg/L =0.4 g/L = 0.4 mollL (M =40)
40
=0.01 mol/L
= 0.01 M (tft)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-154-320.jpg)
!["11"21 ~ I 30 cni3 HCI !Rt't 20 cm3 0.5 M Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ !f<q'1f't4
>t°1_"ftit9f ~ ~ 20 cm3 0.1 M NaOH ~ ~Uiletii ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~?
"'l~NM I 20 cm3 0.5 M Na2C03 ~- = I0 cm3 I .O M Na2C03 ~
=20 cm3 I.OM NaOH ~
[2NaOH+C02----+ Na2C03 + H20]
~ 20cm3 O.IM NaOH ~ =2 cm" I.OM NaOH ~
NaOH ~ '1($·~, V8 =· (20+2) cm3 =22 cm3
NaOH ~~' S8 =I.OM HCI ~~,VA= 30cm3
~ I 40 mL NaOH ~ ~t4'1WM ~ I
H2S04 ~~'SA =1.0M.
H2S04 ~~'~A =50mL
NaOH -~~' Sa =2.5M
NaOH~~ Va=?
H2S04 + 2Na0H ----J Na2S04 + 2H20
~~
·t~f'5• "'1PU't ~ Jtill"1if .
tifl$"1) I 500 mL Gil'4!St:-1'A ~ 49 g H2S04 ~ ~ I h ~ 50 mL 'Pffi111'1t4
IO% NaOH ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ NaOH ~ ltC'41~i1 ~7
~1500mL~H2S04 ~ 49g
49x1000
.·. IOOO mL ~ H2S04~ = 98 g = I.O mol
500
H2S04 ~~~=I.OM
10% NaOH !PfCt
lOOmL ~~~ lOgNaOH
lOxIOOO
:. 1000 mL ~ct~~ g NaOH = 100 g NaOH
100
100
~~ NaOH ~~ ~ = - = 2.5 M (~ NaOH ~~ ~'1M419 = 40 g/mol)
. 40
~1'1 ~ Mfibi4Jl<si >i~4<siC~ ~
500 mL 0.5M NaOH ~ = (500x 0.5) mL IM NaOH ~
= 250 mL IM NaOH ~
~ 500 mL 0.5 M NaOH ~ ~ ~ct (10 g) '.NaOH ~- ~ ~ NaOi-I 250 mL
I M NaOH ~ ~ 1 'l"fll'-
a L GIHN>Ci1'A b M~= (axb) L Gil4'!Stii'A 1 M ~
Clt a mL Gil4''!Ci1'A b M !F1't = (ax b) mL Gfl41!St:-1'A I M ~
•'fli(t't 1500 mL 0.5 M H2S04 = (500x0.5) mL IM H2S04 !R't-
= 250 mL IM H2S04 ~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-158-320.jpg)
![f.lt!f <R g 40mLO.SMH2so., 35mL2MH2S04 ~~ lOmL IM H2S04 ~ ~~
<IStl ~ 9t1fit' ~-.ti 2SO ml, ~ ~-1 fir$cRI ~ ~r ~~ct~~ H2S04
~1 rift a 0.4 M, 9.8g H2SO 4 ]
e.~ llf11ft-~iflt'f ~faHll (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions) .
~~'.--f 'Sll:>tl41M4 MfJ1a411~ ~-~ RffiRn I <2il~i141'1 ~ "etRfct-~ct Mfu1-41l<sl
~ wr ~ 1 9Jli1IM<s1 ~ l.!l'41t '9fTiCt RffiRn 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Ci1t$ ~ (3 ~
~ ~ '4itt ~ ~ ~ RffiRn ~~~I ~ ~~ l.!l ~ RffiRn ~
Mttil·~ ~~91,cf ~ ~ I -~'Wf -1!Sl~C<! 91'51~1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ti~JlJ% ~ ~·
~-~ RffiRn ~ ~ ~ ti~JlJ6 ~ I ~-Remtct l.!l~ MfJ>411'SI ljfit ~'.'Wf I ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttit ~I ~ ~-Metl'Sl'f Mffi1;41IC4 ~
Redox ~ ~ 1 ~ (Redox) ~ ~~ ~'Wf Red ~m ~ Reduction~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~~ ~9fif ~'-f Ox ~11t ~Oxidation~ C'«4, 1lm ~ ~ 1
"·~.) lltRA-Rwtt't RfMlt ~ 'f11l'tt (Classical Concept of Oxidation-Reduct-ion
Reaction) : ~ MffiR141 Gi~cet91 en ~ ••~ 00-r <tt ~ ~ ~ '4M ~ Cft
~ ~ ~ ~ Cft t<J~Qi1Cet91 Cft ~ C4M ~-~ ~ Cft ~ 00'1 C'«4 ~91:>tlRlb ~
~ MWRIC4 ~ RffiRn ~ I ~
~) etftlCwttifil ~~
C(s)+02(g) ~ C02(g), 2H2(g)+02(g)~2H20(g)
HCl~~,SA=?
VASA =VB SB
V S 22xl
SA= B B =--=0.733M=HCl~~~(~]
VA 30
15'1@'1" I 10 g Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ ~ 500 mL ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 50 mL
ltl'I' ~ t;f~c'Q~ ;imJ c-111 ~ c~ 0.1 M HCl l.!lif 10 mL <2tC4lleti1 ~ h Na2C03
~ C5etl"1'SI ~~~CR I
~ I 2HC1 + Na2C03 ~ 2NaCl + C02 + H20
~ ~' VASA= 2VsSs
en Sa= VASA = 10 x 0.1 = 0.01 M
2VB 2x50
~~ HCl l.!lif ~' VA = 10 mL Na2C03 ~'VB = 50 mL
HCl l.!lif~, SA =0.IM Na2C03 ~SB=?
~'ettf.{, 1000 mL 1.0 M ~ Na2C03 ~ 106 g
500 mL 0.01 M ~ Na2C03 ~
106x:~~;O.Ol
g = 0.53 g
OSetlCi'l'SI ~ct = (10 - 0.53) g = 9.47 g
:. ~ = 9.47xl00.= 94.?% [~]
10](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-159-320.jpg)
![~ .2 Cu+(aq) -----+ Cu2+(aq) + Cu
t t
~ll:CilCetil 1111t5f'§lf~'5C4 ~ ~ ~ '6 Gt1'fCetil ~ ~ I ~~ H202 ~ "4ffttttCi1'51
~ ~'tfJT -1 I "4fi!CttCil'51 (02) 1JTI1Ct 'Jft.-.nt ~· 1 H202 ~ "4fi!cetCil'Si ~ ~~ -I ~ ~
C9ftlr ~ ~ I "!flt'. ~$ ~~ ~ ~ I ~ H202 ~ 'dlfi!Cetc;i1'51 '9fmct ~'tfJT -1 ~
~ C9ftlr H20~ -2 ~I~" ~it~~~ ~I ~~ M~4 ~
(H202)~ctrl'.'>tltilf '9ITTt't '6 ~ ~I ~1i9f ~-~ MfJRilC4 et'ilitiPU+Act~
(disproportionation reaction) ..n ~ 1 "GI!~~' C4R ~ ~-~ Mffil;fllfl 1'f1lfi ~ ~,
~~ Mffi1afl4 ~ ~4l:'>t1Ci4 ~ '6 ~~I~~ lfm, ~ cu+~~~ I
~it ~g~<elCq·~ ~ ~~ ~ Cu2+ ~ ~~ bleft:'& Cu~~ I ~fft'6 ~°41t
~(1)1)4'51'1~1
•-------- 2H20 + 02
t
I $1lCt ';Jf. Cll""
(~) CH3CHO+[O] ---.-+CH3COOH~~~~I
('ft) CaO(s) + S02(g) ~ CaS03(s)>~~-fattBM ~ -.:m· 1
~·: fil ·~··~ ~lltti'f 'Jft.~·~·~ ~·~I
~ ~c.t1' ~~~~~~fir f.m1f ~· ~ ~ ~ 511Ci'llf5'!5 ~ ~'ITTT
~~ 511Ci'llbi11 ~ ~ ~ I
~lfi '>tllCCJI., ~ ~ ~ C~il'>tC~'A ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ H2, 02 N 2 Cl2 -
~ df1'1'>tC~'51 ~~~~I C~il'>tt( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <tti'!f§ ~ ~ ~
~ ~~ ~ I H - Cl~ ~ ~~ '>tllCCJI~ ~ ~ I H 9Rflll'l Cl ~'l ~9f111it
~~ ~-~ 1 ~'- ~ ~~ '1~ ~ ~ ~m ~ ~, H 9Rflll'l ~~ l:c11cfia~
!Jr't ~ ~~ Cl 9Rflll'l ~~ l:Ci1c«D~ ~ct ~ I ~ H ~~ ~ ">t't.~ +1 ~~ Cl
~~ ~ ..,,.'-~--11 C02 ~ ~ ~~ wn O=C=O 1 ~~ 41;(c91:g ~ ~
Gif~cetii ~'l N-~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 9Rflll'l "4fiitceti1 ~~ cmr ~~ ~-
~' ~ ~ 51filtCeti1 91'51111~ ~ ~~ -2 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ">t't.~ +4 I
~-~ MffiRIC4 ~ ~ ~ ''"'C-1) "{f~. ~ '~ ~ct-~ct
+-irM.....ffila..._..41_1'A ">t't~ ~- ~ ~ ~ I ~ Mffi1afJlfJ MffilafJC4'Si ~ ~~ ~ ')l't,~ ~
1lftt't ~~ ~ 91'51111~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ell ')!'Cl ~ C4R ~~
MffilaflC4'51 C4R ~~ 9l<a111~ ~ ~~ ~ 9tRr ~~ ~ Mfa1a414 ~ ~ Mffi1afl4 ~ C4R ~~
~~ ~ ~~~ 9fm '!SIC'1'SiC4 llftt't-~ifl11'1~ (f'l1~ I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-162-320.jpg)
![~Cfl(tftcp )
Pt.. rer•..i. a ~if~~~ ~~-...nr MfaHB1 ~~ f.R1t
ctctl~tt '914*1 a 2-3 ~ ~~ ~1' 'ft'ff ~ (ca~fit dl~-...nr MfJRJlt ~vf-r. ~
~ ~) ., f9ft~, 4M411iil ~' 9flffi ~ 'Slllllf ~ I
ilCllit~CI tl<>tllfiMsff I 0.1 M Na2C03 ~is~ fii1ii!JlBI HCI ~ (~ O.lM) I
~ (Procedure) I => 1 ~..tU·~ (~ '6 ~) 0.1 M Na2 C03 ~ -.nrt "!cf<mr ~
'<3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~I Ill~ 250 mL ;cisf4<qijM ~ f9ft~ 25 mL~
tii1iilllll'SI (~ O.lM) HCI ~ Wf'e 1$1100~~111'4$ ~!tiff 2-31U ~ '1lt'f ~
~' ~ ~ 'Pft.fir ~ lJtlr I e I ~ 'Pft~ .t' 'Pffi;qst91 iif1Jf ~ I 8 I dl~ - ~
~ "4i1iilijJBI (~) Na2C03 ~" C1lt'f ~~I .,. 4ff I 'ft'ff ~.. .r91Q;qiif ~ ~
~ I <1: I ~ ~ 'ft'ff 'Pft~ '<f'f 9lfi<1'64ri ~ ·~ CRtCf ~ 'l11tV Na2C03 ~ ~ "4ifl ~
"fl 1 - 9fW·~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ etl41'6Ci1t Na2C03~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 < 1 Ill~
~ 'Pft~ ~ ~ ~ Yf~iJPlfiJ ~ "41t 1 r 1 ~ Na2C03 -lllif ~ ~ "41f 1
~(Calculation) I V1S1 = x·V2S2 [V= ~' S = '141iiltfifri]
y
)lf~cp:gcfffJ ~ "4tf HCI·~if~~ CiiliillRiffJ ~ '4il J •
~~ V1 '(3 S1 dl?ron <Nl«ii ~ '6 Cillillfiffl, V2-e82-..ttR1MIJFCii ~ '6 ~161lfifiJ dl'Cf'.
X ~ ~?ron ~'.~, y~~ ~~I
~ I~ 'ft'ff ·~ ~·~~·~CR· I ~ 'ft'ff 9ft~. 'Pfil .. lfiJC'b i5ftin ~
C5'li ~ "if'lf ~ I .
P4fiHlt 'i~+a'1 s 2HC1 + Na2C03 =2NaCl + C02 + H20
~lf(wrt 1 V1 (HCI) xS1 (HCl) = 2V2 (Na2 C03) xS2(Na2 C03)
/C6H40H
C6H4-C
I ~ C6H40H
O=C--OH
'fl:Ci11i1C4!S (f9f'-~ ~ C~~)
/C6H40H
C6H4-C
I I"'-c HOH
O=C--0 6 4
C<qi1~i1C~S ~'Pf (~)
~~ ~c:t HPh -~~ MC<Jleti1-~ ~ (l51J .i!I~'- ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ f.lclif"1cisl1~ ~
~~I~ ~c:t ~Ph-~~~ c<Mmi1C415~C9f ~~~~I
Ull:W"'1Ci1<a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HPh -~~ MC411eti1-~ ~ 9ft1r I ~
Ph-~ HPh W:(Gt~l~IH4 ~'Pf 'fl:~li1C{J5 ~ eift~ ~ (Ph* ~ HPh *) 1 ~ i1i~fif ~
(f9f'."4 ~ C~~) I
~~'Pf ~ ~~ ~ ~~ MC~-~ I ~~ HPh ~'Pf ~ <Rt ~I ~~
""~c<J1m!) ~~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~n; ~ 51141M!S ~ Mc<Jlm!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
HPh ~ H30+ + Ph-
i ~ I
(~~)
)'O](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-171-320.jpg)
![~.)o "lltiil"1R• ~' 'dl~c;q~-lf-l~iil., ~tflfilfil~, HPLC ~ GC-'8 "lfiilM'l!S Rc~*'C'1t
'1~~ (Principles of Quantitative Analysis of Atomic Absorption, UV-Visible
Spectroscopy, HPLC and GC)
~ef~ ~,, WIT ~ ~ qf ~ ~ ~ ~I ~~ c-ftlt't ~
~' VU-Visible ;qcfifl,fiif!) ~ ~ {CaM ~qt- >i~C<lllf ~ ~), HPLC ~ ~
~ ~~ GC ~ ~ ~'f ~~ ~ f.1;qff5~ ~ ~ (~ ~ 400°C ~) ~ct
~ ~ 1;JtlJ I f.itD ~~ ~~ ~VT1' MC~'fl ){6'f~f% QllC'llf6~ WIT I
~.)o.) "iltiil"1R• ~ ~'flfilfil~ ~ "lfiillct~ Rc:t*l"1t 'I~~ (Principle of
Quantitative Analysisby Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, AAS)
~~~ 9ftiJf ~~ '6 ~~~~I~~ ~C'dfiJt~ ~~
~ ~ CifD1 ~ ~ QllC'114 ~ ~9f ~ ~ 'Mf<li<Act ~ (emission spectrum)' 1i
~ I "11'Aill'lM4 C1'fllfef ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ 9Rfill'i ~ c-fllfef ~ ~
•!MC<A ~~I ~ ~ ~ '11t9f ~ "1~1Jti~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ l1m I AAS
~ ~ '>1't:C<l~i1~ ~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ef LO x 10-6 g dm " ~ ~~
~~ ~ 1Jt~ ~'4 "5t'f (one part per billion) ~9f ~ l1m 1 ft', ~,~qt ~l~JaC<IJ
~ "1f<Ji!IC'f W~ ~ Qll~Cii<sl ~ef ~ ~ l1tl1 I
AAS MC:11f't 91'4if!>C'! ~ ~ "fiU ~ ~ QllC"114 ~')!' ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~
~ 9fh ~ ~ ~ 'f<lf4<A'f ~' ~ ~ ~-1 ~ ~<Fff; ~ ~ ~ qf ~
~t.~ QllC'114 "'t~IJti'ft~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ll('A'f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~'
~ M~Jilli1 ~l'S14lf°<B1 ~er ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ Qllc1114 ~')!' ~ ~ ~ ~ ·wn
~C'dfiJt~ iil<s141Rt "'t<Aill'lif ~.I
~ 91'4if%C'I ~v ~~~~AAS ~91'4vIAAS1QiJ 1'f (Key) ~Wit-
.~~~~~~• ~~ QIJl'Gi!l'-etl<A ~ff;~~~ 9fmf I(:>)~ (flame),(~)~ (furnace) I
• ~'4fG ilti11WPICi!TJ<sl (~4<1'1f4l'S14)
• ~'4fG N;,&4'G'A (detector)
"lltiilct~• ~ te1'11filfil~ (AAS) ~ "lfiilM~ ~c:t*'ct (Quantitative ~alysis by
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, AAS) I ~ef~ MC:1~~ AAS~~~ I ~-
~ ~-~ ~ AAS ~ ~ ~ (multiple) ~ct~ MC~'f ~<Rt l1m 1 AAS-
~1t ~~ Jj~~,!) .~ ~ ~ ~ (~ e.e) I I
1'i I ('4) 620 run fflf G;00 ~ ~ 1'Cff ~ ~11~4)1'1 ~ 0.04 I Wf ~
~t11Dt¥~ ~ -e ~ ~ lMl'6Cil 10i cm"! M -1 ~~. 2cm l{V ~ a¥tfrh1 ~ ~
~f [t"fi s 0.0002 Ml
(~) ~~ 2 cm ~ 450 run ~ ~ 0.02.M 91lm-•11~1C•iit•1:a ~91~411., ~ 1.6 1
[~ 140 cm' M-1]
qr C = ~ = o.75 = 0.000375 M = 3.75 x 10-4 M
et 103 x 2
~ g ~'lfh ~ = 3.75 x 10-4 M
)lro](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-181-320.jpg)
![g ~ ~-Qlil41(91 (~, ~ ~)
(hi llff9 UV~~~)
~~~--'ft~~~I
----....,,....------.......--- a• "IJIF-bct~t.
----.----+---~--~cr-~_a_• 1t* "IJIRl<tf&t.
__ ..,,.__~---t----t---- nif-i-~'.
---------~--t---- 1t ~~
---------~-- a~'.
©
ftile.s 111$-tWM• "1"l1Wf
C<fSR ~ ~ t'fm ~9flfi ~ !t ~ ~ '4111 ~ I
8 1 a~a*~I 1t~1t·,:>1n~7t*, ~ln~a*,
l!I~ 'ft11 l'&OA'SI •l~ilFil ~ I
n~7t*<n~cr*<1t~1t*<a~a*
I ~1.....----•--I ilc-11Ci61Cil'ri~ 1~--·--~ ~ I•n:'1itJl'IDllt+ ftot'!;:q;'!;~I
l = C'ftl'l'f brcfi
Ci1ilrltf1'6.
ftil ~-~ I AAS 0 ~ Jffl~,.'ilti.111
Yf" .. b i1'111tt4 Ci11'11l:etlC11'SI (nebulizer) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (finefog) ~
GIJIOAl:>fC'l ~ ~ ~ I l!I~ ~ 1!1"4 1!1'4$ ~ (~ '1Jtlf) '6 <tl!Sl~>IR Gif!4CetC'1'SI ~
~~~~I~~~ <tl~'f!> ~I~~ l!I~ «t¥!5 ~ ~
~ 'J'f1J1T l!l<iSff; l!I~ ~ CJ~-~ ~ ~ <mr, lit 1!1'41Ti qtDIJ1lfiS?tl4ilOA'SI
(photomultiplier) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 l!I lltP ~ ~ RlmctfAS !<t'1]~4 ~1'1IC'1
~ ~ ~ I cq9f ?;q'J}RI• f7trt..lt'1t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4fft ~I 51141114 ~~
Yff"i<t'6'1 ~ l!I~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f '4111 llnJ I ~ ~ f.m1l 1!1'4ftt ~lll$i1 ~ '(3
'fcmRf-~ ~ (A= E ct; ~ A= GiJl<t:>f<t~'I, E =~ ~' C= ~ ~ '(3
t= ~~)~~~I (iiF1tltS.. ~I~"·~~~ e.e ~.t-n8'cff)
e.)o.~ ~f't~-181'1111., ct'11f't~~ ~ 9'fti1M"1¥S ~ if~~ (Principle · of
Quantitative Analysts by UV-Visible Spectroscopy)
C<tSR 'Al:>fl41M4 ~ ~ Gi~C<tt1f.i-,"'1Jiil~ (UY-Visible) 'GittaCiJ'Sl ·-~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ "!fl~ ~ ~fWc;qeti{-1{-Uill.. ..mwr~ I GC~C<tefif-lf'1J111'1 ~ ~
Gi~C<ttiPf-~Jlllii ;q'flfilfil~ ~ ;qcflfil~C:l411'1 ~ 1 ~ l!I.. Mc:f1fct ~ (qualitative) -e
~ct~ ~ ~ (quantitative) ~ 9fmt I ~ l!ll: ~ ~~ RI~~~ il~~
GllC'llf5'6 ~ I
~ M'1Jiili1 ~-l:Ctl~~ (nelectrons) ~ ~ l:til~ii (non-bonding) ~ ~
UV-Vis Gil"114 "" c-ftlict <mr 1 ~ ~ <mr l:"1cMii1 ~ 111NHOA ~ 'GiJlf.G-•
'GIT'1M4 GlfcfGIC'1 (anti-bonding molecular orbital) ~ ~ I l!I 'ftYfNiOA'SI ~ ~ ~ ~
~ R'9f ~~~I 'ft~fir.~9f I
)'Ir)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-182-320.jpg)
![~) 0.0002%
~) 550ppm
(4') i '6 ii (~)ii '6 iii ('t) i ~ iii (~)i, ii '6 iii
~ #llJ!WftMi'4~4~ ...
~~~lT '6 ~~~fttlifte-
l7' I CaC12 ~ ~ C'Cll<fSC"l'A ~~ ~ 0.015M ~~ "fl1'AfUC'b 200 ppm ~~I
!f~ C'Cll<fSC"l'A CaC12 ~if~ ppm~~~~?
4') 600 ppm -.r) 500ppm 't) 400ppm
~ i ~ C<Cil'fSC"lt ~ ~ ~~ ~~?
.,) 0.2 % 'f) 0.02% 'f) 0.002%
('t). NH3 + H+ ---+NH;
~ "1iil~H '4~4~ ~
~ 1 CuSO 4 +KI ---+ Cu212 + 12 + K2SO 4 ~~ MfJ,;411~
(i) Cu2+ ~ ~ (ii) 1- ~ ~ (iii) r Metlii4
~·?(<1i) i, ii (~)ii,iii ('t) i, iii eo i, ii, iii
C 1 FeS04 + KMn04 + H2S04 ~Fe2(S04)3 + K2S04 + H20 + MnS04 ~fiiHll41 -
(i) FeSO 4 ~-.flt~ ~
(ii) KMn04 ~-.flt~~
(iii) lmol KMn04 5mol FeS04~~~~~1
~~~?
SOmLO.S M lOOmLO.l M 60mL5%
HCI !Rlf NaOH~ N~CO~ ~
!>I (<1i)~~~~~?
(~) ~9ft<R ~ ~fiRf ~'fl~ !il~iilfl :i&Jl'51' ~ !l ~CR l
('f) ~~ <1S ~ 10 mL ~ ~f~C9f ~ ~ <15'5 mL ~ ~ ~UileM ~ !l ~~I
(~)~~ ~ ~ ~ 't ~ ~ ~ ~ ffli'Pf ~.MC~ct CR I
~tq~~~~
!> 1 ~ct !l~ '6 Dtt'Pf 50 g CaC03 ~ ~ ~ ~ Gfl41!S~'A co, 9fl'6'!lt ~?
(<1i) 44.8 L (~) 22.4 L ('t) 11.2 L oo 20 L
~ I ~ct !l~ '6 Dtt'Pf ~<1S ~ Gf~Cet9'1 ~ llMJ ~ ~ HgO ~ ~ !iUll9M?
(<1i) 216 g (~) 432 g on 250 g eo 150 g
~I O.OlM iJ9'1iillill'A lOOmL ~~~ 0.5M ~~ mL ~?
(<1i) 5 mL (-.f) 2 mL ('t) 4 mL oo 10 mL
8 I~ ~1,ftt4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'fctJ ~ ~ 'Pfmf?
(<1i) Cu2+ +4NH3----+- [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (~) Cl2 +20H- ---+Cr -cio 7H20
---~--- ---~----------- --------::::::: ========------- ---------~----- --------::::::: ========------- --------
'PltFf~'I·
I etei4"~-" I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-187-320.jpg)
![8.~.8 '4.,*Uiilt ~ 1"J "lfitiiil~lt "lfitiii&i (Variation of Equivalent Conductance
with Concentration)
~~ ·-MC~t111'A ~ tti1~1dll'A "'iR<i'6ci1'51 ~ ¥1J "'iHl:ql~l'A ~ "'iRs<i'6i1 Jt<si'lt<af«s
em 1 ~~ 11'~ ~ ¥1J "1Ri<il~'61 (A) ~ii' R~ iiji1~1ail<a ~ .JC ~~ ~f6WI
~ ~ Gl'J~lq~ ~~~I
('<tS) -e (-.t) ~ Wrt ~
~ ~' tli1~1a!l'51 ~ lllIT iytfl:ql~l'A ~ ~ ._
MC!tCttHI ~ ~ ~ CRf I
("<tS) wtf5WI ~ •Mc:n•tt1<a A
l'1J "'iR<ql~!SI ~ ~ I
~·~~~C1J~ tti1~1ailfi t>tusrfitit'Pf G1lt1M"
~l~~~~il'¥fl
"1RCll~I ~ 9im I ~ ~
~ ~ "'ifii<i~9411l GllJ!Cil'SI
W 1 (<f) l M H2S04 !Rt'fii~fiip+ ~Rl:ctlfa:!SI 16xl0-2 ohm'"cm? Wl a:qcfft'A !llfJt
9iff:ctl~<il fif4lr~ 1 - t <80 .ohnC1 cm2 g-equiv-1]
(1tf) 298K -ft~ - 9ift:cttfi;'!51 ~ 0.05.M NaOH ~ Cff1f 31.6 ohm I ~
0.367 em? 1{tl'f NaOH ·-~ "1ftnt "'ifi:ctl,_•r~fir..-r rt.1 232 ohm"'"1. cDl2 moi-11
('t) 1.5 C'lf1f ~ li~CtJ(C"ftl ·~';ft.. 0.72 cm.: 9ili'°'1fl4':~ -~ ~ ··""'llCH· 1100 M/10
·'fttltlf or-ff 1R C1f· '9TI?it~ CIPf 52t4 (}hDJ U y;Q:qcfftJt 1sfft~ 91fi'4t~I ~ ~ I
lfil a 0.0061 ohm~•cm~• 1
1 cm. . cm3
=-x-x-·-
ohm cm2 equiv.
= ohm" cm2 equiv."
8.~." '1f1'lrtf 9tfttiiil~5il (Molar conductance)
'PfJ "1R<il~l'51 ~ ·-M~Ctf)<si ~ "'iR<il~!SI~ ~'Pf ~ ~ I ~~ 11?.:~ ~ ~'J..
·~ ~ ~' llt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ll'tJ "'iR<il~I ~ ~ ·-~
~ ~'<tS~-ll'tJ ~ Gllfi<:-1'51 "'iHl<il~!SI 1 ~ ~ "'iHl<il~'61'51 ~ 1.0 mol ·~
~ Gllfi<:-1'51 "'if11<il~IC4 ~ I ~ "'ifii<il~IC4 µ(mu) fW ..m .. 'Pf~~ <Rt~ I
µ=KxV
~ 1.0 mol ·-~ ~ V cm3 ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~~ "1Hi<il~IC4 (K)
~ (V crrr') ~ ~ct ~ 'P'} "'ifii:ql~l<si ~ ~ "'iHl<il~I ~'Mt ~ ~ 1 ~
"1f11<il~l'A ~fl ohm" cm2 mol'" ~I
~ M mot·•-~~ 1000 cm3 ~ ~ ~ '§tcf
KxlOOO
µ= ; (4.8)
M
)2t)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-192-320.jpg)
![""-~ ~ 1IMJ llW ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Rl'1J1'1~ R~ blef<tl~
Gll41i1>tC~'SI 1lm ~ct ~ ~ ~ I 1'tl'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ·-RC~CitJ'SI 'PfJ
91Rl<ll~"!SI ~ 9f1lJ I ~ f4i1111Jll4l R~ blef<tl~ "4141i1>t~ii 1ft~ ~ ~ ~~ Rila411~'1
~ ~ Gll4li1>ti[C~'A '1~C<q*if~ ~ I 1'tl'f ¥IJ 91~1~1'51 ~~ ~ I
~ '<q'l ~ ·-MC~CttJ'SI ~ (~) CWMfbWJ ~ "4141ti1'51 ~ ~ ~ ~~· ~~ ~
8"41'1Rl4 ~ ~ 'i1'tctJ ~ I ~ ~ ~ Gll41Ci1'51 •1Nst'litif ~~ ~tSIM"!S ~ ~ I ~
~ ~ ~ ·-RC~CqJ'R l'lfJ 91R<ilfi("!SI ~ ~ ~ ~ f4~111Jll41 ·-firc~~Hi
GIHl~4'Si'f ~ ~ I ~ ~ Glli!C~'SI ~ ~ ~' lJRft ~ • "1R<tt(C'1'SI ~ ~ 1
8.~.<t ~RC'1C'IHI ~ tq_,i4liill'I 41fi"'4.,:a ~ '5ilt~f'Ms 41fi"'l~•lt 41fi"'"91 (Change
of Specific Conductance on Changeof Concentration of Solutions of Electrolyte)
~ ·-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ YfH<il~I ~~I "4tif't ~~
YfH<ll~"!SI ~ Icm3 ~ M'1Jllli1 Gll41Ci1'SI 9fra<11P.("!51 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ crrr' Gll41'1!>Ci1
Gll41Ci1'R ~ ectfilt ~ ~ ~~ Yfra<11~'1!)1"' ~ ·~ ~ 1 ~ ams Clll't ~ ~ ~
CRtl'f ~ltSIM<qS'SIC<I~ ~fl Gll41'1!>Ci1 Gll41Ci1'A ~ct~~ I ~ ~~ 91R<ll~I~ ~ I
8.~.~ "'9ti4liiil:st~ 41fi"'l~l:a 41fi"'~ (Vartadonof Conductancewith Temperature)
~~ "l!)f~ ~ ~ •-m~CqJ'SI Yfra<il~I ~~I ~ ~ ~ C~, ·-
~ ~. "l!)f~ ~ ~ ~ Yfra<ll~I 2-3% ~ ~ I ~'iltl'Sl'l~'Ai'Pf 11~ ~ "l!)f~
0.1 M KCI ~ YfraJ.il~I W'il-
180C "l!)f~ l.12xl0-2 ohm" cm"
25°C "l!)f~ l.29xio-2 ohm" cm"
~~ ~ •-m~cq]'SI 9lract1~1 ~'ff1 ~ w.~ Mc&sia:;M 1 ~- •
(~)~ ~ ~fl Gll41'1!>Ci1 '~ Gll41Ci1'R ~"~
(~)•..rm~~~~~
~~ ~ "l!)f~ ~~ ~ ·-Rt~~J'A ~ «$~ ~ ~Yfra<l~41 I~ "l!)f~
~ Yfra<ll~'l!>l'SI ~ ~ -..~ ~ ~I "l!)f~ ~ (Rtl'J ijl'Ci.C4'Si (~) ~
(viscosity) ~ ~ I ~ ~ t~ Gll41C~'R •1Nst'ct'f ·~ ~ ~ ~ I .~11Ml
"1Ri'Cll~l'6 ~ ~ I
~ •-m~,~o:a ~, 9fra;q1~1'A w~ "l!)f~ ~. •-Rt~tt1t& !iRt4 <~
Gll41~4'AC'fif ~ ~~ ~ Yfra;qc;t;i (MI)~ !nt W~ ~ ~ i ~ "tl4l~4'Sict «:tftba4llf&
!ft~~ (MI=-.~)~, "l!)'t'CI' Gll4l~4'ACf-1ITTln (degree of ionization)~~~~
'Pfm c111 -i1c'l!>fi1cH ~) 1 ~ Yfra<eu~!)1 ~ ~, RYf~'l!)e1C<C1, 51141~•11'1 ~ ~ "l!)f~
<MI= ~) ~, "l!)'t'Ci' e "l!)f~ Gll41~4:act ~ 1 ~ Yfra<11fi("!51-e ~ 1
8.~.C •Rci:tt'U'I 41fi"'l~l 1'1"fif ~ (Me~urement of Electrolytic Cond~ctance)
91·~ .. l•ftt1f ·~ ~ ~<11~1 1lt9ft ~ I ~~ Yf~.. I'~ ~~ <ltl9'1~1"1J '6 ~
"$9Mt11f"1J ~~~ 1 ~ <1111f&c4 "ifi"'l~•l~lfl (conductometer) ~~ 1
~~ ~~ 9tra<e11~1 1lt'Pf<1S lftP ~ ~--r ~ 1 .st- ~' ~ (display writ) ~<rt.
Yfra;q1~1. C4l1f (conductance cell), 91ra;q1~1 C4l1f ~ f5tiif ~ ~ 1](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-193-320.jpg)
![~9fmf ~ ~ ~ lITTf, •-MC'!1~U:>t~t( ~ ~ ~~ ~ 1'M c~ 1 ~"f ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "fl1'J YfR<Ctl~I ~ ~. 91RJ;q<t9'1 ~ ~ I ~ 9iR<Ctl~ltA5
~ ~ 91ft~l~I (conductance at infinite dilution,Aa:) ~ 1
8." •1ltlt•t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 91'flt(t ~ ~ (Determination of the
Quantity of Electrolytes by using Faraday's First Law)
1831 -e 1832 @iiUICC't ~ ~ ie ~ J1-t+tt -•-na-1c-• ~ •-tmPu ~
·-~ ~ ~ ~' ·~(electrodes) ~9r:i ~ ~ ~ ~'t ~'t ~
C<Ct1]Ns4 ~ (electric current) ~ :>t"'14''dt 1 1834 @isGICC't ~ ~ 914C<et'1"1 ~ 11~
~1l't~~~I
•11tltQRI ~~I
··~~~ ~ ·~ ·-~C'!1~1il ~ ~'t "9fl1t ~ ~ ~ ~ •-fmtlu ~
~ M1)C!Sil ~ ~t:Af :>tllliilf1Ns4" I
Wf wg ~ ~·~Q~~~~~~~~' ~
w ex: Q
~~' Q=lxt ~ l=~~(5'Jlfwt411il=amp), t=~(~=s)
w ex: Ix t ~ w = z x I x t
~~ z ~~ :>tilli"'flNs+ ~' ~ ~ ~1'1'111~• 'POI~ (electrochemical
equivalent)' CfCl'f I
~I = 1 Gi]lfwt411il ~~'- t = 1 ~ ~ ~ w = z ~ I
~'- ~ ~ •-ill:>tl41M4 ~~"4 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~, 11t 1 G111f0-1411;si
~ 1 CJ'IC4"3il '9MJ •-fmtlu ~ ~ ~ '9f1ft ~ ~ ~ I ~ 1 Gi]lf0-1411<51 x 1
~~ 1 ~(coulomb)C<cl1)Ns4'5tef~~·-fmtlu~~~·~~
. ~~~~~~~~tl'lll~•'P1)1~·~~1
~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ •-tmPu ~ ~"4 ~-'P'J ~ ~ ~9r:i ~
~ 96500 ~ M1)C!Sil '2tC411etil ~ 1 ·~ ~ct~ '~ •Jl'siltw (1 Faraday)' CfCl'f 1 ~"f
~~Fl
q)li!IC5<51 2f«lJ1r ~ ~9flf Wit- •-fmtlu ~ ~ • ~ ~ ~' ·~ "'9f:f
~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttcf I CJ'111lft ~~.'ff~9ft'f I ~ "4lf ~ "4lf ~9ftif ~·
~ ~ ~ ~9ftif I~~ ~~l ~ ~' 1.0 ~ ~ "'9f:f ~ ~ ~'t M'lJC'l!Sil
d1C!Jletil ~ ~ ~ n x F, ~~ n~ ~~ ':sfl!JCilil C<ilefl!SI ~ Dt'9f ~ I ~ •
~~=nxF
~~~' 1.0 ~ Ag+ t>l&ft'dt~ d1C!Jlijj~" ~ "ITt't = 1 x F
1.0 ~ Cu2+ blq'dt ~ d1UJlijj~!J ~ 'lflt't = 2 x F
1.0 ~ AI3+· blef'dt ~ d1C411et~41 ~~ft = 3 x F
~ ~ 4lltlM Ag+, Cu2+ ~~ AI3+ ·-MC:1qC'1il ~ ~ ~ 31~4<51'1 ~
~~I
20,000 0.00479 95.9
500,000 0.000213 106.7
1000,000 0.0001078 107.3
2000.000 - 0.0000542 108.5](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-195-320.jpg)
![8.".~ .tW9111 W'1'tf 9f'f (SomeImportant Terms)
• ~ (Coulomb) I M'i]C!>'51 'PfHliilC'Rt ~~ Wft ~ 1 C1I ~ ~ (electricity)
Pti15l'R ~ ~ ~ 0.001118 g Ptl'l51'51 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~I
I <pN = I 51Jlf0.14'1'5t x I ~
• caulfGt1ilt (Ampere) I ~ ~ ~~ Wft 51JlfD1f~l'St I C1I ~ ~ ~
(current)~ Cl'fC4C6 0.001118 g Pt"151'51 ·-~ C4lt1f ~ ~' ~ l 51JlfDi14'1'51~1
~ ~' 1 "4ilf0.14ilil ~ ~ Q1C4C6 1 ~ ~ I
~ ~ '11, 1.0 mol Ag+ ~ 1.0 mol Ag ~~ 1.0 mol °$:Ci'i~i1 ~ ~ 1
~ J.O mol Ag ~~ lx F ~ • 1'11t'f 1 ~~'Pf 1.0 mol Cu2+ ~ 1.0 mol Cu
~~ 2x F ~rot M'i]C6'51 ~C4'1eti1 ~ I ~ ~~ 2.0 ~ °$:"1<Mlii ~ Wm I
'PfHlC~ 1.0 mol Al ~~ 3.0 mol °$:Ci1~i1 ~ ~ ~ 3x F ~ ~ 1'flt't 1
~~Cf 'iflrt ~'
1 ¥Jl'RIC5 = 96500 ~ = 1 mol °$:"1~91
~ GllCl'llbiil~ ~·~~ .'Ml'SllC'S'R ~~~~~I~~~·MC:100'R ~~ ~~ ~~$~~~~~I ~Pti15IC'Sl'R ~
1F ~ ~ 1.0 mol Cft 108 g Ag ~9ijf ~ 1
2F ~ ~ 2.0 mol Cft (2xl08) g ~ 216 g Ag ~9ijf ~I
3F ~ ~ 3 mol Cft (3x108) g~324 g Ag~~ I
~~~'Pf~ ,~, M'i]C!>'R ~rot~ ~ ~ ~9ijf ~ ~rot~~~ I
~~ ¥Jl'RICIS'R !f~ ~ ~9f1f I
8.".) •r=-c~8*t'1 .iltlC<it ~ "J.tilll w, (Importance of Faraday's First Law in
Electrolysis)
(~) ~ ~ •-<s11J1141M4 l1'flt'."4 ~ ~ lll1l (~) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
1't'f ~ ·-MC'!JCqJ'SI ~9ijf ~ YfHlill'fOfiRt ~ ~ ~ I
~ I •Jl<SllC!kl M1f ~ I~ .MC'!1CttJ'R 11tlfl ~~ ~ • ~ ~ ~
·~ etill'f6 ~ ~ ~fiRf ~ "6tm ~ ~ 'StlJ11~M4 'Pfll'.'C41 J1iil-J"11Nl4 ~ I
~I~·~~~~~~~~~~Wf ~~IC'Si Wt '6 W2
~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ :stlJ114'M4 ~<IS ll'tll~ E1 '6 E2 ~ 6CCf
w1 ac E1~ w1 =kxE1 ~~ w2 ac E2 ~ w2 =kxE2
~ J1iiliYflNl4 ~ ~'4'$: ~ 6CCf
w E ·
-1 = -1 ; ~Ut ~ '4Cif ~ ~ Cft ·-'StlJ114'M4 l'fll'... ~ ~ ~ I
W2 E2
Ag+ + e- ---+ Ag
Cu2+ + 2e- ---+ Cu
AI3+ + 3e- ---+ Al](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-196-320.jpg)
![~rw.~ ~ 'till~
... ,,11'1 ) I MnCl2 ~. ~ (i) 1.0 ~ (C) ~ (i) 1.0 •Jttlc• ?Cij'i)f'J• .. ~
1At1r~ ~ Mn •Jlf•4111C• 1'1ft ~ (Mn ~ etlt'lfiiH "lttill'IA• 151 = 55)
~I~ '9ftf.f,
{i) 1.0 !IN • ..m Mn ~'f ·-tl'11fiPt4 ~'4, Z ~ ~ I
z - Mn "'lf t .o '1nWf = 55 =2.8497 x Io-4
96500x~~ 96500x2 g
{ii)~ 1.0 "11tlCi • ..m Mn ~'f tl'1141Pt4 'P'lf'-'4, E "'1ft ~I
55
~~~ E=-g =27.5 g
2
l'fl'1i't ~I~·~~~ c.>tlfq,11114 (Jllltl..i fift114 hr~ 10 amp~
'5'flPn '4tt'f Cl'Jlti410i ~ 4t11f C'11Aitili41lf'llt ~7
~I~~ d!t~I~ ?~PJ]f'4 Wf1t {Q) ~~~I
. 60 min 60 s IC
Q=1xt =lOamp x4hrx x--x---
1 hr 1 min 1 amp-s
=1,44,000 c
CllJltiCfttW ~~ ~fiiHl1' ~ I
Na+ + e- -----+ Na
lmol e" • 1 F ~
= 96,500C ~
t9fmf "llC'llbi!I ~ ~ 1®-
1.0 '11flf oTiwJ
z=------
• 96500 x oTin ~
E
cit z= --
96500
cit E = 96500z
~~~ tl'1141M4 l"f}1'.'4 (E) ~ •-tl'tlfif.14 ~tcrsi (z) 96500 ect I
H-~'f 1.0 C1f1Wf = 1.008 g
H-~'f tl'11fi~4~'4,E=1.008 g
H-~'f ••1'1141Pt4 'f'l)I~, Z= 1.003 g = 0.00001045 g
96500
~9f, Ag ~'f ·-tl'11fiM4 l"JT'.'4 = 0.001118
~~ Cu ~'f •-tl'1141Pt4 ~· = 0.000329
~
E = 1.o'11flf o1twJ
~~
1.0 '11flf ~
:. 1 ~?~PJIJrq,• ~~9f!f~ = z = •t1"1.lfiM4 'Pffl'-•
96500 x oltt'll ~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-198-320.jpg)
![~~ ~o~
~~ ~ Ntt<1i •~ ~ ~~t. 4'9ITTf •~ ~ ~ 1 Mffi1a4l1efif ~9f :.
~~-~g Zn~Zn2++2e-
~~-~g Cu2++2e-~Cu
~~g Zn+Cu2+~zn2++cu·
~~~~~Cll, Zn ~~~~~Zn·~~~~~~
Zn2+ ~~~~~I.9ffii1 ~~~WIT~~~~
Qli"li'1i'61c<1 v 1 ~ 9f1ijf ~~ ~ ~ ~ (ll!Sl4ll!S '5tl'f '<l't'l M'l)C!S<si ~ qr ~ ~
~I~~~~ Cu2+ ~~ ~ ~ "'Cwt~91 ~ ~ ~ Cu tfrf
~~~I·~~~~~~~ I ~~9f C5MC4li1 ~ Cll~~~
(Red-Ox reaction) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 'SP!C41'1t'A ~ !SN;tCllC~
~~~I C5MC4l"l ~~~~WIT~ C<ISlm ~~I
~~ ~ Wft, Ci~Cl'l ~ ~ ~«~ii ~ ~ ~p ~~ ~ C4ttf ~
~~ ~C41C'4'A ·-Rt:1C'4J'A ~~ 9frn I~~~~~ Cli, C4Tt1Rf ~ ~9fRt
~ ~ ~~q ~Cf~~~ 1.C4A~ ~~~~at~~~
fiWm (high resistance voltmeter) ~ ~ ~ 1 IQIJICi!l'i -e ~ ~ ""-'tln~1<PI~ Ctbl'Dfii~l'Si
~ (volt) ~~ C11 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ C5MC41'1 C<PTt1Rl C<Pl1i ~ 1 ~
~ ~Cf] ~Cf ~ ~ ~ lJjt '9f(c;•IM ~ 911(;¥Jc• ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~
C<PTm 'electromotive force ~ emf~ <!i1'tibl'l• Cflf' ~ I
~Ur ~ ~ Cll, C<PTt1Rl !Sf$tol'14 CfClff "'.,,-WIT IQIJICi115 ~ ~ ~~ <PJl"'1W
~C<PIC'4'51 ~~I ~t.
~~ =~ '5~Fi ~ + ~ifl1"1 """"'' ~
~ E0~ = (E~)~+(E0~)~ (i)
E0~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm I ~~~ ~ ·-'511"114JM<P ~ C<PT1i ~ ~ ~
•~ -e ~ •-.ttM<ecct<s1 Cln•1"5'1 1 ~ C<PTm ctl~fPic<P GC<I~ IQIJICi1IC'i "'1tct MffilaVl4l
lFtl'f ~- ~-~ ~~ <sltiifPiC<P ~ ~ ~ MfaRl4l ~ "'9rn ~ !SNpt;~
~ Cln•1"5C'1'51 ~~~~I
~~~ ~ ~ ~ ·~-~ ~~ 'f'liil){'l<P ~I ~if~~'~~
·~ ~ "{t ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ -m I g'111{'51'1'1iti9f, CCSMC4li1 ~elf~
!S~l'AC4 <1i9ITTt ·~ ~ ""-~ ~ Ntt<1i !S~IC'51 1ltlfct ~ I ~ ~<fi_ ~<1S
·~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ !SfVr;'llCH ~ 1" 'llTC<P I ~ ~, ~ 'fS~tOiHI
!Sf$"'41'51 ~ ~~ ~ 1'R I ~ ·~ ~ C1f 1'R 9ft'e1lt 1lm ~ !SNr;•t'A Mact;s('e
~ 1'R~' "!StCf ~ R9fh~ I ~
E~=-E0~
~ GCf&ef!Ni<P M4l~l~lll ~ ~Cllt'Sl'SI ~~ .l'A ~~~CRT~ I
(i) ~ )f~<P'Sl'f ~ ~
Eo~ = -(-Eo"9ftf't )~+(Eo~)~
~ Eoa.f1f = -(Eo~)~+ (Eo~)~
~ Eo~ = (Eo~)~-(Eo~)~ {ii)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-210-320.jpg)
![[ff+]= 1.0 M
25<>C
1.0 atm
~ (Design) I t(ll:Cil<Mi1 ~ '5l9f
l.Oatm~ 101.325 kPa ~ ~ !14 ~
~ 1.0 moll drrr' ~i11il~l'A H+ '5il'4Cii'A
~ H2~~~ Pt l.fl~'1~~~
Pt •~ w~ ~ '4Wf ·~
~J~t1iltefi1 ·~' ~9f!f ~ I
~'t4 '11111't .,,.., et(c•l'I. -e ~ ~
9fmf 1' Pt·~ 6':11tGiil-ijj.'!
?iltGi11il'
(platinized platinum). -e ~ ~ 1 ~~ ?ilfti11il
JJtc<R '1"tfl 'i8 ~ (ft'f I ~~ ~ ·~
~ ~ C1Nl¥Wl (surface area) ~ 9fm
I.fl~ ~~~I Pt~ ~'<15R't
~' (~) ~1U ..,., ~~ ~ ~ "<i5tif 'iij I
(~) H2 ~ '5il'4M<i5'ACCf ~ ~ ~
~I
(e) H+ G41'4Cil'A ~I.OM (ft'f~ pH =0 ~I
H2 '1J?r '6 H+ G41'4Ci1'A ~ ~~ 25°C (~ ~~) ~ ~ ~ I
8,lr.e ~ ~GilCIM '5""'41t (StandardHydrogenElectrode)
ell ~ '91~ .. ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~Cf ~ ·~ ~ ~9Rr ."ijfiij ~
~'4l:t1C4 ~ :Jll:Qi1C9M ·~ ~ ~~¥5 <RN~ I I.fl ~~~~~I
I.fl~ ~ct ·~Jl:<lil<Mi1 •~ ct~aclll :iG11e1,~ctf"I• •"""'1"11(9 CfCl'f 1
Eo ~ = E~ul+ /Cu -E~2+ (Zn
~' ~~SM '9WIR E0 ~fir~~ '6 ~t<R ~Cf~~~ I
8.lr.~$11-t '5""tUt ~~(Determination of StandardElectrode Potential)
~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ 1iMJ 511111C'i'AC4 ~ I.fl~ ~Cf C'ACl'IC'i1"1 ·~
~ ~-~I ~Cf I.fl~ ·~ ~ ~ '5il'1l'il'6IC<i ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~Cf I.fl~
·~~I.fl~·~~~~~ l:"1~i1 ~~~I I.fl~~~'~~
~ ~ (~ 8.~) ~~Cf~·~ M'bC<i'A ~ ~ ~ ~ C9f1'ft1r? I.fl~
~ ~, 91~•1'4l ~ ~ '!N,~l'AC4 I.fl~ ~Cf C'SICl'IC'i1"1 ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~9t:J
~-'Al:>f 14'M4 ~ ell ~ ~ ~ C'ilt~ ~ C'bl~firtlC'ii ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~iltG'A
~Cf~·~~ I ~- '5il"1lbi11 ~ l.fllit ~ ell, C<iSM l.fl<f$<15 ~~ ~ l.fl"<iit
~~'i{ll'I
·-'A:>fl'4Cii ell·~~Cf C'il'llC'A"1 ~ ~'1i1l<i51~ ~ ~ ~ "6:l ~ 'lfln't
i(l-ICIM l"""lt' I ~Cf :Jll:Qile@ii1 ·~ ~ ~~~ cml ~~ ~Cf ~ ~Cf
fJll:QilC9M ·~ "flt~ ~ ~ ~ I I.fl 1fti;Gfir ~ ~ 1<ifl ~, C<iSM ~ ~
~~~~~~ l~~~~..m~ ~~~.~~~I
.
~)o ~~'191il
(ii) ~ :>f~4'i!'1 ~ ~'Al:>fltM4 ~ C4l1f M'b<;;q'A ~ifit --~ -e 51JICiilCS'A
~ ·~~ ~~ ~ C4llf ~I C5MC4''1 ~ ~](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-211-320.jpg)
![8.11.8 ~ ~iflttf <a1"<411t ~ -e ~ ~ (Standard Reduction Electrode
Potential and Cell Potential)
~ M"SC:ct<a ~IC'lli>ill41 ~ ~' <o:slJICill5 ~~ ~ '6 ~~~~I
~ ~ 8.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !SNp'l'41<a M"SC:ct<a ~ JtlfiJtC41~ I ~
<o:sll@efl~4 M41illi<il~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "4'Aff ~~I ~ct~·~
~~~~~ct ~ ~ ~ Cfft llrn I C1l C<liR lf1'J ~··~. ·-
'Al'1141M4 ~ ~ ~ Jt~4'5ict ~ ~ CRt llm I
Eoom = (Eo~ )~ -(Eo~)~ctt
~ Eo~ = (Eo~)~ -(Eo~)~
~ ~ E0 ~ ~ (Calculation of Cell Potential) I ~~ CSMC41'1 ~ ~
~~I I.!!~~~~ ~JICilllS I.!!~ ~9fRT ~C4lq ~~~~I ~ 't(C!S
~ llrn-
~~~ ·~~' E~n2+tzn =-0.76V
1$l~~9fltR~·~~' E~u2+/Cu =+0.34V
C4l1f ~"SC:ct'A Jt~4'5ict ~ ~
E0om = E~u2+tcu -E~n2+tzn = 0.43-(-0.76)V = +l.IOV
,;; ~~ ~~ 8 Zn(s)+2H+(aq)~Zn2+(aq)+H2(g)
~9fm ~ ~'1lt<:<s1'1, ~ ~~ '6 ~9fRT ~(C41Cq'SI ~ <o:sll'lMl<sle<q ~f-QilCillil ~
Mffila411'A ~ 11(c;q1P'f CR'tl'f ~ ~~1~~ 9fl'6m l1rn 1 ~
• ~~"ist ~ ~ I.!!~~ Mffaa4l1~ ~ -e t(ll:Q21ceril ~ ~'Pf:f cm 1
• ~9fRT ~ 'Pftt1t ~ I <mf'1 ~9ftmf ~ct ~ ·~ ~ t(ll:QilCillCii'A ~ ~ I ~
H+ ~ Metlra!S ~ 9ftt1t ~ 1
• ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !SfVr;IGll'A ~ ~9fttff ~ ~ '!Smt H+ ~ Mefl~!S ~ 9f1tif ~ I
• ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ Zn I.!!~ ~ 111'~, '!Sl'Al Jt4"'1l: H+ ~ Metlra!S
~~I,
~ ~ (Salt Bridge) I ~ ~ ~C41Cq'A ~ ~ (U) ~ ~ ~
KCI,KN03 ~ NH4N03 I.!!~~~~~~~ l1'ff 1'ftf~ ~ ~ ~
~ f.111~!) ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ "4m ~ ~ ~ "'! wr 1 'IR"t. ~ ~~
111~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ C:ct'1]~4"I#1~ ~"WI ·~'AIJtl41M4 ~. ~ I
•tl'ill~.~~~~
~ I~ ~(C41(q'A 11t~ ~ ~'t1n'1 ~~<mt~~ Qq'1]~4~1~ ~ I
~ 1 ~ ~ M'1JilM •-~ 't(C!S 4JIUIM (~ K+) ISl~ <o:slJlillM (~ er)
~ ~ ~G~ I "5tl'f ~ ~. fittft~ ~~I
~I~ '6~~~~1R't ~ ~'91~f%C!S ~ ~ 4JIUl4M '6 ~
~ <o:sl)lill41il ~ llm I "5tl'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ llm I
<o:slJICiilC5 I Zn(s)~Zn2+(aq) + ze:
~ g 2H+(aq)+2e-~H2(g)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-214-320.jpg)
![a.a """'llt ~ ~ ~ ~("FNI ._, "1.,+Alf (Nernst Equation for Electrode and
Cell Potentials)
~~ ~~ ~$ ~ ~ ~ ~ "414U;.BI tl91illaJFSI t9Rf f.1<Ssi~ I 1889 ~
~ ~ ._, (Walter Nernst) ~ ~ tli1illa!l'51 ~ ~ M"5C<Bi ~~
~~~~I l.fll: Ji~4'51ct ~ ~ ~~ ~ 'l~ ... '1 ~~I~
l't~4<si'IITJ'51 '9f~·~ ~ I
~ ~' ~ 91cf C4tm ~~ ~~~-
aA(s)+ b B +(aq)~ aA+(aq)+ba(s) (1)
~ MffilaSll'5Pl11tl ~ K = CA+]a car
' CA]1CB+]b
[~~]
= [Mfb;414] ~ (2)
f] = ~1'l Yi'Tl't){C~'SI ~ (mol/dm") ~I
i1 C41'4ITJ'5i '9fiU ~ ~'1 ~
0 2.303RT CA+]• carE = E - log b .. ••••• (3)
nF CA]1 ca+]
-~.;:; J ~. 91'TIC1'f l'tMa41!SI 'I.fl~ (1 )' ~ ~ I ~'.
,-1.~; f, ~~ [Br=l ~ ~ ~ >t~4'5i'tf5--
0 2.303RT CA+]•
E = E - log --b ( 4)
nF [B+]
-;.
("9.8~~~~1}
AI3+ IAl=+ 1.66 V; Co2+ /Co::: ~2.37 V; ar2 /2Br-=+L07 V;
Cl2/Cl- = +l.36 V; >Fe3+IFe2+=+0.77V.
"'l1PIJt" I ~ ~ (II) CSlllll:& ~ ~cot ·cmr -n ~1 ~ ~ 01) (Jllllll:os ~
~ ~ GIJIC91IC& '6 ~ r.~ Ji~fl~ cfP.t I .~ '6 Gllfiltii'A ~~ ~'t
m'Pf~?
~s a •.i'Atlfit<a~-~~,~~·~~~·Rc:l~'6~ 1
(...) KBr (~) Mgf2 • (~) ZnS- ("1) Na20
"'l1PIJt ~ 1 •~· ~ ~ .~ -..9fRf ~ CllM CRtWr. -..~ •. ~ft~ {II)~
~~~firs? c;reJn~g '
Cu2+(aq)+2e-~Cu(s) E0=+0.34V
Ni2+(aq)+2e- ~Ni(s) E0 =-0.25V
("1) Be(s) + Ni2+(aq) ~ Be1•· (aq) + Ni(s)
(•) 3Co2+ ( aq)+2Al(s)----+3Co( s)+ 2Al3+ (aq)
J
(w) 2Na+ (aq)+Mg(s)----+ 2Na(s) +Mg2+ (aq)
(-.:) 2Br-( aq)+Cl2 (g)----+ Br2(/) +2c1-(aq)
(If) 2Fe2+ (aq)+C12(g)---+ 2Fe3+ (aq)+2Ci-(aq)
E0~fif·~-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-217-320.jpg)
![~~<r ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ (E) Ptffila41Hl Ml1Jllli1 ~~ Gil41Cii<si ~' [A+] ~<ft.
Pfffi1;414 Gil41Cii<si ~' [B+] ~"f 'S9Rf f.f'6si~i1 I ~~'Pf· J1~4<s!Ccrn ~ ~ ~'Cl'll ~
~~<ft. E0 -~"f ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ s.e ~ ~ ~~ ~ C4l1i ~
~~' E0 ~<Rf~I
8.2'.) !S"'•na~ "ICl"F"8 ~ "1~+11"1 (Nernst Equation for Eledrode Potential)
·~ M'5C4Ci<si ~ ~ >t~4<ii'f ~ ~ l1T1J I ~ ~' ~~ ~ ~ ~
®~ltil M ~ Mn+ ~ ~'Pijf ~ 1
M(s) ~ Mn+(aq)+ne-
~ Ptfihi41l<si '9MJ ~ >t~4<si'1 ~
E = E0 _ 2.303RT lo tM n+]
nF g [M]
~~~' [M]=l ~'-
E = Eo _ 2.303RT log[Mn+]
nF
~ R = 8.316 J K-1 mol'"; T = 298 K ~<ft. F = 96500 C ~' ~ '5P!C4lq ~'
E = E" _ 2.303 X 8.316x 298 log[Mn+]
nx96500
<ft E =Eo _ 0.0591 log[M n+].
n
~ >t~4<ii'® ~ ·~ M'5C4Ci<si ~~~~~~I~ C4ti{ ·~ ~
~' '!t<f '5P!C4lq M'5Cq<si ~' E-~'f ~ ~~! ~ I
•ifli(ft 8 I 25°C -~Miflillfll ~ ~ il(c•IC'tt om~~ 4'1, ~ ~ "tl'lw'D
~ 111.,a;rau 0.01M ~ 1 (E~.z·an = -0.76 V)
~ .~..·~~~Wet'fZn(s) ~ Zn2+ (aq) + 2e-
~ >t~4<s!C'fif '9MJ ~ J1~4<ii'f ~
E = E" _ 0.059110g[Zn2+]
n
~~ n = 2 (qefi1'f® "-Ci't~Ciiil "l't.~)
[Zn2+] = O.OlM
~"4if ~ ®Nf(qAI M'SC'l'HI ~ -0:76V ~~,~-·· ~"f ~ ®fVr;'lll<ii ~«<l<ii ~~~I
~~
E = 0.76 - O.OS9l log (0.01) = 0.76 - 0.059l · (-2)
2 2 ~
= 0.76 + 0.0591 = 0.8191v
~~<r, ~qs '!5~1Cil<a ~ Pfiec:q<s1 ~ 0.8191 V 'Pfl'S11t C'fl'f, ~ H<fCCt Zn2+ Gil!l~il ~
~ O.OIM [~]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-218-320.jpg)
![=E:.. 'As - E~2.tZn
= +0.80-(-0.76)V
E0c.+t1f=1 ·56V
~~~ '4tt1R~:>t~4'RC'1 E0"'111~~ [Zn2+] '6 [Ag+]-~'f~~~~-
E" c.+t1f = l · 56 _ 0.0591log0.01 [n =21
2 0.1
C411f ~ 8 Zn(s)+2Ag+(aq) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2Ag(s)
~ C411l Mffila~l'R ~ ~ :>t~4'R'1 ~-
0 0.0591 [~9ftif]
E~ =E ~ n log [~Q1:~4]
E
o 0.05911 [Zn2+][Ag]2
= c.+t1f - og
n [Zn][Ag+]2
0 0.0591 [Zn2+] [ 2 _.c:t._ --.....-< ]
=E c.+t1f - log 2
[Zn].=[Ag] = ~1l.l--t --i"f11q = 1 (2)
n [Ag+]
~9fm :>t~4'SIC'1'SI E0 c.+t1f ~'f ~ ~ ~ '!>fVr-~ Mde<i'SI ~ 8." ~CCR '4tf 'fcf'in
<R'C!~ I~-
E0 "'111 = ( E0~ ~ -( E0 ~~ '(lliliifPt4 = ~' <ililfPt4 = GIJICiil~]
~~
E~=~~~(~)
E0c.+tlf =~~~~~(~~'!>fV;i;•l'Sl~~~~~~)I
Ifft lft<li, ~ c<Plqf'h ~ 'fcf'in <R'C! ~ I
znjzn 2+
(0.01M)l IAg+ (0.1M)jAg
~ ~ "lft.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'6 ~ 9f'Rt I !t<i" ~ GllC"11591l ~~~'I_~
~Cll,~~1~~~~·
• ~'4~-~f(;~~~I
• Ptl'ldl'SI ~ - ~ff;~ct~ I
• ~1~~~~m'1~~1
• ~'44 ~ lifl'f (I) •..m-•-R-t:n;qJ'SI ~ ~~'f ~ ~~ ~ ~ N-~
(II)~~~~~~ "f'.~ - ~~~I
flt~~· '6 ~ ~fiha~l'SI J1~4'Slct ~ ~ ~ I
GIJICi1IC5 8 Zn(s) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2e-
~ 81~Ag+(aq)+2e- ~ 2Ag(s)
8.~.~ ~ ~ fiW1r (Calculationof Cell Potential· or EMF)
~ PJec<r'SI ~ ~ :>t~4'Slct ~ <Ri ~'41Ti •-'Rl:>tl~f.14 ~ C4llr ~
(electromotive force= e.m.f.) 'fcf'in <Rt~ I ~ :>t~4'Rctffl ~ ~ ~ I
0 0.0591 [~~]
E~ =E ~ - log [Mffil94l+J ; ··· (1)
n](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-219-320.jpg)
![= E0Ag+/Ag -E0Zn·2+/Zn
=+0.80-(-0.76) [~~~~~' ~ 8.~~1
= 1.56V
!!~~ Jt~4'AC'1 E0 ~-~°f~'e n =2 ~~"'111J~, K-4'l°f~~4Rl~ I~-
n E0
logK= ~
0.0591
~ 0=1.56-0.03 logK
n E0
~ logK= ~
0.0591
~ K = exp(n E0 ~ I0.0541) (3)
n,E0~-!Iii1Jtif ~ ~ )f~4<a'1 (3) ~emf~ Mffil-fll'A "'11ll ~ ~ CRt llm 1
•'ftC('ll"Ict I ~~filwt«t..-~~~filwtWAI~ (Ag") ~-~iflfii
~I~ '9 ~- "4((•1fMI ~ fth ~~~~I ~ ~fiiMIRI ~ ~ tMi1tW 1
"liil'(tif.1 ~~ ~ ~ ~-
Zn+ 2Ag+(aq) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2Ag(s)
Eo~ = (Eo~)~-(Eo~)~
8.2D." ~ ~fiiHIHI "ftlr.r~ ~ (Calculation of Equtltbrium Constant of a Cell
Reaction) ·
~ )f~4'A'11U ~-
~ =E·~ - 0.0:91 log =~)········································ (1)
~ ~C!SJ4fU ~ ~ ~ ~ emf I ~ .MRa-fllffl ~ :>!li!JM'(lfl ~~ ~' ~ ~
~, E~ ~~1Jtif~~l~~~c<ISM~emf~I~
E~ = 0 (2)
~" :>!~4'A'1 (1) ~
0 0.0591 [~~]
0 = E ~ - log [Mfiiicp)
n
~ Eo~ = 0.0591logK (K= ~~)
n
... ,~8.~~.·~-·
("<tS) 25°C ~~ <IS"fttR Rletl'Act<'!S~~l'A~ '1~-~' ~ CuS04 (aq}~~ ~
O..OSM .. 1{1{1
(~-) ~ 25° C '!St9flmlfm· MgCl1 -e AgN03 ·.~··~·· <Ml«if O.llM .di'Cft. 0.0004M
~··~ Mg 'e Ag 5t(c41'1~ ~>~ ·~~ '1Cfitt <Rf I tft I (2.96V)
~~
= 1 ·56-0·02955log(l0-1)=1 ·56+0·02955V = 1 ·58955V
~!l~,~~~~~1.59V I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-220-320.jpg)
![Ag(s), AgN03(aq) ~- Ag(s)/ Ag+(aq)
Zn(s), ZnS04(aq) ~ Zn(s)/ Zn2+(aq)
Cu(s), CuS04(aq) ~ Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq)
!SNf('41CH ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-
Ag, Zn, Cu ~~ 5li1MC4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-
Ag", Zn2+, Cu2+ ~I I.!! Ri1JIC:>t'SI ~9flf wn- ~
~ -CilciGi1 ~"'i:>tlra!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~
~/~~~~~~~~I~
~~.f-~g Ag-+Ag+ +e-
~~~ !SNf('4IC<si ~~~~,~~I
~ C'lfiti]I ~~~ '<3 ~ 9fCf ~~, -~
AgN03(aq), Ag(s) ~ Ag+(aq)I Ag(s)
ZnS04(aq), Zn(s) ~ Zn2+(aq)I Zn(s)
CuS04(aq), Cu(s) ~ Cu2+(aq)/Cu(s).
~ ~/~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -Cil~i1 ~ct <IStil ~~~I~
~<ISffi~~ I~'. I.!! ~..-Rf~~~ I
~-~-~ 8 Ag+(aq)+e- ~Ag(s)
8.)o !S~qlt -e ~'I ~•ltCOl't (Electrode and its Types)
~~ ·-<sil:>tl44f.44 ~ ~~ Rra,.441'4 1'1t ~~Rra,.44144 ~'1 ~ 1lrn I 1'1t ~
lffe ~ ~ lffe •..mr'll'-~ ~ I ell ~ .• ..-Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ !SICl1'51C4 ffltR
d ~!t't~~ I~~-
) I 'ftl-~ ~ !~'4111 I ~$ ~~~ • ..-Rf, lTt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~144~'A
~~ ~ ~ ~'-~ f.4ilfi&f!S ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~"fll('A'1.1~9f, Pti1"5l'Sit:4 Pt"l'dl'A ~
~' ~~ Nt'4 :>tl'1C'JSU ~' -.~ <IS9fti :>tlilC'JSU ~ ~ ~-~ ~ • ..-Rf
~9f?l~ I~~·~ ~~9f ~9f ~~I~-
"flPIJt I ~JIOJ:filf.Hll~ '<3 ~Jl'flf.4Cetil ~ ~C41Cqil ~
illJtl~• RftiRtfTJ ~ I
2Al(s) + 3Mn2+(aq) ~ 2Al3+l._;,-JJ + 3Mn(s)
lRtt' ~' [Mni+ = 0.05M] I.!!~ [Al3+] = 1.50M I 25° c ~~ ~ HfdM:Jttt-~ I I.!! ~ l!PU'-
, (CJ) E0 ~ ~ Cff I (~) ~ ~ K ~ CR I ('1) ~ ~ ~ '<3 ~ ~filFftl
~ I (~) E~ -~~ ~ ~ ~ I tw 8 <4') 0.48 V (~) 18 -e ~) 0.47 V
~ -l.56=-0.03 logK
~ logK = -l.S6 = 52
-0.03
~ K = 1 x 10 52
[ ~ ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-221-320.jpg)
![~~~ 'Nr-J ~'I •
~ ~ ~ )ffllJl<t~'SI ~ ~ ~ J1~4'S1Cf ~-
Fe2+ (aq) ~Fe3+(aq)+e-
llITTf't-~ •..rm Pt(s) I Fe2+(aq), Fe~+(aq) ~ ~ 6~1561'14 ~ (e.m.f.) !rft'f
W~ Fe2+ ~~ Fe3+ ~ 1~ iJ91~11J!l'51 ~9ft ~ ~ I
8 I~ ••u:a a •-'AJ'llilc-1 ~9Rl •~.~ ~ 11T~ ~CRT~ I ~~
~ !5""'4'1'1 ~I ~~ m~ ~ ~ ~"4ff; ~ ~·~(Pt) ~9Rl ~ ~
~I elf ':>f'41'I' ~·~':>ft~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- H2,02 ~~ Cl2 I ~ (lf11TCf
~l:UilCetil ·~ ~ ~'3l: ~ ~ I ~ff; ~"4ft ~ 'l~l'I I (ll:Uilcetil
•..mr~~H2 ~ ~ H+ "llilc-1'il ~ ~ Milfiar6 Pt·~ '1T ~ ~ Wf
~ JililJl<tflJSI PlfJla~l'SI iRrt e.m.f~ ~ 1
~H,(g) ~W(aq)+e-
!f11TCf t<ll:Uilcet91 ·~ ':>ft'.~~~-
Pt(s ), H2(g) (l·O atm) /HCI(l M)
~ ·~ ~ ~Jl:Uilcet91 ·~ ~ ~"4ff; ct~lll ~ lf1l1't ~()far. 91'<'41'11 ~ff;
~~~~~~Cf~·~~~~9flfi1
~ 02 ~ CI2 ~~~·~·~~elf~~'!l~-
0.2-~ !o 2 -~ 2+ e
2
er ~ ~ ]_ Cl2 +e-.
2
~~·~':>ft'.~~~~9f8
Pt(s), Cl2(g) I Cr(aq).
ct I '5Uliiltt•tlii ~ 9111Pf-~ ... I'll I ~l: !S~'lil'SllU ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~t"ttf'~
"Sli9f I ·~ 'SIJ'llilc-1'51 ~ CIJlitilJ "l)llllti•ftll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~ ~
~ ~ !S~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~if ~"flt('A'1 ~ <i'JlSfilillil-51Jliil'1'ftli ~ C<>tlNBHil 51Jli11'1•ft1f I
~ ~ !S~'lilCH CIJlitilJ l:c"1~91 "1R<lt(C'1'A 1IMJ ~ ~ ~- 'tillU~ICil'SI ~ 51Jliil'1•ftt11 ~
~ I elf~ ~.,.. '!l~ ~ ~ (CJ'llffliillil) !SICl't'SIC4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~mt4 51)1111'1'~~~~~ I ~"Sli9f ~'4fit'5PfC41'1t'SI ':>ft'.~~~
Na-Hg(s)/NaCl(aq)
~ Na-Hg(s)/Na+(aq). _
~ ~ 51(C41Cq Hg 'AIJ114'M4 MM-ill SI ~"-t c-m ~ I CJ'llNiSllil ~ ~4''. c>tlffliSllil 5llS1Ci1'SI. ~~
JililJl<t'(l'SI ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ I •
Na-Hg(s) ~Na+(aq)+Hg(s)+e-. .
~ I ~-~ '518~~11 ~-~ '5Uliiltit_,'I ~ ~ '518~~11 ~-Mlf '518~~11 ~
~ 4Jl'llllii ~~~ffl'
Res ~ ~ ·~ ~"4ff; ~"f lt('A'f c;f<31fl ~ I ~-](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-223-320.jpg)
![8.))." ~,..(Corrosion of metals)
~ ~ "'tRIC<tCart • ~ ~ (~ ~) '6 G4fil!cen;91<51 "ft.~ ~ ~ ~tlftG
~ 1 l!l"C4 ~,.. (corrosion) 4ftlf I
~ ~ ~ Glfi!C9tC91'51 "ft.~~ "!a "!a ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~· 51JICi115111C-Pf
'4m ~ I ~l11~:'Sl't1111-Pf, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I l!l~ ~ ~ 51JICi1l'S '6 ~
Ml1111li1 51~Cet91 (02) ~~~~I
Fe-----+Fe2+ -ze: [~]
H20+!02 +2e- ~ 20H- [~]
Fe2+ + 20H- ~ Fe(OH)2
2Fe(OH)2 + H20 +!02 ~ Fe20.3H20 (= 2Fe(OH)3)
~
~l!lCf ~ llm, • ~ ~ ~ -~ G41IC911Nrn ·'efmCt ~ 1
~ •HttlC'Af ctfaMllJt'{f((Methods of prevention of corrosion of metals) I ~ ~
~ 1IMJ ~ ~ 51f>i'A't '4111 ~ I ~- {i) ~ 51JICi11Ni4l ~ ~ ~ ~ "1l'SIC'11(
• ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~9f1Jfil ~~ ~ ~ ~ Cllt~ <Rt'f 1{lt ~
~ ~ <Rf l1m I {ii) • ~9fit ~"Cllif ~91 ~ ~ ~ '6 G4f'tlCetC91'A ~~ ~ 9frof
'i{f I lPtl'f ~ fJRlt~ ~ l1m I l!l'fit9f ~ 'IJfi11 M'l~b <Rt l1m I
•PGiiRl-C+'liiRI ~ I 41Ai91l'R-
~ ~ PtCllfA;'R 51HNSl41'R ~ I
~ ~ ~. ~ 9114~1"'
~ I ~ '2jl5'C'R'R fi{D ~ ~
'6'1Cl1-t ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ :>~
~C4ldJ'SI fPrc4 ~~ (~ 8.:>C) I
"11'Rl1C4 ~ ~ <Rf lfm I
9fWi ~ ~ l!l~ 51JICi1l'S ~~~~~91~~~1)1~~'-L.L.LI.~~
~~~~~4111'Al~'ef~ ~8.)CI~~~~~~~~~
~I :>~~~~'6~fi{tef~~~~I
~~ ~ ~ Cllt~ ~ ~-MC:f1ftctit 1'tl'f ~ 51JICi1IC5 ~ '1JPf ~'Pf:f ~ I
~~~~~Na+ 5114lCi1'A~~~~~Na~
~ ~ "1Wf-51Jlllli1•~ ~ )~ ~ ~ ~ t )~ ~ ~ • NaOH
~11t ~ I 11Wf-GIJl111'1•11Cilta 'fTtll 1'ti ~ C'llNi41111 • ~ RIITIRl41 )~ ~ ~
NaOH ~H2 '1JTt'f ~ Q ~~ ... iill•lft 11"tl'fftl ~ Q I
~ 51Jlt'1lt!HI "'11't ~fJMil41 tfi •t'lc«lJ~11 ~ ~~ 5CCIJll('4S 1Nt! )~ tl.1CC1Sltt'A
~~.~ ytt ~ ~ 1 )~ ~ NaOH l!l'f ~ 40% ~ Jlit ~ ~ ~ ~ 1
~ ~ 1'11'1PfR! (pellete) NaOH ~ ~ ~ I
~l'lt1Pf
~ ~ Rletl'SM g 2H+ + 2e- -----+ H2 (g)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-228-320.jpg)
![~ Li+~ ~ ~-RC~CttHI 11-rJ ~ 'fl1il ~ ~~ ~1Ci""41'A4 Gt~Jiall <ml (cross)
~ ~ ~ "9t'14t ""11 ~.-~WI ~ C1l ~~ffl 'tldi, ffli'16l~tR ~ ~
R9fh~ 'W I ~ ~tif;"l41"'1 _,.,~Cii'A ~ 'fldt ~ ~ C4A ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ I n Cl1T1'J l:Ci1~C"l'A ~~ 'f-rr C1l 'Sil'1141M4 ~ 'W !'t ~-
~~..rm ~-MRil;411'A "~•:act s
L·c 0 ~ ' L. C 0 nl.i" -1 o 2 'Ni f9f<. 11_0 o 2 + 1 + ne
"161
·~ ~~ ~-Mffila41l'A '1~4il'1 s
nl.i" - C ~' L' C1 + ne + 'Ni fif( 10
"161
'1114fit~ ~ ~ ~ -
LiC002+c .~ Li0C+Li1_0coo2
'151
~-~ """'1l1" ~. ~~ ~ ~ ~ 11T11 C'f, Li+ ~ ~ '81Jl~l'i
~ ~ ~ ~ ISIJl~IC!HI ~ ail'CSlll'CS -.Cl I ~ ~ 'ftt ~ •~, LiCo02 ~
M"fJlll"l GtCl(NH (transition) ~ ~ ~'I~ Co3• ~ Co4+ ~ ~ 'Q -.m~~cn. l!l ')1111l ~ ~ ~ I Ni'16lf9f<.tn "l1m ~ ~ 'Q, ~ Co4+~ Co3+ ~ ~ I
~JJ'i'( (Characteristics)
~C4tm~=~X~
~'2tlll' Mfil411Cll'A Dtef = _F_ [MLi = 6.941g/mol]
6.941
= 96500 "f'N = 13.901 ~
6.941
~~-~~ ~llfif 3.0V""1, ~~~~ 41.7kJ.~lffi{~ I
~$ •1JIC'1IMCii'SI ~-"1t~ C5tl1 ~ I 1'tlf ~ CIJl'DIRBI - ~ '3 ~ ~ ~ ~ litJl'61Rl'A
cm ~~ <CtJ<i(IC'A ~-~ ~~I ~ ~ C1l, ~~ ~-~ <CtJi(;lfil'll ~ ~ ~-
4JlSfii411il <Ct]i(;lf<l'A ~ I
'1<:J4'il (Precautions) I fiffil411il-~ ~ C4A litM~JC'SI ~~ 'i<:Sfll 1tMt ~
~1~firwn- ·
) 1h>~9f~<1Ji(;lf'<IC41Mt~~ I 81 ~~~~I
~ 1 ""1-~ (short circuit) ~9R CRt ~ ~ 1 <t I ~ R"1~!S'8ICCI l1tllf ~(C"JIC•t ~ ~ ~ I
~I <etJr'Glfilffl ~ ~ "iffi I ~I~~~~~~~~ I
f'l~llat-11111Pf~lllft".ict•ttCWif (Types of Lithium-ion Battery)
~-~ tCIJr'GlfiHI ~ . '3 ~~C~C11HI NsNJC<:J ~ ~ ~ ~ -.tt
{formation)~ ~ I ~ ~ ~-~ tCIJ~IRl'A ~41'AC'811 ~ Jtl'SlfCtC<:J ~11t l:C'Yf I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-233-320.jpg)
![11) -0.27V
~ 1 ~8~ Rlftb;~ l'Si e.m.f '4"'! ~?
~) 0.27V -.f) 0.01V -o -0.01 V
C I ~8~ M~~l'A )j~4'A'® ~?
4') Sn2+ (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) ~Sn4+ (aq) + Pb(s)
-.f) Sn2+(aq)+Pb(s)~Sn(s)+Pb2+(aq)
tt) Pb2+(aq)+Sn(s)~Pb(s)+Sn2+(aq)
11) Pb(s) + Sn4+ (aq)~ Pb2+ (aq) + Sn2+ (aq)
E0 =-0.14V
E0 =-0.13V
Sn2+(.aq)+2e- ~Sn(s)
Pb2+(aq)+2e- ~Pb(s)
<ti ~~~~~)j~4'51'1~~9f8
• o RT [~9ftif]
(1) E ~ = ~ nF In [Mfiii4] I
..
0
RT [~~]
(ii) ECC!Stlf = E ~ - nF In [MraHi4]
• • •
0
RT [~9flif]
(111) ~ = E ~ + nF In [Mfi414]
'4ti$•1
(4) (i) (-.t) (ii) ('t) (iii) ('f) (i) ~ (ii)
~ •<41"5ffi ctt(~(I~ lf?t
~~ $ ~ -e CwtW lc'14d;lcs ~ ~ ~'.-$ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ems~~ C ~'-
~~ lll'61~~,
(-.t) (ii) ~ (iii) ('t) (i) ~ (iii) ('T) (i), (ii) ~ (iii)(<IS) (i) ~(ii)
~~
s1•n111ca1f.14~~·~~9f~~~w~1
(i) ~ ~ ~ ~ftt ~Ci'l~i1 ~ct '4t1t I
(ii)~~~<mfl
(iii)~~~I
~·?](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-244-320.jpg)
![~__..I 9f1f.m ~"1~Rti~ ~ 11----'
i
~~1~~~~1 >-[!!]
fii.~.~ ··~~~ ...~~.~
ct.~~* dl'f wt~~ (Principle of Leather Tanning)
~ ~ ~ !j-.fl; ~~~tof ~I !j~ 91'4tf!it! ~ OCftO't ~ '6 ~<Rf~ I
~' bliliilC4 "'1tcJt <Rf ~ ~ <:54liilC"f'A t!tC!Jlet~!J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~CRT~ I
~ '*f•IWc• ~ 4'l5t 6111lilt• ~ ttrft'4"" 9f14"t ~ -. ""'1tl (leather) ~ CRt ~ ._.
'6t1l'1I ~ CftWr 1 .~ ~ ~ 011llfte<sB1 ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Fcic1ufi't!)
(decomposed)~~ I C<eflttrJ<qil ~ !:1~141 ~ "11<Pl+A<:>1 ~ ~ "6 '!STt<P ~~I ~~
Wft ~"4fit ~ ClJM' I 11JJl911~C!S (tannery)' 9f'ff "415f l>lii'flC<P t!t~lifl!S "+Al~ I
~' ~ ~ ~ ~'iii{ ~"<Pfft ~ ~ 1A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Yf~;q6ii
~ 1 ccefirtt6;q11{vegeteble) ~ ~ (mineral) ~ ~ Unfift. "+Al ~ I ~t111 9[t<if blil'flC<P
C611il$, ~ ~~ :>f<qC_,~ "f<q'1ft' CRl ~I ~'lfi1J 1t<q'118i blil'flC<P ~ 6 ~ ~.2 fife{ ':>flfl
'ftl ~ l'Mt ~ I C'OttlCill ~ ~ fciUUIM .~ <qJl<Pt'6ft41FSI ~ t!tNsC'SilC'f ~<ql'l-.1~
~ ~ "6 I ~ ~ '5f~1(flC411<Pl:.f1CilU ~ 00'1 "+Al ~ I ~~14911-t<P ~ TCMBT, [2-
1(f1Ull:>tl411Ci11~'41~ ~ C<ii1cstl'ilJl4ilcetldl) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
~ ~ !:IC411C'1'51 ~ ~ 'ft~fif ~ - ~t. (curing) ~ m ~ ·~~ ~ {i)
~ Pl'et+ACf (soaking of water), (ii) kill+ACf (liming); (iii) ~ ~ ~~ (removal of
extraneous tissues), (iv) ~ ~~ (deliming),. (vi) ~ (bating) -;qt ~~ ~ ~
i1'51il+ACf, (vii) f9r<Pfif'. (pickling) -;qt '51111141MC+A ~ Pi"11'1 1
~l'AMCd1Pt411'1 ;q (Ci',
c-fWJ, Si02)
4Jlif1C4~411'1 • (Ft
~,ff,F{)
~& ~~···
"~ -e q ~ "'1,Nic! "!'*1'5l<A ~ fil?J~ .,-fi~iilil ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 41(41f<Ns1
~ ~t-t ~ I ef~ ~'t-m '4m ~cf '6 "~ I ~ ~'t-1 4Jlwt~Ci1"M ~ (900-
12000C) I~ ~11f W'l'T ~~UIH~ ~11f (1200.1450°C) I
~~ '6 q "'1'4tf!iC'!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 01'61Jl ~ (~ (l'.<l' '6 (l'.~) I
4Jld1C4~411'1 ~ (F« . ~l~filC'1Pt411'1 "Q (Ci',
~, ff, F) c-fWJ, Si02)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-259-320.jpg)
![~f'• 1Plttll ~ct2-
e,'1t.) ~"'',..'((Techniques of ·Tanning) I~ 4C4141t "'f'lflR!sC! ~ "1141+a'1 ~
~'.'flt~~- ) I ~~(chrome tanningj.A I C'SflltG<Ctit ~(vegetable tanningj.ve I
qif111~(1l5 ~ (formaldehyde- tanning), 1 ~ ~ Unf.ft. '3 C'bfitt&ctiil ~t. ~ ~
GllCillbi11 ~~I
tt.tt.).) -~ ~ CiiF11f~ (Mineral Tanning or Chrome Tanning)
iTt'IJ ~ ~ ~ pH ~~ ~ ~ C"l91fil41111 (III) >tl61cq6 ~ ~ CRT ~ 1 pH
Cl51l ~1llll ~ ~ cal-1fil411c11<s1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'tal41'SI ~, ~ ~$ ~ '"
(fibres) '3 ~ C4lii11CMCi1'SI (~ W~ ~) lf~ ~ ~ ~ "'fmJ I 1.!1$ ~ 9fl
pH l.!l'f 1lM" ~ "'fl11 ~ ~ 11'4iR!sC4 ~ ~ I ~ ~9ft4 ·,.1lh1+a'1 (basification)' ~ 1
~ ~ (mineral tanning) ~ ~ct ~ ~ ~ ~ 9ff blllfl.C<P ~ ~
(C>tl~41111 CiPl'Sill5) '3 $il6111Pi~cp 1.£1~ ~~~I ~"t<tS ~~I 1.!1$ ~ ~ ~
C41i11CifCi1'SI pH ~ ~ ~ bliilflC!> ~ ~~~~~~~(penetrate)
~ 9fn I~~~~ crnr~~~ ~~ l.!l~t.pH ~ C~~ Cll~
~-~~~' .
~ ~ ~ (~ ~ "'flhRt) ~ C1l1't ~ 1 ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ I l.!l'f~ 11Jf'i'jC91fit41111
~ (MgO) C1l1't ~ ~ ~ ~ blllflC<P ~'4 'ffii1 ~ ~ pH l.!l'f 1fM 3.6 - 4.0 ~
6Miililll 45°C ~ 1 "'fif ~ ~ ~~ C1l Dl1rtJpT 9ft<3'Vt 1fRl ~~·~~(wet blue)' ~ 1
~ ~l~CH °ff~~ iff~ ~ ~ I CdfilCG<Ctiil ~IMxcH 001 GiR1f ~~ ~ I CJMWJli1f!
~~~-1.£11G-!J)11'Sl'1~1·tJ M~~<fS(Ot~~ ~~~~~I
. CiiF11f lSJt~CtHI 1Plt1Pf (Chemistry of chrome tanning) a CA'9111GIJlfC411 caFlfil411il (III)
$il'lcq6 ([Cr(H20)6]2(S04)3)'11MtG~ ~ ~~if11f '3 ~~ l.!I~ I WFlfil~lil (III)
~ Mlll'65!I cJF1fil41111 (VI) ~" crnr ~ (l5lJ 1 c11Flfil4lli1 (III) >tliilc•6 ~ ~ ~
CA:'9111GIJlfC411CJFlfil411il (III) cpJIUl4M,[Cr(H20)6]3+~ '<Pef, ~~pH~'~ (elation)' ~
"l'.11f Cim I '3~ Wft 1"1fite4lfil4ilii
~ Cllt'f I ~$ CiJFt1l ~t.tn ~ W~ (ingredient) I
C41'11cetCi1'SI "?a 1fij_ lif.1t6'SI ~ ~-~t.~ (cross-linking) ~9M '4tf ~ ~ C4lillceti1C4
"1"1>tl'Slct '4tf 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ [Cr(H20)6]3+ ~'f PITTJi{ ~ ~'f 11$il41Ci1'SI crnr ~ ~
~11.!!'f~~~~Cr(IIl)~Cll~ ~~~~~~~~-
>tliilCiJ'G G1Jli1141i1 (SO!-), C4lii11CifCi1'SI <Pl<iffitiil ~"'f, ~~'Pf l.!l"Cft. ~'-~'Pf (masking agent)~
~ I C41'1lcwtCi1'A 41~*1 ~ caFlfil411il (III) C4t'!ff ~ ~ ~ I GJIM(CH ~ C4liillcetCi1'A
~ ~ ~ ~ lfl1r 1.0 C'«4 l.7nm'PfW I~ C4lii11CltCi1'A ~ "1fl1CJFlfil411il ~ ~ ~
~Cft. '3~ ~' GIC'9111Cii1~ (oxolation) ·~ 1
OiM~411il (III) $ili1CiJ'G ~ '1f1it ~ "'f'f ~ Na2C03 ~ pH 4.0 - 4.3 'ff~ 1 l.!l'f lR'f
CiJFl~4Uif '3 C<Plii11CitCi1'A 1100 ~ ~ ~ ~ I '!l"'lil)"ll 40° C 1.£1 C~ I Cr3+ ""1tiff ~~(bridged
bonds)~ )tf{lf)tl-.J!l'A ~~~Cr3+~~~ I~ ~~Cr2(S04)3C4~
~ ~ W~ ~'<Pit~ I CJFtii'UJli1'f! ~ ~ 4- 5% CJM~41111 ~ I
'41'11CIM c~ ~~ ~ 51Jlfiiti11 ~ ~ 1 ~'f ~ CJJalfii41li! ~ "'1Gc:q-t CqletJ!I ~
~ ~ ~ I ~~ C41"11CGM ~ ~~ 41ftfit:qs ~'Pf t(tt4 I l.!ll' ~ Cr~ ~
CqletJ!I ~~ ~~ ~"<q't. ~~~I
~'Pf~~~~I
(-NH; ······ OOC~)n+ [Cr-0-Cr) ~ (-NH2 -Cr-OOC-)n](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-260-320.jpg)
![~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cf~~~~ 111~ ~ ~ I ~9fft, 5llqel9il ~9Rf ~ 'PftD ~
~ ~ ~ I ~ff; ~~ ~ ~ ~ I~'. fiiJ11l:C<PC'l'il ~ -~ '!Stl<ieliil ~9f ~ ~
~ 9fHH•<i"f'6 ~ ~ 'i{f Jl~ ~ ~'PfWe '4lJ ~ I
~~, ... ~ (Stimulates the Economy) 1 RJJtl'tGP~tn 1'tif cPft-t ~ ~ "lfi
~ I ~ ~ ~ ~··4~1~~ ~~ '4Nt 9fl111 ~ ~ ~~ ~ Miif"14~, ~OifJl'&I,
!1'41~, ~ ~){l{l~M"T RIJJtl~'. ~ ~ <mfi{ I RJ11~~ !lra,.!JHI ~ ~ • 51-pi'Sl'l
<ml~~~~ (sources)~l'lt'Sfm 1 lftl'f·~~~~ I
ct.)).) ·"'1nif ftJt~fis(cH ff'l (Importance of Recycling of Iron)
-~IC"!S'SI ~ ~ ~ RJ1rl:fjl'. <Rt~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ fiiJ11l:GJ~ ~ I ~
-~IC'!>'S1 RJ11l:C4'1Clll'tl ~fif ~ 9ffijf, ~' • lll'~, ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'1
~I 2008 ~ ~ Rt1 97% ~~~~~~~~~~Cf'- 106% ~
~"llf RJJtll:<AWt .~ I '1! 150~ ~ ~ '6 ~ "fa1ail"SIC<i RJJtll:C411 ~ I
~ "'1ftif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fillf~C.-1 "'f"fl~t "'~ etCiif's•ett<q
'1l'RM• I 5llHC~'SI '5114R4 ~ ~ M'l'l'1C~'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ RIJJtll:C4i1
~ ~9flifi{.~ ·~~ J1!let'!>'SI ~I ~J11l:C4i1 ~~l{J ~ '6 IOlliliH•ii'A 51'<1M~ ~
~~;qf'1il ~ 91fil;qc;£~ ~ 'i{f I
m-, ~ ~ 5llJJ'SIC~<s1 RIJ1l~C4vt ~ ~ ~ 'e ~'IMi!lt if' ~ I ~'9fiij' RIJ1l~<JP1
~R!la4Jl{J ~ 4~C'1'S1 ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ '6 ~ <lil9fj ~ ~ I ~ Olfl RIJJtl..C<Pi1
«lffiRlil-~~ ·~ ~ CPIT~ (respirator)~~~ I
~ ~fis<cn ~ Jtlat~ -e ·Pfff<w•t~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ M'iil-tc:-1 !ill4fil<P ~ -
~·~ ~~~~~~I~~ '5114fil~C4 '1tv ~ ~ I l!lit ~ ~ "1f1siil,'f ~
~ '91RIC<1c•r ~~I ~ I ~ Rl:>jll:C4'1 ~ '6114fil<P ~ ~ ~ ~~l<a * ~~I
~ JJtliil~4 -e· '91~C<l·f'f"5 ~ ~'6 ~~I ~ I ~ M'iil-tc:-1 5ll<Pfil<P ~ ~ ~
~~~~I~ cr-u ~~~~~I «$lcpf!4 ~~~~I ~'iffil
~ ~ ~ f.l'lil"IC91'1 "1fict"4' fiJt-C+'t ~ ~ ~ C$l'q I 8 I ~ RIJ.tl~4it l!iWHl4'
.. ~<Pl<a<P ~ ~ '91Rliil,'1 ~ ~ ~ I·~, '51l<Pfil4 ~ ~ M'iil~ C<Pt4 ~ ~
~ ~ ilC~l911-'S ~~~I ~ 11C~l9'1~ ~~ ~ ~ '1JPJ, ~ ~ ~ Ml4~1
~ I fiiJJtt-C411 ~ffiHllil '<PW{ ilC~l519'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I <? I ':51IHC~'A 5114fil<P ~ ffi:J
~ )j($'fi1'8j -rn I ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ '51IHC~il ~ ~ ~I ~ I RIJJt~C4'1
~ffiRJl44 ~ ~~~~·~, ~~~ ~~~ '6 ~ ~~Cfrn
~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~-'~"' .. '<qi1(~I C I RIJ1rl:C4'1 l!iffiRl4l (f9ff ~ ~ ~ I lPCif
~ <qjq~Yf~l'SI ~ '4lJ ~ ~~~~~~~I b" I ~ ':51IHC~'S1 't9f (landfills)
~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ "<ltS I~~.~~~~RJ11-C441
~~141 ~"<PWf ~ ~~ 9fm I •
ct.)).~ 'dOl'lfil~tlat ftJt~6km ~ (lmporatance of Recycling of Aluminium)
51Jl'lfilM4llii RJJtll:Qa~ ~ C<P;q11111ai ~~~(remelting) ~~I'S! 11t~ ~ 1 ~
~ ~ ·~ Yl~Nic" <a4Jl'lfi!M{Jlil Mlfil~ ~ • ~ ~ Rl:>t~~-~ ~ ~ 5%
~C4llet~ ~ J ~ '501'Jfil~fllit fiJt.. ~ *llW •• fllla I ~ ~ cqlcilfil<Pl41 ~~ '=ijl~M411DBI
31%-~ raJJt~C<Pi'l '1'l~lil 9fl'e1n ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~ 51JliJfilM441Cii~ 20%-~ HlJ11~C<Pi14f'!
51JIOJfilM4llil 1 '6tl'<tetfl%4 51Jl'lfilM4llil ~~f]Ut'G~u (International Aluminium Institute, ILU) 51Mt](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-269-320.jpg)
![~,..~ ~Ca-
• ~g~ (interface) '<3 <Pi1C4lS (colloids)~~~ e~9!_cf ~ ~
9frof I g~l~'51'1~~9f, ~ '1JICiilfUg;q '(3 ~ fi11HM ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '(3 ~
~ I ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ ~
1'1JIC'1IGfl4lM<P
'(3 '1JIC'11l:Ci1~MCJI' ~~ Rl'l{ltq'I I
• ;q'6illC'1 ~ ~f@rJ<P ~~~~~~~I
• ~~ CIJfiUJf ~ CilNPl'1~~~~1
• P1fil<P'1 ~ ~ (silicon solar cells) ~~ "1fil_.qct "1l"!Set'1<P ~ ~ C4A g1,11;qc11 ~
·~~I ,• ~ "tqS9°nl C>tfil<P~ll'A>ti[:( ~ ~efti'A ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~?!. ~~~C!i, GllC111<P
~'~~~~~~(biological imaging)~~~~~ I
e.se.s f'llft91 (Fullerenes)
<Pl4C'1'A ~ "'Ai"1C"!SC~'A 'lltau ~' -m'(3 fi1lra'1 ~ I ~~ ~au ~-~ ~
~ ~ ~ <rc'f ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 t111ra11 ~~ ~ -;qsctt 1 ~~ ~~ C60, 6ofS ~
~'1 ~~~I ~~ ~ tiff; 9f~ 'C 2off; ~~I ~~ ~ ~ ~'.f.
~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ >ii!C(ll~ ~ ~ ~ I fl'llraeii<a ~ 1.27 g I cm? I
fi'llra'1>ti[:( l:tl'1~'1 ~ct ~ -.~ ~ ~ ~ I ~it 1lau ~ ~ ~~ '<3 "lf~
"5tt9f l:c11<irat'1'A 1J1Ns~i1!il ~ ~ 1 ~ ~flt ~~ ~9f"1~<ql~ (semiconductor]~~
~ 9fror 1 ~flt ~ CRcR C411l>tl<Pl<a ~, c;qiifettii ~, ~tfi14lltii<a ~ RIMa{ll~ ~~
~ C411l>tl<Pl'A ~ ~ ~I fi11rai1 ~ ~1>ii[:( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
l:t11<iraf.1<Pm, ~ '2t'I~'!) -c 41(3c<PiG ~ ~~~~ 1
ct.)~.ct~~ (NanoTubes)
'1JIC'1l<s1:>fl4IC'1 ~ ~ ~ 'C ~it ~ Gl-J:>i'hl'1
~~ gC'det"il<P'SI ~ I fi'llraeii<a ~ '1JIC'11fUg;q~ ~~
~~~·~I~~~'<39f~~
• I 91ifHlCef'A ~ ~'<Pftt ~ ~ emf ~ I ~~
~ ~~ ~-;qs~ ~"tqSff~ ~·~~I~~~ Gll,~'51 Gll<Pl'31'51 '9fiU ~~~~CfClf I
~ ~ ~ ell, ~ "tqS'ft ·~ fi11Rleii'A ~
~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~"11!tG ~ ~
~ 9fm 1 ~ ~"At ~ ~ (efficient) ~~
~b'1'1<P (selective)~~~~~
~ 9fror I ~ fflgc;q<s1 Gl'OJ'5C'51 ~ ~' ~ GICJ!lll:'5 ~~ ~~ '!!f ~ ~
~ ~ ~"C'ttl ~ ')j'~t-ft~ ~ ~ I
"'1JTCitt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (tensile strength) ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ Clt, ~ ~ (e~
"'1JTCitt~ ~ ~ ~ l:"'"'11C'!'A ~ 50 .r cCffilt~ I ~ l:c'l~~fi '<3 ~ ~. I
;q'5i11c11 ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1'1MJU'A (transistors) '<3 ~ ~
"flRliiil'A ~ ~ ~~ '!iTf ~ P1fi1<P'1 ~9f (silicon chips)~~ l1tn cml ~ 'f!il'~'A
~ I ~~ ~"tqS-~ f.ij1lfi ~ ~ ~ Pl11"Sl'A t-Oliill:'5 (AgX) ~ ~ ~
P,c4llf9l! CRtl'f ell Pll'l"!Sl'A ~9f:J ~ ~ ~ Pl'l"!Sl'A '!iTf ~<Rt~ 1 ~it~ (diameter)
~ '!!I (2.0x10-8m) I ~ ~ ;qiilleii ~ ~ "'6lm ~au >t<CtC5C~ ~I "flCilA<Pl'R
Rl•l~'AI Sll~'RC"i'R o~ (~) ~9fit ~11111'4 MC!llm! ~ ~-;qs$ ~~-C'14ll'1Mfafi (single-
walled) ~ ~ ~ 'aflM•HSI ~' ~ ~ ~ 4 nm I](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/chemistry2ndpaperhscshuvashcpalmanik-200217091625/85/Chemistry-2nd-Part-276-320.jpg)
Uploaded byImran Nur Manik
Chemistry 2nd Part (রসায়ন ২য় পত্র ১১শ-১২ শ)
This document provides information about a chemistry textbook titled "Rashayan- Dbitio Patra (Chemistry-2nd Paper, Ekadash-Dbadash Shreni)" published by Shams Chemistry Publications in April 2014. It was written by Professor Dr. Suvash Chandra Pal and others. The textbook covers topics such as organic chemistry, quantitative chemistry, environmental chemistry, and electrochemistry. It sells for ninety-one Bangladeshi taka.
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Chemistry 2nd Part (রসায়ন ২য় পত্র ১১শ-১২ শ)
- 2. Best of Luckand thank you for choosing the "SHAMS CHEMISTRY PUBLICATIONS"
- 3. ~'51-M • qt{~c.M~, ·-·-~--~111'1ftt'#l~"f{~~~I~ -~·~-~'Pltfit1'1t'f•~.... "1Mi'Afl~~ """~" ~ ~ t ~~0'1$~"'1ft?Wtr I ifilt4(~11tlt1'«:+i • -c.M~-1P'lf 'll'C•P1'1tHtft~~~.-_._.,tlfitlWfQtH""~~~11A ~'-~'~"""~~~~~·~' 11W1t1fl 1T·mT a ~~ ffN1r• ym (fmt) ~W(111·dtff ~ •
- 4. c1111ft <:Jttce,t1m '"'$1"R.l!l~(~), l!lll.l!l~ (~). fcf.tif.l!l'l'f ('l'ff~~ firr'Jft) ~~ ~~'if.~~.~ ~9ff~rnt~~~. ~~'if. <M{l'(Jj'"11 ~ ~. m<l5l ~9ff ~. 111~11qs1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~. C'ifl9fli'f'if9 '<3 Cqi{lifl1ili~ ~~.~~I "Pf'.dl'1f. it~tt 11~191 R.l!l~ (~), l!lll.l!l~ (m), fcf.tif.l!l'l'f ('l'ft~~ firr'Jft) ~~ ~~ ~~'~ f!~~~~9RS, ~~. ~~~. ~~~.~~'<3 ~~~~.~91 (I). . Pf1f'"P'i c91fipqs R.l!l~ (~)-~~ ~~. 1!111.l!l"IPT-~ ~~ (m) ~ ~~ (f5;9n~). R.tif.l!l'l'f ('l'ff~~ flrtaq;t) ~~~~~~ ~~.~~~.ml ~9ff ~ ~~9AS, ~ ~'f, ~~~.~ 9P'li{IH<t5 ~' ~. <n~~ ~, ~~~.~~w~.~•. ~~~.~~. ~9ff~.~~~'{3 ~~~.~~' 'i. ~Sitt 'Rf ~ 1!111.l!l~-ff~ c.!t~ ~11 (mR), Ml!l~.R; (~) ~ ('dl<qJIHltitc) ~~'f ~ ~1tM"fJl"1{1, ~ ~~'{3~~~~ •~:iR~ ~~111~ ~~I 9liif ~•tl1-t-'41l1-t ~ ~ '1'/JJU>Jf ~ ~ #} srrJmPl•M-Jf #} "f/Jrtff ~ ~ t!l'W1F't-"1f"f ~ ~'ftk' 1',zt>/Zi/ 14':fZJ/ffi;t!J ~~ : filt:'llft: ~lr<t/'lo~ (~-~)~~ ()~o) 1D ~: o~/08/~0)8 ~
- 5. Rashayan- Dbitio Patra(Chemistry-2nd Paper, Ekadash-Dbadash Shreni) -Written by Prflf Dr. Suvash C/1andra Pal and others Published by: Shams Chemistry Publications, Plot-128, BrihottaroJessore Bhaban, Nilkhet, Dhaka, First Edition April, 2014: Price: Ninty One (News) Taka only. W'f: cail(l'ii~hH c~, ~, ~ 1 -t~~h~11i 008~~(~ ~ ~ "'ll<ifilfAS-191, •f°"t~'fll<R ~' ~=~ ~ g ~~' ~0)8 l:~ ~-.r:wr:~f~, ~~~~~· qi~iliqi.lSI 1lfnf'T: ee, fPf. ~. ~, <n~411<iletl'!i! (~ t;f-em), ml ~ g 0)~)8-~C)~~ Cil l~*ii5f filutlit ~ ~ C'14bl'Sll'SI, ~~~'~I.!!~,~ I •t'llf1tab ~: cfl11t•o 1lfnfT: ~-)~Jr,~~~ l:J'li'Jlfil11 ~' ~G1C'lf'!> I ~'lC'lf'!S, ~~' ~ ~ g o)~"-(N,%li8 ~ g o~-~~~~~~~
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- 14. ~I 0 fi191;qefj '6~~~~~I [] ~ ~~ 9ftf.f ~ MC:1lf't ~ (2jNs41~ ~ ~ "fRftif I D ~ (2jl'fR!4 ~-Gflt:>ff.i4 ~'t '6 ~ cuMJt~~I ~~' D )ll~C'f:>t ~4Jl'GIC'A'A ~~ ~ (~, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS) C1cf.n ~ ~I D ~ ~ cmfCt ~ ~ ~~ (2jR!41'R ~~~I o ~~-'lllitf ~~ Gll'AC~FHllC"l'A ~ ~ ~~I D 391CJ1;'5-~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~~- '-.tff 1'191IM'A'1 ~~ )1~4i!C'1'11 ~ ~1100~~~~1· 0 ~-...rt )lwpt~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I D ~ ~ ~ ·~ '6 ~~ ~ '11lfJ' ~'1lf' .SI~'. ll'm a .Sltlflf.,,, ~ IPf1ftr <ll(et6t'I, ~, --,.s-"....''1.._.a, fiiltp"Qt, &1f'r5~,~ ~'~~' ~I tR '9"1"6'A ~ 'Pffic;qcwtf ~ ~ ~ 1 !j ~ ~ 19 'PfRlc<tcat IAl1il' 1•tttt fR ~ ~ ~ ~~ "1RlC'CtC"1 ~ ~ fR '9"1C!S11 ill'slt"I• ~ ~ I (Key Words) I ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ -mf9flpf lft ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fftCct"I ~I 'PfHC'CtC"1l ~"11'1191 ~ ~ I ~' ) I <qltll511 (Atmosphere) ~ ~ (Air), ~ 1 ~1Hi1'5'1 (Hydrosphere)~~ (Water), -e 1 f'1i1lil'5'1 (Lithosphere) ~ ~ (Soil) '6 8 I ~tet1i1'5i1 (Biosphere) 1 ~ C1;f ~tilf ~ (~ 'S ~ fR) ~ ~ ~ ~414119'1 ~ I P1'1li1'5Ci1'A W9RJ ~ (~), ~ '6 <tl{il&Cil'A ·~ ~ ~ it);qij&il • ~ ~ ~I ~~ ~ ~' "'iraC'Ct-t ~ ~, ~t-.c9f 91Rlciiat ~ ~' 'Pff1c;qc81 ~ ~ :"qi ~ 1 ~9ft'llS, "lfiCcte81t ~lift~, ~' ~, ~' ~fMl:a 1Pttr ~9f!f ~ ~ ~ ~1 ~' 91ft;q"1 ~ ~ t"lftlC.,t eN'4:+ ~I ~~~~ewtlM 0 ctlfli1'9C•FSI "'11111.,"1fA'il ~ ~ ~ I p CFC ~ ~ ~"' "'1 ~ ~ o ~ -e •tc•Odlfl't ~ ~ ~9f, '5t9f, ~ '6 ~ficUC*'ff ~ "lfi~"C91'A ~-~C:f'ff ~~I o ~, ~/C'f~~,. G1Jlcel•11Uil, Sl'1C91:a ~~ Dt9f "'lilf ~~· ~1,ltilf eul'~~~~~·I D ~ ~~ ~ "'lilf "1°'1~ ~ ~ ~~I D ~ '1R!!C'fA ~41C'f<si ~ i1fW-1f9 ~~~I D ~'1JPJ'6~~~~ ~l 0 ~ '51Jl"1"1tA'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~I D ~ttf!54 '1JPr '6 ~ '1JPf Ptf'te111etN!s ~ ~ '1Jl"l"!fil'A ~~~~I 0 ;qartlC!11 ~ tetlflf&Oii ~ ~ °'6 ~ 91~QJIC9M ~"'1ii ~~~I D filtw fi{g)IRl! <n1 ~4"1~ ~ ~ 9iftCi4't it"ll~i1 ....................................................1..111111 Environmental Chemistry
- 15. fiif ).) I<1ijl116WI ~ -~- 1ft~ ~~ct ~- ~ ~ ,,m ~ ~'fti ~ ~I ql~&C•HI ~ ~ C11$·lff ~ 5.5 x 1015 ~ I ql{i1'5Ci1 W~ ~ "'fPfrttfi ~ ~ ~ I 441ifWtifl ~ ~ ~ f5'il ).) ~ <tl[i1'5'1 '6 ~ ~·~ 'fRtctt ~'611t ~ I ~ ~f'lic ~ ql(Jl'5C'l'll ~ ft~~~~ I <tlfatt!i'l mtTt mi ~ 1 ~' (:>) ~"'flfi'f'll'A. (troposphere), (.() :iildilml'A (stratosphere), (e) CiiC"llMl'A (mesosphere) ~~ (8) Gfl41Ci1lf1!i411'A (inosphere) 1 ~ ~ ~ tmr ~' ~9f11tiitt,''5t9f '6 ~IC'll+-'Al"114JM4~ CM'6llt W1t I ) I ~"'flf1r4Jl'A (Troposphere) ~=1-IOkm ~9f11tiitt = 350-200 K '5t9f = 200-100 1ii (Torr) (I Torr = 1 mm Hg) G4IC'114-'Al"1141M4 ~ g 03 + hv ~ 02 + O .. .( I ~lt'GIMP4Jl'A (Stratosphere) ~=10-20km ~9f11tiitt = 200-400 K '5t9f = 10-1 " 110 140 t130 120 l!IC'IUMHll'i )8 ~~11'~ D ~ ~~ <tl{llt!iC"l ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~lmr ~ ~ ~~·'e~~~fit~t~ ~~~~' ~I 0~~~'<3~~ ~~~~~I ).) ift'l'IO't'll ~tllft., (Components of Atmosphere) GfJlth1:>tcq41l;a crt ql(11'5"1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Gf1rUil'! (atmos) ~~ ~ (sphaira) ~ "'9t:l ~ 1 GIJfDiPI (atmos) llft1Q ~ ~ (vapour) ~~~~~~(sphere) Cft 1"Slf 1 ~ "IJllht"ffiHl'A ~ Cflii9fi1'5'1 Cft ql(11'5i1 I 't? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ firdtct'A ~ ~· ~ ccflif ~·~I ~ ~WR~~~~ ~-.fft ~I~ ,,mW~.~ 1600 km~ 9fl1'w ~ ~ ~~t'f1t ~ ~~ ~~ 441(118'1 ~I ..-------------.
- 16. 'IJl'I,..., ~~(") i11~tlilC'fi1 (N2). 78.084 <:sj~C11f91 (02) 20.946 ~~(H20) 1-4 <:s!IC4114-<sill'fl!JM4 ~ 02 + hv ~ 02 + + e N2 +hv ~ N2+ +e ~ 1 CllC'llMHFSI (Mesosphere) -~ = 50-150 km ~9f1JtiJft =175-400 K .. '5l9f = 10-1 -10-4 mt <:silC'114-•sU>tl!JM4~ g N/ + 02 -+ N2 + o/ O"+~-+ 0+02~ O" + N2 -+No+ + N 8 I ilJIC~PiJa!Jl'A (Thennosphere) ~ = 150-250 km ~~=500-1500K '5t9f =.104-10-7 ff <:s!IC.,14-'A!Jfl!JM4~ 8 N2 + hv ~ 2N O" + N2 =No++ N No+ +e=N +O N2++0=NO+.+N ).).) ~lllftit'lt ~ (Characteristics of Atmosphere) ) I ~li{11'9C'1'A '8i ~ 01'9f ~ I ~- 01'9f ~ ~ ~ lftll 7 kg I ~ 1 ~ ~i:oerc<1 ~l'flta'1~., ~ :>tMl691~ 1 ~ I ~li{llb'l ll~et1•1rq,4 1fi'n cxn.t ~ I 1'tlf ~ ~ .. rq,4144 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'A ~Q~I t 8 I ~lpib'l ~ ~9f1rtt11Tl ~ n't -.ti I ~lpibif ~ Gf~Cdjl~ 1fi&n cxn.t <ISti ~~ ~,. ~ ~~<! ~9' ~-.ti I~~~~~~ "1ft~ii1 "Q ~I ~l(iftit'111 t"lliifl-. ~~(Components and Compositionof Atmosphere) I ~ ~ w~ ~ ~1{11'5'1 • 1 ~' ) 1 et'fR t9fl"fl91:>ti{~ (Major Components) ~I ctl1ct '911'1191'11{~ (Minor Components)' ~ I Glrq,'lliiMJ "1111191 (Trace Components) ~ '!'1'1t+~ ~~ ~~w"11'11ti1ta~ ~ ~·.orem ~ 1 ~ ).) I ~l(ii« ..11 ~ ()) ~l(lf«ifi ~t"ll'fl ..""l'(
- 17. ~(Xe) 9 x10 ~(Kr) 0.000114 ~ (Cll.t) 0.000179 ~firnlil (He) 0.000524 ~(Ne) 0.0018 '6~ (03) 0 - 7 x 10-6 Ne iill'.dilCIM Sl-Gliiill:S (N02) 2 x 10-6 0.001818 % 1--~=-~~-----~~---+~~---=~----...,.--~ H2 He GIJIC111~411 (NH3) trace (Glf?!i'ta ~ct) 0.000055 % o.ooosza % 1---+-~---~~~------+~~~~~~~ Kr CH.. 11Ci111'1.<s (CO) 0.00001 0.000114 % 0.000119 % '$llC4ilf&i1 (h) 1 x 10 fAl ).~ I ~l(iiwtift • 1: ~ lfT11 11 km <cil(ll&t"HI ~ '111~1~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cll{il&Cil<A ~~~ C~ ~I,,.'Cll{il&Cil<A ~ ffl1J 5.5xl015·~, ~ ~ ClJ1t '6~ lf-t 'lf1lli ~~ ~CIS ~ I ).~ ~·itC'llb(tt>t ~ 'ISMIUau, wt't, ~ ~ ~ <qlcwtt ~ 9tft411CC.,t ~ (Effect of Changeof Temperature, Pressure, Density and Water Vapour on Cyclone-Flow Tide) <11il&Ci'l '!l~ '6 Dlt9RT '6l'A'6Ci1HI ~ ~ ~Cf'.~ etCilltl'>I ~ I ~' ~ ~ ~·~~ '6 Dtt9Rt ~9RT ~<JR I~ '9fi'f '6 ~ lfetl4'•tm ~~I '9lti'f ~ ~ >tll'.CJPlii, ~lfiiC4i1, ~ ~ "i1tt11 ~I m ~ ~ ~~'1'! ~ ~ ~ I ~ lfCi'I' ~ etCi'llbltl>t ~ ~ I ~- 9tc'llbltl>t ~ ~ ~ ~ film. ~ ~ 9fmr I fiG ~ '6 etCi'tlf#ll>t ~ <llt{'ll<SCdl'A ~~, "51"1, ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ GllC'llbi11 ~ ~ I ) I ~l"'liililll "tft;qt"(-,'11 ~ (Effect of change of temperature) : ~ ~'411"1'A "61~ '61'51'6'11) ~ ~-"Cltl ~ ~ '6 ~ f.rnlrct ~I l418 (fl~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~$C"l'A ~ ~ ~ ~'Pftif ~ l111J I lfC"1' ~ et14l•tm ~'Pi -qsC1f ~t~ -t91J'6lii ~ ~ I ~- ~ ~ ~ t>IAlMC4'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cdl'A ~ JcU ~ I ~ ~ 11t~ ,-.ft<1c'6'SI ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ oo-t~ ''ft<Ctci'SI ~ct~ ~ ~ 1 ,_~ ~•"1-a ~ ~ C4t1M9'ft4 ~~I ~ Offf ~ ~· ~ >tli!Ci1'S1 ~ ~~ Wf I ~fital ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ "'ifil;q691 ~ 9fmr I ~ 9tfil~J% ~1i"1Qml~~~~~~~~~~~I~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ etdl~f?!i ~ 001 I ~ ~ ~ efdl~Ns'51 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ etCotli~JC>t'S1 ~ ~ I lfC"1' ~~ ~ Gll<Ppq<P'OICCI ~ ~ ~ I
- 18. ~ I 'stt9lf~ I ~ ,tt <tlf*SC'lt ~~ l>t9f 760 min Hg-~if 41~41~ ~ I C"Tii~i1 ~1lt ~ ~ ~' "l1J!lf ~ '('1'8IC•A1 ~ C4t-l ~ ~ wr{5l9f 1l~ I ~ ""1 l>tt9Al ~~ ~Wit ~ ~ l>t9f ~ llt'e11T I ~ ~ l>t9f 760 mm Hg ~ ~ ~mm Hg <1SC11~1 ~~~~~~~~~~,~~~~!~bltfVtt4t ~ ~~ ""1 Dt9f ~ ~ m't ~~I ~ ~ Wf1 Df9f ~ ~ 'lf1 l>tt~ ~ ~~~~0"11 • " I ~ -e ~ ~ 91ft"""'iffl ~ (Effect of change of density and water vapour) 8 ~' ~ -e etC'lltll(l"t ~ <tl{ll'5C'lt ~ '(3· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 <ti(*SC'l Wf1 DT9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ 11m I ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ '(! l>t9f~ ~ ~ I ~ <tl(il'5C'lt~~ C~ ~ 91:.ft<slJt 9ft'e1lt ~ I <tlf*SC'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ "l'C9f ~ ~. C'1tl'f !l ~ ~ ~ I s.e ~ 'J."ll;q~ (Gas Laws) 'fJtt"Rf W9Rl ~ ~ "4tf ~ ~ ~ ~ ltt4181411l ~ ~ ~ 4CtCW:ii I ~~~~~8 :> 1 <tCi4C'lt ~(Boyle's law) 8 I G4JIC<sli11Cil'A'Pf (Avogadro's law) ~ 1 bl~c>Bt ~(Charles' law)~ t 1 5l.;;Ci1'A "ft'.~ Dt9f ~ (Dalton's law of C't-~ ~ (Gay-Lussac's law) partial pressure) "1 '5f9f..!f9f1milt 'Pf (Pressure-temperature ~ 1 1211,ICll'A ~ ·'Ctlt~ 'Pf (Graham's gas law) diffusion law) fiJPr ~~ FNlfh5 GtlC'llbi!l'A ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Ci44~ ~ ~ ~ I ).~.). '1Jtt'lt 'Pf (Properties of Gases) ffJPr ~ ~"4$ ~I ~if ~ ~ '(3'9fil -' m ~~- ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ 9ftciJf ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ffi9f ~ ClFtlf ~~ ~ 9fltiJRf ~ ~ "4tf I ~9f1rnlrt ~ 'e Df9f ~ "4tf ~ ff~ "fflJ ~~ 9ftif ~ ~ 1li9ftfi ~ ~ I ~9f1rnlrt ~ '(3l)f9f~~1i!'Pf ~ ~ ~9'1Q ~ ~ I ~~~ ~~~ I~ I I ~ I wt9f~ , I '1JPr I ~~~' ~~~ wt"f~ ~ PlfaR1(l91 ~ ~ ~~•:'1IC'!> 11t*"'ltiHI ')tt9f JtllJtt'!loq (homogeneously) C1lt-t 1 ~ '<tJl~ ..11!Sl'A ~ ~ff;~ I ~ ~ g Jf(C4lbi!~f1 ~ ~ ltiJf1t'1at;ltt I ~ W~ l>t9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9f11i I ~~ '5tt9f '(3 ~9f1rnlrt~ ~ Rtlf ~ ~ I l>tt~ lPt'f ~ ~fiRJ "11ta*"'lf<l4~ ~ I ).-e.~ cttlt'i11"Pf (Boyle's law) 1662 ~ ~~~ ~-1ftllr (Robert Boyle) ~ '9Rl ~ Dt9f ~~~if cmftCt ~ :PiRl<t¬91 '1"'1~ ~ GtlMiiil'SI <mfif I AA~~~~' tfJTt'ff ~9Rl l>t9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ l>t9f ~ ~ ~ ~ I 11~iJPl'lif 1"'111"'1 ~ ~ ~~ 'Pf ~~I ~ ~Ci4Cdl'Si ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~9f 8
- 19. '51lll'IC.,t ~I~ (L)filf'1FWrGl<si (mL), ~ OOiJ (cm~~ (nr') SI I!!~ W'ft ~11filltl<s1 (nr'), 1 m3 = 103 dm" = 106 cnr' = 103L IL= I dm3=103 cm3 =10-3m3 "5tt9ft ~I 1 atm = 76 cm Hg =760 mm Hg= 1.01325x105 Pa = 1.01325x105 Nm-2 SI I!!~~ "11'1'4'1 (Pa) '1141ifliiilt ~I SI "1'4iNsCb 'bl~ I!!~~ ~'1~11 (K)~<Rt~ I lf1l1't"141 ifliiil 0° C = 273 K ip "fb '1141iiliiill ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Jti t9fl • '5tt9t~ llWl91"'1lfls• ~ 1" ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6l~ Dl9f m't ~ ""tJl"lft'SI ~ ,m '3illl!SC"4ta ~~ m 1 ~<Pt~®"lc;q, ~ ~ Dt9f ~ 'bl~ ~~ ~ ~ "!4lii!Sc:-i'SI mtct m 1 ~ ~T ~ 2P Dtt9f ~V l!l<f~PDtt9f ~2V~ I "4CIC'Bl "JPR •tlfCi~cp ~I~ 'bl~.~~~ V '6 ~ ~~ ~ ~9f P W"f <IC~C'l~ J'[dllij<ll~, V oc _!_ (~'bl~ T ~) p <rt, V=K_!_ (K=~~~) p <rt, PV = K (I.I) ~~'bl~ I!!~~ ~Cf ~ ~ ~Cf Dt9f (Pi, P2, P3, ) ~'f ~ ~ ~(Vi, V2, V3, ...... ) '9fl'6'ID ~ l!l<f~ ~ '51ISl6'1C4 ~Fm Dt9f ~~Cf~ ~"fl?f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~l!l<f, P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3= =PnVn = K 'wr-lf6WRI '>tlf(IC':O ~CIC'lt ~~(Graphical Representation of Boyle's Law) I ~'bl~~~~ ~~~Dtt9f ~ ~ ~' v ~ x ~ l!l<f'- '5l9f p ~ y ~ ~ ~ ~ I!!~ 9f'Sll1'dl41'SI ~ '9fl'6'ID ~ (f5iil ).~ ~) I I!!~ ~fir "1il'1141tt'(t (isotherm) "1Tt1r ~ 1 ~~VI!!~ R~ _!_ I!!~·~~ . p '5ilii!SC'1'A ~ ~ I!!~~-~~~ I I!!~~~ I!!~~~~~ CfCif I i~ /T, Ti i ~1>T2>T, T1 V // ~ T3 PV -- T2 , ~~T-~'1 ....__ T3 ,~,:- T1 > T2 > T3 0 p-1 • 0 p .. oo '1Jtt)ff V~~ ('1") ~ PV~ P fAr)."I~~~
- 20. s.e,e bl'f,"1'il ~~C't-'l"tlt+si,_(Charles' Law or Gay-Lussac'sLaw) ~ Dlt9f ~ ~'f ~ fiit1r ~ ~~ lf"er-; ~ ~ ~ 1787 ~ -e C't-~ 1802 ~ '1'6&i'dlC<t ~ ~ ~ ~~ -e Gll4J16Q1'511ft5:fJ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~' ~ -~ ~ ('t-iJJtltfl ~~~I~ ~9f g ~ '5tt9t -1R(~ ~~~ltfW M vtf4'• Wl"iiilctil ~ ~~ ~ ~"frrM° CJtf1JGftq; ~ Qtif~flPt (0°C) '119'i11Cilt4i "5flUSC.,t m ~-.W~~~ 9f11r" I .. Wr~Dtt~~-~~~~ 0°C~~ t°C~~~V0-eV1 ~ ~ )[llll¥J1m V, = v0(1-1- 2~3) =V0( 2~~;t) ,.. (1.2) ~~~~~I ).e.e.) 9Al1r ~ .,91iiliill ~~ dB ~91'(. (Absolute Zero Temperature and its Significance) ~·Dtt9f 0°C~~ n~~'f ~~~ vow.r~~~~"f~t't ~~GliJ::>tlC'R; t°C~~~~ · v, =V.+v. 2~3 =v.(1+ 2~3) =v. (t ~~;3) (1.3) ~~<elc<t ~~~ ~ t°C ~~~~m v = v + v ( 2)-t 0 0 2713 =V-V-t- 0 ° 273 = v. (1-2~3} = v ( 213 - t) (1.4)0 273 Dt9f51"1Rl<tf?h~W?~~~~ 0°C ~ -2T3"C ~~~~'!"t<f V_m = v.(27~;:73) =0 (1.5) ~-273°C~~~~~~I~ -273°C ~~~~~'i111 ~~ff; ~9m I cmfct ~~ ~~ C~~ICiil'Si ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I ~~ blifCJ1'51 "!lllli~lm ~ ~~ ~ ~ Gll4J'6Ci1'51 ~ ~ ~ ®'il'Slt~ ~ ~ ~ '-J:U ~ ~ ~ ~ 1fU' ~"liiliill (absolute zero temperature) ~ I - 273° C ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~'CCJ 9ft1f ~ Wl"tiiliill Cftwf I
- 21. ).o.o.. 4'fl'f "M•U•ll~(Absolute Temperature .Scale) . '°f11f ~ !'t9flmln ~ -273°C ~9tiffailC4 ~ ~ I.fl~~~~~~~ l°C c.fl~ ~ ~~~elf~~~~~ 4'fflf lf1'*11ftclil ~ ~ ~91'41iilt 9f1l'IT c.-r ·~I ~ (cpij~ ~~ ~9Rf ~ c.fl~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~l~l.iJJtlt'R ~~ C+*1f94 ~ ~ 1 '4*1~ ~ °t5l9tifla!IC4 K V11T ~ "iRt ~I CJ'f*1PBU'>1 ~ !'t9tiililllt4 t c.fl~ 9Rf1l ~ ~9tifla!IC4 T ~ ~ CRt ~ I 9f111--ru ~~ lfRGft ~ ~ ~- -2730C =OK . ~ 0°C = 273K ~ t°C = (273 + t) K ~ (I .6) ~'- C4'1N5i1 ~ C4R !'t9f1mllt !SRr CJ'ff.U611S ~ CJ'fiiPBUJ'f ~ ~ ~9f"llil 273°C ~I c.fl~ ~ ~ ·~ !'t~ ~ ..ett I ~c.fl"Cf, t°C = (273 + t) K = T K (1.7) s.e.e,e .9ft1r ~41iiliiil ~ 'tli(ICiO *&t'f'C"lt ~ ~ "1-'J"llt+a ~ ~lif., (Dertvatton of Charles' Lawor Gay-Lussac'sLawwith the help of Absolute Temperature Scale) ~ ~' f.ifift otc9f ~~·f.ifift ~ ~ ~ t~C '6 t~C~~ ~ V1 -e V2 ~ ~ l>left>t'A >J:.~li>tlC'A V1 = V0 ( 27~7~ ti ) = V0 2;3 (T1=273 + t.) 1 (1.8) ill~ V2=v.(27~7~ 12) = V0 2i3 (T2 =273+t2) ••••.•••••••••••••...••. (1.9) (1.8) ~ J'f~<P'A'1c<P (I.9) ~ >t~<P'Slct ..m "<51'1 ~ V1 T1-=- v. T2 V1 = V2 , (I.IO) .T1 r;· ~tft'A'l'OIC<ct, Vt ~ V2 = = Vn = K (I .11) T1 T2 T0 .. ctr V = K T qr V =KT ctr V oc: T (~ P~) (1.12) ~~Cf flwtt"t ~ 15tR ~ °'1il ~ ~ ~ 91111 (c.-tf9ii) ~91iUCiil11 'tifl~"ll~• I ~~ 9f1'111'!t~ 6tlf'C"111 ~ I ~ ('t~ ._!SS'Olc<i bllfc:>t'A ~9( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ C't-'J"llC... ~ ~ I
- 22. )."·"·a-'&19t-'Wt"f11liiil ~ ~"Dtt'R~ (Pressure-Temperature Law) "6l9f-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "1-~ ~ msa 1i9f I~~ ~9f g ~ etlCI'«.. ~~'Wtff ~'IM CCl"tfWe41'Mi1Ntt "1illi'*lif's41 ~~ ~ ~ Dt9f, P l!lcn. ~ !l~, T ~ Pcx:T(~, V~) ~P=~xT ~PIT =~ ·.- (I) ~ I!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9tfi<1'6i1 ~ T1, T2, T3 ~ ~ ~ DT9f <M1«11 PpP2,P3 ... ~ m 1 ,.,,, .. Wl ~=~= PJ = =~!!_=K ~ T1 T2 T3 Tn WI 27°C .!19fi4fallt1.~-.flt·~~~<~ ltl*5if 90 L l'lt~ 57°C~>~ <Rt'r ~~ Dt.9t~ ~ ·~ ~-~ 81 L ~ 1 •~ Gilifb-t ~7 ha•~,~ s..56L] ;qc1t'l'i ~ -e 51-t'c:>Hi ~ ~ (Combination ofBoyle's·Law and Charles' Law) IOO llRS, T K !l~ ~~ P Dtt9f ~~~ct~~= V cttlC'l'i "J.Clllii411l, !l~ (T) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (V), Dtt9RJ (P) <iJt!llij"'llCi!S 9fra<CtRt% ~ ~ Vex:_!_, ~ !l9f1milt T ~I p ~ 5l-fc:>1t "J.Cllli'411l, Dt9f (P) ~ ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ (Y), ~ !l~ (T) ~~~I~ ve r, ~Dt9f P~1 I!!~ '519t (P) ~ 119111IClll (T) ~ .. "tftct~ ~ ~ Vex: T lfl V= KT (K~) -.n·PV =K (~) p p T I!!~ ~ 11RS, ~ ~ ~ ~ v "'lf°i<l~6 ~ v1 '<3 v2 "5'l41!S0'1, P Dt9f Y1ra<1Rt% ~ P1 '<3 P2 Dtt9f I!!~ T !l9f1milt 9lra<1Rt% ~ T1 '<3 T2 !l~; ~~ V, P I!!~ T-1!1~ ~ ~ 9lra<1...ti1 ~ P1V1 = K, P2V2 = K T1 T2 ~ PV =P1V1 =P2V2 = =PnVn=K ~] (n~-~~"3t) T T1 T2 r, -300 -200 -100 ' 0 100 200 300 400 ---- t(OC) -------+ fRI ).8· I V cpn1f ~"tilliiil, t {°C) ~ ~) )."·"·8 ~b trtli(IC'U 51-t'c:>tf ,_~{Graphical ~epresentati.onof Charles' Law) ~ Dft9f "5'14N5c-1<A t Pi (V) R9fb ~Yf~lilll<A v (t) ~fiill f5if ~.8-~ ~~I .. Sfi{ ~ ~ ~ '5Tt9f !l~~~ ~4154 ~~ "iiUSMtt'llt (isobar)~ I
- 23. V= Kn [V= ~~~<f'-n=t1A ~-~~] (1.13) ~~ '5fJICel'11Cilt"P~ ~ I ).~.a- ~' ~ -e eoltel'iltil<a ~ ~ ~ (Combination of Boyle's, Charles' and Avogadro's Laws) ctCllC'lt ~ I ~ !l~ ~ ~ C4R ~~!lit ~'Pfif ~· Dtt'Pfif <ulll-J"11Nl4 I l ~ Jtiilli,i<ilm V oc P (T =~), : (1.14) ~ V= ~~~Cf'- P= ~ ~9Rl ~ '5l9f 61-fC'lt ~ I ~ "5lt9f f.if5ft .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (C4'1~~) !l~ ~~I~ Voc T (P=~) (1.15) ~V=~~~<f'-T=~!l~ ~ '5UICOl'11Cilt "J.'llliJ:aqlm, Vex: n (P '<3 T~) (1.16) ~~~9fm~~~~~ V oc n 4ff I (4) I.!!~ ~ Mfi1'6l<•~il 1ft1:fl 300 K "!l~ 250 kPa Dtt<Pf ~f#t411~ '1J'Pr ~ 1 Mfi16Htt6 106 Pa "5l9f ~~~I ~ ~ •Ul>t~ Mfil'<Sl'Affl ~ ~ ~ "ftG'i{ewft't· c~ I ~ lft'<31A ~'t Mfil'<Sl~ft ~ ~ ~··~. I Mfi1'61CiHI ~~· = 1800 K (~) •1Jl>t~ ~~ ~ 'fJt'f Mfit'<Slii 14.9 atm '5l<Pf ~ ~ 9fmf 1 Mfil'6l'At'6i1 1lt"1 27°C "!l~ ~ '5f<Pf 12 atm I ~ ~ *'i{ 1'ft'ft1r Mfi1'6l'AfD'A ~!l ~~I ~ !l~ MM'6liit'6 ~ ~1 Plw I 99.5°C) ).".8 eoltel'iltil<a ~ (Avogadro's Law) 1811 ~ 'dtJICilPf~ 'dtJICOl'11Cil ~~~ ~ ~ '<3 ~ >t""i~ ~"4fG ~ (hypothesis)~~ I ~~<Pf s ~~ ~"iitlail ~ ~ ~ "tll'IC-,t ~ ~ "i1lt-f "I'-~~~ I '15lilJ'!?IC<I ~ llm, ~ ~ '5l9f '<3 !l~ ~ ort'lf-~-.nl ~ 9fm ~ ~ ~ 9fttCf I ~~Cf~ '5t9f '<3 !l~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I~~~ ~-~ (~)~~~I~ "5l9f P ~Cf'-~~ T ~"'ifil<l~b ~- ~ ~ '15llj>lle'A, ~ "5l9f ~ ~ !l~ ~ ~"111%4SIC<! <ft ~ "1RI<!~ ~ I ~" ~ ~ 'l:Sll{l!)(Oi1 ~ !l~ ~ ~ "5l9f ~ ~ !l ~ ~ Fcl;c;pt~ >tililOA~ ~ 9fNnrt llrn I I.!!~ >iil'lC'AtlJl 'dt~'llC•lt <ft~ 'dtlUS~I ~ (isochore) ~~I ~~ ~~ ot9f-!St~ ~ ~'t I
- 24. ' ).".f'.) '1f1Wl1f ~~, R-dR • ~91'( (Physical Signi_ficance of Molar Gas Constant R) "1~4'Sl'f (1.18) ~ R = PV = Dt9fx~ nT ~-~-.nt x ~~(K) '<q'1't' ~ Dt9f = CiJPIJlqai ~ ~ 1 ~'.R= x x--- ~ ~-"f'.~ ~~(K) '<q'1't' ~3 1 = ~ x C1l1Wf-~~~ x ~~ (K) '<q'1't'x~ 1 = °'11'f-~~ x ~~ (K) ~ 1 = x--.-- ==~-· K r~==='~J::-':t:1).".a-.~~~ R dff1'R~ (Calculation of values of R in Diffierent Units) ~) CGS ~SI ~ R (~ ~)-dR 1'R I~ "t~'JPI~ ~ c~-1!1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ STP-~ 22.4 L ~ 22400 mL ·~ 1 ~ct Dt"t P=76 cm 91HMt1Ct'SI ~~ ~' 9Rfl1 ~~ T = 0°C = 273 K . 3 32 0°C ~~ ~~ = 13.595 g/cm, C.G.S "t"'"''® etN54(et ~ g = 980.7 cm ts'; p = 76 cm~ mft Dt"t = 76x13.595x980.7 dyne cm-2 PV 76x 13.595 x 980.7 dyne cm" x 22400 cnr' mol'R=-=--~~~~~~~~~~~~~- T 273 K PM qr d =- (l.18B) RT • ~'- Of'll ~' J1~4'A'f (l.18A) l!!Cf'. (1.188) ~~~~~~M'S ~d~CRT11m1 w (d=-=~~) v ~ct (l.18A) c;qs ilji1f.!•UIJ1 ~ ~ P=(~)(~)=d(~) ~ ~ ~ 1fM K I!!~ 91fii;qct R ~ ~' l1t ~ '1JPf ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ PV = nRT (1.18) ~ct (1.18) c;qs ~ '1nt'ff "1~+sl'1 ~~I I!!~ ~Cf~~~~~~ 'S ~ ~ ~ llnT 1 ~ ~ 'S'ISM ~ g I!!~~~~~ M ~ ~- C1fl1'J-~~ n = w/M ~I n-l!l~ll'M "1~4'Sl'f (1.18) I!!~~ PV = w RT . M wRT qr M = PV (l.18A.)
- 25. ... (-.) 20°C~~ '6 740 mm (Hg) Dtt'Pf 0.842 g ·~ ~ 400-mL ~ ~~ I i'fJtJl~'A "4l'1M4 1R' 'ff P (~ s 51.94JI (~) "lllPtfBfit'1 (C2H2) '1J?r '(i~ ~"I~ ~.FRt· ~ ~~ '9liIT ~ ~ I ~- ~ .._M111cca~ f3tfite1c1 · Jift<qtlt( ~ Q 1 25.0 Ltiili!iCiHI ~~ Prfit&l'A 34.7 atm ~'Pf. c.!l~ 25°C ~~~~ 1{00 1 §1fitet't "4Jl~~fitc•fA ~ ~:fif:llr ~' [~ s 922.5 g] ('f) 250°C ··~~.··,'6 770mm Hg Dtt9f S02~ ~ ~7 [~ 1 2.65g/L] ('fl) 20°c 5t~~4·~~-~~~·0.12dm3 1 ~ • 'fJtt'R ~~ 47° C~ ~ '4'it 't(tl'r '5l9f fua4t ~'ilft.·~ ~ 15414'%i1 7l.5cm3 ~ I ·~~~? [~I 13.15 cm3] ).e.~ •1.Vtitt ~(fill• wt9t ~ (Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) 1 ~ Cft '!)'C!ilf~ '1TPf 'A!Jtl41M4 ~ ~ "'i'A"GS1CH ~ ~cfilit9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Wf I f.ITifi ~~ ~ "4IJJ!iCi1'SI '1Jt"f fil?tt~-~~ ~ Dl'Pf ~ I ~ Dl~ fil?tt~ '11$ Dl9f ~ I ~ '1lt"f ~ 91RltC1c6 ~ Q~ "'1 ~~ ~ ~~ "It~ fil?ttctif ~ ~ ~ ~ ell R _ PV _ I atm x 22.4 L mol'" _ O OSll I" K_1 1_1--- . - . itre atm mo T 273K Cft R =0.082 litre atm K-1 mol" (tt) •11'111CI R-"ff ~I R = 8.3-14x 107 erg K-1 mol' ~ 1 calorie=4.183xl07 erg. ~'- R = S.3l4xl0: = 1.987 cal K-1 mol" 4.183x10 (~) fir111-t111tllc111Rifa1ct R-"ff ~a P = 1 atm, (l.OPa = lNm-2 l.OJoule = l.ONm I.ON= 1.0Kgms-2 V =r 22.4 litre mol ", T = 273 K =8.314 JouleK-1 mol " tTI R = 8..314x107 erg mol " K-1 (~dyne cm= erg) SI ~~lit"' R-dff~·a ~ 107 erg=l J (~) ~~ R = 8314~107 JK-1 mol" =8.314JK-1 mol'" 10 SI~ R dff '1l'ftiff·~~ iJl. ~~ ~ Dl~ "111JIC4'1 (Pa) c.!l~ 5ll41!ii1C4 ~ ~ (rrr') c.!l ~<Rt ~ I ~~Cl, ~~ "'iYiiFeC!i, 1 mol ~ ~ '9liU STP ~- p = 1 atm=10l.325kPa = l.01325x 105 Nm-2 V =22.414dm3 =22.414xl0-3m3 T = 273.lK R = PV = l.01325xl05 x22.414x10-3 T 273
- 26. . - P1V1 ··Po---- V1+V2 5l~Ci1'A"ft~fi't<1s Dt9f '!dlliJ'11t:a p =Po +pN P= P1V1 + P2V2 V1 + V2 V1 + V2 .<ft P(V1 + V2) = P1V1.+ P2V2 ).~.~.~ <&I.Ve-Ht "llefMt4.'5'f9t ~ •trfil~• 1P'(ln ~91911l1•t (Mathematical Formulation of Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) 1 ~ ~' ~~ ~ ~ G4Ci14•1if ~ ~ ~' A, B, C ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~ Dt9f P, ~ V, o$ ~-~~ n ~~ ~~ T C4'1Nsi1 I ~~ ·~fiRf "ft~fi't<1s Dt9f ~ pi, Pi, p~ ···················Pn ~'ift. ~-""-~ ~ ni, n2, 03, lln I ~ ~ J'1~4'ACf·~ PV =nRT (1.20) nRT p =- (1.20A) v ~ ~ ~ ~ J'1~4'A'~ ~9f ~ lfm I~' P1 = n1RT (1.20 B) v i1~tGltMCi1'A ~ P2(V1 + V2) = P2V2 ~~ ~a- Dt9f ~ ~ ~ ~ Df9f ~~ ~ ~ I ~~ Dt~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ 'bl~· '5t't (partial pressure ) ~ ·1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9il<s1111'1M4 ~ 12141.Carfif ~ ~ ~cm ~ Dt9f ~~'- ~ ~YfMICi1'51 '5tt9Af 'Jlt~ Cln•t'!JI ~9ftiff '9fiIT ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1802 ~ ~ •tC<l'l'f~ tt''lltt''l '!dll41t:a ~41~ ~ I ~ Ci!'Vt-.t ~I~• 'it't ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~9f 8 ~ •l"liiliiilt 9ffWllff M ~ °'1if ~ 1lf11l!Sif ttJPr ~dt'tt '111'·'5t't ~ ~ '"'~" t"ll'TI_, •tJIJJf"1Ci(11 "511~ '61t9fi ~1"1•tiij'I ~I ~ ~' T ~~ V G4l4'6Ci1'51 ~ ~~ ~ ~ n ~t.~ ~9fllifM ~ ~ Mra,.411~9'1 ~~~I~ ~'ff CSffS l)f9f p ~~ ~~ ~~ •tJIJ'1J'1S{C~'R ~t.filf4 Dt9f ~ pi, p2, p3, ······Pn ~ '!Stcf ~t.filt4 Dt9f '!JlliJ'1IC'51, P =Pt+ p2 +p3 + + Pn. .. (1.19) ).~.~.) <&19'C*51 "'fl~'519t~~ (Application of Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure) ~~ ~ ~ vi mL I ~ P1 Pa (9iJIJiC4'1) '5tt9f G4~C@fi1 ~ 9!cf ~I ~~ G4IC'514ft ~ ~ ,U9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ l1Rf ~ V2_mL ~~ P2 Pa '5tt9f i11~c:'GlfMi1 ~ 91cf ~I ,U9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o$ ~ ~ (V1 + V2) mL I ~~' P= ~~'R1Dt9f Po= G4fi!cetCi1'51 ~~fi't<1s Dt'Pf V1mL V2mL PN = i1l~c:'G1cetci1'SI "flt.~ Dt9f P1Pa P2Pa ~~ <IC4'C'l'SI '!JIP~!ilt<a, G4fi!cetCi1'R ~ Po(V1 + V2) = P1V1 [:. P1V1 = P2V2]
- 27. ~WI (c,) ~~IOL fitfittSICH ll'OO 27°C ~~. OAg_ He, 1.6 g 02 ~'Ctt. 1.4 g N2 '1Jt7f ~ I He ~ "5ltt~ '5t91 f#w ~ I ~~ C1illJ' '5l41f ~ ..mI [~ 8 2.46] (~) ~~. ~ GIHmtCtfi{, i{~"lcetii ~~ ~ 5~Gl·f~ ~ ~ mfCt: I ~ ~ ~ '5l9f 800 nun Hg ~~ GIKrtCVM . '<3 iil..QalCettii'SI ·~ '5191 ~ 100 mm Hg '6 300 mm Hg I "iia'llUC!S~ ~ 'dtlii'!Ciiil~ ~ ~ <R I [~ 8. GIAlC6fi{ = 12.5%, iift~IC6fi1 = 37.5%, C02~so %] ('t) J2 g Glf91Ceti1 ~q'- 28 g i11-~lcetii '1Jt7f -'ti'5191 200 mm ~ "'lfitceti1 '6 i11':tcQIC6fCiit ~~ '519f ~? [~ I 100 nun, 3100 mm] '111WJ-•--tI~~~ ~t.llf ~' -c:t~~ ~ ~~-~ ~~~t.~ ~ ~'f <R"tli ClJ ~?t'ft.llf 9fl'e1IT llt11 ~ ~ I ~t. ~ ~' ~ -~ ~ "5T9ft4 (P), ~ -ct~~~4 ~~ ~ ~-~?tl'.llf ~ ~ <R"tli '1JIJiftu<s1 ~'-~ "5T9f 9fll{31JT llt11 I ~ '1Wr flldt'Ri °'1ift9115flC ..t ~I~ wt't = •bl"lltt '111Wf-•--t x '111Uwt't n2RT P2 = ----y- ···················:···· (l .20C) n3RT p3 = -- (1.200) v 'ft~~ Pn = nnRT (1.20E) v 0 _ n.RT n2RT n3RT n0RT ~'Pi+P2+p3+ +pn ---+--+--+ +-- V V V V RT en Pi +P2 +p3 + +pn =-(n1 +n2 +n3 + +nn) (1.21) v (1.20 A)~~~ (1.21) ~ Jif~4'51'f ~ ~'f ~ P n n ------= =-=1 (1.22) Pi +P2 +p3 + +pn lli +n2 +n3 + +nn n ~ n. +n2 +n3 + +n0 =n (1.23) ~'t(l.22)C~~ P = P1 + P2 + p3 + P4 + +pn (1.24) ~ '1Wr flldtiff C1J1Uwt'tJ1i '"1tlifl.."1Ci(t "'I~ '51t9lt "11'1•C'lt ~I ~~ (1.20 B) ~ ~ctt4 (1.20 A)~ ~~'f ~ 9fl'611Tllt11- P1 =~ ~~ P2=~xP P n n n n en P1 =-1 xP p3 =-3 xP n n ~~ ~, ll2' Il3 ~ ~t.~fift4 '111Wf-·~~I n n n
- 28. x ~9M-$ = -cm per sec t ~--.Jtff ~ '5M, ~91~1dil ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ $ ~if ljj'Pf '6 !1'~ WCJRf ~ ~ I ljj9f -e !1'9f11t1n ~ ~ 9fttcl ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9fM I ~ ljj'Pf '6 !1'9f1mm ~ ~ C4R ~ Cl1~1Cil<sl 11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ <tl ~ ~ I ~ ~9fif-$ ~ ~ WCJRf M~'SI~ I 1829 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- M~.. 1:si ~ ~ ~~ $ l1""1~ ~~ ~ ~ ~' 1ft ~l(ICil<sl ~ ~9f"il ~~~I~~' (<JS) ~9R (~) RPRrct ~ ~9M fiaf).~·~~~ ~-'$ (Rate of Diffusion) I C4M • Cl14JIC'1'R 11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9fi{ "$~I~ t ~ C4M Cl1{11Cil'R 11~ ~ x cnr' ~ ~ ~' ~ T Jr-, ·1 ·--v•; •'fWf ~'!. ·-. /. ~ 1PITTlif ' ~q s.e,C «tlf(IC~t tfJPr~~ (Graham's Law of Gas Dtffus·lon) ~ (Diffusion) I ~ ~Ma4JI~ ~ 111~ ., ~ (lt ~ ~ ~g~ -e J'1~51Cq ~~~~~9M~I ilJflf(t'1 I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ c<m't ~~ H2S ~'911'1~41~ ~'?f lltn ~ ~ ~ ~'t '9ftif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H2S-~if ~~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~g~65Jcq bl<stfVrC4 ~ ~~9f 91~~1b<st ~ -:-.-_ --'<T I~~~~ H2S -e ~ ~~ ~ Wf I • ~I ~9f ~ ~ ~ WG 9fttiJr ~ ~ ~ '9ftif -~~ ~ ~ 111~ '91'Sl""'91C<sl'Sl'llt~~~'t~~~~~~~~~m~~·~~~I ~I ~ ~ ~lltl~'Slt'f ~ ~H2S-~if ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9M ~I~ '9ftf.m ~ KMnO 4, NaCl,~ ~ .. 'V ~ ~ ~m ~g~'5;;s1cq ~ ~~ ~ ~I ~9f <lt ~filt<p ~ ~ ~zyrt 91<sl""'1C'Sl<sl ~~ ~ ~"<slt 91<sl""'91C'Sl<sl 'llttfl ~~ ~ I ~ ~ 'llt~ ~ ~ ~ ~if ~ 5lil"Sl<A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfm Cq'f1ffl<sl ~~ C~ I ~if '4m't ~ Cq41~ffl'R ~ ~'.~ ~ ~ ~PJfafi ~-e~ ~ ~ fQ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ tl'CllCH Clif11WJ ~ ~ t)itt ~ Clif1l1wr ~ ~ ~l•l-t'6t • Clif11Wf C85t" ~ ~ P1IP1C4~~~I ~ ~~~ ~~~ 1 '4m't .. ~~"Cli1~911!>,tlCb '1rrn 'frrn~t.'iU ~~ ~~ !5lm ~9f ~~ 1 ~~ 'llt~ ~wr-e m~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~m~~1~~~~<n~~~~~~-~~9fttijf~ ~~~~11'~~~~~~1 'dfi<qJI~ ~ ~Pffl'1 (Effusion) I ~ 9fttiJr ~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(f$ ~ ~ ~ ~· ~ ~ 911aif1:;b ~ ~ f'a~ ~ Wf I "ClifllC'lt ~lel~• ffa~ 91ft;qct 1fiil~elc<q~fQ 9fC'( ~ ~tfci1t wfOiilC• '6fi<qJl9fi1~~1Jtt'1~1" ~~-.
- 29. t1 r2 M1/V ~~:: = ;: =~ ~: (1.28) ~ ~' >i~4'A'f (1.28) ~ ~ ~.:l11t(IDBI ~ ~ ~ 'Gf't'1M4 ~~<Rf l1m I w 1 (cis) 16 mL 1':1~QiltGti1 30CJ'tt~oo·~~-q1 I.fl..-.·~ I.fl~·~ I.fl~~~ ~ S0 2 ~~ ~1 [~ 8 2.8284nit] (-.r) I.fl~ "!'If ~ ~ fimr· 432 mL I.fl.··~ A..'*ff Off ~···~ 1lftt't 36 ·.~I ~ 288 mL ~ I.fl~~ B, ~ c.fl~ fla·fPitv c.fl~ Dt'9f ·.'6 ~~ Off~~ -rrttt 48 1ilf.W 1 B-ltl~ ~Rl4 ·~ 64 ~ A-c.fl~ ~'IM+~~? [~ 8 16] (~)I.fl~.!Sl'9f1fliJJt '9 Dtt9t °'1if 9fttiJRf I.fl~ f1a ~··~ c.fl-.fTJ.·'1'J?f '6 Gtfi!ttttii'A ~ ~~ $ lMlaF<tii 5 : 6 I Gi~Cet~il ~· 17 ~ ~ ~ ~ '9 5Jt"1R4 ff fim1 <A I [~ 8 24.48 '9 48.96] r1 t2 -=- r2 t1 :: = ;: =ff····················································································· (1.27) ~~' d= M [~M=~~~c.fl(f'.V=~~] v lo!!~ 6l~ '6 '5lt'Pf ~~~~~~I ~t. d = M1 d =M2 1 v ' 2 v >i~4'A'1 (1.27) ~ ~- t2 r1 M2 /V -=-= 1'f ~ 'e 'SMiiliiili ~ ~ 410l"IC.,t ~ - ~ liilff{,-Wt '11Wl~"llf"fiiii" 1- ~ ~'Pf '<3 ~~ lffer ~ ~ ~ d c.fl(f'. CfJT'Pftittf ~ r ~' ~ I.fl JtlillijJ'il(31 I r oc Jd I <rt, r = k~ Jd (1.25) ~~kc.fl~~,~~~ k k r .11~0, r 1 = Jd ~'"'! 2 =Fi ~ r1 '6 r2 1~'62~~CfJT~~c.fl~ d1'6 d2~~~1 ~Ill<! ;: =~ , (1.26) ~~,c.fl~~~~~~~~c.fl~~V~ctCfJT~~~t1'6 v vt2 ~ 1'ftt~ I ~'- r1 = - l.!l(f'. r2 =- t1 t2
- 30. ).8 ~ '1~«'fil~(Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases) . ~ ~ ~ ~'51M~• ~(kinetic-moleculartheoryj-e ~ I ~ ~ "<3 ~fZl;qs ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ R'8il~'AI ~ 4C'A(A~ ~ ~ ~SIM~•"'~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~fir~ (Bernoulli),* (Kronig), ~11"1 (Clausius),~ .'ln'f.l ~l/2 ·~''•· 1B•lil"t•ttiaio191~w9fJrtiffi ~ Pl'lfl4ft ~.~ ... ) ~attltt 1J!il. 11~ ~ a ) I ~ Mtf Wf'6 I f'tftt9 ftJl'f 1_cf~ I ~ l~-~~l'ltt~~ I '-' I 'Plficfft ~ ll'211JKif ~~ etl+ICH. ~ ~ ~~ ~~ )15, ~$ -e siU ~ Dt9f iTt<3 I 8 I ~~~ft ~ '54141!SCi'HI ~ ~~ ·'51t~ ttN5RIR1 ~ ~ I ct I ~9fm 9ftfc;q¥1 •~ 'fils ~.·~'!rt 1111J? 5l~"HI 'Pf·'1-tfJfti·~ I )t~f7RWWN!·I ~I ~.~~·1'j_cf·.~~·~'.~ f '-'I f'lffff··· ~ 1fro· fltilililftC4 ~' ~1c.,tff;c4 ~·,~ ·~ C1'1ttB1ff;c4 ~~ ~ lft'e I 81~~0thltlf·"4J1 <?I ~!SM~.·~~···~•.tQ·~ I '1:t·1~~~~~~-l1Rrr (-q) ~~ 235UF6 ~~ 238UF6 ~if~~cut~'$~~ I [~ 8 235UF6-~'if ~~~ 238UF6 ~if cut~~ 1.0043 ~ OOXt~] (!) ~~ ~ 4'to ~ ~ ~·~ ~ '54141Cii'A f'a X ~~ y ~I 41t>.,i'ift'A ~ 200 cm i ~~~~x~"'f~HCl~~~y~"'f~ NH3 ~~·~ ~~ c;f'S1lt ~I~~ P ~~ csmn~'Pf!f ~ ~ C"fl'f Ix~ P ~~~ ~? [~ 8 81.1 cm] ).e.v STP ~ SATP (Standard Temperature and Pressure and Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure) STP ~ 141.,"1f( a~~' T = 0°C ~ 273 K, Dt'Pf, P =I atm ~ 101.325 kPa, ~' v = 22.4 dm3 mol" SATP ~ 141.,"1f( I~~' T = 25°C ~ 298 K, Dt'Pf, P = 102 kPa ~ 1.01 bar ~' V = 24.789 dm3 mol" SATP ~~ 51141!)C.,'A ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ SATP ~~ Dt'Pf ~ ~~~~~I <IC~Ci'i'SI <>J:.~l~lm, ~ 'Slt~ <IJl~li91IN54 ~'<I''- blflCJ'f'A <>J:.~li~lm ~ C4'1Ns~ ~~ ~~ I ~ SATP ~~ 51141'!)~'51 ~ ~ ~ I
- 31. fiar).~I ~)~~~~~~(~)~1'00~ tfJPf ~OOll,'111 1'00 fl:~'(l'AS ~ (-.f)(<ti) fRr ).11 I~ '51i"10(t ~ C1ftl~ ~ ~ Slll'ICiffl ~~ ~ ~'11W~~~~~~· C I ~ ~'.t"f~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'f'<Pl'f ~ ~ ~ I ~fiR "'lt'°"IC'Sl'R ~ ~~ ~ C'141IC"l'R ~ ~ ~'1' ~9f<15 ~'l(f( llW I ~~ ~ ~ ~fir "'f'Pf~ ~'1' ~ I lT I ~ ·~ C'141IC"l'R ~ '~ ~'l:"f~C~'R ~ "'f'~~ lFCl'f ~-Dtc9Rf ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~~'st~~ c<tfilt~ I ~ I ~ ~'l:"f ~'R ~ '1f!>W ~· ~ ~ '1"Cf 'ff!)~ ~ C<P'lNsii 'bl~ ~~I • • . ~ l[t1f ~ Gij<rt£1i1~'6 'Wr.~~ • • ~~~~~·~I~ ~'l"f~Ct('R ~~~I~~~~~~ ~141bCii'SI ~ ~~'fTI . • ..~--+-- MClfC"f'SI ~-a 'I!!'~ ~lfftR ~~~~'Pf~Cfqf ~~~'I!!'~ ~ '1~'5(¥l ~(Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases) I ~1'1~·~· ~I ~~5Pf~~~~c:tf~I ~~~~~~I ~I ~~~~'"!"fii[<A'51~~~1~~~~~S~~~~I e 1 ~~fir C'11"11<Pl'R ~ -e ~'1'~9t<1S (elastic) 1 8 I ~ "'f'~C4lb91~"1bl ~ I • Cl' I ~ ~'.t"f ~CO f.u;'SfC"T'R • ~~ ~ ~ ~ '(3 '1JT"'f' ~ C'141IC"l'R ~'fl ~'Pf ~'1' <tt ~~I (Maxwell, 1860), C4'1f&i (Kelvin), C'41WtUfiOli4 (Boltzman,1868), ~ M•l~il "i'ct~'fl<a 'JPfl'f 1 ~~' ~ S ~~~~~~~I~~-~ ~lSli'l'd ~~~9f ~~~ '6 C+'lf&i 1 ~ ~ ~-~~fif ~~"Wff I
- 32. ,._.a (<Ii) 25°C~~di~ C02 ~di~. 27°C ~'9ii4lail~ di~ ~ll:QilCetili ~ ~ ~~? ['88 6.l7xl021 J, 6.21xl021 J] ('ltf) zs-c~· lg C02mft"1'i~I"l'" iffi-1'® C'R<cR 1 [ftit g 84.46 J) (~) ,25°C "!t~· 5 altlf. N2 ~~ m~ 1 [~ g 1858.79 J] ).~ ~ ttJPf" ~ i'fJPr (Ideal Gas and RealGas) '1JPf "Pl' "'liJ'l'SICf ~ ~ ~ 'i{f- ~ ~ ~ !f~ ~ '5ftft 'Offt ~ l1rn I ~') ! ~'fJPf '6 ~I ~i'flPrl ).~.) ~ ttJPf (Ideal gas) CtJ ~ '1JPr ~ ~~ '6 ~ Dtt9f i'fJPr J'["f>ii[~ ~' C1C~CG'1'51 "Pl', ~ "Pl', "'IJIC'61'11Gil'SI "Pl' ~ Dtif ~ ~ tt11'f ~ I ~ ~ 5{fR't PV = nRT J'1~4'51'1 ~ M4lf!~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ dl'4fTi ~ "-rt~~ l1rn I ~ ~ ~ ~ C1Jfiti]f ~ ~~ "'1'51'4~'1 ~ GCl4'~Cii'SI ~9Rf f.1'5~~"1 ~ ~IC'1'51'4'6 ~ tfJt'f (fCl'f I ~ ~ i'fJT'C'Rf C1JfitiJf ( aE J = O ' av T ~ '5l9f '6 ~ ~~ ClllUlfG ~ ~ ~ i'fJPr J'1~4<act CW{ 1)tl'f I fff b; '5l9f ~ f.r!{ '!t~ ~~'-~ ~ C'lfitiJf di J'1~4<sief ~ ~ 'i{f I ~ ~ ~ G4l'iwf1SIC<q ~ ~'i{f I~ '1JPr !!~ 4l•M4~1flijJ I ).~.~~~~·(Characteristicsof Ideal Gases) ~ 1 ~ '!t~ '5l9f '<3 ~ ~ di~~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ PV ~ P (~9f) ~ ~~ ~ l1rn ~ ~ P-~ J'flllS<sil"I !!~ J'l<si'lC<siteft ~ (~ ).~) I .( I '5l9f "IYf~qft!S ~ ~ ~9f1mm 0° C ~ -273° C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~) ).<t ~ •tf'6"'51 'l~fl'1 ~ tffe-tf9:a ~(Calculation of Kinetic Energy from Kinetic Equation of Gases) ~ ~ ""~'~ ~ ~ 9fT1jlf ~ ~'1 '1JPr ~~~fit~~ ~~~~~·llm~~~'5l9f~~I~~~~~ ~~!1~~~$!l~~~~~~~~~~Dtt9Rf~~ J'1~4'S1Cf ~9f~ <Rf l1rn I ~, . PV =JS mnc2 !!~ P= ~'5l9f V= ~' n= ~~~~ m=~~~' c= ~~ ~~~if~C<i"f !!~~if~~~~~ J'1~4'Sl'fe4 ~i1f.fi1JIJ'1 ~ ~9f ~ l1rn I ~ PV = _!_ mnc2 3 = ~x_!_mnc2 = ~x ~ ifNs•fN;t (~ n ~ ~ ~·~ = _!_ mnc") 3 2 3 2 3 3 :. ~i~ =-PV =-nRT (~~~ PV=nRT) (1.36) 2 2 . ~ ~9f1mm ~ ~ J'1~4'Sl~t (1.36) ~ '~N!t'SI ~~<Rf l1ro I
- 33. Paw Pa~ fRr ).)oI <4') tfltt'R~~ fRr ).)o (~) ~-..tR't ~ tfJ1t'R etllRlff-1'11 ~ ~~~9ffe'~~~~~,~~~~~~~ ~ Gllb'AC't MiJNs'SI ~ct~~ !ST ~~ ttfi't ~ "8f1itt l11111 ~~ ~lf'1t&c4 ~<c•lti9'~'1ll · PV 1'Jth';q'lff~1~~z~~~QI~~~~~ Z=- I nRT 0 200 400 600 800 I 0001.00.50 0.5 PV i.O 1.5 51lillC'1'A ~ ~~'. ~ 'fll>l>li[~, ~ H2,02,N2,C02 ~ >14"1~ ~~I ).~.s ~ tfJtt'R ~ ~ ~ tfJtt'R ~ (Deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour) PV = nRT ~ '1JPf' >i~4'Sl'1 I ~~ >1~4'51'1 ~ CCJtif ~ Gtlb'A~ ~ ~ ~ Cl1'fl ~I ~ '1JPf' ~ ~ (!t9f1mllt 'e '5111) ~~ :>f~4'Sl'1 CWf "W"f '!IC'1'AC4 ~ ~Cli'flQl~CCJtif~~~~~Cf~~~I ~" ~ '1JPf' ~~ 41$1M4 ~ ~ I GtlillC'f'A ~ ~ ~ ~- H2, He, 02,C02 ~~'1JPf'1 ~ ~fir~~~'t PV=nRT ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ g !l9f1mllt 'e 'Mi{ '5Tt9f ·~ '1Jl:>f:>fi£~ ~ ~ eul11 ~ ~ cmt I ~ '111>1>1)£~ C1t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !ST ~ (Regnault), 'd()l~lf (Andrews, 1869), eJJlillitl (Amagat, 1880) ·~ M•l~C'1'A "1~11'1"1iti 'fill'f"l ~ ~ ~ 1 'd()liil'11 ~ !l~ ~ '1JPf' ~ ~ '5Tt9f (P) ~ ~ f.ffi1 ~ I ~9Rt '5Tt9Rt (P) R~ PV-~~ ilM>ii[~ ~~~~~~I ~- CWMF6cai ~~'~I ~~~ caolatl•fl ..r4~ I ~..,.... ~ elf. C4M ~ ~ <IC!JC'l'A ~ ~ Wf "!StCf ~!ST~· PV l.{l~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ P ~ :>fillHl'l ~ ~ 11T'e1lt ~ (f5iJJ ).)o'e ).)o) I~ ~ ~ ~ >iill'&'Sll'l ~~~~~I 1Pt1Ff .'I • " I '1JPITTt 1lfff ~ ~ ~ emf cet:>flA'!S Q ~ CCJtif '!t91nr 'PfA;q<l;:i Q 'i{f I 8 I ~ ~~ ~ 'fJtt:>f1f Gtl4r'6Ci1'SI 'Pf~;qc;ti1 Wf<3 ~~ 51CSNl~'1 ~ ~ 'Pff'f;qiii ~ "iU I ).~.o~'1JPr~~~ (RealGas) elf ~ 'tJPf PV = nRT :>f~4'S1'1 OlCi{ Wf ~ ~~'- ~ 51CSJ'8ict ~ ~ ·IT~ '!ql~!Sti1ii ~9Rt M'5~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ m -eW'Pf >t~41''1 ( P+ ~:) (v -nb) = nRT~ f.Mh ~ I ~--rt W'll, ~ ~~ ~ ~ Oll!ij&~Cf ~ Gll4J'!C~'SI ~~ f4cS~~ I~ (aEJ ;t: 0 av T
- 34. ~lPltlif ee ~~~ ff=nRT~I~ z-r ~I~~~ PV*nRT ~I ~Z*l~1· ~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fn I ~ z < 1 ~ ~ ~ lITTJ· Cll, '1Jl:>it&'R MRJN>'A ~ct ·~ ~I ~11 ~ ~ Cll, ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'Ul:>if&~ ~C411>i1~"N>I ~ c<ffWt I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cmr ~~~fir{ ·~1~H~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ C02, NH3, CH4 ~)I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z > 1 ~ ~ 'Ul:>it&'A MRJ!>'A ~ct~~ I~~~~ Cll, ~ ~ Cml ~ ~ ~ ~'.C415i1~ I~~- ~ ~ ~~ '1Jl:>if&'A ~~ ~~~-~~I ~ H2, He, N2 ~I ~ ~ ~'411)i1~11!SI "1th z..~~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m, ~ ~ •ct ~ '1JIJOtt&ta MRJ!>'$1 ~ct ~ c<ffit ~ I ).~.ct ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fJfw.si ~ (Cau5es of deviation of real gases from ideal behaviour) ~~~~~~I fq ~~~ ~ ~ .. (~)~ ~ 5ll~Niei1'$1 ~ ~ ~fim ~~~'tr ~~'. (~) ~ ~fim ~~~ct~ ~ct ~ ~'tr - ~ ~ ~ ~ °if!l I "1il1"141 ~ ~' ~ !;'f~ ~~ ~ '5tt9f <tSC4l<Pf& ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~'IM<P ~~~~~~'tJ-:m~~"5l9(~~~~~~~~11~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 5ll{l!SCi1<sl ~ ~ "ifSt'tJ ~~I ~~· ~ Mc<ll)i11 ~ 1873 ~ ~ ~ m -e~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '1lt"f "1~4:act ~-c-rr~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ :>i~<P'Slef ~~I ~~ "1~4'Slef ~ ~ 'ft1Wpf '1~+1'1~~1 ~~~I ~lJRS, T K !;'f~ ~"4-~~ ~V ~9ftUJl~~I ~ ~ ~ ~fiRf ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ '1JT"f..~fir l>i11Cq'AI ~ "9fiU 'Pf1UlRf ~ ~ v 9fm ~ I ~~ ~lc<I l)illCq'AI ~ "9fiU ~ 'flPf..~fif (V - b) ~ 9ITT1, ~ b= ~fiRf~~l~~~tKtlf'~~ (V-b) I Wft9lt ~~I~~' ~~~~I ~~ ~· ~ ~'6 YfRl<1'6~ ~ lITTJ I ~ ~fiRf ~~ Yf'RA41C'A'A ~~ct~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ ~911'<1~!S ~ ~ ~~I~~~~ "<l'1'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'ffi'f "4ift ~~·I ~ '5tt9Rf ~~ ~~~cm ~"41t ~~·I~~~ ..~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ lfCll ~'.~ "<l"'f ~ ~ I ~ ~ '1JT"f Cl1 "519( ~'f ~ !;'f, ~~ ~ ~ ~ W'f elf "51"1 ~ ~' ~ ~~I ~ ~ ~~ 1't~ ~~~ct~~ "51"1 ~~ct =Pi ~ ~ 11t~ ~"4 ~ ~ '1J?f ~' ~ Dtt~ ~ct = (P +Pi) 2 ~I ~" P + ~g~~ ~ ~I~~ ~ct ~- ~ n : I ~ ~ '1J1t'Rf ~ v n2a ;r~M~~Dl?f~ (P+-2) I ~~a~~~'S~~~~~~~~~ v ffu;sil~ 5ll&Gil'IM4·~ct ~ ~Yf"(jS I a ~~ ~ ~ ~ m ~fiRI lft~ ~'l ~ ~ ~ 9fttCf I Cl1 ~~a ..~~~~~~'~~~~~!!>~~ I ~l ~l~~ DT9f ~~'- Gil{l!SCi1'SI ~ PV =RT :>i~<P'ACct ~ 9fl'61ft·lttfi .. (P+~) (V-b) =RT I ~~~ctff;~"4 ~~ ~~I~~ J'f~4'R'"1C4~~ y2
- 35. ).lr ~ Ptfitetto.-•+ac'1tfJPf~ eftl1't' (Application of Gas Laws in Filling the Gas Cylinders) Ptfi1(SIC'S1 ~~~ 'dl~Cete:t, t(l~Qi!Cete:t, ~fi1{1111 '9. ~"ff f9f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ PtM~l'Sl "5f%4'AC'1 ~' ~ ~ ~' ~ <tC{IC'l'Sl ~' ~ ~ '<3 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ f>tfi1elC'S1 ~~ ~ '!)f~ (~ '!l~) ~~ct~-~~~ 1 ~ Plfitel'A ~ ~ct '5t'Pf ~ ~ 9fn I ~ '5t'Pf ~ ~ ~~ 30% ~ ~ PtM~IC'S1 ~ m~ ~ m~ ~,<tt{ICG'l'Sl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ""5CR ~ ~ '!l~ ~ P1f'1elC'S1'R ~ '611{1!>Ce:t ~ ~ '!>l ~ '5t'Pf ~ ~ 9fn 1 ~~ <1cm;11'S1 ~ ~'1 ~ ~ ~ S.T.P. ~ ~~ ~ Ptfi1(SIC'S1 12 kg~~ f9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '5t'Pf ~ ~ I ~ ~' Ptfi1(SIC'S1'R ~ct ~ 20 L (-) ~~ ~~ f9f ~ ~~ ~Yfll11Ce:t'Sl ~ ~ M g/mol 1 ~ Plfil~IC'Sl 12 kg~~ "<IT~~~ 1 l.!I~ 12 kg ~'ff f9f '1JPr = 12000 mol l.!l"f f9f t1J?f M ~ ~' STP-~ l.!I~ Cl1t1'f ~ ~ 22.4 L 1 ~ C'l ~ 1 mol ~l'f f9f ~ 0°C '!)f~ 22.4 L ~ ~ CR'ti'f '5t'Pf ~ 1 atm "<IT 1 mol ~'ff f9f ~ 0°C ~~ 1 L ~ ~ ~ Dtt'Pf ~ 1x22.4 atm "<IT 12000 mol ~~ f9f ~ 00C '!>l~ 1 L ~ ~ ·~Rt•('5t'Pf ~ 22.4 x 12000 atm M M ~'- 12000 mol l.!l"f f9f ~ 0°C '!>l~ 20 L ~ ~ ~ '5t'Pf "t(C<l M 22.4x 12000 10714.3 ----· atm = atm 20xM M = x atm (~) 1 ~ Clr, ~~ ~4l:"1C!Jf <l~C'l'SI ~ (V cc - , ~ T ~) l.!I~ ~~ ~ ( V cc n) p ~ ~ ~ 1 ~Jtl<t"f!> m~ ~l: '1IR Plfit~IC'S1<a ~ ~ 11t'fl ~ c.£J~ f9f ~ ~ I . :fill..t4t..~ I ~ ~ '6 cmR ~ llt'fl 'f'lii111{i14 ~ct ~ ~~ ~NlC<ll1e:t ~ I . emf f'1'*4W ~'6 I . an2 '9~~ct~~1n~~~~~~- (P+-2)(V-nb)=nRT v ).C ~·blJlf"1tA'll~~~~ (Conditions of Ideal Behaviour of Real Gases) ~~~~~' ~ ~~'!l~ '<3 '5Tt'Pf PV = nRT ~"f ~~~I ~~~~~~~Cf~~ I~~~ ~9RJ ~ '6il"f•f5IC<I ~~I ~fff ~ g (~) ~ Dtt'Pf '<3 (~) ~ '!l~ ~ ~ '611l1-f'6IC<t ~ ~ I Q; ~~ ~~ ~ Dtt'Pf, V-~~ 1fM ~~~I 1.£1~ ~ ~fiRJ vt~""'510R~ lfttfJ ~ ~~I~~ ~l'lM4 ~ ~ ~CfJ~ ~I~~ v 1.£1~ ~ ~fim~ ~ (b) ~ctJ m ~ 1 ~ V-1.!1~~ 1ITCiRt ~ a/V2 l.!I~ 1l'M ~ctJ m ~ 1 ~~ P-~~ ~9ft'if aJV2-~ ~ctJ 4WJ ~~I~~~~~~ '9~ :>t~4'Sl'itt PV =RT :>t~4'SlC'f ~~ m~I l.!I~ 4l'AC~~ Dtt'Pf '9 ~ '!)f~ cmA ~~~~~~I
- 36. fJtf'iYSI~ 5Rt4~'1 f.ttn9fl;~ I ~<15ff; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Gili11Cl1~ Oitvt 0°C ~~ ~ Ptff1YSl~~~'6~~~~1~~ l5°C-35°C ~~~~~~~~~I ~ 'fJPf fJtf'iYSICH ~ ~' ~ ~~ ~ ~.~ ~ Yl~q~ "5t9f (P2) ~)j~4<a'1~~~~1~~~'6~~~~~~~~1~, xx f3tfi1YSICH ~ = P2 x fJtfilYSIC'sB~ ~ . 273 (273+t) • ·~~ ~ YIRl<i~ ~ ~ ~~ Dt9f '6 fJtfilYSICH ~~~~~~~~~I ~~ ~ C*1, ~ f3tfi1YSI~ ~<P~Cct ~ ~ ~'1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ <iM~<:SI~ ~~~<f$~~~1 'ilfil~• ~ 'G Jtitl~ •5flf(t'1 ) I 27°C 1!l~ 0.895 atm Dtt'Pf 0.05 L ~"<Pfft 'Pftt;if ~l:COYalCetii ~ ~ ~ I ~ 9fttijf -S1Jl)jffl~ ~-~~ ~ ~? ~ Glll1'RR'Pf ~ ~ I ~ I ~~li)ll<:SI ~'61Jl ~' ~9f10illt, T =27°C = (273 + 27) K = 300 K, Dt'Pf, P = 0.895 atm, ~, V = 0.05 L, ~ ~ ~' R = 0.0821 L - atm K-1 mol' ~ ~' ~ ~ )1~4<aCf PV =nRT ~ n = PV = 0·895 x 0.05 = 0.001817 mol RT 0.0821 x 300 ~~, 1 mol ~ ~ ~ 6.023 x 1023 ~ :. 0.001817 mol ~-~ ~ 6.023 x 1023 x 0.00181 = 1.094 x 10211Ti tfi I :(ll:Uileetii ~ 'Gl''l_-~~ = 1.094 x 1021 15'1'(*1 ~I~ ~ ~ ~ 1!l~ 27°C ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ No't Wf, ~ ~~·~~~~Dt'Pf 0.8atm~1.08 atm ~~<Rf~? ~·~~'~~fil4~~~= xL=V1 ~~ Y1Rl<1Rt'!·~ ~ ~ = 2 x L=v2 01'6'ID~, ~ 1!l~, T1 = 27°C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K ~ Dt'Pf, P1 = 0.8 atm ~ yt~;qR5b ~~ , T2 = ? , YIRl;q~ Dt'Pf, P2 = 1.08 atm ~·~~~~~' P1V1 = P2V2 ~ T2 = P2V2T1 = 1.08 atm x 2xL x 300 K = 810 ~ T1 T2 P1V1 0.8atm x xL ~~ 91f<l;qR5b ""!l~, T2 = 810 K = (810-273)°C = 537°C ~~Cf ""!l~-~ = (537-27) "C = s10°c ~) •5flf(t'1" I 0.8 atm Dtt~ 0.2 C 02 ~~~ 0.88 atm Dtt~ 0.6 L N2 '1JPf ~"<Pff; 2 L '5Cl~!$Cii;a ~~ 9fttijf ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ Dt'Pf ~~I
- 37. 450°C 200atm Fe,Al203 N2 +3~2· ).~ ~IC'&t~ ~l{116C'1 ~('ll'<i ~ -e ~ ..~ICIM ~~ (Reaction Occurring in Atmosphere during Thunder and Fixation of Nitrogen in So.ii) <111tl:sr.~~ 'IJRtcrn ~ft>~~ (3ooo-3soo0c)~~ 1 ~if~~ N2 -s 02 ~~~N0~9fW~ ~qt_ ~NO~ 02 ~~~~~N02 ~~ ~I N02 ~~ ~~ ~ ~ HN03 ~~I MMa4ll~~~i1 g ~~ct N2(g)+02 (g) 3200oC ) 2NO_(g) 2NO(g)+02 (g)~2N02 (g) 4N02(g)+02 (g)+2H20 ~ 4HN03 (aq) ~~ HN03 ~ 9flf.m ~ ~ ~ ~qt_ ~ ~~ ~ (CaO) -e CaC03 ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~flrt-t~ I CaC03(s)+2HN03 ~Ca(N03)2 +C02 + H20 ).~.) ii~ICifii ~'"~ (Nitrogen Fixation) ~Nitl1'51 ~ i11ltialC$ii1 ~ ~ Q?!Ma~IC4 ii~ICIM fifttll''lii qcllf I ~~ fi1tit"'M '1.l:'51C<i ~ 9fmt I~' ~I~~~~ (direct fixation) ~(f'. ~I~ ;r~~~ (indirect fixation) ) I ~ ~ I~ <ft~~~ ~ '64JICC!lc'Gl<iJl<P'G'51 (azotobactor) ~ ~'4 ~ <iJl<p'ij~~I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i11l~1Ceti1 ~ C1Ptif ~<tt. ~ ;r'.~ (fix)~ I ~I 9ftft1lf ~~ I craf~ ~ <ili(~6CV1 ~~ HN03 ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'9e ~ ~ ~ ~ct 'S ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~Rl-~ll ~ 9lc111..e1c;q iil~ICIM fifc..."191 I ~ ~ 91'41N5C!S H2 ~ 'S ~ N2 ~- tll51<14'~ ~"~ct MRl-~1~ NH3 ~9fW ~ I ~l NH3 ~ ~ ~ 'S SllG1JIC~IM4JI~ ~J5)1C(l5U (DAP) ~ ~ <RT ~ I ~ ~~ Yfiijif%C!S NH3 ~ HN03 ~"9fW '41" ~ ~q'. HN03 ~ ~ ~ ~~9f:J~~~~I Po Vo =Po V2 2 2 <ft 0.8 x 0.2 = p02 x 2 0.8x02 <fl Po = = 0.08 atm 2 2 =- 0.264 + 0.08 = 0.344 atm (tfi] Glf~CifCi1'51 Dti>f, P02 = 0.8 atm GlfCJttetti1'51 ~, V02 = 0.2 L ~ 8 ~~li311~ i1i~c'falCl!tCi1'51 Dti1, PN = 0.88 atm2 ~1l:c:'G1cetc~;g~, vN = o.62 L2 ~~,V=2L ~~' i!i~c;'Gicet<ti1'51 ·1'5IT'-~ ~9f pN2 ~en. Gl~CetCi1'51 "'1'.~ Dti>f p02 ~l~tla1Cett:-1'Sl ~' Gl~CetCi1'51 ~'
- 38. ~~ "C ).)o 'filttR~--e Cftt~ (Industrial Gaseous Waste and Air Pollution) ~ 4'141<srttt~~ "1•1'qf51b ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ f611MC'b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '-tt C'f'Gfif ~ ~ C<lfilt iiliN54l'S14 ~~~I 'lt5N54l'S14 ~ ~ffr wrt S02, N02, C02, CFC ~ I f.{o; ~'fiRJ ~~ '6· 'lt5N54l'S14 ~fif "llC"llbi!I CR1" wrt 1 "ll"l•lt &~tt~ (S02) I ~~ ~'4ff; ~ ~ I <ll{ll6C"l <fti ~ ~ ~l:fl S02 ~ I ~ "41C11Rl41~ ~ ~ <IJ<il(IC'SBI ~ ~ ~ ~ 1'l'IJli l;i{ S02 ~'Pf:i ~ I ~?fef ~ ~~~9fm~~~~ 5'(llf'4~ ~I~~~,~ ~ '6 ~ fi) '6 ~ "fli'fl0i'S1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~llCH~ ~I ttRitaMil (Effect) 8 S02 <11(116~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H2S03 ~~~ S03 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H2S04 ~'Pf:i~ I S02(g)+ H20(/) =H2S03(aq) 2S02(g)+02(g) =2SO~(g) S03(g)+H20(/) =H2S04(aq) ~efif ~~ ~ ~9f ~9fC8 ~ 1 ~~ ~ ~,m ~~ 1'1t5'SllNT ~~~~ ~ '6 ~ ~~C"f'S1 qJf~ ~ ~~ ~I ~ 'bl ~ pH ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ '6 ~'if ~~~ ~' ~i!etl~Cll'SI 414llill <ft~~ I ~IJ'fi!l~'S1 ~ (bronchial spasms)~~ 1 ~"«Rt, ~' ~ ~' ~~ ~N5M~b ~ ~Nifula~I~ ~~~I ~ &~tt~ (C02) 8 ~li!<il~ '6 ~ qJf"14'6IC<i ~ ~ <IMl(ICU lFtl'f C02 ~~~ct 1110IMc4<R cmr C<lfllt ~ 1 C02 ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ m ~ 1 ~~, <11(116'1 '6 ~ ~~451 50-100 m ~ ~, ~ ~9f t~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~C02~~~1 ~ <rnf ~ '4R1tct <lltil6Ci1 C02 ~~ ~ct -~ C9ft"f <11(116"'1'51 'Ol'S1J'fl11J ~ ~ I <11(116"'1 etlll'fb l!l C02 m ~ ~'tm t~45'f ~ ~ ~-I ~ 1ftl:fJtlf ~ ~ C02 ~'Pf:i ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ C02 ~-~~ct ~fula~I~ ~'tlf c-rn I ttRitaMll (Effect) 8 <ll(116Ci'f C02 ~ ~ l1t ~ 'bl ~ ~ ~ ~N5RP~I I ~ ~ ~~"tWf~I i1~1CtM &~it~& (N02) I J'fli'ffils~fl4 l!l~ '6 ~ ~m ~~ ~ @itetlb ~ N02 ~'Pf:i~ I~~~ H2S04 ~~~~I~ ~"l<f~ ~ ~ ~ct N02 ~ ~~~~ ~ i(lfct ~I ~faHllefif~ 8 (i) N2 +02 = 2NO(g) (ii) N0+02 =N02(g) (iii) N02 +H20 = HN03(aq) ttRifilHll (Effect) I ~ '6 9iHC<IC-Rf t~ N02 '6 NO ~ 'lt5Ns4'51 ~ ~ 1 N02 • ~ <ft ~ ~ ~~ ·~~ HN03 ~9f:J ~ I ~'efi{J N02 ~' ~' ~ ~ '6 !*ll'fC4 ~~~I N02 ~4 ~ ~'6 ~ l1t ~ ~ '6 ~~ct~ I N02 ~ ~ "!N5c<1e~"" ~ "4'Cif l!l~ l!l~ C4tm l!l~ f'1cJ1;11c;qs ~ ~ (}RT 1 s.» ~· ~~ -e ~- ~~ crt~fiMll (Origin of Green House Gases and Green House Effect) ).)).)~- ~~-tfJPf(Green House and Green House Gases) ~ ~~ ~ ~'!41"'1 lpf, ., '6 •ll4"1<1Nt ~~ ~C"iC-iJ 'bl9f '6 ~ M~flb ~ ~~~~I ~~ ~ - ~I~~~~~ <ft~ 001 '-tt _I ~ ~ 'bl'9f
- 39. ) I 'Cl'llM'SI~"ICJ ~ ~I~ '6 ~. 'fli11f.HliC9f ~ ~ CWfl ~ ~ ,. ~ (03) ~ • ~IP', wt~ C418 'G ~ 1't'f ~ R9J.Wf ~ ;ife:rlleettA'R 5lt1,l.'i"14' ~ "11 ""°~ ~t'f tCll{(llbtt1 ~~ (ll:ti141-fi1"1( ~~ 51ftltetil ~ emf 'Gt9fTif emf I ~ I (CJLi) ) I llPIJ '611ft etillfii 'G ~ Pffqs4 t1l1"f ~ I !ft~ '6 '9'lf1f 'ftC'HI ~ ~I ~~'f~ )I )l~ctJ~4lb ~1·~~~~~ ~ I '~ ~R!silil 8 I ~ 9Jl'11M'R ~ (l' I "IRtCl(ct ~ 'Jl'llM'R ~ ~ ~~·~ ~ ~ Slltt(l~Cii'A ~~~I l!I~ l!l lltf ~ttJletii 11'!" ~9f '6 "'1tl'fT J'f'A<i'AIO('A ~ ~ I ~ ~ Yikltctt»f-e l:~lllb !"f,1'flf dl"Cft. ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'iaT I <i~IC~ ~ C'W'f ~ ~l~Cef'A ~ ~' ~' ~ '6 ~~~~~I ~ - eraR CflltW ~ iiltil~~I., C02 ~ C'ltf ~r.tt'tt 1IOO flMittkl ¥'11¥'1t• ~ I C02 ~~ ~ ~ ~ Mttqfib ~ ~ I ~ l!lftt. ~ l!I~ ~~I ~ C02 ~ ~ 'S~~~-~~-e~~~-e~~~~e~91Gf 1 l'1tff ~~ <itl{l11'5Ci1 ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ 'tltR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ '!19f '6 ~ ~ ~ I 1(~~ (800-2500 run) ~ 51ctC•llfi:!S (infrared, IR), l1t ,-'1111M ~ M4U!511 1 <il{lllEOll'A l!I ~ ft ~ '<iiti ~ ~ ~ l!I~ ~ I ~ ~ 1(JC'1IC<ii'A ~ ~ "1'Tt'1 ~ I ~CtJletCii'A SIR!sRI• 1(JC'll<ii ,~ ~ (}ffi I "1T<l'm ,~ ~ MMskl!5 '!19f ~ ~ 11.~1-pu QCiT ~ Dt1i I l!I !19f ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Sl<iCi'llfi:!5 ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'1 21~ Ill 1lfi'a C02 'El ~ ~ Ill"'- ~ ~ ~ co, ~ ~~~=~1:1::~ ~ s s ~ ~C02 lH20 <mJ ~ - 'fJtt'Rf ~ ~~ I 1.£1~ ~ HiO C0i H20 ~~~~~lt!OOJ~I~ ( lit ~ MMsR!5 ~9ft<ii 11~1-pu Nti ~ c~ H20 ~ co, H20 ~aft CS"1 I ~~ ~ - •1JIJ'f"1C~'SI ~ct l l C02 ~ ~ ~ C9ftlt <il{l11E"1'il ~9f l:lr'A'f1'11!51'6 ~ ~ I 1Ft1'f l'1tff <iiiiJ41~ <iI{llf '5"1'A '!19fllm . ~ ~ I Sl~HI• ~ - 'fJtt'Rf -.m'f <il{lll&Ci1'A ~9fllm ~ l!I ~fll;tJl'4 ~ - ct~faHI ~I . ~ ).))lfr.f~ttM-11 ).)).~ ~ - tfJtt'll • (Sources of Green House Gases) ~ ~ - •UIJif'.J'tC('SI ~"f ~ ~ ~ Slltt116ill ~ ~ I -).~·bf•~~-~
- 40. ).))."~-~(Green HouseEffect). . ~·~~·~~~~~'~®1~,~~NiraRl1-e~~N5~11 ~)ii~~ I ) I 'l"M~IClll ~I C02, 03 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G1cn1111~ . ~ ~R!)qfi1!) ~ ill(l•pu MMs~'!) ~ om ~ 1 ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 1 ·~ ~ ~ lfm, ~ -1!l~C"! ~ "!t~ ~ ~ 0.3°C ~ 0.6°C ~ 1 2.;.030 ~ ~ ~ '!t~ 1.s0c-4·.s0c ~ ~ ~~ '!t 2050 ~ 6°C ~ ~ C~ 'Pfmt I ~~ !t~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~~ C-.r;Jf !t ftil~i~'Pf ~ I ~ I ~ ""1'6tif'il tmet ~ I ~ ~ tJ'!ICct'R 1'tl'f ~~ !t~ ~ C~ ~ ~. ~Ci'l'R ~ ~llliJiliJ ~ 1..'l~ ~~ 1'tl'f ~ ~ !'C'RJ ~ ~ ~ I ct"111Ci1 C11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~~ ~'.'1IC'1c•m -~4T-<nct-i1 ~' Ci1'11~'1Jl6, firsm, ~ t9f91_9 •C'l'R ~~"Wt~ 'fti DC'1' ~ I e I ~ 'KiJFI 9fft;q'1 I~.~!t~ ~ ~ ~' ctl{{ll(Sif ~~ ~~ ~~ C11 9flfi{ ~ ·~ ~ "i~ctiii ~I ~9f1mlit ~ 1'tl'f ~~ ~ct 9llf.f ctl~"!{'!) ~ ~~ ~ •C11<a ~ ~~ ~11' 'i(ClT ~ I ~·~~51(;'1 ~ ~ ~~~I ~ <!~41Ci1 51Ns1i''R ~ ~ ~ I 8 1 llfif 1ICCJ'il ~~~I~ - Cfi'!lect'R ~ ~~ ~ili1'5IC<i ~ ~ C11, ~ '6 ~ !t~ ~~ ~~~~~I 1'tl'f ~ ~ '9ftit ~~ ~ 'il'R!>4'R ~ ~I ~ .. ~ Citt't, ~ llJIC'l~~I, ~' ~ ~' ~i1C4q,'11~"1 ~ ~ ~I~~ ~9ftfi1', G4Jl'11f'f. ~~~I ~ I ~.,IYMJifj t9il~ il1Jtl I~·-Cfi'!IO!Hi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'-~ m ~~ ~ ~ iffi' ~ ~fCC'1tSI ~ ~ I ~ I ~;q~fifJIU'il t9ft ~ ~ I ~ - <fi'!IC<!<a 1'tl'f ~ ~ !ft~ ~~ ~fCC'1'R ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ <fietlR!>'R !ft~ '6 ~ ~ ~~ ~ 'fmCt cro1 I ~~ Yif'iCliii ~ ~ "IW~·~ <2it~ ~~~~I l.'t'f ~ ~~fWIJ~ ~I ~~mi~~-~~~'
- 41. (~)~~I~~~~ 4C~4ffl ~~~~~I~ ~' ~' ~' "'lt:lfil~I ~~ lltfl~ ~~ fl~~ ~~ ~I ~ Cl'flNsC~!S l:~f.@;it'A l11l:tctra~I fl~ 4litl51'51 ~'dtl'48C'1'51 ~ fl~ ~ ~· ~~ ~ ! ~ ~~ ~ ct'6ii!Ci1 ~ ~ ;q;aql9".IM!S ~'lft4R 1!1-. ~ ~'-t blatlctM ~ q)fCf!Cl'f'SI Cllt'tJ ~ ~ I ).)~CFC~ -e ~Q...V (Uses of CFC and Depletion of Ozone Layer) , ~~ ~ lfl' ~ ctf!l1vt1CW'51, l!l~l'51fi1IC'51 ~ ~ ~ ~9f1l :alC1'11"'1Jli1C4it (~ CFCl3 '6 CF2CI2) CfftlllSICCf ~~~I l!l~ !ft~ 'Wf, cJlu~l-1'4 ~' rorR ~d1, ~ '6 ~ ~~ l!l~ ~ ~ I l!l "fcpf ajlC'll"'IJMC4~'51 ~'.'4 '4"li ~~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~ Dft9Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l1t11 I l!l'C'ttt llttfl ~'11 ~ CJPl<JllQl'IC'511414i1 ~ 'l1''.~9f ~fl~ (CFC) I ~ '6 ~ (C~ ~ C2H6) l!lif CJPIC'SllQPIC'Sll • ~l1){~4 CiPlt1JICl'lttl - ~ 'l1".t'J1St9f CFC ~ 1 CFC~~~~ (freon) 1 l!l'C'ttt llttn ~-11 (CCh F), ~-12 (CCh F2) fl~ ~-114 (CC1F2-CCIF2) ~'11 I CFC dB~ I CFC •1Jll1l1i[lt ~ ~' ~' ~' "'IPl'41'61 '6 ~ "'la<l'fut I CFC-'f ~ ~ • ....V (Depletion of Ozone layer by CFC) ~ ~ CFC ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 1 !f~ CFCh (~-11) '6 CF2Cl2 (~-12) UV (ultraviolet)~~ MC<ilfit!S m ~ ~ 'AJINi4Jl'1 ~~I ~~ 03 l!lif ~ ~ ~ ~ "'ICJ!lll:5 ~ '51JIN4Jli1' ~ "'IMtevt~ ~ '51JIM4Jli1 ~ ~ I ~ Glilll:<s ~ 'RJINi4Jl'1 GIMtC@f~ ~ '51JIN4llCi'1'51 ~ ~ <m1 ~ ~ 'AJlffli4Jli1 ~ Glfitcet~ ~ ~ I '91Rlc"'ft:q ~ <:SliMll:5 ~ iOINi4Jl'1 03 ~if ~ ~ '4CiJ ~ '5ll:<:S1CJ1ll:5 ~ Glf~cet~ ~ ~ 1 Pfffi1;~1tu 1!1"1t ~ ~ (chain reaction) 1 ~l: ~ MfJ1-~lii 1lt'Ot11 ~~~~~~I CFC13 uv > CFC12 + Cl e CF2Cl2 UV ) CF2Cl +Cl. Cl•+03~ ClO• + 02 £1~ 02 UV ) 20• ClO• +O• ~Cl•+ 02 ClO• +03 ~ CI0 2 + 02 CFC~~~ ~ 9Rl11t'l ~ (catalyst)~~~ fl~ !l ~lt'U1r.~1-a ~ ~ ~ ~ 03 l!lif ~'4 ~ ~ GIS'C9f ~ ~ I ).)" •.,th4'tt't -e ~f's41t (Causes of Acid Rain and its Prevention) ;qlii1'5Ci'1 ~ ~~ct ~' ~ll:dalCetit ~ l11'11JilCH <:Slilll:C5'51 ~~ ~ Cffl1 ~ ~ ~ ~ fitf¥1C'51'51 llt!f ~~ '1Jl'l1' flrt-t ~ 9ftf.f.cn fitf¥1c:a<a ~ ~ 9frn 1 ~~ct~~-~~ !l ~~'.'!S1if t21f%41'A ~ ~ ~-c;qs ~t4 <:SllC'llb'il CRl 'Wit I ).)".) •.,th4'tt't (Causes of Acid Rain) filtl!flfR ~ ~ ~ ~ 4'14l'At(Mt ~ I ~ ~ 41'141'51._,Ml4J ~' ~ ~ l'fl11qll:<s <:Sll4Rl4 c~ !l - GIH1tvt~<a ~ ~ ~ S02 ~'Pijf ~ 1 'All11~M4 4l'A~firo! H2S04 ~ ~ I l!lif ~ ~--t ~'Pf~ fiit-t l1rn I ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N2 -e 02 ~ ~ N02 ~'Pijf ~I~~~ ~ll:c:'Gl"5tii ~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ 80
- 42. ;., .,..~~ ..8 • .,th 'Nl:ctiil ~Ca:l~'I 8 <!~<PH•., ~MIC'l'A 3-4km ~11 '1lt-U 11~.. 1ft ~ ~ ~ I . ) I "ttl.. lt '9fiU ~'9ft'Jli <t$ ~ ·.fifffi (1000, mL) Q5tirl'dftct ~ 'CR I ilfHt•l_CH ~ 11f14f'il• ~ (Na2 Cr207 +H2SO 4) IS· ·~·11tf.f ~<CR I iitPRf f.fftniif· ~~ I ~I -,f' ff~~~~ "ft'f "ft9f 5-10.m ~ ·9111 9Af ~fir~~~~~ '-if....14'-*'•fm.... ~ I 'O I 2:..3 fil'f.W"~·M<PFSl•f:ir "IRrc!f ~I . - 8 I dl~ 1tMfi1¥St"'4 ,_41CH ~ ~ ~-fit'G·Jtlt>f ~-· ~ ~ ~-I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~.wf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11ttf.f ~(acidic) 1 (t I 8~ ~ ~~hS<P ~ ~- ~- "!Prs~---~ ~-IRll ~-I '&I pHfiWR~~ft.pH~-~iit~~~~~I ~ ~ 1-,th ~pH 4.5 ~· fi4t5 WI !it:.~~~,,-~ 't'1J ~ t ~-,th~ ~~(pH= 5.6 - 5.7) r~·tttai•t., 1tW1~•1'1illn1C02~1 ~~ 8) ~ N02 ~~~I~ N02, 802 -e·H2804~. ~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~1i<m11 802 (g) + H20(f)~H2803 (aq) S03 (g) + H20(f)~H2S04 (aq) N(?2 (g) + 02 +H20(f) ~2HN03 (aq) ~.)'O.~ •',th~ (Effect of Acid Rain) ~~ ~ ~ "'IRICctC-til ~9RS ~ ~ I ~ ~ I ~' ·~,~ 9flfiRl pH !!if 1ftif 7 ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ I ~if~ et'll•tt~'R ~ '6 ~ ~~~I ~I ~~~l!l~!l~t."f~~~I 'O I ~~ ~ ~ l11'1191C<Pl~I ~ ~ I 8 I ~ ..m ~ ~' ~ '6 ~li1<tl*1 ~~ ~ "Jfi1f~G ~ I (t I ~ 5jijqw?jl~ GIJl'lfilMlllif d1<1'1Jit{ ~~ ~ Mf"faa!'ll'SI ~ ~ AI3+ ~9f ~ fiJt-t ~ ~ Q Gf~C4191 ~ Cfttft -~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~I ·!Im~~~ pH 4.5 ~11 fi{ts ~~I !!~~~~~~I ).)"·"-~.,thct~lt (Prevention or Remedyof Acid Rain) ) I fitJ <Pl~li11'SI f51lfif~~ "fJPrctt f ~(flue gas)~ ..-1b<Pl'A<P 80i.~ '.qil'A~!J ....."'ra......,-.q,......*f ~ ~ lfm I !!~ ' '1JPr f5Jtld1•1'Sll~Cet"'lit cn FGI;:> ~ ~ I FGD ~ ~~ '6 ~ ~ ~ f '1JPr ~ ~ ~<Pl'R<P 80i ~ ~ lfm 1 ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~ FGD ~~<Rn-~ 1 ~ ~Q-Jtl~fir ~9f g CaC03(s) + S02 (g) ~CaS03(s) + C02 (g) CaO(s) + S02(g) ~CaS03 (s) 2CaS03 (s) + 02 (g) +4H20(f)---+2(CaS04.2H20) ~ I ~~ ~ ad~<PICH ~ ~- C~, ~ '6 >tl'l•l<Atlffj6 ~ C~ ~~~I
- 43. HCI + H20~H+ +Ci-+ H20 HN03 + H20 ~ H+ +NO~+ H20 H2S04 + H20 ~ 2H+ +so~- +H20 ~ ~ ~ ~ acrcct (ll:CS!il~'l ~ (OH-) ~9f!f ~ S!Sltl1'AC4 ~ ~ I ~KOH, NaOH, N.HtOH. I ~"AT ...;m ~ OH- ~9tfi ~ ~ I NaOH+H20~Na++oH-+H20 NH4_0H+H20 ~NH;+ 0H-+H20 5ll'At~f.14Jlt:>t:st ~ ~' e11 ~· ~~ • ~ >t'1'Nsl~ Metllfil• ~ ~ 91Rtiilt'1 H+ ~9e-~ "'l11n "3~I ~ HCI, HN03, H2S04 ~ 1 "l4 ..'81Cct ~fif ~~~ct w ~ "'9tfi emf 'Ii ~ ~m I ~ 51Jlt>tfhs ~~' CH3COOH I Gli1JfPtt•, ~ ~ ~ • ~ ~ 91fiiiilt'f OH- ~9f:f emf 'Ii ~ ~ ~~ ~'fif ~ 91Rliiltct OH- ~9e ~ 'Ii ~ ~ I ~' ~ ~. ~ >t"'t'f~t., ~~ ~ ~ • ~ 1$t,fiit4'81~ MCfJlftl'! ~ 1 ~ NaOH, KOH~~~~~ NH40H ~ ~ 1 ).)8.) etltC~fUC'111 .... 1P' ~-""1ff ~ ~ (Neutralization Reaction of Acid-Baseaccordln1 to Arrhenius Theory) · "1i1Cill'1 ~ fl~ '6 ~ ~ • ~ "1'AWfi'AC4 ~ ~ ~ '6 9ftfif ~9fif ~ I ~ ~ ~~ '6 ~ ~ ~cfilit9f MttJlftl"I '(C11 ~ W -e OH-~~ ~~ ~- H+ '6 OH- "1'i1Wfi'SIC4 ~emf H20 ~9tfi ~ I ~ . HCI + NaOH . NaCl+ H20 (H+ + OH- ~ H20) ).)8.:t etlt.C~ll>i ~ lftlt't' (Applieati~ns of Arrhenius Concept) ) 1~~~ C02, S02,N205~~1~"lefir.~W~CR11 S02 +H20 ~ H2S03~ 2H+ +so~- N20s +H20 ~ 2HN03 ~ 2H++ 2NO) ~I~ <51ttl'•!i ~· CaO~Na20"l~~ '11M, ~ NH3~~ 1 '411't "'1t. ~OH- iftif '4tf I CaO + H20 ~ Ca(OH)2~ Ca2• +20H-· NH3 + H20 ~ }IH40H ~NH: +OH- ~ 1 ~ ~ -.t1t • ~ ~f'fw-""1Fli ~ Nfbltwa ~ ~llt ~ 1 8 1 "'f'rs ~ .. l'SIC4t <51141~441'1~ (ionization constant) ~ ~ ~ 1 · ).)8 ~ ~ ""1ff 't""I~ etlt<Af.ttl't ~(Arrhenius Concept about Acid and Bases) 1887 ~ ~ 'A"114MM"f ettt~iil"1 (Arrhenius) ~ ~ '6 "Pl'At4'A ~~ ~ ~ I iRf il'!li"llC'A ~ ~'t<li1Ceti1~ ~ ~ ~. '1~1tili1 ~ (ft} "'9e ~ 16IC"f'AC4 ~~I~ HCl, HN03, H2S04 ~I ~"AT~~ W~9f!j~ I~ ~"AT~ I "'""''~ ~WtC'1 ·~~~.··en· '1!5l"il'6lt ·'9m ~~~~·-.as lt...,fCct ~ ~· ~ pH~-~~~1 ~' ~ 4'ttR 9fliiJ ~ ~ ·~ 11RI· fif;r. ~-· lfttn "fttil ~ ·~ 'lt1ft ~ l c1l"f ~ "'1"•1$ ~ ~ 1fll1 I .
- 44. ).)<t.) • ~"'ltcctit ~~•l•t (Classification of Acids and Bases) 3i1CJtJ<s-~ il'!>~IC"f ~ ~ ~¥1ll'A ~ ~Pt&~'(~ ~ ~ 9fmf I -~ ) I etM~• ~.I HCI, HN03, H2S, H20, CH3 COOH ~I ~I eol.,lii~• ~.IHS04, HCO]·, HS-~ I " I •11'tl111f1MsC!Jfill •IH30+' NH;' CH3 coon; ~ I Gli1JfPrC4, ~~ti~'1'!>1'51 ~..rff ~ ~~ "fTtl I~· ) I "'l'l~CI' ~~I NH3, NH40H,H20, CH3 COOH, NH2 -NH2 ~I ~ I eol.,lii~C(i (!J1itf ~- • OH-' cor, s", NO]' ci-~ I "I Cl'Jl'tlti~. (!J1itf ~I [Cu(H20)3(0H)t [Al(H20)5 (OH)]2+ ~I ).)f.~ a.,c4•-wntft 1'tW .lf"f1r-l ~ (Neutralisation Reaction According to Bronsted-Lowry Theory) !i1C~<s-wntft 11N, C11 ~faltlllll ~~ ~ (HA) ~ dl~ .. l'AC4'A (B) f'ifibialll ~ ~ ~f'li '<3 ~ ~ ~"f!i~~ ~~~I~. HCI+CH3COOH ~ CH3COOH;+ci- "'I~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~- 1 G11:ac~Jirn1JJt. ~'ii' ~, ~m ~ Pic~1N=t!) ~ C11 c~ ~~ ~ '!t ~ "iffi ~~ H20~'il'~~~ H30+ ~<rnf I HCI + H20 ~ H+ + Cl" + H20 H20+ H+ +er~ H3o+ +er ).)<t d.,t:llJi-~ ~ -e tltictt ""-"Ptff (Bronsted-Lowry Theo·ry and Conjugate Actd-Base) 1923 ~ ;s.,cJGw -e ~ (Bronsted and Lowry) 91~ ~m -e ...ms ~~ ~ ~ ~~l~~~;s.,CJGQi"-~ .. ~~I ~fitM ~I C1l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CR'C'! 9fmf ~. ~ I •lifl$'1 iCH3 COOH ~~ ~m I cmct ~~ ~ ~ ~ 9fmf I CH3 COOH ~ CH3 coo- + H+ .. ltt+A ~I C1l ~ -~~ 00. C~~ct ~ 9fmf ~~~I •lifl$'1 I NH3, co;-·~ I cmct ~1t ~~~ 9fmf I ~'Pltllf ).)8." etlt,~fll:it i1'6Cll'*" ~i41ct••l -(Ltmttations of Arrhenius Concept) ~ "lt~ ~~~cf~ "iffi I~~-~~ ~ifl<q,'!I ~~~I ~ I ~ ~ GliJ:JiflC'SI, C11 ~ ~m-~ ...ms~~~ !Rt'f ~ <rof I ~ I ~ '!>~liJiflC'SI, ~ ~ ~ '5Ji1J ~ ~ ~m-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "iffi I ~ '!t9f ~. NH4Cl ~ ~ NH3 -e HCI ~"f!i ~ I NH4Cl(g)~NH3(g) s: flCl(g)
- 45. H20 + H20~H30+ + oir i HCO)' HS04 ~'<3 ~~ ClIT~ I I ).)<t.<t 51i"44' ~ -e "1ff (Conjugate Acids and Bases) 3i1CsGS-~ 1Jt"!, ~ '<3 .. l'AC<P'A 1100 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (It) ~ ~ I ~ l!I il"!'Clll1t4 ~~ ~ ~ J ~'. ~ '<3 iipl'ACfl >t""14'C<P.'Pf~"flt~ I ~' ~ -H+, ~ '<it HB~H+ +B- ~'"'" "+H+ -"1"1~....- l!lilns ~ ~ ~9fm ~ ~ HB ~~ l!lm.1 <m1't ~$ H+ iff.l cmt ~(ft. a-~~ ~·I ~ct ~$ H+ ~ct cmt HB ~ ~111Wki!S ~ I HB -e B- ~-ljjh llt~ ~ ~.~"<Pff; ~ I l!I ~ HB Wft ~ a- ~it~ ~m~~a-~ HB ~~~I 51i"44' ..ltC+A. ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~9Pmtt'B 9fit ~ 9fl'<3Jlt ltl1J ~ .~ ~~~'Vt~ CfC"f I •'fli(t'I I H2S04 ~it~ 'litff ~ HSO~ . H2C03 ~it~~~ HCO; H2SO 4 + H20 --:----+ HS04 + H30+ ~ilns ~~ '4fi"4~ dl~CQRI ~ I ~ iipl'AC4'A ~ ~~- ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9fl'<31lt ltl11 ~ ~ .. 1•sK•<A ~ l!lm CfC"f ·1 l'flf(t'I I HCO), ~it ~ ~m ~ H2C03 I ~ HCO) ~it ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ H2C03 9fl'<3Jlt ltl11 I HCO) + H20 ----+ H2C03 + OH- ~ ~~~ '5ii"4~ ~"1ff '1Wf I,~~~ ~ ~~ cmt ~ I ~ ~CRJ Wfi{J ~ ~ !f......,C...,.tJ*-IGT~i1 ~ I ~t. Q~-'litff RffiRn ~9ft"ip ~9f 8 1!11lns1 + ~2 = ~m2 +·~1 ~~ ~m1 ~it~~~ 'litff1 (3 ~m2 ~it~~~ ~2 1 ~'fli(t'I (Example) l!lm1 + ~2~ ~m2 + ~1 H30+ + OH- ~ H20 + H20 HCI + H20 ~ H30+ + er 88 ~.··· ).)<t."4i1C,.,Qi~~ ~iilct••I (Limitations of Bronsted-Lowry Concept) l!I ~ ~~ ~ill<i'4i!SI "@It~~(~ Rl'J S02,BF3~) l!I~-~ MffiMllofiT ~ ~ lrm ~ I S03+H20~H2S04 BrF3+BrF; ~BrF4+·+BrF; ).)<t.8 ~ ~~ C'lM' (Water is an Amphoteric Compound) 9ftf.f ~~ ~~ ~ I <m1't ~it ~ iff.l'<il ~ct~ 'ifi~!SI~ ~ I ~ H20 + H+ ~ H30+ H 0-H+ ~OH-2
- 46. ~~ 8~ ~"~~,~~~~~~~~~~ct~~~~ ~~I ~~<f~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Jfl1'Jl41tl4' ~I !51Cl1'51'4 ~-~ ~~ .. 1'51C4'51 lJ.'f&'r ~ ~ lJ.'M <fCl'f I ~~m-~~ -t • HCl(aq) + H20(f) ~ H30+ (aq) + er (aq) t t ~~-~~ ).)~ ~ '8 ~ "1*"'1~ ~ ~ (Lewis Theory of Acids and Bases) 192l ~fit.~.~ (G.N. Lewis) ..,,,,~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ .. 1'51'4'51 ~ ~ ~I~~ Gli<>11C'51, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lfm ~ ~ (~ ~ ~ ~) ~ fifg'1f'f -Ci'l~i1 ~~~~~:I ~ BF3 I ~~wrt,~~~,~-Cil~il~~~~~l~NH3 1 BFJ + :NH3~ H3N:~BFJ ~ ~~ ~ ...m ~ MfaRletl!5 ~ ~'C'Jfit'Pf ~ llm, ~~ wrt l:til~il lJ'f1'f ~ (acceptor) ~~ ~ W11' ..,,.,~i1 lJ.~ ~(donor) 1 ).)~.) ~ ~~''" «t41tC'Ollf (Classification of Lewis Acids) ~ ~ ~ "t'51iil"J:C!> ~<IS ~ ~<IS1f~ ~l 'dltMUlil ~ ~ I ~ ~~ llt~~'l'OIC<l ~'Pf~ <Rt l1m I ~' ) I~~~ I BF3 ~ ·B~if ~ -...~ 6~ -til~i1~I~~~ ~ ~~ ~ lC"1~i1 ~ ~I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ...Cif~i1 ~ct~ ~l~l.!l~~~~I tl'f1'(11'1 I BF3, BeCl2, AIC13 ~ ·, ~ I "14t ~ ~ d tiit~'ltwt ~ ~ "ltatlit cc'ft'1'1f( I ~ ~. d Gl'SIMfJldl ~ "!Slm~~1~dG1'5IMTJli1~~~~~~~~~~-c'14Qlf1~ ~~~~~<>1ilrAl~~~~~~I tltitt'*1 I AIF3 ~ 3p- ---+AIFt ~- AICl3 + COCI2 ---+[COCI] +TAICI4r " I C'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ••'11'4•c1'ttwli~ ft-~l'J I •llf liiji't 1 0 = C = 0 0- H- a- a+ a-··. i ( ) ~-1 O=C=O +: 0-H- ---...+O=C=O HCOi , 8 I ~~I ~<P4'el(<q ~ 9Fitill'lefif ~ ~f'tw ~ ~ 9lflfi{ ~ I lllfl@Gf i Fe, Ni ~ ~ ~~ I Fe+5CO---+Fe(CO)s Ni+4 CO---+Ni(co)4 ~ cPfalJl41~'1 ~ '~J<PF~f.i <t I aq.,1'414 bill.,"1'{( I '!>INa<P!lc;.q 'Jft~ <PJIUIMJf~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~ s Gl'51MUl'1 ~ ~~ ~ .. lilt4'51 ~~~~~I
- 47. ).)~." ~ ~-'ili"11t11 ._~ tl1'l1Pf ~ (Acid-BaseNeutralisation Reaction According to Lewis Theory). BF3 ~~~~m~~ NH3 ~~~~1~~1ft~~9f~~~1~, BF3 + :NH3 ~ F3B ~ NH3 ~ ~m ~ ~ ~ RtfJ19~1•1!) ~ ).)~.8 ~ ~- etclt't' (Applications of Lewis Theory) I ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ filfJRl'l ~~~~~~I ~ ~ ijl<iC4'51 ~9f~NiC!> ~ ltm I ~I ~ ~ ..nn ~ 51iilll:Sti~ 1'1'514" ~ ~ 51iell:SG~ ~ '<i'JMJt ~- lfm 8 I ~ ~ ~ Jifi1c<1-t ~ ~ ~ ~ I ).)~.<t ~ ~ ~iil;q'i11 (Limitations of Lewis Theory) a ~ 1 ~~'.llf ~ ~...mcp ~~~~ ~1~~9Af••ctl~cp!>l'51~~~~~~1~~ fl~JilC'A-~-~ ~ ~ )111C(lli ~ ~ ~ Im~ ')1l~ ~-~ M~l'A w-m I . ).), f1m ~~"~(Sources and Importance of Fresh Water) ~~~~ct~~~~~~~~~~'fl (~ ~ ~ ~ w~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~'fl) ~ f1m 9f1f.f (fresh water) ~ '1ctJ ~ ltm I fim 9flf.m ~ ~9f g ~ I firaT 9ftf.{ ~ ~ ~ I ~: I ~"t"! ~'1 l'dt!>I ~ "-tt I e I ~ 9flfif ~ ~ "-tt I 8 I ~"t"! "'l'(M'il!> ~ ~ "411 ~ OOi'f ~ct ~ ~ ~ I Ag I •'ft(t'1I Ag~+ )C=C(--> -C-C- 1 I ).)~.~ ~ •ltt+il 4f+ltto'f (Classification of Lewis Bases) ) I ell~~ ~ 9Rfltt~ ~<1S ~ ~<1Slf'~ fifg~ ~ lOil~~ ~ I l'tliiji"l 1 NH3, PH3, H20, H2S, HF, HCl ~ 1 ~I ~ '1111~"1'(1( I ·~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ l:Ci'i~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l:Cfll~~ ~~~~I~~~~~ I g'fl$'1I Cl- +H+ ~HCl, F- + BFj ~ BF4~, 6CN- + Fe2+ ~ (Fe(CN)6]4- ~ I C = C r.-~ ~ 00'1'1I( I ~ c<f$M ~ ~m 51Jli1Rac-1 00'1 ~ 51Jl'1f4C~'51 1t l:011~~ ~ ~ ~m Ag+,cu2+,H+~ ~ ~ 1t ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~C=C~~~~I l'tl$"1·a Co3+ + 6NH ______.3 3+ 8~
- 48. ~ ).8 I·,~..~_..<q ~ 9'1f.ff ~ 9'1f.ff~ ~~(mile3) ~~ ~~ 30,000 0.009 ~ 9f'tf.f 3,000 0.001 ~~~ 65,00,000 1.992 ~~~1fm~, ~ I ~ ~ ~,. ~ 4,52;600 km' ~ <il11Yil4fl'SI <qli{11'5C"I ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ~~ 1fl'Ut1i 4, 11,600 km' ~"fl~ Wf 1fm I ~'-~~~~Cf= (4,52,600 - 4,11,600) = 41,000 knr' I !Sl~JMW, ~,. ~ 72,500 ~ MsCG1lfiif;l{1 9flfif <ili{116CG1 ~<mt ~~ ~~ ~ 1, 13,500 krrr' ~~Cf <mt I <il~5<1C~{1~<:51~Ri'89flfif ~ {l,13,500-72,500) = 41,000 krrr' 9flfif~ i1~i11"11, ~~ ~ 1fl'Ut1i "fl~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~' ,,-., ,-~, ~ ~ ~ <ili{116Ci'l ~'i}llli1 9ftf.f ~!3JIM{11fl~ ~ '1~~G1 >tlllJl<r(I ~ ~ 1 ).)C.~ illi'1tt 4qJ4qf(I( ~ ~ "1t4qtlC'(t ~ (Sources of Fresh Water Supply for Human Uses) ~~~ 9fTf.m ~~' ~ ~~ 9imf I~ ~ 1 ~,m~(surface water) ~I~ 9fTf.f (ground water) ).)C.~.) ~ 9'1f.ff ~(Sources of surface water) ~ I~,~ '6 ~ll<ilC~ ~' ~ I ~ ~' e I~ 9f'tfif ~~ '<" ~ ~ ~' 8 I !Sll(Sli1lf{31 ~ ~ m-tf~ 9At ~~ 'Pflf.f, ~ I elf~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ).)C.~.~ ~ 9'1f.ff ~(Sources of ground water) I ~ I~ ~9Rf 1ll~ ~~(bed rock) ~ ~ ~' ~I ~ ~9Rf 11t~ <:S1lc'i1Pt~1-. ~ ~ ~ ~' ~I~~ ~~ 911'1fi14 '6 <ql6Jf'1G11{1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9flf.f, 8 I ~ ~ '!51Jl1~'11<Q ~ ~ 9f1f.{ ).)C.e "l~~ka ~ 9"fiR~ (Global Distribution of Fresh Water) ~~~~-~~~~C'te11lwtt1 . 1,13,500 + 4,11,600 = 5,25,100 72,500 + 4,52,600 = 5,25,100 1,13~500 4,11,600 4,52,600 72,500 ~~ ).)C.) ~ 9"f.ff ~ (Sources of Fresh Water) ~ ~ ~~ ~~~'f'~~~ ~~I ~.'6 ~h1J ~ ~ ~~~· <mft't 9flft~ ~Cf '9f1f.i ~ ~ ~ <qli{116"1 ~I <qli{116Ci'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'. ~' fil1fi'm ~ llITTt~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~,m'9At ~~ ~ ~ ,. ~ <ql~<s:q-., ~,. ~ <il~l5<1~, ~ ,m '9At ~~ ~~ ~ c;f'61Jl~ I • ~ )." I~ ttfiiHlll 9'1f.ff ~
- 49. "4:1J~c.~, ~~ ~~'t~ 31,70,25,000mile ~ ~ ~ 97.208% 1 ).)C.8 fim 9l'tf.ff ~ (Importance of Fresh Water) (Cli) •r.cift ~ fim ~ ff't (Importance of Fresh Water for Plants) I ) I C~1iletC~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ' I ~-~~ rltMa4Jl'SI ~C4Jlst~ ~ ~ I ~I ~~~~I b-1Mfula4ll'A~~~~~1 '-' I ~Nil11C9f'SI ~ ~ ~ I ~ I M~fula4ll ~'-.~ ~ ~ ~ I 81~"ijl'5IM4~~~1 :>:>19Rn~~~1 Cl' I ~ ~ "ijj'5IM4 ~~~I )o I MMa4ll'SI ~'Pf'tVfR~ ~~I ~I ~g¥SIC<I ~ ful;m ~ <Rm )~I~~~~ I ~~~I )'-'l~'S~~~~I (~) 111¥ '<f ~ ~ ~ fim ~ ff't (Importance of Fresh Water for Human and other Animals) I ~Cfm ~mt~~~ ~~i'f Qf'e'm ~ g :> I ~ ~ 'S ~ ~'Rf ~ ~ C2' I ~ <llC4'1'1fil14JIG1 Mfula4'1'SI ~~ ~'Pf'tVfR 'e ~~I ~~~~I ~I ~~~~~I ~I ~M~~l~'-~~~~I " I ~ "ijl'5IM4 ~ ~ ~ I ' I rltl'ftC"fCO ~~ ~N5.,,'116I ~ ~ 8 I ~ ~ 11'5IM4 ~ 11lef'- 11'5lM4 ~ I ~--t~~~I ~ ~"4tt@f ~ ~ ~m -e ~~'e1ITTt'@fiU~ ~~~~I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9f1f.i ~-em~ 1 ~"IT DTm '@fiU mt ~ o~ "lf~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tml'f ~ ~ ~ 11l~ ~ tITTl't ~ ~C4<1IC'A~ 4tl114l4 I 11l~ 11l~ ~ ~ I firm. ~ firat ~ <IJ<Ct~C'A'SI ~'t ®crilC'A'SI ~ ~ 9fm I ~~ ~9flrn '<l5lr ~ I <fit~ ~~ ~ ~ llfl'f ~ 'ift ~ 11l~ <fit~ ~i'f ~ ~ 11l'@fiU ~ mt9flf.{~~~ I ).)lr 'tliirR't ~ll~ICH ~°'i<alii ~~' pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS (Criteria of Purity of Surface Water- Hardness, pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS) -9"f.m ~'t '6 ~'t~ ~ ~ fil5J ~~~cf .9f<J~~ ~ I ~~fir ~i'f 8 :>I ~(Hardness), ~I pH, '-'I~ "!Sff~Cilii (Dissolved Oxygen; DO) 8 1 !f1''1'SllJ'fl4JM4 51~cetii ~ (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD) <t 1 'AIJ'fl4JM4 51~Ceti1 ~(Chemical Oxygen Demand, COD) ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ (Total Dissoved Solids, TDS) ~ 11lOfif ~ 511Ci'llb911 ~ ~ I ).)lT .) 9l1f.ff ~ (Hardnessof water) ~ ~ 4Jli1PBilil, 1Uf'51(;91fJB1lil, 51Jl•JJiiM4'1il -e 51!4l<aC91'51 <11~41(eiib, <JPl'Al~5 -e l'fliiC~ ~~~~~~~I~~~ J'fl<ll~'A ~ ~~ ~ 'ift I~~~' ~~~ 5,00,000 0.154 ~~ 3,100 0.001 ~~ 9flf.; 20,16,000 0.635 oot firaT ~ ~'t 32,60,74,400 2.792 • 3 8'1r
- 50. ~~ 82t ~~ 9flfif,~ ~ Wfl ~~I ~ ~· ~~ ~'1:>t){~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9"f.f (softwater)~ I ~~9flf.l"is ~~~ 1~~~~1 ~ (~) ~~(temporary hardness) '<3 (~)~~(permanent hardness) ) I ~ ~ (Temporary hardness) 8 ~ <PJl'lPBJlil, 1UT'iC91Pt4'111 '6 5114''RC4'R (Fe2+} <ill:<Pl(~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~ I - ~ (Permanent hardness) I ~ 4Jl'1Pt4llil, 1lJT'i1CiiPt4llil, ~ '6 Gf11!JfilM!JIC1''R CiPl<Rll:<s '<3 :>tl'lcqf; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "!f' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I 9"f.ttt·~~ ~~~~~I Gff?!~'& ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 9f~ ~ 'i1't I ~ ~ Ca2+is Mg2+ 5114'eii'R mg/Len ppm~~~ '4m ~ 1 ~ Ca2+ '6 Mg2+ "414'Cii'R ~ 150 ppm en 150 mg/L ~ ~'i ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I ~ ~~~~~'Jf'~~,~~~~~Cl($~~~500ppm ~'i '4l1 Clltt4 ~~pH ~~ '1'R 6-9 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ (WHO) ~ 911iiC4111fJ ~ ~ -~ ~ Wft 500 ppm <ft 500 mg/L ~~<ft'-~~~ '1'R 250 ppm en 250 mg/L I ).)17'.).) ~ 9"f.f JJ:'1W'1 ~ 9"f.ff ~ '{llfl'1 (Softening of Hard Water or Removai Hardness of Water) 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ;qll:<P14c.W 'i<fct 515;q'lnJ 4Jl'1Pt!Jlil '6 ~'i1CiiPt!Jl11 41(CiiU ~ct 9fR~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ <mt ~ ~ '6'b<!'lrn <Pl(c~ ~ 91~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fl'6m ~ 1 Ca(HC03)2 • CaC03 + H20 + C02 <PJ 1'1PBllii qll:<PI ( c~u <PJ 1'1PBll11 (~) ~ ('?'act'ft41) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :21C4'16fCii ~ ~ ~ (lf~ ~~~I ~ ~ ~ 4J141Pt{llll '6 ~Jf'i1Ciif>14'1il CJPl<s!ll:S '6 :>tlilCCJSU ~~~I~~~ ~ ~ ~ctlfif ~ ~ ~ 91R~ '4m ~ 'i1't I~ (lf~ ~~~~~I I ~~~~~'6~~1 "llttlTIG ~ (Permutit Process) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (hydrous) CJ1INH1111 51JliJfilM!Jl1' ~"1f>tfi1C4U (NaAISi04,3H20) I ~flt :2l'ft=%Cb ~~' ~ ~ ~9f 9fl-em ~ ~<f'- ~ ~9fn ~ffl'C<P ~ <IS1n ~ 1 ~ 9ll<s1ijltU (permutit) ~ ~ ~, 1 9ll<s1ifijt&:si .. 1<s14'{1 ~--t ~ Na ~--t ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ .. 1:si4'~ ~--t ~ Ca, Mg ~~ 'll't~ ~ ~ I~ Nrs~ ~ 911'Sl~fM; ~~I 91l~ijt°&U ~~ 9flf.rn ~ '6 ~~~~~(Rf~ I ~ ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ f'tfil~ICH ~ 911:stijt'&U R ~ ~; ~'i W~ ~ ~ ~ :21Nfil<P ~ ~9f ~~ 911'A~tG<a ~ ~- ~'ff~~:>.:>~ aFu)1 ~9RT ~ ~ ~ ~ PtfitblCH ~ ~ 01'lr-tt CRT~ I ~ 9ftf.f Na 911'A~tG'SI ~ 'it<P ~ ~ ~ ~ Na 9ll'AijlttG'A 1"l'A4'41 ~ -e ~ ~ ~ 1"1'A4'ii ~ 1lt~ ~ ~; ~ ~ ~ Ca ~ Mg -~ 91Rl~~6 ~ Na ~ ~ ~ ~~'- Na 91l'S11J<t'&U ~~ ~ Ca -e Mg 91l'AijlUt& ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ m-~~~~~I
- 51. ).)b'.~ ~ ~O..ibl'A~~pH (pH as a Critaria of Purity of Water) pH~ H+ ~~ ~i1i!IJll<a ·~ l'f~ I~ pH = - log [H+] pH ~ 9ftf.m ~ ~ iJtil'A<P~ ~ ~ l1m I 9ftf.m pH f.ffilrct ~ ~ ~ I 9ftf.m pH ~~ ~ ~ C~ 9'tf.m ~ ~ l1m I ~N ~ ~en '<3 ~ ~t.;i- ~ lfm I ~ ~ '<3 ~ffl (drinking) 9flf.ttf pH ~1' ~ 6.5 ~ 8.5 ~-em ~ I ·!Ifft m ~ ;i-'-~ (WHO) ~ ~ ~ I ~t."11Cl1C"kf~ ~ ~ 6.5 ~ 9.2 I ~~~~'fut <q:>j<qlC>t<a ~~~ ~pH !I~ 1fR 6.5 ~ 8.5 ~~ cm~~~ ~~~pH ~if 1fR 4.5 ~ ~ ~~t. 9.5 ~~~~~~!ft~~ I ).)b'." d~'t• Gt~CIM (Dissolved Oxygen, DO) ~ ~~ 1ftif ~ ~ ~ Glf~cetii ~~~'ft 9tJl<AlfiiGl<A I ~ 1ft~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tt1C4'1et~4' Glf°itCet~ ~ QfTC<P ~ ~ 'dl~CMii (DO) ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'4f°itCetCi1'A '~ ~ t!IC~let~"1 I ~ ~ ~ ~ct ~ Gl~Ceti1 ~ ~ ~ .C<PR ~en~ 6fCCl1'SI 9ft'f ~ ~ ~ -rn I ~ ~ ~·~ ~ ~ Glf°iteetli1'SI ~ct 4.6 mg/L ~-em~ I ~~ ~ ~ 9fTf.f ~ ~ I ,.. i.~~~ ~ ~·~ IOmL 9ftfif~u1~a.~~ 8.9mL ~~t. ~ ~ 9ftfif~ul~t:'Q-r.f~ 4.8 mL EDTA ~~ ~C4'1eti1 ~I EDTA !11' ~ 0.01 M ~ ~ ~ 9tlf.dTi ~ ~~~ Cftl'f lflf 1fCi; CR I 2Na -911'51~ + CaCh (aq)= Ca-Yll'AiJ:ff;'& + 2NaCl(aq) 2Na -"1l<s1tt&u + MgS04 = Mg-"11'51~ + Na2S04 ).)b'.).~ ~ ~ (._ ~ ~) ~ (Determination of Hardness (Permanent and Termporary) of Water) ttt~R (Principle) I (GIJICi!IM"1iil <JPl'Ai~IS + GIJIC~IM4'1il (l~iCJll~IS) ~ ~ ~~ lRn:aFlil m T Mclif"1'4'A W"1fi(f!sc'! EDTA (~Mi11Sll:G1Jlfili1 ,fllalG1Jlf3tf&4 ~m) ~ ~ ~ 9flf.m ~ (~ -e ~) ~ ~ ~ I Ull:~tb'. ~ Na2S ~ ~ ~ ~~'- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-"i'fTl'r (wine red) ~ YIRl;q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~(Calculations) ·g lmL O.OlM EDTA = 1 mg CaC03 ~ ~' V mL ~ ~ 91~1'4 ~ ~ 0.01 M EDTA ~ y mL tt1C"11eti1 1 ~~ ~ ~ = y x lOOO mg CaC03/L v ).)b'.)." ~ ~ tetJ'Cll(iCH "l~irt (Disadvantages of Use of Hard Water) ~ I ~~ Ctfl'<3m ~ • ~ ~ .'Pflf.{ ~ ~ >tl<q1Ci1'A "GI'~~ I ~I~~~~~~~~ ~;q'lhl. ~~Cfif ~ct~~ I ~"Ai9f ~ct ~9f "f"1Rl<ql~ ~ ~li11M'A ~ ~ l1m I ~I <15l~, ~~ '<3 ~lr-ifi'ttl ~ 'Pflf.{~~lfm~ I~~~~~ ~ (1Sl~ '<3 ~ ~ '<3~ ~ ~ ~~ ~I (1Sl~ ~ ~ ~~ <15ltet ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9f1firn MMaM'SI ~ «fi<q~"1 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~9fn ~ I 8 I ~ ~ OM, SM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ b'A4l~'A ~'<3 ~ ~ QftC4 I b'5141Ri<R ~t. ~~lfml~'S~~~~t.tmt~~~I a-o
- 52. MnO(OH)2 +2H2S04 ~Mn(S04)2+3H20 Mn(S04)2 +2KI~MnS04 +K2S04 +12 ~~ ~ 12 ~~ ~ct ~ ~ ~tfl ~'Pf:f no l!lif ~ 1 ~if9Rf ~ f.lc~·~ ~ ~ ~ 12 ~ct Na2S203 ~~~DO~~~ I 2Na2S203 +12 ~Na2S406 +2Nal ).)lr.8 efMtSllJtlfl~• etftttifC.,tSI,. (Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD) ~9f ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'Pf5i{ ~ ~ MC~letC~'A ~ ~~CISfei'i~ '2fC{llSf~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ Wt '51b~C~l'itJ ~ MC{llef~C~l'fl~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~CSfii ~ "'6"'6 ~ ~ I ~ ~ "li'fl~t ~tilretc9'tSI ~ «ltfU~li '5t~tlft9'tSI "lfiatl'1t• «11'1tSllJtlli~. bt~tiM - (BOD) • ~ 'C'5it ~I ~ ~ 9f1f.ff 4!ffW fitultff i"lfl:!5 ?WR "li'fl'(JtC('A CUI.Iii • ~tllltM W «IMtiil~lli~cp ~tllttt9't ~ ~ ~~ '5t~ttte9't «ltiliM ~' ~ filfiJttlac «l•l"I• ~lf't• ~ 9f1f.ff «IMtl~lli~· '5t~tlft9'tSI - ~ (BOD) ~ I BOD C4 ppm ~(15C4~~~1 CH20 ~~) +02 =C02 +H20 I mgC=2.67 mg 02 ~9ftfif~BOD~llFU~Piii11ftt4 20°C "'6l~ 02 'fWf~~~ ~ ~ ~~ <qJl4,'GRt4JI ~ ~ ~ MC{llefii (~ct) ~ ~ ~ ~ WWTI ~ I ~ ~ ~ BOD ~~ 1IR 60 <ft 60 mg/L ~ ~ Cll, ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~ ~ ~1'1'AIJ114JM4 MC{llefei'i'A ~ 60 mg '61~Ceti1 ~C{llefii I ~~ t~ ~~BOD~~~ 60 1 ~ ~ ~ M'1Jill~ ~ creU ~ ~9RS <ft~ ~9f BOD ~ ~ 1 ~ t91~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '5tfi1tifCifA ~~ a-) ).)lr.".) DO~ 1fte$ ~ (Causes for Decrease of D-0) ~I~~ ~~9f ~~~~~~I ~~~'Rf~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fiilcetCPi'SI '2fC{llefi1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~f~CSfCPi'tl ~ct ~ C~ ~~9f 'ISfmtCt '2ff'l5<qt4"61 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I ~ I ~ "'6l~ ~ ~ ~ 02 ~if ~lfhi'el ~ 9fm I ~ ~ '61fi1!C@fei'i'A ~ct "4tlf ~ 1 "'6l~ ~ ~ ~ ~N.c11<s1 R~ >tMa{l61 ~ ~'Sllm '61MWM ~ ~ ..9® I~~ ~fiilCetCPi'A ~ct~ 9frn I ~ I >J:~Ci'llC4'A ~ (~ "'6l~ ~ ~) ~~fir~~~ ~~ ~ ~~CSf~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~CSf~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 lft'l ~ ~ '61~CSfei'i'A ~~ 9fm I ).)lr.".~ ~ '5fftltlfCifA (DO) ~*"t'i _ _,C#ltSI ~ '5flClllCil~tlt1 ~ .t-tt (Description of Winchlor or lodometric Method for Analysis of Dissolved Oxygen, DO) 'l~R+J (Principle) I~~ KOH~~ ~tfl MnSO4 ~ff~~ I l!l'l'i!" Mn(OH)2 ~~~I MnSO 4 + 2KOH----+ Mn(OH)2 + K2SO 4 ~if9Rf ~ ~ '61fi1!CISf~ ~ Mn(OH)2 ~ m ~ 1l'lt'-~ ~il!ll:C5 ~~ ~ .1 Mn(OHh + 02 (~ :Sl~CISt~) ~MnO(OH)2 l!l~9Rf l!l'C6 H2S04 ~ff ~ ~I lFlii H2S04 ~ ~'-~ ~il!ll:C5~ ~ ~ ~ Mn(S04)2 ~'Pf:f~ ~<f~ Mn(S04)2 KI~ 12 ~~I
- 53. ).)lr.<t tl"1111~4 etft1ctM~(ChemicalOxygen Demand, COD) 9flf.rn ~tfJ ~ ~"'15"~~ ~ ~ MC4lleti1"1C~l"1J (non-biodegradable) ~ ~' ~ MC~lsti1 <IJl4t&~4ll qt ~'l ~ ~ ~ -n I ~~~ MC4llstCi1fi1 'ijfi1J ~ ~ ~' Clfl(i{ K2Cr207 (~ "l~Cl9fi1 :>t'A<l<silt<: <ml) !IC~lsti1 ·~ I ~m ~ ~ ~-<ml I ~ '"'~! RctltMC~l'IJ ~ RctliM'51rAl'11 ~ "'lifl'(Jt('• ttltc'11 ~ ~c11~1 ~ '5fftltttc.,t blf4:'11c• tl"tllf.1• '5fftiCWM ~ (chemical oxygen demand, COD) ~I ~ ~' ~ ~ COD~ 11M BOD'if ~ ~~ cqfit ~ ,· ~· COD ~ ~ ~ 15l!lfi1CAl"1J ~ MC!llsti1C~l"1J ~~ MC4llsti1"'1C~l'1J ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ COD~ 11M ~ ~ Wtl l{1ft'Rf ~ ~ I I ).)lr.<t.) t1"111i~¥ etft1CiM~(COD) "lll..,lt '{'1~~ .(Principle of Te$t of COD) ~ ~Ma!ll~ ~ 9flf.ttf~ Ag2SO~ ~~~ HgS04 ~if,Yff~f%C!) 50% H2S04 ~~'fl "'!N5Rl'6t~~ K2Cr207 ~~~~~~~OT-em~,~~~trJt~OO' ~~- ~ cllt~ K2Cr207 ~ ~ ~ 9f1f.f '6 col ~ ~~I Ag2S04 ~~ ~ ~~~I 3 [CH20] + l 6H+ + 2Cr20~- ~ 4Cr3+ + 3C02 + 11 H20 ~ 'Jft'fl MWRI~ !ftqfqqj6 5-ICiiUC4 C1lTif ~ (FeS04 (N~)2S046H20) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"f ~ f.R1r <Rt lf1111 COD~~ f.l~fit~ ~~<Rt 1lt1t I ~' COD= (V1 -V2)xMx8xlOO mg/L x ~~ V1 = ~~~ct~~ (mL, blank test) g/ ' BOD 91tl"Plt -t~Rt (Principle of Test of BOD) I .. ~~ct~~ BOD~~~~~ ~ct "l~Cet~ ~ ~~ 20°c ~~ 5~~~~~1 ~~~~'fl~ M111~1~ 111~WPl"liflf.let11:>t'~ "'lf'91tceti1 ~ct emf ~~ 9flf.ttf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f:f <ml I BOD ~ ~ • YfR!c;qcart·9b.~ ~~~ct "'l~Cl9fCi1<si !iC!llsti1 ~ ~ ~Yf CR1' l1m I [CH O] 0 microorganism , CO + H O 2 + 2 7 2 2 BOD 01l1if ~) (mg/L) ~- -- ... , ,_, I ~~ 2 ~ 3 Cll~lif'J ~ 10 ~9f 20. ~~9f ~ ~ W3~ -a fitt1't9fif 9flf.ttf ~ BOD ~if~ 1 ...2 m LI 1l'ro ~ ~ Rl1Jill., I ~?IR~ 91'11~11 ~ ~ ~ 41ft1Ut'1 ~ BOD 1l1if .w b ~ .~ 1ll9l1lt ~. -.Jlfitt llPrr "19fJ~ etftlClfttifil ~ ~~ 9l1A I BOD ~if 11M ~ ~ lfm, ~ ~ "l~cetii ~. ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I ~ "'~ f.i~ BOD f.lc(~ 'fit9f ~ CRi I~~ :>.<l' ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ).tt I BOI) 01'tm ~f'ltstli 9l1f.ff ...... 1
- 54. ).)lr.~.) TDS e~(Source of TDS) ~~~~~l~~~~dlit~~~,~~flf~- ) I biR~ I~' '1tt.~ (<elJJtlll91 ~ - ~), (211'!~1~ 4ll1.lllffU/9ffif dleft. fi&1$1:ctefJ-e 9flr~ I ~I ~ ~ I ~ '6 ~ ~l1Jlll91 :ctl'•:41(Qif;, 91f&1cet91, ~, "5"1"5'511"1, JJtlif"51'51 dl':ct'~ ~~~I " I ~ ~ I 9f1f.f "1H<t«ct ~ ~ ~9f ":ctl "49fm ~9f ~ ~ ~ "4~ ~ ~~~9fmtl ~~ ~ e~,_cf ~ W1T ~~ Cll, ~ Rt-tl~· «lffiRIJJ ftPGl'514'51ct ~..nt· 1'5r~ tft9f I ~~ ~ ~ '4tif TDS ~"'iJJtl'SIC'RI ~ ~~ I ).)lr.~.~ TDS '*fiattt"ff ettil~ii•I (Necessity of Measurement of TDS) TDS ~~ ~crc~l'fl ~ '@ft 500 mg/L ~ ppm I ~ ~ dl ~ ~if Cm1 "° ~ I (,,-f~ 1000 ppm dl~ ~9fti) dl ·~ ~ 9f1f.f ~ <IJ<i(ICH ~~;;t ~ ~ ~boill<Zil'R TDS ~ ~ ~ m '11, 9ftf.{ 111t1~•e1oq ~ ~ dl~ ~ «1Re•1c<s1 ~ ~ ~m 'dll<i~ I ~1Pt4llll, <JPl'511'9CS dl~ CJJtlNHllCll'SI ~"1~'51 lTPt dl1t ~ I ~ ~ TDS 9ffi1n9f ~~~~~~~I TDS ~~ «IC!Jlet~4J'!IG~ W'tT- , ) I "'1'f~ I~ TDS dlif 1'Pt ~ ~ ifl ~ I ~' ~ ~ ~ GCl4191'8 ~ I ~ ~ ~ dl'C'! ~ ~ I 500 ppm dlif ~~ TDS ~ 'df-J:Cllll191C~l'1J'iff1 I ~I ~~I - TDS ~ ~ ~ ~~I lft'Rf ~9f ":ctl ~ 'dl'5JWC'A ~ ~(scale)~~ I ~ ~ ":ctl 9ft'9c~ <P~'ifilf61~ 9fl1J I "I wrt~ct .. I ~ ~ ~ 1IFIT ~ ~ TDS ~ ~ I ~ TDS 1l1tim lR"t 9fTfiff pH~ - ~I pH~~ ~ct ilJl4C'1'9 ~~~~~I I II I t 500+400300 ).)lr~ C1'1t8~'6•(Total DissolvedSolid,TDS) ~ ~ GCl41!iC91'51 ~ ~ ~ ~«(, ~ ~ ~ 'dll!JQBI ~ ~ ~~ 9fTf.Rf C1J1'~·(TDS) ~I TDS ~~~~~I~ TDS ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ (purity) ~ lll1l 1 TDS ~~ ~~ mg/L ~ ppm (parts per million) I TDS ~~(ppm)~ ~m ~ g 0 50 ~·100 200 1'I 8 ) I ~ ~ COD~ 120 rng/L di~ BOD~· 100 mg/L !! -.m ~ lfm? ~ tBOD -e. COD ~'if .1ft'6 • M·~· 1 ~1'ftlif V2 =C1tm l'JCftcm ~ct ~ ~ (mL, sample test) o M= ~"'Rtcm~~~(M) x= 9i~-.1~~~~~(mL)
- 55. ~ I 'b't~~ DO ~11 ~ct~ 1lm I ~ I ~~ 11Cl'f ~ ~ ~ bl'Sl6~) ~~~~"!fl~ I ~·, 'b't~ ~ lftl'f ~ w~ ~ ~ ~ :rtl41li11l:S, etll:f'1i1~M'fffil-411~11t1J I ~'~~ - I S02, NOx, C02, HCI, Hg -c ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ '6 Pl'Sllfil<P film - I <JJSl<Rll:5, NOx, SOx, HCI, HF, As, Pb, Zn, Cd, B -e ~ • ~ I (Jm-'51Jli1<PJfil film I~,~~ 8 I ;q~fllJ4/filtP I filttl 'ta.~fiso<P'5IC<I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ TDS ~ ~ I ~~~~~~~~~~I <t I ~~ ~ I ~ ~' ~ tZt•~C6, ~ ~ ~ ~ 9f'tf.f ~~I ~ 51iC~l11i1C:(JI~ TDS ~ ~ 511~~ 1 ).)lr.'&.~ TDS 4iilCi41'11 t9ftV (Methods of Reducing TDS) 1 llt-mt't ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Rt-ft~~ TDS l{if ~ I ~~ ~ ~9f11 ~ ~ CSf'611t Wft I ) 1 '41(if~ I bl'SIC<Pl'"l ~ ~ ~ ~~141 IDS '6 ~ ~ 9flif1V1 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~I~ t11Ati!i-.'1 (Reverse Osmosis) 8 ~ Yf'4i~C'!> DttYf ~ ~~ ~c<SGTJ YflfTi 11'1J -~~~~I 9flf.f "f~ ~ 1l'fJ, ~ Wf 11tl11~ ~ ~ ~ 9fCtf I ~~ TDS ~~ 1lfi{~ ~ 1lm I . ~I ~,(~stillatiQn) I~ l!ff"J>41141 ~ m-tt~ ~ TDS~ 9fRr I 9f'tf.f <II~,! ~ '<l'Cil ~'C6 ~ ~ ~ 'i{f ~ Wf I 8 I ~ ~t+fl"I (Deionjzation) I ~ "1'4i~C6 ~ ~ '6 ·~~ l:ti14CQICS'SI 11t'1J ~~~I~ M<IThi1<Pl~selective) ~ ~ '6 ~~ '51141i1C4 ~ ~~ -e ~ l:Ci'f<PCQIC5 ~ ~ ~ !>IC11'SIC4 ,~ ~ I lftl'f tfl- 9f'tf.f TDS ~ ~ I ).)~ f1111ct«s ~ 9ftf.ff~ {Industrial Waste and Water Pollution) ~'6~~~~~~-~~~9{fi~I ~.~~~-e...m1 NH3 ~9tll1i141~ -e <IJ<l~l'i1<PI~ ~fif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m -e "iliTif ~' ~ ~ ISfG'll-n ~ ~ CSf'611t ~I ~l11~'51'11~Yf, ~ '6'4t'f1Jf1'tJ ~~ct ~f'li '6 ~ ~~I ~~fir~ ~ ~ ~ filt1'f ~.~ ~ •14'14"' ~ 0011 ~l: ~~ ~ ~~~~~'ft~~~ ~9f!t~~I ~~ Yflf.f ~ '6 ~ <IJ<l~CH ~~~I~~ <rtfJ ~ ~ ~ ~61:rti[~ ~ Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Fe ~ ~ ~'~ ~ ~ etill~ ~ ~ I~.'6 ~ ~ ~l~Cl1'SI W9Rf ~l: .~fiRt ..1!+a ~~I ~ ~ ~ Yflf.f ~ <l);q~C'Sl'SI lftl'r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttf I ~ ~~91_cf fi1$1<1Cl$tf'SI ~Yff1{~C6 ~ ~ ~ Yf1f.f ~ct fa1$1<1ctlJ'SI ~ ~ ~ ~~Ir . ~).~I filllct., ~·~~
- 56. <t 1 ~'Pf(heat) ~I ~(oil) ~ 1 ~f'lSJ'ft( (acids) b" 1 1'51%4'51 tf1l (harmful metals) ).~o ~ ~ 4'tPt "ii"t•lii -e 4'4~1t (To Find out the Reasons of Water Pollution and its Remedy or Prevention) '1f1llt ~ $ ~ 71 ~ ~ "f15 I 25$ ~ ~ ~ 661t "Tl~ ~ ~~· 66$ ~ f1ltwr 5ftt ~~ I ~ efm 60% ~ ~ I ).~o.) ~ ~ •lt"l"if( (Causes for Water Pollution) ~~~~~I~' (~)~~~cmret '6 (~)~--1,-f%-4cmrCf I ~)~~""~~ l ~ 1f1l'ft (filthy material of drain) ~ 1 ~ 'dll<tefifl (industrial waste) e I C!effi;!J ~ (rodioactive substances) 8 1 '91PUJifl~5 ~(use of pesticides) "1'11dl-~ ~····~ ~~~·.~ Wf '"PllAASli ~1riRr-~ ~ ~ ~c:t 'ftl ~ "IFP~ .-(aJgaLbloom)~'4r 1 ~ ..ci• lJtf '""'file•~~ 1 b" I ~C'14dilt'1lt'. filta ~ I~ ·~ '2!ffilaYl4'51C'1 ~'ft~ I - I ·111itff, "lm, Cu, ~ I ~ ~ •'efiIT ~ 1'Ni4<51 I Na, Ni, Cr,Pb,Zn -e Hg ~I ~pH~11lif ~~~I 81~~fCC"f'Sl~-~~Cf~~~I • t "'"11f•-.t.,.~~ CR111~~ l"·-~·lt'lt ) I ~ pH ~ "1tl<1'5~ ~ I ~l~~~~ii:~'6~~<rnf'6~ ~ 9ttl;qt91 ~ I ~I~~~~ 'd1Jif~~4J ~<rnf I 81 ~D0~9fnr1 <t I ~ BOD. 9fnr I ~1~filta ~ ~' 1f"~4Jill, c'1m•1,~ ~ (a::siJlilifilii), ~ "W,~Cr'S~ ~m1 :> I ~ pH ~ Yitl<1'5i1 ~ I ~I 9ftf.{~~~~I ~~~~~~~ ~I ~ I 9fTf.f DO~ 9fnr• I 8. I~~ !ilCllTC"'t ~ '4ctl "eflll~ (~·9flf.f ~~)I ~ I ~ '3 '4t~ filt-. - I :>ililiJSl~U, ~' Cl2,~~~' '91eUl<JPIC'SllCiJii1'1 ~ I (t I f&u1<s1cet-U filta ) I -~ 9f'tf.m ~ <rnf I ••~, msm, ~, ~' ~-~ ~ '6 msm ~ ~ ~ 9f'tf.m ~ iJSJifCcff; ~'1 ~ I Gl~CetCi1<A ~~ ~ I ~ 1 "'""'•u, ~ ~ <s11Jifl4JM4 acu ~ B ~ ~ 1 8 I etill"'IW ~dalriPt4•Pt ·~ I ~'C!S ~NillfJif)[t( ~-~'.~ ~ ~ C9ftif 1iRn ~ I ' 81~~ ~,·~ -I~, ~,DR, ~1 ~ ~ I ~ I ~ 1"1<51~'5 ~~ <mftct 9f'tf.m ~~ 9fm I BOD '3 COD
- 57. (~)~I~•~ ~ 1 ~pfR!><Plijpfi~ (natural disastar) '-' I ~ ~ ~ (pollution of flood ~ 1 ~~~ct (pollutionof stagnantwater) water) ~~~fir ~t'IR9f <::s!ICl'llbPll ~ ~ I ) I~ 1'Plt I ~1~'(1~451 ~ 9f1f.f •-e filr. ~ ~ 9f1f.f ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~I ~l: ~ ~ -l~'AI~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 1lfiU mt~ <Rt~ I ~ llSlfllC'!i ~ ~. "f~ ~· 1 (:>) ~ ~ (~J ~Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn, Pb -e. Ni ~ ~ ~ ~ I (~) ~ 9f'ifTVf, ~ - ~~' I.ti~, ~Jl~ft:Ciil ~}liil~, <::54Jl11l~Ci11 ~ ~. ~ ejf'911cet9'! ~ ~ ~ I ..twJ ~ ~ ~,.., 1'IPJ 1ftl I (e) ~~ ~ftiez1t9'1~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~1~~ I ~I ~ f6Cl<14... I (Industrial waste) 1. filttp ~ ~ ~ ~' ~' ':51Jl'1~(~5, ~' ~' ~ ~~l, l'll~Mll:5, ...-Af, .. f?!>4451 ~~'~'if'., C'!etfi;~ ~~ ~ '6 ~~ ~' '5ll11119'1. ~~ ~ <Pl'SI~~ ~~ ~ raast lft1T I~~~ '6 ~ ~ ~~ '6 ~ ~~ 4RIJJtlilM<P ~~~~I ~ ~ !ft'T)' ~ ~ ~ ~ct~ 1119'1<1Cl1Ct< ~ i~~ "1'4f!>C'!i ~l: ..Ns<P'A ~~~I~ "IQ •It~~ ~ 1IPl1lr ~ lflf 9tftatlt'1 ~-tl<>tl1f.1• 9f1f1't ~ ~ ~ ~ ecftlcwttift 9ffP1ct 4't1l 1l11t I '1ptlf 41tf.f ~ ~ I . "I C!5tffltl 9ilf1( (Radioactive Substances) g C'6etfl;si. ~ ~ .. R!><P'SI 1 ~·Pu, Np, Am, Cm, Bk, Cs, Zr, Rn ~ 1 ~!Rf~~~~~~ ~ "f'-1f'IPt, ~ ~' ~ ~ ~'i '6 C'6etfl;si ':51ll:Cl'lltG19f, ~ctms ieT ~~~~I.~ ,~~ ~~ ~ll:Cl'lltGl~fir ~ '6 !ft'T)' ~ct ~I ~ofir ~ ~ ~~ 'lll'fWf ~ '6 ~'f1Cl1C~~ ~9f<IS ~ ~~ ~ I 8 I 4'l'BP!lilf• ~ <141.,~ifl"I• ~ ~ (Pollution by Pesticides) g 'Yil<Pl111<PQ1 ~'-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ct CYIPUJJt!l:<s. ~ <Rt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ct CYll<Pliil<P11 ~· ~ ~~ C<Jfi1~'51'1l: ~<IJ<IQj'6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...,. ~ ~ I ~ ~· ~ C9iPUl11l:<s ~ ~ ~ C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9ftf.f ~ ~ 1 <t I 1'1'1"tifliill '9Temperature) 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~· "6l~ ~ ~CilletPI 1 ~ ~~fit; <Pl'sr~IP!ISI ~ lfl' ~ ~ '4tt9f ~~-~I •1.'SI~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Wf ~ "6l~ ~ 9fm I ~ I C!5lf (Oil) I ~ CW'Rf ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 !ft~~ -.m ~~~ I C'!l'f ~ 'Oll'lilli1 ~ ~ ~ • ~fttCet~ ~· ~ ~ 9fm ~ I 1ft'J ~ ~~CetCPl'SI ~ct~ 1lm I . ' C I • (Acid) I~ 4lii':CftiU ~ ~~~~~~~.~I ~~ -,fh <mft"t'6 ~~ q)lilj(fM ~ I lr I .. fqs+a '(1t I ~' 11l'S14IRI, ~JliflMlf, ~lcA'fi14·~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ -e. ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1Ftl'J ~~ Cilt~ 1{tJ1 ~I ~ ~ .~'Ut1J 1lrJm ~ ~ ~Gfir ~ ~ ~ <PJl"11C~'SI ~~~'fl~~~ 1IfJ ~~I (~) 41tf.f~~l~•4'1t't (Natural Causes for Pollution of Water) I ) I ~Hffqs• ~ I ,~~''6 efdl<ll'A ~ ~' ~' (IHC<P~, ~ l:'6JIM'SI 1'Cl'f ~ '~ ~'1141JJti{~'SI ~9ftl'lt ~ '9ff ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ Wm I '<l'iUl ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ '6 ~ MJlfitif<! ~I~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~I
- 58. ~).Cl~T~ ... ~~l~tR·~ 1't'01f ·.. 1f1illt·(-ulc-.~/mL )".,,. " 1•-. .. '(fif ~I~~ ·~ ....,,,_I ,..,. <0.1 6 As3+ 0.12-0.62 As5+ 0.35-4.25 MMAA < 0.002- 0.13 DMAA 0.002-1.0 ~I~~ ~""111."'1--;~; 0.1-243.0 As3+ 0.2-2.74 As5+ < 0.16-0.96 ~~ ctC ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~'6J-~, ~-~, Rwr, 7'_9f ~ 911f.m·~ it~ceM (DO) ~~ ~~~~~9fffe{~~~l~~~~~I .~ "' ~~l{'t't1~-~~~~~'9f'll~~,~~'6tpf~ ~:{9f ~~I lftl'f ~~~~I ~.~o.~ ~ ~ «tRl4111(Remedy of Water Pollution) ~~I~~~~ ~9lfi(ltf·1 ~ ~ lt1""f l!iNs41CH ~ ~ -~~..f I ~ *5m 'flt'1~11 ~ ~ ~ ~91>tl*J ~, ~- ~ ~ ~ 41!~1Wii ~I IJ- ~1ir ~ ~ '<i ~ "flt~ .1 >tilftifijj ~~ illi'fQit. ~ ~ 'ICNii'f51, "'f1F.iip1ccrit ~ ~ ~ !f~ 'e ~ ~ ~~ ·~t-t ~'4 -~~I~~ ct'1i'61 ~ f.Qrf'1ffn ~~~~I ~I ~~~~~~~~1'f1Jli~~I ~I ~~-~~~~~fft~~~,~~~~-~~91tcil ~I ~~~~film~'>t't.~~~I 8 I ~ ~ 11t~ ~ ~ ~' "4l~ '6 ~~ ~ ~ -tt ~ ~ ~ I ~~I ~~ ~>tl~C<PCWl'SI ~ <1S'Sll ~ ~ I Cl' I <s!l>tl41M4 ~ ~ -tt ~ ~ ~ ~ <Rtl'f 9flf.f 1_1fct "411 ~ I ~I 4'lUi11~~"4lr~~~I ).~) 11tf.R Cfl1'~ ~ - "lie~•~ 9 ~ (Natural Pollution of Water-Arsenic Pollution and its Influence) ~ ~~' ~ '6 ~ ~ 41'1411111 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~C'<3li1i1 ~~ ~ru,.4ilefl'64<aCf, ~ ., f'114'14l'A~li11'A ~ ~ '6 ~~ ~ ~ ~c<l"'t ~ I ~' <1591'Rf, ~<15 ~ ~ ~ '9fiU "'"iilaJI !IC'419M I ~ ·GlltlfM4, ~' 4JlSfil41lii '6 lll'S141Hs ~ ~ ~ ~ct'e ~ '8fiIT !IC'41eti1 -m I GCloff'it4 csif~ceti1, >tlilil'l'A, ~' ~'~~!>JIM'S!~~~~~~~~~ emf I~~ ~ >t<itbt41 c<ifilt Ri'TJiilii 1 ~ ~ 11ti1:qc'f~<s1 '9fiiJ ~ .. ~4'51 1 ~ Qc<11-tl Gtlt:J1'i1f~'B (As2S3, As203) I ~1'~C'l!S GCICJJM4 ~(stable)~ I ~fft ~~ ~ ~9'~ I ~' ~' ~ ~Cft. 91Rlc-n.t !lra,.411<a 1lt~ <511~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~·1'~'" ~ ~ I ~' ~ '6 etililbC'l'SI ~ GCIC~4 M'TJiilii ~~ ~- 91Rs<i'691~'1 I ~~ ~ --PIT, ~' ~' 1ftt.'1f, ~' 11~ ~-~ 'i"tietl6 ~ '41f-~ 5fl~4 ~~ ~' ll't ~ ~ ifNs4'SI 'i1l1 I >tlffit4 ~ ~ GCIC~C4'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~fft illi1<tt'TC~'il '9fi1J .. ~fl ~ I ••
- 59. ....(...~ .9nfif.~·· 'Pfliflt~~,~:!)tfit!t,a.@i~J (~)··~·~h~~•i.·~i ('1) ·~ Yfl11"'1fiHr·'JIV4J. c§ti(Uf!r !.(}I> .QI ~,-f> (~) l.9P !f"i ~il·~ .•.dl~·i.QJ" ~I~ ~~,...;~ .:1. /i• ).~).) • '9 ~ "ICt(HI t"R etlC~Cfl $5R (Effect of Arsenic on Human Health) ~~'.llf ~NiCl1'SI ~ ~t."C-t 5llC~<P Ml1Jiil~ I ~ 5il~C4'SI ~ct 1 µ g I g ~if ~ ~ "i{t I ~ 5llC'1MC4'SI M~ffil;4JI ~ ~if ~ <et<P'6CClc<q ~ 'Pfm "i{t I ~ GINsRI& ~ct • ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9fm Gl1"5IM<P ~ '6 if'. ~ct ~ I ~ -e ~ 11Tt'fJ'ClJ llt~ ~ ~ct c::sil<A'M<P ~ ~ <IStif I ~~ ~ ~ ~ GIJc'1M4 M~M-4Jl4J iil~<ICllfC~'A~ ~- ~ ~ -e ~ 511l'CIM4 91111<1"~ llW ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm I ~' ) I 5llCJfMC4'SI ~ ~ '<IJNR ~ lT I '61'1't9f'CS ll'ICfl ~I ~ ~~ ~ I ~ I ~ 'elltif '4tlr lfm '<3 "ftft '4tlr lfm I ~ t c::si1c:>ff4C4'SI ~ ~m'1 fJffCJ'1'A )o I ~ W9Rf fJtff$'SI ~ ~ I 'A'<HtlM<Pl'A • ~ ~ l1m I ~if lPtl'f fJffc:>t )) I ~ -e ~ ~ ~ Dir ~ ~ '11'1 if8~~911'1Cill~I~ ~~~I ~~I ~ I ~ '<IJNR ~ M~CiilM4JI -e )~ I ~' 911, ~ '<3 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~34l~Jf ~I )~I Rt~~ C'rn I 81 f:>ffC:>f~'<3~~~~1 )81~~~~~1 ct I "114...~C'b ~ ~ I )ct I GllC~4 ~ 'e 9ftm ~ ~ ~ cPflf I ~ 1 ~ ~ '<lfif '<lfif ~ ~ en ~ ~ )~ 1 '5Jfl!cetCiHi w91f--~cw G1lt:>1M•t• ~ '<lfif ~ I 4f'l<Pl'A ~iilill~~ ~ I ' 1 cs14JRl4Jl<s1 ~'Pf ~ orn ~~ Dflf camn 9ftf.Rl euT11 ~ ~ I C5f-t ·~ ·- ..... , .. 9ffi1r1't (mg/L) ~'Plrn~~M4J~ 0.01 c::sic~firn1 0.007 ~9fr.f 0.01 '<PMlSt 0.025 U.S.A 0.05 qj'.~ 0.05 ~ 0.05 *leiilfii~ '!!IC~4 -e ** Sllfii~ ~ ~ "ll~C"l'1J ~ <atlC~C+A1lfilJ~ ~ .. ~ I ~11'() 'l'-~ (World Health Organisation-WHO) ~'PfWt 51ij<ll~ ~ G4IC~C4'SI ~~~'fl~ 0.05 mg/L ~~'- c::si'&cfft<PI~~f.Rn~ ~ 0.01 mg/L 1 fcfm ~ ~ ~ c::si1c:>ff.lC4<s1 ~ ~crort'fl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ).lT ~ ~ wrt 1 ~ ).lr I~~~~ $('1CctMJ 'dflC~C+A ~ 0.02-0.22 <0.02-0.62 ..
- 60. ~ 1Plt1lif <t2t ).~~~ ~ 'etlt lftt (As, Cr, Pb, Cd)~~ -.1t't ~ ~ (Causes of Introduction of HeavyMetals (As, Cr, Pb, Cd) to the Food Chain and their Influences) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ <Jt? ~ '6 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~' ~ '6 ~I~' 9ftf.f-e~llt~~'6~~~~~~1~~~~ct <rnf~~~l~~~~(~'6~~)~~~ ~~ 1'5f9ftff f4'5'51Wlttt 1 ~ ~ 'Sft'U1f ~ ._ ~ ~ :co,i(lt•ltlcift ~ 1jro"llt""fft• 'f*"IC4t C1f ~ 'ffin'C'5lt 1ft1r ~ ~ ~ (~ -e ~ ~) ~I 9ftt-t f6ail<PIC'51 (f5ijJ :>.:>8) ~~~~~I ~ ~ ~~ ~ 11'-~ ~ ~ ~As (GllC?fM<P), Cr (Wiilflrni'~), Pb (Cl'fS ~ ~), Cd (<PJl'SfiBH~), Hg (lll{l<PIRI ~ ~) ~ ~ <rnf I ~~ ~ ~ 11'-~ !fC<qC""M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cfi '6 ~Ni'1ili1C''<§~ ~~ ~9f ~ 'i?Ns<P'SI. ~ ~ I ~ ~ii'6fll:C~'SI lit~ ~ ~ I ~l ~~~~~-~I~~~ Hg,Pb ~ ~iirst1lC~'SI ~ ~~ <rnf ~~ ~ '51Rl;q6i1 <rnf ~ ~ ~~~I ~- ~ ~i1etll:C~'SI ~ -~ Cd ~-~~ ~ ~ RJqfJ>~p~ ~~I~ ~'t<P ~'t<P ~ 11~~ ~- ~ ¥5 ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ f«BIRI'! GllCG'ilt)~I CRT~ I ).~~.) idllc~• (As) 1'9' ~ ~ ~ ~ (Causesof Introduction of Arsenic (As) and its Effect) <4') ~ (Causes) I ~ i~~ GllC~fiiC<Pil !ic<IC-Rf 1{'f ~~ ~ ~ -e 9l1f.f 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ GllC>fM<P ~ct~~~~ ~Ni"TC<P ~ (~, ~'~~)~~ct ~ ~ ~ GllC>fM<P ~~I ~ ~ ~~ (~ ~) ~ GllC~M<P ~ <mf GllClfM<P ~. ~ 1ft~ I~~~~~~~~ 11'-~ GllC?fM<P ~ <mf I ~, G11c~<P ~-~ <cnu -c '"'i1fit1i1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ G11c~C<Pii Mqffi7a~I~ ~ ~ 1 ~l_Mqf'J>~lii ~ idllC~CCtslf7t'f (arsenicosis) 1 (~) ~ I GllDfMC<PIPtCJi~~ ~- :>I~, 9fl ~ ~ ~ '<PtC'Tt ~ ~9f 9fttJ I ~I '!{llC'Sll•tJ ~ Cif't ~I ~l ~'f ~~'(I~ '6 ~~ ~ I e I GllC~C<P'SI ~ PJqfal;4Jl4l ~' ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ I 8 I Pf ~ llt111 ~?1W'Al '6 ~ ~ "Jf'~ I ~ I ~ '6 Gl"SJ'<lilct ~ '<PJ11lfnf ~ ~ I ).~~.~ '*lfiiil1' (Cr) 1'9' ~ -.t1i't .-e ~ (Causes of lntroduc'tion of Chromium and its Effect) <4') (Causes) I :sifRc<lwf ~ "Jfh 1ft~ Cai91fil4ll~ ~ ~'(Cff ~ ~ t ~l ~ '{l:'!IC<q ~~I~, :> I Cai91~4ll~ ~1" film~~ ~ I ~ Y&Jl'llf.~ ~ CJFl~41111 ~~ ~fif ~- (4') lCi1cllC~'. fliq (ClFt1f C~'.) (anal~!'il~ ~ ~) (~) ~ ~ ("'ll<Pl<P{lct) (Cr2 (S04)3 ~ ~) ('f)~<rr~9fttin (~~~~) ('CJ) ~ff 1i'ftl ( K2Cr207, CJFI~; BaCr04, ~ ~; PbCr04, C61111lc41C'll ~ ~)
- 61. (~) ~ (Effect)I caMfii"ICif11 M~I ~ 1 ·'!'CCf ~if ~ Pb ~ Cd dl~ ~ ~ I . ~ Cr-~if ~ 100 ppm-~if ccriit ~ ~ ~ ~fe()f'R '9t'iU !>l... N54<si ~ I CaMfiliilif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I~~ "4Cifil''T~ ~ CaJalfiliilif ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ 11tm ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ I '5lf ~' GiJt'llf'f '6 ~ "41'1Jtl<si, ~1'1Ml~C'! 4Jl9'JtFSI, ~1"~~1 ).~~·" ~ ~ C'IW (Pb) tw ~ ~ -e ~ (Causes of Introduction of Lead and its Effect) (°4') ~ (Causes) 8 "1R&4C!-t ~ ~ ~ ~ 1lt~ ~ ~ ll'fW ~ 1 citllf ~ ~ ~ c1it't ~ ~ ~ Pb2+ ~ ~~ 1ft~ tt1rf'Clers1c'5ta i!9Rf ..R!5411 ~ ~ ~IC114Cil4ffl~ct~~~~,~~~~~~9f& ~ 1 cs'GIC'Ret ~ (Storage battery) s 1 cPffJi;J1ft:cs (Pesticide) ~ 1 cPft:UIC'l'R ~ (Combustion of petrol) ct 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ "4Jfif • ~ I "1JIC:>tlfilt:i1'R ~(Combustion of gasoline) 'f.Jts ~!4 ~'C<J ~C'l!J4ffl <met ~ "4IC'l15911 ~ ~ I ) I cASlt'iiif~· 1 CJUIC'Ret <ciJIUlraC! l:Ci14t:Ul"S ~ ~ ~ ra>tll:C4"1 ~ "'J:i!'Rl<N)~ <Rm~ G1:>ti4'!l<P•'f6 ~ 'Pfrac;qc-t ¥5 ~ 1 ·~~ C1J ~ ~ fl:>tl~C4., CRt 'lfl -rn ~fift4 cs1S6Plc~ CtJSt'1' ~-em ~ I l1tl'f 41'1'~~ ~ 'PfHC~C-t ~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ C'fS 9fra;q~'l) ~ Pb2+ "''PfW ~' ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 11l~ ~ct ~ I lFC'f ~ ~~ 11l~~~~~°UI ~ I '11diltifSI ~ l.11tl'f <.'PfaJIC'l'R 1lt~ ~ ~ 'f5 C'fS ~ ~ ~ 1'tl'f ClftS ~ ~ ~ ~I 1'tl'f ~ ~ ~IQtt ~ Clft! ~~~emf I ~~ ~ ClftS -,1h ~~-~~~~~~~~~I ~'61'1fft~ ~~~~ ~~~~I " I '1Jlt1>1lfitc..11 ~ I •1ilCJtlfi1Ci111 ~'- 4iflCi1l'R ~ G1Jlf.U~4 (antinock) ~ ~ ~ ~ ((C2H5)4Pb) ~·~I '1JIC:>tlfi1Ci1'R~ 1R'f Cl'fti"9fRC<qC"'1 FJ~ M<il'&!l'R 1i~ ~~!)f ~~~~emf I s 1 c"tf"'>i~ 1 ~ Gil<A'c~u c'PffJi;:>tl"-<s~ ;q1;q(lcH 1'tWf l"fW M<tl'&'!l'A ~ -u 1 ct I ~ CfT ~ ~ !5 ~ '4JM $ ~ ~ ~ "1!m 'Pfl~ilC! ~ ~ ~~~.~9fmrl I <~> 111""'' ~ t9fl CllW ~ ~ ~-.filtttt .- 1 ~ R~ m~ ..-tvf 4'tl 1 WHO-~ ftc9fif1 GiiJ11Ct51 ~ ~ ~ ~'1C(ll'>1J ~ 50 ppb I ~ 1lfCWf C'ftft ~ ~ lfC'f f.1~fii~ '*l'f?!4t ~ ..,..,. ~ ~ I ) 1 ~ ~illC'tllRli! ~~ct J1l~:l(IJ411l ALA (o-aminolevulinic acid) ~ ''Vtb4C4 f.Q;lr emf fWIIC1JIM~ ~~ -n'ft cs;11 I l1tl'f GiJlf4fhl ~ ~ I ~ ~ff~ Cl'fW r.~'A ~ ~ ~ '4C1I ~~ '(l"'BIC4CI il~C4'A ~~emf I ~1~~~~~lfe'fff'st9f~~1R~~m~~~1 8 I C9Mt~ <mftCt Cl'fW ~~ il~i11Ci'fi tte9"Ww -n ~ ~ ~ ~ I (?- I ~ ~ C5Cl1 '411' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~C~'191~'1!SI ~ lftll 1 ~- ~ ~tfflf ~ ~ ZINMC-.'A ~ ~ "U I ~~ ~ ~·~t'ff ~ ~~ 9fllr I
- 62. ~~ 49) ).~~.a •Jl'ifiiili4(Cd) 11" ~ ~ ~ ~ (Causes of Introduction of Cadmium and its Effect) ~) ~ (Causes) I 'Rl"llJlf.14<ele<i Zn. 'S Cd "111~ ~ 1 ~'f~C!5 ~"Rt ~~"llC~ ~ ~ I ~ (Nf~'4) ~ ~ llJ'4ft ~Cillet~Jl .~~ I ~ 4JlSfi1Jll11 ~ ill'Rl~4 mI !t~ ~, ~ '(3~'11J9fttittf ~ 4)1SfilJllil ~ ~ ~ cmt I ~~ ~ 1ftlr, llJ~ ~ ~~fPri1 50-150 mg Cd ~Cf~ Qflt41 ·~ 1111WH~ ~~if !t~ ~~ ~~"'f ~ ~ ~I~ Cd ~if~ .10 ppb ~'f .~ ~ ~ '11'8IM4 ~ 'tctJ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 ppb I ell ell~ 4)1SfilJllil 1ftfT;, 9"fi; 'S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'41't~I ~ 1 c$f;Miif~etl'R ~(~PVC~ ~9fliM) Cft "ft~(~~~ ~9fliM) 4Jl'5fi1J1111 ~ ~ ~ 1 ;qJ<qt(l(Jl'R ~ 4Jl<sfilillii ~ ~ ~ ~9f 9tf<lc;qc-t r.w.~ 1J1 I ~~ ~ ~ '8~4~'f CRl ~ ~ 4)1SfilJllil ·~ ~ '(3 ~ Cllt1lt I .( I Nf'.4' Mifal-t-{ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 4)1&filillil 9tt'iC<IC"1 ~ ~ I ~I 4Jl'5fi1Jllil C~ l:""'11C'!'R fi"ll-C4Cil'R ~ff '!5Tt9f ~~ct 4Jl<sfi1Jllil ~~~Cf~ ~ ~ ~ 1Jl I ~~111C"l'R 111'~ ~ '(3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I 8 I~~ q>fC'J'U ~ ~"C't ~~Cf Cd ~'f~C!5 ~ ~ (~ 'S ~ ~ 1JJ) I <t I rasl~<lii ~-4JlSfi1Jllil <qJf~lra'R l:C'14c'Gl5 4.Jl&filillil ~ ~ 1Jl (~ <qJIUlra(O!) ~ 5g Cd ~ I <qfCl:(l<:R'R 9fi1 ~ Sl$f;M(;.! ~ ~111 ~ I ~ '5:ifl4'RC'f<sl ~ Cd~~~ I ~~t1'fi •1l'ifiiilC11t ~I 4JlSfi1Jllil ~ 9fTfi; '(3 ~ ~ ~ 4Jl'5fi1Jllil "'I'~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ 111'~ ~ ~ <PJl&filJllil ~ ~ I ~' l'fli11"f'1l, ~ ~' ~ ~~ ~ ~ 111'~ ~ ~ 4)1&filJllil ~~I ~ I,..~~ !'liJC>f<sl "tlSIM4 ftArt ~~I <PJlSfilJllil ~ ~ ~ 1CfJ ~ '9f'Dl I .( I '511Ci1fi1Jll ~ 'S ~l'f<lCl'R 1lSIM4 414'!FilC<P~ ~ I <PJlSfilJllil ~ 4Jl'1PBilil .511Jli1C4 ~~ ~ I ~'f '9TiU ~"Ifill~ '(3 ~ ~ "t(CV ~ I e I~~ 51'1l'elM4 ~ I 8 I Cd-~'f M~f?iRl'R ~ )ffqi'(ICi1 ~ lf!ct'Rf ~ ~ I e I 4JlSfi1Jl1Cil<sl M~fJ1-Jllil ff519t ~ '<3 'ff~ ~'t ~ 0011 ).~" ~ ct•l«6l'f ~ ~ "l'tl'f"1{'( cot ~ ~ ~ citr.ti ~ (Types of Solutions and Mechanism of Dissolution of Pollutants in Air and Water) ~ ~ ~'f4 ~ ~ ~'t~ ~ ~ 1 ~'f ~~ ~ ~ ~~ 91RFC1'6i1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ell~ 511i911~4 ~Cf >f<qCSCJl Wt '!5Tt4 ~ (solvent)~~ lfAl~~ ~Cf ~'!Slt4~(solute) ~I~~= !Cf+!TR<P (4f) ~ tt•t"11C6if (Types of Solution) ~ ~~ (., ~' '(3 ~) ~~~~~~~I~' ) I 'tJtt'f ~ ~ 8 ~"il~<si'f 8 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 8 ~'fl~<si'f 8 Ctffm, 'fm-tt e I ~. 9t'flC~ ~ 8 ~l'fl~'A'f 8 ~ ~4fcR ~ 8 I Rtl'f ~ ~ 8 ~l'flt('A'f 8 4!4<:-1t&5 ~ (t I ~ ~ ~ 8 l;l'fl~'R'f 8. ~Jl'lC<Plt('l ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ 4fZti1'R ~ g l;l'flt('St'f 8 ~ ~ ~ C 1 • ~ ~ ~ g l;"il~'R'f 8 "1Jl'11fij,Jllil ~ H2 91RlC~Cf (adsorption)
- 63. ~~'I·l7'1~~~~ g ~l11l('Sl'f8C'fm5~~~ ~1~~4~Ci1'SI~ g ~'t8~'.4R~ (~) ~ 91i1~"1(1't( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Mechanism of Dissolution of Pollutants in Air and Water) " ~~~~ ~~t.•~~I C4<i'lillill ~~ ~ ifit9f ~ I ~ ~ 'l1f4 ~~·~~9f~~l~~~~~~fif~"1t'f~I~, ) I~ q ~(Primary air pollutants) ~ t c~ct q ~(Secondary air pollutants) -~ "<n ~ ..mr "j1 ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CfT1 ~ I 9Rn'f Cif'l, ~'CO, C02, SOX, NOX, camn, ~ctt, ~~~~cnt'!1f41 ~ q ~ ~ c~ Cft1 ~ ~ ~ , ~'Mifi9f, -e~, :>t111fif~F<J4 ~m, ~ ~m~~~~I ~ '{"+>t(~~ ~~I ~I f<lsJ f<lsJ<ni ~ ~ ~ "4ctl (~ CUPf ~~~ 1-10.µ) ~ ii61SIC<i Ci4l'SllCqa'Sll ~I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~,. ~' ~efCb'l '<3 ~ ~t.lrf I ~ I ~ 'tJPf ~ S02, CO, N02, (Jl'l'Sll-'5, l(l-Qil414'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 51~Ceti1 '<3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ ~Prs) ~~.~I ~ cl'ft~ ~ 9flfim ~ flrt-t ~1'8·~ ~qt_ 9fTf.f '<3 ~ ~ I S02 + 02 = S03 S03 + H20 = H2SO 4 N02 + H20 + 02 ~ HN03 ~ I ~lf:>fCO 11t~ ~ ~ '<3 4JlSfiBUil 1!ij "4ctl ~ <ili'bCdl ~ ~ I ~'{"+>11.(~~~~· . ~I~~~ ~9'.f:j HCI, H2S04, H3P04, S02, Cl2,i1l-CGlcetCi1'SI 51,_l-S:>f~, SlJICiilMSll, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 ~· ~ flrt-t 9flf.m H+ -e OH- ~if~~ ~ 1 lPt'l 9flf.m pH ~1f ~ ~ ~ C1T ~ ll'm I ~ I 4lcfti1U, <il-41(Ci1U, 5111PttS&, ~' i{J~l~U, CJPl'Slll:S, (J)lilll:S, 5llCSllSl-5, :>tli1CqU ~ ~ ~'Cf'. Cu, Cd, Hg, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co, Pb, Sn -e As l:!SJIM'SI :>fl'li#l-S:>f~ fi ~ ~<1'1"1~ ~~~~~~~~'Cf'.~~~ 1fl~.1fTipf ~~ct~ I ~ I~ ~l'f:>f'{~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'l(Clf f<iql9'!>I ~ ~ I 8 I ~ ~ 41t:<tf~ll:QliU -e C~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :>fl'1qal'Si~9 ~ ~ H2S, S02 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ '<3 l{"T'9 ~ I tl' I~ '<3 ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ Cltt-t~ I ~·fif ~W~ ~~I ~ ~ ~ ".51fi!ceti1 ~ lfm I
- 64. "'l:stJtt:CifPf·· ltl ctl{iliSii (Atmosphere)I ~,-i -~Wt~~~ ~ fir$CAI ~ ~-~ ~~~5!~ <ql{Jl6if I ltlctl(ilSt"lt t"lliifl., (Cemponentsof atmosphere) I ff~ w~ 1 911•aa1twfi1, GtfiitC9ti1, ~ ~ c'ftct w~ I ~' C02 • • ~~~~l~,~fiBJlif,~,~~' H2, N20 ~ ltf ~ '6 9f(;'11151(1"1 ~ ~ Dt9f, 5!~ '6 ~~~~I ltl ~~(Ideal gas) I~-~ "fcpr 5!~ '6 "fcpr Dtt9f ~ ~ Jt~4'Sl't ~ "Wf ~~~~I . ltf ~ 'fJtm Jt~fl't I PV = nRT, ~ P, V, T '6 n ~ ~ Dt9f, ~' 5!~ '6 ~-~~ ~~ R = ~ ~ ~ 1t1 'IJtm t1~'6Cfll Jt~+act I PV = _!_ mnc", ~ P = ~ Dt9f, V= ~ ~' m = 3 . ~ ~ ~' n = ~ ~-"'1''.~ ~~ c = ~ ~ •1Nie<ii1 (rms) 1 It( .,~,,.., ~"'I., I ~ ~ w~ ~fCCl1'A ~ i11.dilt9ti1 ~ ~ d!trar~IC4 i11.i:'alt9fi1 ~CCJtiif.f qclf I rtJ Cfit'tlC!FSI 1Pt'r Cfl1'6C"I ~(111~i ~I N2(g) + 02(g) ~:.;'ct> 2~0(g) 2NO(g) + 02 (g)~2N02(g) 4N02(g) + 2H20~4HN03 (aq) rt[ +'1•1~ ~ "'"fif ~ '{1fl•lll ~ ttJ1'f I Jtlif'Pl'A Sl.'llCJtl.S (S02), iil~'GIC6ii1 Sl~CJtl~S (N02)' ~ Sl~'llCJtl~5 (C02)'6 <JPIC'Sll(Jflt'AI ~ (CFC) I • . rtJ ~ .,tl (Acid rain) I~ ~ ~~ C02, S02, N02 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Jlt9f ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~9f ~~~-I~~~~~ S02-e N02 ~~~~~~I it1 ·~~I C02(g)+H20(l) ~H2C03 N02(g) 02/03 ) N20s(g) H20 ) 2HNOJ S02(g) 02 ) S03(g) H20 ) H2S04 rtJ ~ - (Green house) I ~ !f~ ~ ~'!4IC'1 V'f ~ -e -114Jtt°dt ~~ "9fiU' ~ ~ '6 ~9f f.Blfl!S ~ ~ ~ - ~I ltJ ~-tfl'Pf(Green house gas) I <qllif&Ci1'A ~ ~' C02, CH4, N20, CFC ~ ~-'Wrl ltJ ~ - lfWtct' (Green house effect) I <qllif6C'l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <qlt{ifbfl ~ ,,-cn 41~41~ <il{itbC'l'A 5l11itlatl ~ iifG91IC4 ~ - ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~'5IC<i'SI ~ ~ 9fi'l!SC'l'A ~ -~ 9f1lr (~ "f1*1Cif'SI ~ ~ ~'t), ~~ '6 <iltiftSCif'A }ft~ W~ 9f1f.f ~ 11fil:q"91 V ~~ 9M-.IC(h1 W~ ~9f ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~ (!f'elt<q'SI ~ <ii11'4lltl'f 11Rt<i""1 ~ ~~ ~?<ifieatJ'AW<PRJ ~~I It( ~ ~ 'lllfl' I~~ CFC (<JPIC'AIQPIC'Sll ~) <iltift:SC'l'SI '6~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~ ~ ati1-.1(1-e ~ftcl1'A w~m9f d!tNifJla{l1~1 rt[ ~'lfltC+I etltc~llJt ~ g ~ acrcct ~~ H+ ~~ ~ OH- ~ ~9ffl ~ I
- 65. T1 (<IS)~~~~ f*? (~)CFC~~~~? ('t) ~9f<IS~' ~ ~ ~ ell elf 1lft't -~ ~ !t ~<PIC""Af "9fi6 ~<lit{; ;rt~ ~ .~~<RI (lf) ~9f<IS ~' ~ '!t~ Dtt9Af ~ 'dlHl!Ci1'A ~~~ ~ Dtt9f 'dlli'l'bt:i1'SI ~ "bl~ ytf<l;q'6i1 ~ ~~ ~ l1'f"i1t ~ I ~-~~:> I '1J?r ~ ~ fi{tR ~ CWMfwd~ 'dlij"1'51'1 ~7 (4') PV ~ P ~ PV ~ "1111Hl'l ~ (~) PV ~ P ~ P ~ :>t~l'<i'Alil ~ ('t) P ~ V ~ V ~ "1ill'<Hli1~ eo V ~ PV ~ V ~ J'fill'<Hlil~ "l"M""~~-1 ~-2 ~-3 .) I IP1, Vil - ---~I P2, Vx 1-----~ I P2, V2 I T2 ~ ~ .. Rit4H ~~I~~~ '6 'l'l'AC+R ~ Mffil94@ ~ '6 ~ ~9f!JQ I ~fitts + ~· ~ 'IR'r + ~ ~ ._ .. ttt+ll d'4Cll'li ~ 'll1lft .... I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~f'tw ~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~' . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • a f.fa~ .._,.,C«li~ ~ «tct ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~.~ fifs"f'f 'e:ci1C«lii1 ~~~~~~~~' ~~~ 8 ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~fifit ~~I ~9fl!Wft fiftT 9flfiff "1<1CbU! ~ "'~ I ~ ~ ~ ~'~' -~; ~ 14~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~Ml 9f1fi{f "'~ I ~ 9ftf.{ fR '6 ~ 1it'1C'!S:SI ~ ~ ·~~'f' ~ ~ ~ I ltJ ~ 4'f1f.f ~ ~liC¥'1 ~itlltH ~-Iii ~ 8 "1l'ACq"1 '641!TilCH mt~ ~ DO, BOD, COD, TDS ~ 91Jl'AlfiWl'A. ~ f.{(1Ri'b ~ I ~ ~ '6 ~~ ~ ~ ~ DO-$~~ 4.6mg/L ~1ft~I BOD ~'f~ l.Omg/L ~~9ftf.{~~I ~~~s~filtw~~~~crefl't~ ~~~,~~~1lt~ ~' ~ ~Pres, ~' ~ ~.~ tftl, ~ Hg, Pb, Cd, As, Fe ~ I ~~ till ~. 11l~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ -~-.1"'1 -e ~ "et'1C'b'A w9Af m9f ~ ~ , ~ 4'f1f.'~ g ~ ~ 9f'rfif ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~'t ~ lfm I .n, (:>) ~ ~ -~ <m1Cf '6 (~) ~l'ff?!;<P ~ I ~ ~ ~' ctl~<ll~i1, 4''&911~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ l'ff?!;<P ~~ (q.ut, ~ 9"fif) ~ ~l'ff?!;<P '<PRf'1 I
- 66. (-.f) N2 >H2 > C02 (~) C02 > N2 > H2 (<P) H2 > N2 > C02 ('t) N2 > C02 > H2 (<P) i '(3 ii (-.t) ii -e iii ('t) i -e iii (~)i,ii -e iii lT I ~ !t~ ~fitt ~ ~ ~ ~ 1IR MC<ib911 CRtwf Cl( ~.ijft; 9ft61lt 1fTi ~ WT!- (~) i, ii '(3 iii(ClS) i '(3 ii (-.f) ii -e iii ('t) i-e iii ~ 'O'il)~ tilf(~cf16~~ ~ ~9f<P ~ C -e lT ~- ~ ~.ift'e- 1 H2, N2, C02 I ~I ~9ftCR ~fir~~ ~fir~- (i) ~ ~~ 'e ff m9f 11!1't ~~~~I (ii)~ !t~ '6 fifJ5tt9f ~1tl ~ ~ ~ ~ I (iii) WYfl'ili1:>ti[C~<si :>tliSC'R'A ~ ~~ Ciil'1'6!fl'.11f ~~';ft I ~~· ~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~fiTil 1Jttfl ~ ~1 (ClS) ~ ~'.~~Cf~ . (-.t) ~ ~,·~ ~ ~ oo ~ 'e ~'1 C<Pl~'GI.. ~ (~) ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ I M1'fit~fir fitrtp ~ ~' l1t ~ ~ ~ ~ I . (ClS} 02, S02, co; N2, CFC ' (-.f} S02, C02, N02, CFC on 02, N2, CFC oo N2, so; co, 8 l~fir ~ ~ m?f, l1t <ili(i1'5C"l'A ~9"m1ft ~ ~ ifltl1 (<P) CH4, "02, CFC (-.t) CFC, N2, co, ('t) N20, CFC, CH4, co, oo C02, l':-12, 02, CH4 ~ I HCI -e H30+ l.fl'f 1Jttfl ~ '4R ~ ~m 1 (ClS) H30+ ~'1M4 -e HCI <PJl'Gl41~<P ~ (-.t) H30+ GiJlt114'M<P -e HCI <PJl'Gl4JM<P ~ ('t) HCI <:511'1M<P -e H30+ · <PJl'Gl41M<P ~ (~) HCI GiJli114'M<P -e H30+ "<PJffll4'M<P ~ ~ '1iilft1H cttt~cfl~~ ~I HCI-e HN3 ~I.fl~ 30cm3 ~~~~·1~~11!~~ HCI 'fJl'f -e ~ ~ ~ NH3 'fJPf 'Pl'A"""ic:sl'A ~ 'i.1Jl~ ~ I ~9ftCR f.ljffiRl'A CIJfitiJf ~fir ~- (i) ~ l.fl<RS ~ HCI 'fJPf ~ GICSJ'&C'A NH3 lfTtfi ~ ~ 'f11'f ~ I (ii) ~ l.fl<RS ~ NH3 'fJPf ~ GiCSJ'4C'SI HCI lfTtfi ~ ~ '111'1 ~ 1 (iii) 'i.1Jl~ ~ :>t~<P'Act ~ <mf W9ft"ifR ~ "'1'1M<P ~ ~ ~ lll1l I ~~·1
- 67. 0 <IJ<i~l~4- ~~~ m~4144~~ '111<1cf&ra 11~.. 1<s1 'tft~ ~ ~ ~I D IR spectroscopic ~ctftifg~ct ~ ~ ~ clltt~ 4144~ ~ (-OH,>C=O) ~~~I 0 ~ '6 cqillC.,'SI ~ ~~ "1~1WI~ ~~~~I o ~' 1t ~9{·$, ~' 'PfJl'AIPiu11111 ~ '6 ~ '6 ~"'i<IJ<i~C'A'A :>tCl>b~bl ~~~I D ~ ~ m~ '6 "1i11W'AC'f ~'.'4 '6~'.~~~~~I D <IJ<1(1fii4 • ~~g~~~t.'4'6 ~t.'4 f.tcfir ~ ~ ( 80°c ~it ~)I D ~ '6 ?ilfS6f'1ff; ~~~I D ~~ '6 'il~'O<Clill 11fi1111'514'A'1 ~ ~~~I IAl'lil' 1Wil(t (Key wotds) 1 GR~, <r1tf<rsfl ~' d.1Slt1t<rct, dlSltiftrct, d1Sif:l~~le'5, ftrs<$1ct, amc.<11utfD<r ~, 91fcnm1, '51f.<Jt<J., ~~~~~ 0 ~clltt~~~~~I D ~clltt~~~~~~ ~I O ~ :>tilC"tl~ll ~ 4144~ ~ "5fll>1M4 '6 ~ ~t4! ~~~I o 4144~ ~ ~ ~ m"Rf ~ ~~~I 0 ~ clltt~ ~l114'A'f ~~I D ~ clltt~ :>tllli"bl '6 ~~ 4!t4l'AC'6'1 ~ ~~I o ~ ~ <s11>tl41M4 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ "'11t~ ~~"Ot '6 ~~ ~ ~ ~I 0 51JIC'SllC111t4 ~ ~ ~ 51JIC'AIC111tf'1ff; ~ ~ ~ I O 5IJlfi1cqff;4 '6 51JIC'AIC111t4 ~ ~ ~~I D ~ ~ ~~ ~'1c;llriPfit4 '6 ~), ~~ (tc11t:11fillfi14 '6 ~~) 'c;5f~ (i :>tlll4J:+si'1 ~ (~)~.~~I Gfllflt"f'A d!fl6J~4 ~ell~~~~~~~~ ~ct~ ~ ~~~ ~ 'A:>tl4'tii'A ~I~~~~~ 'Sl>tl4'~c4 ~I~ ~~~~~I ftef ~~~~~ '6 !fl~~ I~~~~~ 91C'Sll1''61Cct !fl'~~~~ ~ clJt~ ~ 51~ ~~I ~ •l(-.'4~<i-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ clltt"Rf ~, ~ '6 ~ ~ 'Sl>tl41C~'S:l ~ ~ I ~ "l'OJ6141 ~ 'S:l>tl41C~'S:l ~ G4~41'A ~ ~ lJt1J ~ I ~~ ~, ~ ~, ~ 51'6J'<BC'A ~~ Mffi>4'14l ~ 'A:>tl4ltii'A R-ft'lf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ <1'6i1ltii ~ ~ ~~ I ~ ~ ~ m~ ~~Riio1~, ~ ~ m~ ~f111t>4 ~ -e ~ ~ ~ 5llCV111)~1 ~~I ~t~l4'i1 ------------------------------Organic Chemistry
- 68. ... ~ ~C D~ JflfCi1lli1~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ D Oi..f.ot~ ~ ~ ~ 01Pl ~ ~ ~ "1i11'6141~ ~ Jf~<P'SIC~ ~~I ~~~~I D Yffi~wt ~ JfllflfiJt<P ~· ·~ ~ ~~~~·I ~.) ~ ~ ~~•1'1 (Classfffcatfon of Or1anic Compounds) 29M ~ Cd~M51"1 ~ GllCdllb..l'SI "Gltt"t ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~JfHU•i1'SI ..Ns(IJf ~ii'~~"<P"Jl~~ I • ?IR C1lM' (Organic compound) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 1 ~~ (~ ~ ~) ~ ~ ~ Yft:sll1"'51~ ~- ~~ ~ ~ ClIT"t ~ GI~~ ~~I ~ ~~ctlfiltfitfll"1(1808)~~1~~-.m~~~,~~~~ ~I~~~~ ~~~~~·~~~I~~ ClTit"t1f ~ ~~~ IJ!'ffl'ei .rn I <mfct ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ctft"t ~ I ~ C02, CS2, CO, HCN ~ I ~~ ~ ClIT"t I ~ ~ ~ (l~UilCetC..'SI ~ ~ O~<Pj_'f' I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (11:tli1Cet91 ~ • ~ ~ C1fM' cml ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l~(lil<Pl(C91'A ~ (C5Rlt'5ffl'6) ~ Ifft ~ I "l'Rf'.~~~~·~ii~~ ~9{ 8 ~til•I(., ~~ lfl~~• (derivative) ~'1lM'.n~ I Mfl51~, ~-~~~ ~~~~I ~ YfW GllM*'f6 ~ ~ ~~ 80 (~) ~ ~'f' I ?lt;q' t"11flC.,t· -~(1"1 (History of Organic Chemistry) I Yf~ ~ 'SIJflMM'1 9'JltltJ1wt"11"1 (Paracelsus) ~ 'SIJflSIC91'SI ~. ~ ~ ~ • ~I GIJl'1C<Pl~'1 ~ ~~·~~I 1660~1f'1 ~ UC<PT9f ,iiJ<P<P'Si'f ~'if'- 1747 ~ ~ ~ ~~W{ ,~~ii-ff;~ 'SIJflSICi1'A ~~~~~I~~~ ~ '<P1l ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~<Rt ~I ~ "1'6C<P'SI Jf<qC6C4l ~ 'S1Jfli1~'1 ~ .. filllit ~(Carl William Sheele) I~ ~fir~~ 91~~~~I ~- ~I~~) ~Ul'SIUIA4 ~~ ~I~~ Jft~<P ~m·. ~I~~~~~~ 8 I ~ ~ 'lll<Pffl<P ~ <l: I~~~ Gli!lfi1<P ~m 1828 ~ ~ 'SIJflMM'1 ~(Wohler) GIJIClllMSll~ JflSilt:i1U ~ ~ ~ cmfi{ 1 NH4CNO ~ H2N-CO-NH2 ~llCi!IM411il "11411<AB ~ 1845 ~~~(Kolbe) GIJ!Plffl<P ~m'Jf"t.~ ~I~ 'SIJflfivHI (ct~~ ~ ~~ ~ 'SIJflS191M'1 ~ (Kekule)-~"f ~ ~"tctJ 1 1859 'Jf'tt'f ~ ~~m <Pl(C..<sl ~ ~ ~Cf'.~~ ~ <Pl~IClll ~ ~ 'SIJfliJCif'SI !512'.tcUai1C4 ~'Sllfi4'6 "<Ptit I ~ ~ (Organic Chemistry) t 'AJfliJC91'51 C(J ~ ~ ~ (l~QitCet.. ~ • 00'1'1'{0 ~ (l-Qil414~ ~~ ~~ etl!>+>t'{Qlil -~.,,., ~ ~' ~~' ~' ~ ~ 'SllJfliJM<P ~ 9tlfJCVtlbi11 ~~ ~Vff ~ ~ GllC'llbifl <Rt '(§ ~ ?IPf ~ ~ I ~~' <Pl(C.. il '51JflM~ ~~I
- 69. ~ ~ ~fc,~eli'f(Classification ofOrganic Compounds)· ~ 519j>ilOA ~ <Jlt'i>ii{~ ~~ ~ ~ ~'1 4"ft ~I ~ ()) G1Jlfi1Cqft4 ~ (Aliphatic compounds) '<3 (~) 51JIOA1tiift4 Cl1t't (Aromatic compounds) I ) I eotfilw$• c'1M I 51JIMC'l'ft4 ~ ~ ~ 51Jlfi1'1'1il (Aleipher) ~ ~ ~ (fatty) ~ ~. I bf.futl6 ~ llfif~ ~- ~ '1flt~ ~ ~ Cf1'fT ~' ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ 5IJlfi1cqft4 ~ ~~'-11f ~~ bf.fetl6 ~ I ~' ~ ~ 1(1-Qil4F(91 ~ ~ ~ ~l~Qil41(il ~Cf'-~ etl64C4 eolfilw$• ~ ~ I ~ CH3-CH3 A CH3CH2-0H ~ -~CH2 . CH2 ~ ~ w9Al ~ ~ G1Jlf'1cqft4 '1lt'i>it(t4 ~ ~ ~'1 ~'1 ~ ~- 1 ~ (<IS) ~ ~ GtJlf'1cqfG4 C1lt'1 ~~ (~) ~ ~ ~ ~ 51Jlfi1c'l't&4 C1lt'1 {CIS) 19~ eolfilwft• c1'1'f a eti ~- G1Jlfi1c•t&4 ~ ~ ~ 9R111t~ 'Pf1l 'Pf1l ~ ~ ~"4ffj- ~ ~ ~' ~ fi14C'l'S1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ bl"11'51C4 ~ ~ 5IJlfi1cqft4 Cllt'1 '<t'tl'f 1 ~ f<l~'Gil CH3CH2CH2CH3 1 19 ~ '1lt"1>iil ~ Picisc•HI ~ ~ Gli>ilOA ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ()) ~ ~ C1lt'f '(3 (~) GIJ1~ ~ ~ I ) I~~~ I CtJ ~ ~ '1flt~ ~ fi14C'lil ~ 9At111~fif ~ ~~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~' '!SIC"Till<ti ~?IR'~ <fC'1" I ~ M~'Gil (CH3CH2CH2CH3) I .I"'"~~~ I~~~ Clltt~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ftil ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' '6ltt1i!C4 "IJlf.,"9 c1'1'f~ ~ I ~ ~' ~ ~ I H'.. /H /C=C'.. H-C=C-H H H (~) ~ ~ ~ ~ eolfilwlt• ~ I CtJ ~ GIJlfitC'Pft4~ ~ ~ ~ Pt4C'1'51 ~ !fTt'ft ~ f.1cettt1<s1 11t~ ~ ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'11filc"'1t4 ~ ~~ eotfilt•tl• c1'1'f~ 1 ~~ eolfit"f~ ~~ ~ 1 ~ ?IR ~ ~ (Source of Organic Compounds) 8 ~ ~ ~tfli{ ~"f ~ ~' ~<tQ, ~, '"'1i:Talf'1¥'11il '<3 ~l'fN54 ~ ~ I ~ <q~lr:-1 ~~~11f ~ ~ "ft.~ "'1._.N5C!S ~ ~ ~ I ~..) a?lpf~~
- 70. CH HC-CH / ~It II HC-CH HC-CH HC CH HC CH II II " II II I 'ifHC CH HC CH HC' ~CH 'o/ 's/ I N H ~ tflt11JAlef ~ 911.0Rl'l "IJIC'AICilf'Cli c1fM ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~) 4lt~t>tl..GP4 ~ ~ ~ "IJIC'AI04~4 ~ ~ (-.t) ~Gltflt>ti-.f#cls ~ ~ ~ "1Jlt.111Cilffl4 ~ I ~) •tc(tJt~ ~ ~ ~ eolttlt111'• ~ I elf ~ GiJIORICiilU4 ~ <Pl31Ciil'A ~ ~-L - ~ ~ ~ • !IC'f'At<P •lt(l'tl-fis...- ~~I ~ ~ ~ <iil~IC~IC! "lf~ ~ ~ Rfi'fl ~ ~ t~ ~I ~ c;q~fUt~, ~' ~ ~I ("1JiUtlCiit1J<P ~ ~Gfl~'Aef Of4t) I (~) ~llttlt»t-fis...- ~ ~'iiiilfiiMs eolttlC111'• ~ I C1f ~ 51JIC'AICiit1J4 ~ CfWm- Clil~ICiilC! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cft ~ 9f111t'i ~ 0, N, S ~ ~~ -~ ~'41f~ ~ 19 ~ -!SIC'ftC<P ~-ltttt»tMM ~ ~ I ~ CH CH » '/ ~HC C CH I II I HC C CH ~ /' ~ CH CH ~ OH I Qc, HC CH I II HC CH ~ / CH ~ CH / ~ HC CH II I HC CH ' ~CH ~ -~-I "OlttlCi11'• ~ I C1f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cft <:JIJIC'Aliil (aroma) ~ !IC'f'AC4 ~ "IJIC'AICiit1J4 c1lM Cf1lft ~ I ~ C!if'1M<5IC•tl ~ ~ ~i1i9f ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'i{lf I ~ '4l ~ Rfi'fl.~ C11M~ ~I ~~ ~' ~-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~'41f~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (ff c;q~fittr;.fa ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ eotcttt11fl• ~ ~ 1 ~ ~,-~,~~I CH2-CH2 ICH2-CH2 Jt l.CJPl~~t~~
- 71. ,_ .. :.. ~9'Pf ~·~'t4W •llfl~ . "IJl'l~i:l CnH2n+2 CH4 (~), CH3CH3 ~) ~Jli1~"l CnH2n C2H4 ~), C3H6 ( G2f'tf9fif) ~1111~1~'1 CnH2n+l OH CH3CH20H ~), CH3CH2CH20H (ceft~) t;51] 111ffl;~f~~ CnH2n+l CHO CH3CHO ~), CH3CH2CHO(ceft~), ~.~ t>fiiC•tlcilfl CdFt (Homologous Series) ;q<£i!IC"l ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~I ~ '1ft'1 ~ ~ ~ 00•1>t~C4 ~ ~ )111C"ffi1 ~~fir~~ C~ ~ Cfft ~I~ C~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~Jli1C4"l ~~ ~ ~ 4l~~fi14 ~~ "llC'S14ffl C~ I ~Jl"1C4C"l'SI ~ 4l(~fi14 ~~ ~ ~I ~ ~Jli1'4"l C-~~~(CH4) -e ~ (CH3-CH3) ~ ~~'1JC4lif~~ I~~~' ~..-·~c1'twr~·~ ~ '1lt•tt>t'(C• ~ i!Fii~I., etlctR• "W ~ ~ ~,,.." - '*ltill'it ~ 'illt1I' ~ "tiJ:"llC'I 9fl 9fl ~ C1f ~ 9lt<Rrt 1ft1r ~ 1ffif 91Ml9'1filt 'l1t C'ltt'tf 1'00 ~ ~~fil., (-CH2-) ~ ~ ~ ~ cAl'1efilc• ~~~WW~~ -..t 1ft1r, ~. ~ • ~tt>fCi('I t>f1'C'11i8'1 ~~I ~~ >t~C•tl~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~-.ftt JtatC•tliiMS ~ Ci(IC1f l'li'f (homologue) ~ 1 lllftf$'1. I ajlilC~ ~ >f~t•Ufm~ ~I GOl•h.4Ci1;st ~ ~ ~,Ca H2a+l ~ n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ~ ~~ ~ GUl•1C4ii ~'ll4if ~~~~~I~ n = 1 W'f Clft•tfG<a ~~ 'Q CH4 (~) • n = 2 W'f CllMffl<a ~~ ~ C2H6 (~) n = 3 W'f oo•tffl<a ~'-~ Q C3H8 ( atn"C9fif) n =4 W'f oo•ifG<a -~~ ~ C4H10 (~~t'6ii) w~ ~l11~<ac'1 ~ ~' 9ft-tt9"f11t ~ ~ ~'1M4 "It.~ ~ 1J1ijf "!4 fil~fitii - CH2 - ~ I ~" ~lli1C4ii ~'4ft >t~c·u~~ ~ I ~' ~' C2ftt9fi{ ~ ~ ~lli1C4ii ')1'1TC~ ~ ~-. ~~ >t~C'tld!4 I : ~ ~.~I t>fiit!il-1 afff 9"1T, ~ ~ '9 •'flit.ff I ~~~1 I~~~ I 1'11(ll~~1 1~~~1 I ~'~---~~.r------------.'t ~ 't I~~ I (~~~~11 ~~m I ~~~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f<rc't't f.ft5 .~~I ......--------. ~~ CO
- 72. - 0 -H ~1-Fti'l 1{"14 ~ GIJl.,C4lfdit4~ -OHR-OH -XR-X RC=CR 8 I GIJl'141..'1 ()I'll~ -C=C- 1 I -C=C- 1 I RCH='CHR I I -C-C- 1 I ~-~ •t(.-ll ~(Functional Group) ~ :>t~C'11ci141 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Sil:>tlfiM4 ~ ~ ~ I "1iJPltC'SI, ~ ~ :>ti1Citlci141 ~ c'1M:>t1!~ ~ ~ 'Al"ff!JM4 ~ ~ ~ I ~ Gl]t4'1C41('1 ~ 4l~M4 ~ ~ ~ l'1~C'11'1141 ~ I ~ "4Jl'lt41(11 ~ 41<ftfitqs ~ i5ill'1141M4 ttaft<ctfit:a 1100 ~ !<i:>tl'l-tl~ I ~it '4Rf1 ~ )111C•tlill41 ~ :>t"f"1Pl1!C('SI ~ ~ ~ ~ "1'Aill'.tt'~ ~ ~' lit ~ ~ ~ Jf"ft>tJ'A ~ ~~ tl"1141M4 ~ ~ '4tf ~~ ~ Jf~t,11141 ~ Jf"f>fJJf1!Cf(il ~ ~·~~.I'4R·:>t~titll41 ~ ~ M411"141~ ~1i9f ~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~ ~ !54~!5 I~~~~~ ~5flidit ~ ~~ ~ ('fflt ~) .• ~. ~ tlJJtli~·.t ~ 1'tf ._. •t(4 l'f' 'WI I ~ ~ GOl'1C41('1 (CH30H), ~ "4Jl'1C4~., (CH3CH20H) ~~ft§ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ - OH 1J.l'fC4ir '9RlM4i~'l I ~ GIJl'1C41('1JfC(il 41(4 ~ Wft GIJl'1C4l(fi14~ ( - OH), GIJl'lffli(f~SJfC(il ~ 1l"f4 ~ GOl'1ffli~cs '{"T4 (-CH());~ ~fJt(SJfC'il 41(4 ~ ~ 41~11 ~ (-COOH) I ~ :>t~t•11~41~4l(fll 1J.l'f'CR~, ~~ '6 ~~~~ Jfl'Af"Ctws ~"(tl'ft I - ~.-e I ~ :ltiit*tlti ~ •t(4 ~ ~ Jf~CS111it41 ~ ClIT'iJ'lC~'SI llt~ ~ ~ ~ I ~' :> I ~~ !!4'fft ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1fl11 I ~ I ~~ !!~ ~ 41441 ~ ~ I ~ "4Jl'1C41'lt'l'SI <til(41l ~ ~ - OH I ~I 9ft-tt9f'tf1it~ Jf~C'11"1C4'SI llt~~~ (-CH2-) !l'f ~~I 8 I !!~ !!~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1fl11 I ~ I ~~ JfilC'lfli11!! ~ ~1Jf()('R ~ 41441 ~ ~· ~ ~IJ'll41M4 amf ~ flftC<fi I m ~1'1M4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'-Cfi, ~'-Cfi, ~·~ ~ IJlll~li:>tlc'SI ""ra<ct<t.. ~ 1 ~~ (CH30H) ~il~'.Cfi 65°C, ~ (C2H50H} ~il~'.Cfi 78.3°C1 r ~ CH3COCH3 ( ~~); CH3COCH2CH3 (M~I~[~)! CnH2nO(n = 3) 41<(~fi14 ~m CH3COOH (~ ~m)CnH2n+ICOOH CH3CH2COOH (~~ ~m)
- 73. * il:l1';.at1; R-CH20H-CH20H H 1° - ::ijJIW141t{fi14 I::ijJIW1C<Plt{'1 -C-0-H ~ I H *·-· - R2CHOH I H 2° -'51Jl'1t41(fi14"1 .. - .... '51) Iift4 It{il -CHOH I -C~O-H ~ I * .... -- R3C OH J I 3° .. ::ij)l'lt41t{fi14_, .. n11'1l ::ij)li1t41,., -C-OH -C-0-H ~I I '51Jl'1Nit{l...5 0 -- ....~. R-CHO -CHO II ·=;.,' 11 _,,""(,.'IP 1{'1"4 -C-H C. ~ R co R co 0 ....,,,.,.~~ . II r.,r;lf.14~-C- -lY. ,..,_,,~, ,., R COOH COOH 0 ,............-.~~~ II - -C-0-H "'· ~ RCH20CH2R =C-0-C= I I ~~ -C-0-C- I I )o. '51Jli141~ H G!Jlfiic-11 ~R-NH2 -NH2 ~ I -N-H )).~- R-CONH2 0 H '51)1 iil..5 ~-CONH2 'l!Ul~l·5 - II I -C-N-H )-<. ~~ 0 ~~ (JSl'Al..5 ~R-COCI -COCl1 (JSl'Al...15 II -C-Cl )~.~~ R-CO-OR -CO-OR .Q ~~~ II -C-0-R )8.~~ 0 0 '51Jl1(1Ql ...5 ~(RC0)20 (-C0)20 ::ij)li!(l=-fe:5. II II -C-0-C- )(t. "4)1'141~ >tlil.. 1..5 ~R-CN -CN -C=N >tl~li!l...5 )~.~~ R-N02 -N02 0 ~~ II -N-+0 !>C. >tl'1C•IM4 0 '11'1C•IM4 ~Ar.S03H -S03H ~~ t ~-S-0-H J, . 0 )lY. C1iflf ,... fi,.~Ar.-OH =C-OH . =C-OH I I
- 74. eol'IC~IRI 1'Tlf eo1"1t~IRI9ftlf ~~ ~- CH4 ~ C6H14 ~ C2H~ ~~ C,H16 '514rlJ91 CsH1sC!flt~ C3Hs - ~'rlJ91 C4H10 ~ C9H20 '~ CsH12 ~ C10H22 iso-~ n-C~ ~.8 • ~ .,111+1'1 (Nomenclature of Organic Compounds) ~ ~~ ~ ~ csuf.hm:-sH11'tl'f ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 11tif ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ '1lf•1:>ti£C'it • -e :>f(8ffAltfJ 911144'51'1 5Mf°i(I( I ~'Nf 91l144itC'1 il:>fHMRf'1•1ct 4U14ft Rf~ ~ '51<1!l<sictl ~ I ~tiff 11ttfJ ~ 'Oli~'fl I ~ :>I "fl~~ (Common or Trivial System) , ~ 1 ~ ;~ ~ ~ (Derived System) ~ 1 ~ ~ <5il•ef1N54 ~ ~ ~9'JRS ~ (IUPAC System) [IUPAC=Intemational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry] eolfin•~• c'1tt'fl i4li1W'4 (Nomenclature of aliphatic compounds) ~)~·~~.,.I~~~ ~ "''1f, ~' ~ ~ <5ilRfifilitC4'51 -titliJtlC<si ~ 911144'51'1 ~~I ~ "1'41N5C'! ?8f<i' ~ 91li14'51C'Rl ~ '1~dl'!I "If'~ I ~ "1'4i~C'! 91l144i1'1 !fm "'tffl'!J'& ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ "1'4i~C'! 91li14'51C'1'51 ~ ~ I ~ eol"1C.., I '51Jl'1C4Q1il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n-19 <Rl "Q I ~ Yf '41~C'! ~ (1-r.tYil41:.ft91:st ~ '~~· (ane) 19 ~ I '51Jld1C4C91'51 ~ ~ ~ '51Jl'1C4C91 ~ 9Rflft'1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ c-ftlf !1~' (ane) 1l5 '4af 91IJ44'51'1 ~ ~ I ~ C5H12 ~~ ~ '11t•1~<si ~ '~ (pentane) I lJ1if ~ f8t4Cdl<si ~~ ~ ~ 9RS1tl'.t' ~ ~<!Sfft (1-ilC8M ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -nm ~ ~ (iso) Cllt't ~ "QI ~ ~ 9RS1tl'.t' ~ ~ (l-ClilC8f91 ~~~~~ht~~~~ (neo) Cllt't ~ "Q I ~ CH I 3 CH3 -C-CH3 I CH3 neo-G~ ;,.,.,:; ... -.. •• 1~~~?1JA ~· ~J4t'mlh1 ~~~er CH4 'CH2 =CH2 CH=CH CH3COCH3 CH30H CH3CHO CH3NH2 ', CH3CONH2 C2H5COOH C2H50-CH3 CH3CONHR CH3 -CO-NH-CO-CH3 R •' C6H5N02 I 0 CH3CH2COOCH3 N-R CH3COCI II I CH3 COCH2CH3 · R I ~-•~ ~1efi1:a ,,_, :~:. '{'I~"''' ......:.~ ~.·~~.,~ 1
- 75. CH3 - CH-OH, ~ 4lf'491'1 I CH3 (tt) ~ ~ iiiN~f'• ~ IUPAC - I IUPAC "1'4iNsC6 ~ m'R i1lii4'Atct ~ '9flf' ~ ~'11f ~~I~()) ~9f9flf (prefix),(~)~ (stem),(~)~~ (suffix) I ())~I "{Wf ~ ~ ~ fai4til'A H ~ ~ C4R ~":qt~ ..m ~"1'! ~ ~ 'W9f9fif' ~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ Mof-14 'JI'.~~ <Rt~ I oo1lf'lflWf I~~~-~ ~1' '11$ ~ 9'111t'lif "f~~ '~ Mc&a~., I WftRI<!> ~ ~-~ ~ ~ 9'111t~ tJtt4 ~ ~ ~ fi{tv ~ GIJl'1t4i1 ~ ~ ~ 1{Wf" ~ ~ '('11 ~~.Cl'-~ "!l ~ ~ I (e) ~ I CCISfif ~ ~ 1lt~ liftt ~ 41(4~ ~ ~ ~ CJtt"'tai ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~9fif ~ ~ i1lii4'A'1 ~"('I I "'~ ~ 41(4" "lWf4 ~~ !Slfi14141 t9ft1f ~ ~-~ ~)~~~~~~CRT~ I ~ I 2 · 3 4 CH3COCH=CH2 ~3~2-~ + L__J. ~ 9ff91if C8 1'ltlif -1' ~ "'11*1•1-11 ~ I SIJl*1C4i1 ~clS ~'4f(; (tlailcuti1 9'111t~ "Sl"1JtlRI! ~ ~ ~~ ~ 9f't'e1Jl llm ~ '501*1•-11 ~ ~ ~ I -H -H CH4 - CH3 C2H6 -C2H5 Alkane -ane > Alkyl ~ ~ ~ ~ +yl SIJl'141~ V14C<P R ~ ~ ~ ~ I SIJl'141~'1 ~ Jlttfmct "f~~ ~ C11H2n+t ~~ n= 1, 2, 3 ~ t . . eu111~-., ~ 1 'Sl1111f491 ~ ~~ (1~Qilteti1 9Rl11t1. ~"1JiflRI<!> ~ ~ ~ ~9f:J ~ ~ SIJl'1f4411..*1 ~ ~ I ~ CH2 =CH- Nsi11~ ~' CH2 =CH - CH2- SIJl'll-11 ~ CH2 =CH - OH Nsi11~ GIJl'1C41('1 CH2 = CH - CH2 - OH Sllli11~ SIJlilC<Pl('l (~) ·- I ~ GllMt4i1Jf~ Ill~ GIJl'lt41f(til'A ~ ~ "1¥4iN5C6 i1liifff ~ ~ I ~ ()) '5Ul*lt... I ~"1'41Nst"!> ~ Glll'1t4i1t4 ~ ·llftff ~ ~lii4'A'1 ~ -~ I ~lfli"!> 41.Ci1'A ~ ~ GIJl'14l~'j V14JfCf('A.·'i1t11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cllt't ~~I ~ CH3-CH3 ~~' CH3- CH-CH3 ~~ I CH3 (~ '5Ul*IC•lf(if I ~"111fiNsC"!> ~ GIJl'1t41('1C<P ~ GIJl'1C4IW1'A ~ Rlt:qbi11 CRT ~ I ~ "1Jlilt4lf(i1C<P 4lf'491*1 ~ I -~ ~C-OH , 41~9111 / CH3 -CH2 -OH , ~ 4lf'49111,
- 76. IUPAC ~ ~~11U:qfit tOlWtt«'if 4'fil1'Pf I()) 41(41l if•!•~~~~~ I • (~) ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'RS 19 ~ ~ ~ i11114tt'1 ·~~ '51'4"1i1Jlf"' llt'lt~ ~"IJt ~~~~I ~ 1 2. 3 4 s 6 CH -CH-CH-CH -CH-CH 3 I I z I 3 CH3 C2H~ CH3 ~~ ~ 3-~ 2, 5-~ ~I fff 4-~ 2, 5-~ ~ 9m I~ ft~ c-.tiJf ~MC(~~~~ C1ft~ 3+2+5=10 I~~~ C1ft'11Pf 4+2+5=11 I ~ ~ c-.tiJJ ~'fl.11'f ~ ~-.nl (10) I ~ft~ ~ctt'!l'1J I (e) ~~~ ~9f<qi WT ~ ~' C:>fC-.CIJ! ~~~ ~ 511l1Jl.. CH ~ ij)tllli"llC'A (alphabetically)~~~~ I ~ CH3 C2H5 . 1 12 3 I 4 s 6 CH3-C -CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 I CH3 ~ ~ 2,2-~ 4--ilJl.'1Cl(C'9ti1 I~ 4-~ 2,2-~ ~ "ifff I (8) ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~9f<qi ~ ~~ 1411 51'4'(1C~ ~ ~ ~ i11114'ACct ~'fti~415lt;.q ~ ~9'4' 'Gltt'f ~ '!!~ ~ I ~ • 6 s 4 3 2 1 CH3-CH2 -CH-CH-CH2 -CH3 I I CH3 CH3 I CH3 3-~ 4- fii'Cll-'1 ~ (4-~ - 3 -~ ~'iffl) (<t) ~ .'fGi ~ ~ c-.tiJI, ., •• ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~· ~ ~ m I ~'C"Rilt 414°4., ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~41C*l'A C"5r;1J fft'rtiU ~ I ~ C H3 0 H 3- ~ P1'5'D1..11-2 ~ 4 3 I 2 I 1 . ~Q.--. CH3 - CH- CH- CH3 2- ,..~,~., JCi4Ulii'1-3 ~"ift 1 ~ ~.f' I IUPAC "f'l~C'I ctl()lfitc.tlt•~ c1llt'ff 14lii¥1'41t- +ene · ?tR~ q~ ~~ 2, 3-~ ~~~MC~~~ I - ~ ~ 4tt ~ ~~Jl<4lb4 1lf"f ~~ '~ilflT ~· ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9fl5 I ~~ GIJl'lc4ti1'A ~ c~ I 4lal4~ ~~4ff9flf~~(ene)~~-~l.!I~~~ 1 ~~,~~~·~~- ~..._ ~ -ane 2,3--01"(.1-.~1,;;c.., C711.,,~-1 pentane pentene
- 77. CH3COCH3 Cllt~ 'lAlkane- e +one ~ Alkanonel jAikane-ane+yne ~ Alkynel ~CH3CH2C=CCH3 2-C~~ C~-2 • Wt Q1Stif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~-~ N-~ ~~-•mi-~~~ !SIC'i'R'4 ~ '11Jl'14l<sl-il, '1IJl11•ml-i1, '11JIW141<sl"Glll:il, G1Jl11•llil~l'9i1 (Alkadiene, Alkatriene, Alkadiyne, Alkatriyne) ~ ~ iilii4tef ~ ~ 1 CH2 =CH-CH =CH2 CH= C-C =CH 1,3- ~~'Gl<sl-ii 1,3 ~-~-· •·lffff Q1Stif ~ ~ N-~ ~~mi-~~'~~~ iilif44AC~ C'lftiJI If~ ~·1mc<P G11111r.i1~MC'Ctbiil~~1 mi-~~~~~~~~ 1 ~ CH3-CH=CH-C=CH, 3 -C~-1-~ • lffef C4P{ ~ ~ N-~ -e mi-~~ erttw ~.~ CJtc•ta1 ~~ ~ ~ N- ~~~~~~~~'~ CH=C-CH2-CH=CH2 1- C~-4-· ~~' '54Jf~C4l(W1, G4JliffQ54:1-S, ~' tqsj~-fitcp ~~ iilii+ACf ~ ~ I (1l1fif IAikane e + ol ~ Alkanol j 'CH3CH20H ~' CH3 -CH -CH- CH3 3-fiMI.., M•"Dli1W1-2 I I CH30H CH3CH2CHO Clft9fTiTIWf CH3CHCH CH2 I I OH CHO 3-'1-tilf11 M'~li11W1 ~ CH2 =CH-CH2-CH2 -CH3 l-C~~C~-1 IAlkane- ane + ene ~ Alkenel '5()1'1f«iffl· iilit..-1 I ~'4lf4 ~ ~ fiffilfl 51Jl'1C4Cil'R ~ ~ ~'-t ~ ~~ (- ane) ~ iift11 ~ ~ ~ (-ene) ~ff 51JIW1fipCil'R iilii4'R'1 <RT~ 1 N-~ ~ ~ ~'.~~<RN~I ~ .., (Eth) ~-~fill~ • Alkane-ane+yne=Alkyne -C=C- (-yne) C!ftt9fi{ ~9f 51JIW1C41('1 ~ ~ (-ol) Alkane-e+ol=Alkanol (Prop) (-OH) ,,..... ......... ~(But) GIJIW1f&f(t...t.5 ~ ~(-al) Alkane-e+al=Alkanal1'111:11.11.., (-CHO) c~ c9Plt ~~ ~ Alkane-e+one=Alkanone (Pent) (-CO-) (-one) ~ CQ (Hex) Yl""41~;:1Y 1l'f'4 ~~~ Alkane--e-+oic acid (-COOH) (--oic acid) = Alkanoic acid
- 78. '1IJ14'51'f ~~-I ~ I2 3 CH3 -NH-CH2 '"-CH2 -CH3 l-(N-~iilftoi"IJlfilCi11} Cli'ft~ Cl I 2 I CH3 -CH-CH2 -CH2 -CH3 I 3 4 s NH2 2- "1Jlfilti11-3-CJSIC'RIC11cal;i1 ~ 1 2° -e 3° 51Jlfilt'1<a ~ N-GOl~41~'1 ~ N,N-&l.GIJl'141.'1 ~ 51Jlfilt911 llfffi ~ fiJt"f C50lfllVHI ..111+1ct (Nomenclature of Amines) ~ ~ I "ft~ 11f'4iNsC! 2f~ 5111'141.,, ~9Rf ~ !!~ 9fC1l ~ ~ Ctl'T'f ~ '1IJ14<si'1 <Rt~ I ~ CH3-NH2 ~~' CH3-CH2.-NH-CH3 ~~~' (CH3)3N ~l~iCll~'l ~I '5flW~f's• ~ (IUPAC) I ) 1 !! 9t'4i~C! 51Jlfil'1t4 51Jlfilt911-GIJl'1C491 ~ '1li14<si'f CRt ~ I 2f'1tll GtJlfilCiil ~~ ~ ~ fiitcpr ~ ·Cfft ~ I - NH2 ~ 4l(C91<si ~ MC~lif4 ~~ )l<qCbC~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ fi14C'l'R ~ ~'IJt 'f$ft ~ GIJl'1C<PC91'R ~ ~CRt~I~ rAlkane - e + oic acid ---+ Alkanoic acidJ CH3COOH ~!!~ 414ftl_fil4 ~ •l<iC+ll ..lil+i"t I 4liiff~fi14 !!~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ <JPl'Rl.'5, GIJlill.&, !!~, Gi)l'1~J~I-& ~ Cll'Fll~ 1 I Alkanoic add - ic acid + yl chloride ~ Alkanoyl chloride I Ethanoic acid- ic acid+ yl chloride ~ Ethanoyl chloride, CH 3COC1 C5Ulil"'Qi 1 IAlkanoic acid - oic acid + amide ~ Alkanamide I Ethanoic acid - oic acid + amide ~ Ethanamide, CH3CONH2 ~ I Alkanoic acid - ic acid + ate ~ Alkanoate. ~ 5111'1'41~'1 ~ ~ ~ ~, !lif9Rf Alkanoate ~ 91IJ14'S1Cf ~ ~ 1 ~ CH3COOC2H5, ~ ~ C501... l..Qi 1 IAlkanoic acid - acid + anhydride ---+ Alkanoic anhydrideI ~ CH3COO CO CH3 ~ GIJl'1~1'~il.& ~ ..111+1ct I IAlkane - ane + oxy---+ Alkoxyl1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ GiJl'141.,, ~ <i!P1Ut4 GiJl'lt491 ~ ~~ c.:1tft~ GiJl'14li ~ ~9f 'fctJ ~ iili14<act CRt 1®1~ CH30C6H5 filt• ~' CH30CH2CH3 ~~' CH30CH2CHiCH3 ~ G!ftt~ °ZIRl'ltFf CH3CHCICOCH2CH3 2-CiStm-3- C11f~IC'1191
- 79. Cl lillfi!llit('t ~~(ff N,N- 1&llfi111tfti'l"fJIMfili1 G4JIC'SllCiiITJ4 G4Jlfi1Cii'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~·~ ~ iilii<P'A'1 <Rf~I~ $2 CH'3 4-fiMfi:'lGtJIMfiti! 4- CJPIC'RIGCJ1Mfiti1 4- 11tld;l'OfJIMfit11 ~ •1(4 if'I~~ ~ -.liffft I ) I ~ ~ ~~ 41(4" ~ -~ ~ ~~ !SIM<PPi:>ttC'A ~~ ,..,.,. 4!f'fR Pn:ctbiil '4tf ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ Q I "19Rf ~ ~'PfCRit'Pf Cil1"4ft Q I . • ~I 'l()rtrifi;1(1-e, ~' ~ ClffJl Cl,-OH,-NH2;0R,-N02 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~<RlQI~ ?H ~H2 CH3CHCHCHO CH3CHCOOH 2--.fl:tilf11 ~~TJli1'11 2-'0fJlfilCiil C!ft~ ~m fiii11f~:'1GtJlfil11 (I0) (ff GIJIMfili1 1&llfiii11t(111511rfit11 (2°) ;ijt(fiMftiicatJlfili1 (3°) - NH2 ~ ~ H-9f'filtCJ. G4Jli141l:i1 ~'Pf~ ~91'! ~ ~ "4Jli1<Pll:*l ~9Rf ~-~~ ~~ ~ fi1iill:i1 ~ ~ iili14'A'1 <Rf Q I H~~H3 ~~~(20) (ff N-~ 'OfJIMfiti1 ~ @-N-@ 'iiOICilt11fl• 'l()l~C.,f ..111..i (Nomenclature of Aromatic Amines) NH3 ~ ~~ <n ~~~ H-9f'filt'J. ~~ "4Jl'All'1.;<P ~ FiPiill'1 {C6H5..:..) ~ ~ ~91'! ~ "4Jlt'AICiiITJ<P ~ ~'Pf!f Q I ~~ ~ iilil<P'ACCf fi1iill:'1. ~ "".'flt ~ ~~~OO'f~QI ~2 4 3 2 I CH3 -CH2 -·CH-CH2 -OH I CH3-N-CH3 2-{N,N-1&~fi111tl'till5IJlfilc111)-I- f4l~'Dl11'1 ~ 1 Gt11filc-.111• -e "{iU ~ •l(•ll ~ ~ -oa, -cooa ~~ mtt ·~ ~ ~ ~rfil<Pl'A ~ ~ iflii<P'A'11RfQ I ~ 3 2 1 CH2 -CH-COOH I NH2 2-cat11filc-.1arn~ ~m
- 80. fif91111'1 C6H5 -CH2COOHfi-1~11'1 ~ ~C6Hs- flf~l~91 NH2 - CJI4 -- NH2 flis911~~ til~Jlfil91C6H4- '~~9'11'1 C6H5 -CH20H C~i19'1~ GfJl'1'41('1C6H5 -CH2 - eottttt1f•• C1lftttf .,lit+a'I (Nomenclature of aromatic compounds) GfJICCSllC~ffJ• !l11'Uil41(~CSI ~~ ~~ ~ Wft ~ (arene) I ....GfJ"""IC-'Al-cJ1,f;llffJ~4 !ll°iQlil41(~:si ~ ~ ~ ~~ (l~CilCUM 9R111t'l ~"t'llfh> ~ ~ ~ 9fte11t l1t1r ~ GfJl'Al-'1 ~ Cftl'f I ~ c;;q91f'l91 ~ ~· ~~ (i ..Cilttf91 9R1111'110M'll'AC'1'A ~ ~9f:l 1{i14C4 ~-if~~ I fiMI..., ~ ~~ GOl'Af~'1 ~ I riPi111., 1{'14C4 Ph ~~ GOl'AI~ i14C4 Ar-~ ~ ~ ~ I fi{t5 ~fir GfJICSll1'1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Ofe11t Wft I . - ~. CI i01"11-il .. t+i 1't1l t l'ftc(11'1 - - ,, - - ..... :.~~~ ~ ~ ~ ..~~'"'' ,•• , ,,,. '2»1111~ ,.,-.... ... ~ ..r-~~ ) I 'Tl"«I~:.:,.,.. ~~ -COOH ~ I '11'1C•lfii4 ~~ -S03H ~I ~?fci ~1'111~ -COX 8 I ~ GfJl~11~ ·-eoNH2 <t I ~1~11IPJ ~ '114'1911-tS -CN ~ I GfJl1'1~~11~ -CHO C1~ -CO- l7' I GfJl'lC41~'1 -OH ~I~ -SH )OI~ -NH2 ) ) I Gf)I'1Ms91 -C=C- 1· I )~ I Gf)111141-91 -C=C- se I GfJll'lc<P91 I I -C-C- I ,.,__ )81~ -OR D )<t I ~li'!l~ti'I -F, Cl,-Br, -I CJ )~I~~ -N02 ) C I GfJl"141~ ~ -R- ?wM~ C2- '°I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 41(91Mfi11 GfJl'lC4C91CSI ~· ~ ~<PICSI ~ ~ •1(•ll ~ ~~ ~ ~ 1 ~m !lfil•1" w~ ~ •1(•ll ~ ~!At~~ C1lft1f ~ I ~ ~ CH2CH = CHCH2 CH= C - CH20H CH3CCHCH = CH2 I I I OH OH ~"f-2-~-1-~ CH3 ~-2-~-l ,4 -~ 3-~-4-~-2-'6if -
- 81. <l' I C~ilf9tti1'A~~ etl!St•<a 911114'Sltct1 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (o-), OOJt (m-) ~~ 9fJ11t (p-) ..m ~ ~ CRt ~ 1 ~~ ~ ~ 1,2~1,6 'dfcr(IV1~~~'1,3~1,5·~ ~ ~~ 1,4~9fltlt~1 ~ c&CH3 ~CH3 ~ l,~- 1ill:filiil"-vtcci91fil91 1,3- 'illfi!iilll:'1CCl~fili1 CH ~ o-~ ~ m-~ 1,4- lil~iil~<Ai1~ ~p-~ ·~ I C6H5CHC12 Cct911fl'1 CJPl<sil~<s C6H5 -CH I ~ I C6H5CC13 c;q91cettfil.. CJPl<sil~<s CH -C-6 s I ~ CH3 -C6H4 - CH3 -C6H4 -S02Cl ~ '11.,t•I~., CJPl<af~<s lTo
- 82. ·~"CSR~~~' ~ tal'1141M4 tf1f ~"''$N02 2-i11'1:c'Glt•i1.,3-i1r.:C11t•i1"1 4-i1fl:cll~i1*1 " I •1(4 ~ "fat11'61 (Functional group isomerism) I 41(•" 1{'fC'CR fe:t•111 ~ ~ "1111',t!Slii 'Jf'~ ~ •1(4 ~ "fiii'tOI ~ I CH3-CH-CH3 I OH ff~-2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 n-f'lgt1Ji1 CH -CH-CH J I 3 CH3 511.. C"11M;t'Gi1 ~ 2-filtJf~'l ~ ~ I ~ "1111'1'61 (Positional isomerism) I"~ 41(4~ ~ ~ Gi'4'(1ti1'i1 <mltCt ~ "1111"1!il'il ~ ~ ~ ~ '11111'61 ~ I CH3 -CH2-CH2-0H ff9fRl'f-1 ~.<t _. ~ "11111.'ll -e ~ .«t•ltteit (Isomerism tn Organic Compounds and its Types) ~~~ ~ <s11:>tl41M4 ~~ ~~, ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ -e 'i11"1141M4 lfDf~ ~ ~ !ilC'1'ilC4 ~ ~ ~ (isomer) ~ 'fctr <Rt.~ ~~ ~ MiBlftc:qs 'tatl1'61 (isomerism) ~ 1 'li111'ilt·~eM I :>tlll'i'!SIC4 ~~ ~ ~ ~'f <Rt~ l ~ (4) ~ :>tlllc.(!il (~) ~ :>tlll',t!SI ~) ~ Jtatl't'bl (Structural isomerism) I·~ ~ ~ "itill~ ~ ~ ~ Mi1JIC"1ii ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~t4C!if <mltCt ~ :>till"l!ilt ~ ~ ~ ~ JtatlfCJI ~1~~~~·~1~ :> I ~ "1111"1!I ~ I ~ "1111'1'!1 e I 41(4~ ~ "1111',t!Sl 8 I ci$1iilfletll (t I 'nt'nlillftetil ) l~~(Chainisomerism)I~ ~~~f8t«•HI~~~~ I~ C4H10 ~"f ~ ~ ll1rl'i ~ I CH3 N0~02 N02 2,4 ,6- ID~''"'llJWJ.l-4 N02 2- Ci15tm-4- i1Ildalt•i1"1 ~~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ etl!>'4'51 C1ifitil1 ~9ft<R ~ ~ "'-~ ~ ·~ ~ 1{'11 41(4~ ~ ~~ ~ ~;'l"f ~ ~ CR°t ~I OH CH3 CHO OH ~Cl CHfeiCH3 ~N02 N~~02 OH N02 l,3,5-lirl:fif~l'1:'1 3- ~-4- 4:1ltilril 2,4,6-liit-1~di1c•i111 ~ Ctiti1Ufl0jNi(l'1:1Ji
- 83. (~) ~ (Stereoisomerism)I~~~~ Wft 0MillK4J4 ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Clt ~ rar ~ Rli111c:>1;a ~ ~ "11'~.1 C1f ~ c1'tt'1I ~ etMR• ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1W c1'tt'1I ~ ~ 9ft'll1'1 -e ~ 1i111111illcp ~ R-olC"lt fe:l<ilt ~ dlt'R.~tl'lll~· '(t1f·~ 'Pffilflf'tii ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'l1n1 ~ ~ ~ ..• ~ "1.1111'61 WI' I ~'<Mill~ ~ ~ I ~ .()) iUl~f'scp 'liiltOI "i{f 11Pr~ 'liil'l•I (~ '51IC'll.-'liil;.fSI (") .-,wt1181~llfl >iiif!•I , . CH30CH3,~~ (i)~~ (ii) ~ ~'--. (-25°C) (iii) Na-~if ~ .~ ~ ~ '-tt I ~ C2H60 ~ ~ 4f(~ ~ ~'1_ 9ft<311t ~ 1 .. CH3CH20H,~ ~8 (i)~~ (ii) h ~~-. (78.3°C) (ii) Na-~~~~~ ~~' C3H60 ~~~ 41(<P~ ~~~I 0 0 II II CH3 - CH2 - C- H (~'--. 49°C) H3C- C-CH3 (~'- .. 56°C) '~~ ~~ 8 I '6t'61atlfilfil (Tautomerism)I ~~ ~~ ~ ~ 4l(<P~ ~ ~~ 1 ~'4ff; ~ 4lal<P~ ~ ')l'.~ ~ ~g,icolcq ~ ~ 4l(<P~ ~ ~ ~'Ut11 ~ 412.ICillC!> ~YfNIRi'lb ~ ~~ ~ 41~1Cill JiflilJl<l(lil mm ~ I ~~ 'Gt'Dliilffifilt• tif's"'1 41(.-ll ~ "lill'iW1 ~ I ~ l'f 1'(11'1 ) I ~-~~ Ut&ti!IRietil 8 ~O~ OH '-II~ I H3C-C-CH2 ~ H3C-C=CH2 mt;t (c~~) ~~ (C(iflf9fif-2-~). t~1 . ?HCH3 --C - CH - COOC2H5 ~ CH3 - C =CH -CO(?C2H5 mt;f (GOIPttGI ~"i{lf (GlllPttGI G1Jlfit$4 ~~) Gil1fitfB4 ~~) <t I Cil'llatlfiifil (Metamerism) I ~~ Jifill'".t!>I 4l(<P~ ~ ~ 9fTC-Rt ~ fill4"'1-sl ......Ns.......:1'1b-l-s! ~ ~ ~ I ~ · --E CH3CH20CH2CH3 C4H100 CH3CH2CH20CH3 CH3-<(H-O-CH3 .~ CH3
- 84. .-.·••·•fim· ·'11M~•.•,.,~fW••"fill'ltlWl'!~if'ct~'...,f~11)1'.'iftit (<ll}C~~CJl"'~Br2 .(-t). CH)C~r ~j~~~: :[#,.8!~~3 ~~.~<!'"' . ·> ·•·· .•.•. (lf) 'Cl~()'tt~~ttfil..··<~)·· 2- (3ft1rt-17f3Ptt•1••~;<,>••~r:'~m,: ..cJ)·@1~, i!t~11· ~~¥ ("Sf) 2-~ amf~-l ($) 2-~1~., ,~ ..2J) . - . .' . ·. " cf2~.rH H m-1,2- Sl~filtQ!tl., ~~ f4tD l'fill'l61"1ir 9Rf 9Rf 541"'115i11 <Rt~ g ()) lfJlfilRi• 'latli:OI ~ ~~ Jtil~I (Geometric isomerism or cis-trans isomerism) I~~·~~~~~ ~·19 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'S ~ ~~ ~ ~ 4-ffitrt'A"tt ...'A ~ ~ I %ltt1'At4 "'l'A""tt~~ ifJlfilNs4 ~ ~ ~ M~{llTJt4'6~~ "'*'""'Cftl'r I-~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1Jiill1Ji4 M~IJtt4 ~ttt-t-1 ~ I ifJlfilNs4 ~ ~1*1fS ~Ns"1~ GIJli1~ 'S ~ ~ ~ ~ I lfJlfilRi• 'litli:Olt 11'1(Conditions of Geometrical Isomerism) cqjlwtRs-11 51Hi1f4t:-1ta N-~ ~ ~ 91taill~ ~ ~~ q9f ~ ~ fts!f ~~I ~. "<, /a a""- /b (i) abC = Cab, a* b C = C C = C b/ ""-b b/ ""-a Br""- /Br -. /H a=H ~111~'51'1 g CHBr = CHBr C - C C= C H/ - °"H H/ °"Br b=Br ~- 1 ,2-15rl:GJIC~~ ~- 1 ,2-15rl:GJ1Df ~i1 c= c N-~ ~~ 9fTC-t ~ ~~ ~ ~9f ~ 9Rt1rl'l ~ ~ ~ m(~ cis ~ ~~ 9fte-t) ~Cf'- c = c N ~ fif9fh 9ftt-t iJ.~ .tte"f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ trans ~ R9ih) "'11t'l Cftl'r 1 (ii) abC =Ccb a s b, c*b CH3". /Cl CH3',. / H a= CH3 C=C C=C b=H H/ -, H H / -, Cl c = Cl m-1 ~9fif ltwr-1 ~9fif • ~ '1lttf I~ ~ ~ ~"'i~~'A '4Rftct C-C ~~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ 11't'fm~_Jtill~l 9fte11tllt11 r~ ·
- 85. ~ ~ WJif~ "{- '~~ ~) (~) fa.~.~·~)litif·~~ ~~' eo~ ~ ~ t9fl1"tlf t91ft'(lf'Ns ~ 9't I COOH I HO-C*-H I CH3 M'lif~lf .. ~ I etlt'll.-'111~1 (Optical isomerism) I 'dll"114->t11l'J:til ~ ~ .tfRfCtt C~ ~ 'tii'f- >t11<1Rtti ~ (plane-polarized light) ~ ~ ~ ~C!JIGM I ~ ~ >t'Sli1C<si"'11l ~ ~ ~~~~fir~~~ ~"('!IC<I ~Wf ~~I ~ ~ (~ CaC03 ~'i ~~ ~ fifWf11 ~ ~ ~ <lli!1>tl11 ~ ~~~"~~cm-)~~ ~~~Clt~~~ ~ ~fir ~~ ~ ~ ~f4T!i ~ I I!!~ 'dllC'11C4 ~-Jti4''4~ '9{fCWlt (plane-polarized light) CfC'f I ~ c1lM ~ ~' ~ ~ aRC4 fAr ~) 11Pf-Jtilliqfff "'1tllt ~ ~ ~ >111tiCi'i 'dll<IR!'t! ~ (plane-polarized light) 'tii'ft4 (plane) ~ ~ ~ ~ etlc111.-~ c'1M '<l't'1' I ~ Cllt'f ~'4 >t11'!~!J ~ 'tii'ft4 Sl91MC4 ~ ~ ~ ~ (dextrorotatory compound) ~ (+)- c1lM ~~ <111'MC4 'tii'ft4 ~ ~ ~ c'1M (laevorotatorycompound)~(-)~ '<l't'1' I~ COOH COOH H+OH HO+HCH3 CHJ- (+) '1Jl4tb4 1£1~ (-) '1Jl4tb4 1£1~ Clf lltl 511"114-~ Clflt'fir 1£1'4 >til'!~!J ~ ~ ~9f ~ ~ ~ C111'1lftfil~l11 '<l't'l' I ~'- GllC'114-~ ~· 1£1~ ~'1M4 '<3 ~ ~~ ~ ~ 491fif•11C'Sl"'1C91il I!!~ Wt >t11<1Rt<! ~ 'tii'ft4 ~ ~ fifC4 ~ RYii)"' ~ "4l<1Rh ~ '!IC"f'SIC4 etlc111.-~ 1!14tt 1£1 Mq!JC4 etlC'll+-'1111"J:61 ~ I etlt'll.-'11111ilt 1lf't (Conditions of Optical Isomerism) ell ~ ClITtt 5flC'114->tRtl-fi'!I ~ ~ ~fi11t ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~ ~ t5 I ~ 414i1C4 .,.. .. ," ~ ~ "'2t"5<>tii ~ ~'l. (chiral carbon or asymmetric carbon) ~ ~ ~~ ~ttc• •1-.tl'I c'1M ~ 1 ic11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9l:s1111~ mfT; ~ ~9f (~OH, COOH, CH3 ~~ H) l!l'i ~ t5 1 I!! ~ ~ 4l'l-silil ~ 1£1~ ~ 41Uli'i OOtt I ~$ 1£1~ ~ c'1M I 1£1~ Sl«if%>til ~ ~ l1tfcct'f ~ ~ l!l'i ~ 9ft-e1ft ltttcf I ~ ~ 1£1~ iJ.'$ ~ Cllttf ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 119f'1 ~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~9M~ 1lm. -tt (non-superimposable) ·~ I!! c1'M ~ ~~I 1£1~ I!!~ >ti1<1Rt'! ~ ~ Sl9iMC4 ~ ~ (+) 1!1~111'i ~~ ~ Jiil:ct~ ~ ~ <Clliffij(cp ~ ~ (-) ~~11R 'tr&
- 86. fNt.WI.) I -c'11t1'trfitt 1{00···~·· (411·-ci!M. tilttfl+."'11tCJ:r4li1'1~(·C"Pt I ~) QPltii1CJl'ltitfilt~ (~) 2-QMtlt..2- ~9fif ('1)2·QJtat~1..Qftm "1te9f"i{ (lf) CH3CH(OH)Br (!) CH3CH2 CH(OH)CH2CH3 (o) CH3CH2 CH(Br) CH(CH3)2 oo BrCHi-CH20H ("If) HO-CHi-CH(CH3)-CH3 (qt) CH3 CH(OH) CH(OH) CH3 ;.,,,:~.-.~ ~·t1Jt11r..•~c•"~·lAJ ~---~~~ ie.~~fffu, 'l~fe (Principle) I ~ ~ <s1IJ1141M4 ~~ ~ ~ ~1Pf ~ ~ ~~ ~ "'~'"'' ~ '9liU "l'f 'Al>tHIM4 ~ ~ MfiMllM ~'CR?"'I ~ ~ ~~~ ~ PIWMIH1 ~ Cll1•tft'A "falt.~ (degradation) ~ l:1J· 1 !l1f9Rf ~~-"fa. ·~fift4 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~fitt ·'e ~ • tl'1h1M4 ~ ~9f"f ~ ~ l'f Cllt•t$'A ~-.$ Gt1fJ:1'IM4 (tentative) ~~~-~~~<RfQ.t ~ ~ ~~ fidifl. ~ "1ftt· •1a1car1 ~ ltftt ~'1 ~ ·9ttt1 ~~· ctlt•tfU''A ~ l1fft <Pl~IC11HI C'l ~ ~~- ~4R't llT1r I C'f.C'Jlitill *fthtl{1D~~~ lfff lttv 1 ~~~-·-·~~-·-~~~$ff~~~~~~'4ifl~I~~ ~ Gi'J*1., ~ 41~1Ciil (resonance hybriclstructure)~ Cllf•f~'SI 'f1f CUMJt '4ift lttv 1 ~ ~' ~ ~ ~~4 'ift 11l:tflft ~~ C2H60 1 ~if ~ ~~ CH3CH20H · 1ft ~ SiJ111c•t4'vt (et1,ar11l~ro1Wit¥1l"l):~~-·CHrQ.cH3,lit~~~ ~ 1 ~ '11tttffj1111Jfl~f.Ms·~·'51Jl'1C41f{~I ~~U'!itci''it>ffiM:NSiliC9f ~ iijl'1C4l(*1·~ I 'Gl'm ·~ cclMtth1 t1JtlfiM4 tf4··~ m ~ •c'f~_(&"llf!A,.t'l!15,~i ~~ (Wl~fit ·~··-~-~ tlJiliiM4 ;J(tp ·~ ?1f~CjS ~C4) ~1,tr"t <R_ 1 ~~9f lifft ~~ 'tiflt*ll.-~ (optical-isomers) .n ~ 1 ~tl'Rl ~ -e <stll'1141M4 ~ ~~ ffi ~~ 1Pf-J1il;q~ ~ ~ ~ Ns~<elC<Ct ~ I ~~<f ~ l:1T1J, C'f ~ ~ etM~• ~, ~ ~ ~ filitlfiMs ~~ ~, fW w-r JfiictRt-o ~ ~ ~ f&.teltfil1'f1f 'iilt"ftC. 'bfIt'll.-~ ~ 1't'f I (+) ~~'llm ~~ Wilff4#% Gllcwtl4C4 SliifVtC4 ~~ (-) ~~'llm ~'c<IS ;q111fVtC4 ~ ~~ ~'9liU ~ GllC'114-~ I "'11 ~ (equimolar) (+) ~~ (-) ~~~ ~ GllC'114 ~ ~~ ~~ fird'1C4 Ctf7tflt• ~ (racemic mixture) ~ 1 ~~ ~ct Ml1Jiili1 (+) ~~lITTf ~~ Wilff4#!5 Gllcwtl4C4 ~ Sl.i1fVtC4 ~' (-) ~~lITTf ~ ~ <lliifVtC4 ~ I 1'C'f GllCG1IC4'A ~~ 'Gl''PiRl<i~ ~ ~~ ~ GllC'114-M{i;{l!)I ~ <rnJ I ~ ~ i1Jl4ft4 ~m, (2-~l@a~G!ft~ ~m), CH3CH(OH)COOH ~I (~) (-) '1Jl4ft4 ~m ~ ~ lft~ 9ft61n lJl1r I (~) (+) 11114~4 ~~ ~ 1"'.~~ 9"'61n ~ I ('t) (+) ~<ft. (-) '1)14ft4 !l~ 0Af>tfil4 ~I (-) -'1114~4 ~Ptw ~ (+) '1)14~4 "lm ~ '4m lJl1r "i{f I C'APlfil4 ~ ~ ,~ <R't ~ I COOH HO+HCH3 COOH H+OHCH3 f5ijJ 8 (+) ~~ (-) '1114ft4 ~m I ~1PftA ~'~~~~ct~~l~~~~llll~W'ftl
- 87. ~ I 51JIOAIC11ft;4l(l-Qlil41(i1)f C( 1t ~'1M4 GlilMUl'l ~ I 8 I ~ ~ 'dliJ:"ilOA, 111~ 1t-~~ GlilMUIC'l ~ (4n+2) ~'-~ n (~) ~C'l~i1 ~I ~~ n ~11ftif 0, 1, 2, 3 ~ 9J_'f' ~-.fll I~~~ ~'f ~ ~ ~ ~ GIJIOAID11lJ4 (l-Q1il41.fi1 ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ ~Jr) I .......· _H.......2 l_N_i__ ..,.~ ~~~~I 150°C .__KMn__ o......4_ ____,.: lJITTl't ~ "ift I KOH .,..__HX__ ____,.: ~ ~ "ift I ~ I ~ ~ ~ '51"1*"J9tSI ~ ~ I ~ 51JIC'Silt11fG4 51)f4'6t<:!I 51Jli1f°4C~'SI ~· -;m I ~ ~ GOIC'AIC11fG4 (t-Qit4l(i1 H2, X2 ~ 03 ~if~~~~~ 51Jli1Msii ~ 51Jl'14l-Ci1'A ~ HX , HOX ~ H2SO 4 ~1 ~~ ~ ~ -n I 51Jl"1r... ~ GUlvt4l-Ci1'A ~ GIJICillC111lJ4 clft'1"1( -..th KMno. ~1 ~ ~ cmr-n I ~ ~ GIJl91!11Pfii . (~) CH3CH (NH2)COC)FI·<lt)C6Hs CFl(OHJCN. ~l~~~·~~~~-e~Clr.(1 C1H9N, CsH1oO, C4E{,Cl,.·C4ffaBr2, .. C$Hl(),·Cdl1oO,.C3ffo02, CsH12, C4Hs, C2HtO ~-~ eolttltiitt. ..-:Cllll•l(9' (Aromatic Hydrocarbon) GIJIC'SllC1ffl;4 (aromatic)~~~~~ GIJIC'Siliil (Aroma, ~ ~) ~ 1 'J'll~Al'1~1c<t ~ ~~ <JMfiitC..il ~~ ~ CAiif91Ci1i1 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 51JIOAICilfG4 clfM ~~I ~ ~- 1JC!, ell ~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 5IJlfi1cqfG4 ~:f~:Uil41(ii ~ W:f ~ <:!lr>f'SIC4 eolttlt141'•«flll•I(-. (aromatic hydrocarbon) ~ I ~ ~ ~' ~ ~~.~(oil.of wintergreen)~~~ ~1lRl ~~ eotttl<>dU• ~<.iil•I .. ~ ~ I ~~ ~lli11JC!, C~-.fiM ~ Cct-.r.tiffl ~ ~ 1't"l1f ~ '5t"l'1'dill ~ ~•Hil•lt ~ ~ fA1"i"1('· tiUlttlCiltt.~Qjl•l°( .. 'Wr I mif ~' -ul9f~ ~ I eoittltiitl• 1(1-Cll"l•t:.t..t ~ (Characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbon) ) I ~flf ~ ~ '6 J'lil!~41 ~~I mif 0
- 88. ~ I ~GIJlt<iilCiiffl<P t(l-Qil<Pl(ii ~ "'~ <.9'dalfi1tlii ~ ~ I ~ 'd01Ctltii$<P ~ ~ ~ -m 1 ~ 'JJ<P'f "51Jlfilw$<P ~ M ~ -m 1 ~ ~ ~ GIJICtltiifD<P ~tvl<Pl(ii M ~·~ ~ ~ ·~ GfJlfilt~• ~l:Gil41(ii ~ ~ ~ ~ I~ 5fJICttCilft4~ Gflf!aqlM<P~ C5m~ ~ GOlttltiifl<P ~ ~ ~ ~ I GOIC<iiltiifD<P ~~~~~I~ c:ct49lCi1il ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ wrr I 'tlfadifttifi ~ _. ~ I ) I G*tlNi,111 C:cti1et<JJ~C4 C:>tl&liftl:it ~ ~ ~ CAi1fVti1t<IS ~~~~llml 0--0--@ ~"'1~ etllt~t ~ 1t ~ .. .-., ~ ~~~ "lllCiit ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~lt'llt eftl1't 0 6 4n + 2 = 6 GIJl~U;iiffl<IS ~ 4n=6-2 =4 t~J-Clil4l(i1 ~ ~n= 1 - ro 10 4n + 2=10 GIJl~ltiiffl<IS ~ 4n= 10-2= 8 ·~J-til4l(i1»: ~~ ~n=2 [] 4 4n + 2 = 4 .Gfll~1tiiffl<P ~ 4n=4-2 =2 ~l-Clil4F("1 "1l~CJPIM~t;l'5rl:i1 I ~I ~n=- 2 8 "!, 4n + 2 = 8 GIJl~ltilffl<IS 0 ~ 4n= 8-2~6 (l-Clil41("1h I ~I "1rl:CJP1~.t;1wurl-. cnn= 1- 2 [[) 6 4n + 2 = 6 "51Jl~ltiiffl4 ~ 4n=6-2 =4 ~J-Clil414"1 - ~n= I ~91i{;l'51~..,~ ~Jli11~i1 . [[) 4 4n+2=4 GIJlt<iiltiiffl<IS -~ 4n=4-2 = 2 i(l-Clil<PI(~ + I ~I ~91i{;l'5l~i1~ ~n=- ~ 2
- 89. ~ I "1Jlfitt~4~~ 19 ~ ~ "IJICiilCiift4 . ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ c1fM I~~ CH3 -CH3, ~~ ~ ~ (4n+2) ~~ 1t ~ H3C-CH2 -CH3 I ~I~ ~ ~ Gt11fitcqfij4 c1fM {lltm (11 Gf)ffit'>11~4 clfM-e Cfe'f) ~ I ~ v ~. C 'iiJlfitc~• '1 eul,'111~1'· ~ ~ (Differences between Aliphatic and Aromatic Com ounds) · ,.. I 'OlRtcwfifft•"'fftfiit• ,iij..filtiffl "ftt'l QPINCiifA @ '+1Nti111 ~ "t8fltiii ·~ ~ I «tfW~ ~ I "IJICtlC11~4 .~ ~ ~ ~1itf<A'1~ .._,.,~.. ~ ~ ~ill l:t'1<Pdilfi1fit4~~ ~ ~ I ~$ "IJIOAICllfU<P ~ ~>[b<P ~ I ~ fltwlr~ eo•ort-r-.-. eoP't_ort..,~ 1 ~ AICI3 ~it'"1f(f!c!) ~ "fJlfl<Pll:'l 'UM~S (RX)~ 'OtJl"f~Wl (11111~!ril (RCOX) ~ ~ "4ti "IJl'14~if ~ "IJl"f~fl ~ ~ ~ I ~ @ + CH3Cl ~ AICl1 > ©-CH3 + HCI ~ ~ ('dlJl'1•1~ ~) /CH2'. H2C CH2 I I H2C CH2 '-CH( Jtl-QPIOMtii @-cooH + NaOH ~ @-cooNa + H,O Cctiittfil• ~ C1f1Ks41111 CctiietCW @-cooNa + NaOH(CaO)~@ + Na2C03 (CaO) ~ ~I cqiiifC4 Zn-~~~~ ~~9r:f ~I ©- OH + Zn ~ > @ + ZnO ~ • 'C1f I ~ ~~ ~ ~I ~it~"., 80°C I ~ "IJIHii"f){~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ "Jf'<Pli<P I . il"tlt~• 'C1f I ~ft~ ... Ci14c'Qlfi1fit4-~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~~~0"11 ~~ ~ 1 200°c ·~9f1mlfm ~ ~ {t~ "'"~ <Aiimc-. ~ ""i ~ft<Jllcetii ~~ ~ "fl.. (ljiSlf0«'9M ~9r:f <ml I ~CH. HC CH ~ I 11 + 3 H2 200°c ) HC CH ~CH/
- 90. CH2 / . CH2 -CH2 ~'Pfif ~I >149~1 ~<ft Gi>f°19 ~ l!t41CH ~ GillC'SllCllfU4 cifM ~~ Gi>t°115 I <ft I ,- -1 ~I ~I GIJl~C.tft4 ~ ~~-~~~ GIJIC~llc~m. ~ ~~ ~ ~~ .. ~ I ~ CH4, CH30H, HCHO, 4F.fi1>t( N, S ~ 0 ~~I~ HCOOH~I ~ft~,~~,~~ ~' 00 8 I ~'Qfiil GIJlfi,cqfU4 ~Jl:if"il <ft 'dfJli1C41~'1>1~ GiJIQAIC1ilU4 'll:ifif <ft~~~ ~'11 ~~ ~9f111i I (t I ~'Pfif G111fi,cqfU4 ~>t4'9 ~ GIJIQAIC11IU4 ~ Gi>t4'9 ~m ~ ~ (llCillcetCii~, iil-~-1ii, >tli1"'51Cii~ (llCi'tlcetCii~, iii-~~' >tli1cqlci1-M ~ .... Ci1.~lf'1fi,4 ~'Pfif ~ ~'Pfif~~I ~~~-;n, ~ I >tffil;JJ~I GIJl{i,cqfU4 (11'11-&>t'~ ~ I "lllC~IC11ft4 tllli11-is ~ -.~ .......::i~ ~ CH3X+NaO~aq)-+CH30H+NaX -;n I ~ ~ "ftt9ft'tli ~ llW I Cl OH @<;>10% Na<>H, 200 atm, 100'c~@+NaCl (ii) HCI C I '9ITTl't G111{i,cqfU4 Gi>t4'9 cifM GillC'AIC11ft4 ~ Gi>t4'9 ~m ~'6 KMn04/KOH ~~~ KMn04 ~ ~ ~ -;n I·~ 51>14'&~1 ~I~ RtWf1f ~I HC=CH+4[0] · KMnO, ) HOOC-COOH lrl~~ 'dfJl~cqft4 ~ .,, ~-- ... ~ 511IC'AIClltTi4 ~ ,, ~ ~ctTl "" '"' ~~9t .. Pf~~I~~ ~9t1Pl'f~ .~I ~ ~ (C6H6) (CH4) ~ C =?5%, H =25% C1ITt'1 C = 92.3%,H = 7.7% I ~ I &IJ!lcetl G111fi1c'l'ft4 ~ ~ '!t~ 51JIQAIC11ft4 ~ ~ C6H5 - NH2 ~ ctlM~ (0°-5° C) NaN02 is HCI ~if~ '!t~ NaN02 '6 HCI ~if ~ Mffil;!ll!J' &lillcetl ~ ~9f:J ~ -;n I {ljftil;!Jl41 ~ &IJJlcetlMillll <JPl'Al-5 ~9f:J ~ Gi)li1C4l~i1 ~9f:l ~ I '4'QA' I CH3NH2 + HNQ2 NaNO~ )CH OH NH2 N2Cl HCJ, 0-5°C 3 @+NaN02 +HCI ._,.c· .c§)+ 2H20+N2 +H20
- 91. + + ++ N02, N R2, Cl, Br, S03 AIC13, FeC13, BF3 ~ l:"1'3lfiff'14 M4l'A4 1 I!!~ 4l(f.l~lil ~ (CH;)l:Ci1t:llfiff'14 f<l4l'A4 1 ~ ~ l!lilt l:ctt<Mae:t ~ct~ 1 ~ C1f et~'(I~ AfaFll11 -t'1'91~• A•lt• ~~ -g crtf1s'(I~ 1'Gtl ~ ~'1(11f1'ifil• et~'(I~ ~ ~ I ~ ~'S~ ~ ~ f.l~ij~l)f-~ ~ f.l~ij~l)f-~ (nucleus loving) 1 l!lilt ~ ~ ~etlN5'A (species) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 l!lilt l:c11<Mae:t-~ 1 I!!~ M4l'A4 ~~ (negative)~~ f.ig~ ~ ~ fimt9f1Jf ~ ~ 9fmt 1 I!! ~ ~ilt ~ ~ c•t114~ f<l<Pl'A4 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~t1tl(<s1'1-.i119f, cH3,oR-, H-,oH-, csr, SH-' x: (X = ~ICiflCSle:t), NH2 ~ ~-efl1M4 M4l'A4 I ~~ NH3 '(i H20~ f.Rft~ ~ ~-efipf114 M4l'A<15 I • ~ C1f et~'(I~ R1dH11 ~ A•lt• ~~ ~ •f1s'(l"fi{ 1'Gtl ~ ~etf1s ...l~~~t . •'11'(tct (Example) I ) I ~'l«GI~• etf1s...l~ ~ (Electrophilic substitution reaction) ~ 'S ~ GtJIC'AICilfU4 ~ l:C11ctltiPfi14 ~9M MMa~l41 ~~'f ~ I ~ + c;q91fltc91~ e:tl-.<Ja"fif f<lru,.4'14' 911-.<:ra1f.l~lil (N 02) ~ ~ ~~ ·~ ~ ~ e:tll:~1c;q91f9te:t ~.o- "'11filw1'• " "'1l,tlt11f'• ~ t>t(C'411M ~c'l«lilfil'fil• -e ~), «111s'(I~ "''l«lilfil'fil• '1 ~), "'f"lt>tltct 'e "111~ ~' C4tl91fitt991t ~ ~ 'e ~ftc11cil;-t91 (Addition (Electrophilic and Nucleophilic), Substitution (Electrophilic and Nucleophtlic), Elimination and lsomerisation Reaction of Aliphatic and Aromatic Compoundsand Multi-Substitution Reactionand Orientation of Benzene) ~ ~1:>ti{~ ~ )f~WI~ '(i ~9ftlftf I ~ MfJMJl'A ~ ~ ~~ ~'lif ~ ~ 'S ~ ~~ 1f~ )fi!Cql~ ~ ~ e:tfe:t'SIC;q )fi!CAI~ ~ ~ ~aot11 ~ ~ '11' ~ I 'Wf ~ Clflt"Rf 'Al)fl~M4 ~ ~ 41(4~ ~ ~9Rt ~ ~ "i{t I ~~ ~ ~'S f.l~f&'! ~ I I!!~ M~lil<P ~- (1) l1ilC(ll~ cr-~, (2) ~~ f<l<Pl'AC4'A (l:Ci1'3l•ll:i1 'S ~-e~) ~, (3) f<lfa1a~l'A Yi~c;q•t ($, ~ ~ ~9f1Jf) ~ 1 ~ f<lffiHIC<P ~ '5'Rf ~ ~'1 <Rt~ I~- )I crtf1s'(I~~ ~I 'OM'>tltct~ ~ l'f"~~~~ 8. I "1iili+11'1~ f.fd I!!~ l!l"C<li l!l'C'flf ~ 5llC41lbe:tl<Rf ~ I ~.lr.) «tR+s'(I~ ~ (Substitution Reaction) ell f<IRRI~ C4fif ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ Yi'Aill".tt4 ~~ ~ ~ I!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~9f:f~~«lfls~~~ I ~9M~~ ~I~' (C,) l:ci'ti;llfqfit;qs (electrophilic)~9M~ 'S (~)~ (neucliophilic)~9M~ 1 l:Ci1'3lfqf'14 ~ ~ l:Ci1<firae:t-~ ~ l:c11<Mae:t-fim (electron loving) 1 l:C11<;81fqfl14 -r<1-4-1<s1-4~f'f ~~~ l:'41<firae:t--q (electron deficient) ~ I l!lilt ~ ~ ~ ~--q ~9f"lfi ~ ~ I!!~~ l:c11t:11fiffl14 f<l4l'A4 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~llfl~<s1'1-.i119f H+, H30+,
- 92. l'Tlf(tct I vt1 vCH3-C=O+H-CN ~ CH3-C-OH • . . I I CN ~ "11411Ci11f(~i1 ~~HCN~it~li!i~CN-~~~~C+~~~18J·1 Nu I 'C-OH/ ~cllM x + (J I I I -C=C- + X- Y ~ -C-C- ~~~~ 1. x I• I I' '~-~~~~' y Br Br I I liftf(tct I H - C =C - H + Br - Br cci, ) H....; C- C- H I I I I H·· H H H - ~ '31filei1'SI ~~~ Br2~7t~~~~~1,2-'Sll:talCatll:citM~9f:J~ I ~ I ~ tw ~ (Nucleophilic addition reaction) I· 41~'1 '14<et Cllt''t ~~~~~~cmr1 41~'1 ~~~~~ ~.~ (B+) ~~lmT~~~·~~VI Nu s+J/ s- I ......_I :::c = 0 + .Nu" ~ /C-0: tt+, > ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 51)!i114M ~ I~ atfqs...t"fi{ (SN)~ (Nucleophilic substitution reaction) ')lf~ ~Jli141l:il ajl'lll:5'>1~ ~ ~9M Mfh;tJltJ ~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ KOH MfJ1;¥JltJ ~ ·~9f:J ~ 1 ~1TI ~ ~9M ~ 1 ~~ 0H- ~-efiff'14 M4l'Si4 ~ ~ ~ I C2H5Cl+OH- ~ C2H50H + Cl- ~ ~ MMatJltJ <JPIC<all:t14il ~ OH- ~ ~ <JPl<all:~ ~ (Ci-) ~~ m ~ ~ -~ ~9f:J~ I ~9M~ ')lf~~m~~·~~91_Cf~_1 ~.lr.~ ygcrt~(C._I..., ~faHlr (Addition.reaction) . C1i R!Rla~I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "(Cl1 ~"4ff; 1Jtijf ~ cifM ~ cmr ~ ~ Cft ~~ ~~I ~ ~ ')lf~ 9ftl: <4"191'et ~ ~ ~9!_Cf ~ I ) I -.c11«Jltfiffit• ~ ~ (Electrophilic addition reaction) I ~~ ~ ~ ~ l:Ci14i:'Qlfiff'14 ~ ~. ~ I ~ Mffil;4114J ~~ 9ftl: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~ I @+No, + . . ' ~9f:J ~I ~~ N02. ~9fftt l:CW1t;llfiff'14 ~4l'Si4 ~~~I ~ Mffi>W•4 i1~CG8'i1 ~~I
- 93. + A-B+Z ~A +B-z- lJl~ A+ ~ l:Ci1ctlfipfi14. M<Pl'A<P ~ l:Cilctl1"1~ (electrophile) 1 !f1lJ11 ~9A~ ~~~I~' ~ I iill:c;'G~, (N02 ~9f ~ ~9M), ~I t<JIC'llcet~"'M (t<JIC'11Ceti1 ..00 ~9A), ~ I GIJl'l<Pf~<P'Act ~ G4JIJ11l:'l<P'Act (GIJl'l<Pll:'l ~9f ~ '51JIJ11l:'1 ~9f ~ ~9fif), 8 I J11'1Cqlcii~ {-S03H ~9f ~ ~~) I ;(11~'Act'1ifi9f, ~-~ M~ill<a lft~ ~ ~ '51Jl'1<Pl'•'l<P<act M~ltt ~ lJt;qs I IJl~ ~ AlCl3 ~~ ~9f~N5~ c:qi1f9tCi1<a ~ CH3Cl (~ , <JPl'All:S) IJl~ MffiRlil Ctqiifilcei<A ~~ 1{1l:flilcetii - CH3 ~ ~ ~91'6 ~ ~- "'9ijf ~ I ~.17'.8 9tliiifl'1~4 41.,~-0l"I ~ "liltwj+a'1 ~ (Atomic Rearrangement or lsomerisation Reaction) ~ M~illil ~ Clltt~ ~ ~'1~~fir191M'~1"·~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~9fjf ~ ~ '>iiil"J:+ii'1 ~ ~ I liifl(t'1 I n- f4;t&iiC4 ~ A1Cl3 ~ ~ ~ G4ll'.t?llM~t&ii ~lit llt1r 1 CH3 I CH3 -CH2 -C;I-12 -CH3 AICI3 CH3 -CH-CH3 .n-~ A ~-~ ~.17'.<t C~iifltC.,il ~ ~fiMll ~ ~Ac1ci'D"lii (Multi-Substitution Reaction of Benzeneand Orientation) C<qiiM~'A ~-~9fif ~ '<3 -eRJc41cii{;-M (orientationj sl G4NsMiiJIJ1 G49fl~<slc;q • 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9Rt ~~ WRt M~illC<P ~~~I IJl~ ~ ~' ~~9ftittt ~ '6RJCiictU"1Cii<a ~ <.1t? IJll: ~ ~ ~ '51liilC'1'A li'$ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~' ) I C'CliifiM ~ 4't ~~~~~VP ~ I '9ftCIC..,"lii 4'l'r ~1lJ11 ~ ~ ~, ~ '(3 IJl~ C'5RJce-ttic.,,si<A: "'""I~• (l:c11•1~) Cl~~~~~I ~~~~,~~~~~~9fif~~Gl<q(I~ ~ ~ Gllfir<P<slc:q ~ ~~IC<P ~Ctc•-r;, ~ I ~ ~ ~1lJ11 ~9ftiff ~ ""-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .M~l'A ~~ l:Ci1'91FiPfi1<P M<Pl<aC<P<a ~ ~ I ~ ~.17'.e ~91"1lii"1 ~(Elimination reaction) ~ p,ru,.illil ~ ~ ~ 9fl1'ft9ftfllt ~ ~ ~ ~ IJl~~ ~Jl:Ui1Cet91 ~'l ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~-~ 1t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~91"1111"1 ~ ~ I IJl MQ-ill'A ~~ N-~ ~ fiir-q"191'6t ~ c1lt'1 ~~I l'fl(11'1 I '1W H2S04(~) IJl~ ~ 165°C ~~ ~ ~ IJl~ ~ ~ ~~~~~9fjf~I
- 94. ~ ~ ~'9IJ1ft ~ C1i'Dt c1'l't ~91J ~ '.r.t I ~ ~ ~~ ClJ ~ ~~ ~ ~ f.rof-t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Gictt{ICii1 ~~~~ff;~ ~ ~ '2!'"11t '1NR411) -n Mtf~41t ~'(activating or deactivating group) I ~ DCiiJi -CH3 ~ ~~- Wf 'ffaHi•ltl ~ (activating group) ~ ~ ~I ~ff; ~ ~ ...,.,:«q~ lifR ~ ~ • 9IJ1ft et~~,., -til41.. ~ ~ 'Q I ~ lCi14'1alil'll:il (electrophile)h Gictt{lt:-i GilaFS4'1 ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f!f ~ 1 fiit5 C<siC9flii1JIC"t<si 111'~ ~ ~ ~ Gict'(leii Wltif~ ~ ~ ~ I CH3 + $ + H20 N02 YIJl'Rlii,."YI ~ (~) ~cmJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'il°'~'1 ~11t ~I UiJ.lCiita ~ ~ ~~ iil~~-t-1 ~ ~~· 30°C ~"1S4llJll~ ~ ~ ~ -.1-dif61J.lii1 (~ ~~), ~ 60°C ~~ 2,4- Sll:iif~:~I ~ (~~9Rf ~~) ~~ ,,<(c"'fCtt 110°c ~~ 2, 4, 6 .,Dllii11-dif~ (DnITTt~9Rf ~~) ~~ ~ I
- 95. &- 6- { ··;+ E+ ,... ./~ o+ '11tt-'11M III vIV+ III f.1fio~41~ ~ ~ CliGt G4<i'(ltii l:c11<KGi1 ~·~ ~ ~ -e 9fJM G4<i'llti1 l:Ci1<KlH ~ ~ ~ C<acetli{Jlr:»t<a ~~ f.ro> ~ ~ I ~4~1c:ct ~~ f.1fi;tJ41i1 ~(deactivating group), N02 ~4Jf ~ ~ ~ l:t"l<RlAii ltl'f ~ ~ '6 9fJM G4<it(lc-1 l:C'l~il ~~ ~ ~ C1fGt ifct~C_, _,,'1.,... ~ c;qfilt ~I l:Ci14<:'Yl'Pll:i1 CliGf ~ G4IJJaitct ~ CliGf ~ ~9f!f ~I i2 HNO, i2 lSJ H,SO, ~N~ m-s~i1~'1lt<ti1f'li1
- 96. ~ I "1"1'19-141(., ~ I Pt Cft Pd '2lt!l<IC4t ~91~C! cit 150-: 200°C ~~ Ni • ~91~f%Cb GiJlitf4i1 cit GiJl'141-Cilt -~ ftll:U51C8fi1 ~ ~ GiJl'lC4i1 ~~ ~ I N. eol'1r.,~1 R-CH=CH2. + H2 1 R-CH2-CH3 I50°-200°c - -.. I W. RmHfl'A (Wurtz reaction} "Slt~ titttif • -..r: ~ ~fdHlffl ~ ~(~~~~)·~~~~,--· ········· .... , R-R + 2NaX2RX + 2Na ~.2D eol'ltiM, eo111r.-,, GOM•I....,, GOl'141...'1/d(Jltl..'1 iijl'll....., 61Jl'1t41,.,, ~' GOl'1Rii(I~ ~' •l~fil• ~,. ~' ~ -e E5()1141..tfi ~ ~' ~filHll -e. -1911.. rll RfilRI (General Preparations, Reactions and lndentification Reactions of Alkane, Alkene, Alkyne, Alkyl/Aryl Halide, Alcohol, Ether, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic Acid, Ester, Amine and Amide) ~.2D.) GOl'1t4a; (Alkane) Cll ~ ~ ~ l(1'$:U51414i1_ (C- C) ~ ~ ~-~ 91t~I~ 11t~ ~~ ~~ ~ Ml'TJJlli1 bltl'ftt4 "IJl'1C.., ~-' ~ ~ (CH4), ~ (CH3 --'CH3), C!ftt9M {CH3-CH2-CH3) I~~ "fl~ "ft~~- CnH2n+2 {ri=l,2,3 ~=~-"ft~) GIJl'1C4Cil ~-~~~~(a)~ Ml1Jifli11 . eol'1C•ti1'i ~ (Preparation of Alkane) ) I t4hf ~QHl'i ~ I "~ ~ !j<ftCt GIJl'141l:'l (J1'1l~OS~ ~ ~ O'tlNHllC~t MMt41141 GIJl'1C4i1 ~91W ~ I . + • - N02,- N(CH3)3, -CN -COOH, --COOR, -S03H -CHO, -COR -F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -NH2 (-NHR, -NR2) - OH~ >t~41~ ~9f -OC~, OC2Hs, -NHCOCH3 ~ ~ >tfi!M!41" ~ --CJls, - CH3, -C2Hs ~ >tfaR41~ .fJi'9f ~~ w ~ c:<ti1NrCilt cte@fli1Jltiff ~ ~ Cll, ~ -e 9fJRn Gi<r(ICil l:CG1~!H ~ .~ ~ ~~~ I~~ Gi<r(lti1 l:tcrt~91 ~ ~ llm· ~~ W'i<iStUl'PI~ ~ Gf<q-.:lti1 ~~I ~ ~-~ I~ 'fl 91J1tt~C~llfi4i ~ C1ilJt ~of"!¥
- 97. '501'1C4C-HI (Properties ofalkane) I '511lifC4Ci1 ~~ ~ M'1Jill~ I ~ ~ ~~~~~~I.~~~ "111'Sllflli~ 'paraffin' (Parum = ~ -iq, affinis = ~)ctelf I ~faFll'I( (Reactions) I 1~Ci1IC4'A '"1~Ric! ~ (CH4) ~f~tilceti1e~ ~ (Cl2) ..00 ~~<Rt~ I !f~ 1~Cifl4 ~ ~ 1~CiftC4 ~~~~I ~ :> I CH4 + 2Cl2 ~ 1¢1C.,l'4i > C + 4HCI ~ I CH4 + Cl2 'f115itifil'4i > CH3CI + HCI ~ CJPl'A"S CH3Cl + Cl2 ~ CH2Cl2 + HCI S~CJPIC'AI ~ CH2Cl2 + Cl2 hu > CHCI3 + HCI .:Q~tjjilC'AI ~ CHCI3 + Cl2 hu > CCI4 + HCI ''flfilfJPIC'AI ~ MtaHlffl filctlJCi1'A ~fir t{1~Qilceti1 ~ ~ aFill•t! ~~ 1{l1 ~· ~fJHtt1lccti ~ ~ (chain reaction) 4ftlr I f.tt.11-.t.·I· Nicecitfi4i1-til•.«tmHll1 -~--!fHI>~ W.N 4'4.Jttl('h&Ro (~·~-m ) .C11Ki1J ~·'4Rt Q I Cao ) R-H + Na CO A 2 3 R - COONa + NaOH " I ~•tt'1 ~ (By reduction} I '5111.,41'•wt iijlifl-.5'4 ~ '4iftlf '5111'1C4~ "'9ijf l{lf I RX+2(H] C2H~OH+Na ) R-H + HX "111114~ (11"1~ "IJl.,'491 CH3l + 2 (H] C2HsOH + Na CH4 +HI ~ 15tlC411Sll:S ~ 8 I fffl;ft( ..., I <Plftfi14 ca~ c.>t1Ri411il ~ C:>tl5lifl'•11 (NaOH + CaO) ..00 '- ~ '5111'1C4~ "'9ijf ~ I ~ "1'4i~C'! 'Pffr1J(if~ '511111'4~ ~ <Rt ~ I ~ MWRl'il ~ .. ~.Cttt ~- 91f1111~~~I
- 98. f I Ni <4')~filc.,t ~ -ICifC.,'il ~I H2C = CH2 + H- H ts0-2oooc > H3C-CH3 _. ' I (~) ~filc.,t ~ talfilC.,'il ~ I H2C = CH2 + Br - Br CCl4 > CH2Br - CH2Br M~lfflC'!l Br2 ~'f ~ ~ ~ ~ CfCif ~ RfflP.n ~ ~ ~ il"1'1MJki ~ ~ 1lm I PIRP.Jlffl CCl4 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ('t) ~fitC94'11~ "11'1Mft• ~~I ~ H2C = CH2 + H-S04H ~ CH3CH2S04H 820:w > CH3CH20H+H2S04 ~ ~ .:1-tilCtfii 'tliitR'G ~ . iii~"._(Markonikoff rule) I~ "4Jl'1Ms91 (~ CH3CH =CH2) '<3 ~ .M41'AC+si (~ HBr) PlfaHI~ M41'AC+si iffe ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ il~ff ~faHl<>t(( (Reactions) ) I "t(C'llWM ~ (Addition reaction) I ~~ PlfaHl'A ~ M4l'A4ffl ~ ~ ~'t ~ N-~ ¥5 ~~~~I PlfJHl•fir~9f I ~ I "61'1•1...., ~ I CtlCtMiflS ~iftt't I Pd '<3 BaS04 ~l' ~11ftl:Rt>C'!l ~ ~ H2 '1ll't CR'ti'f ~ ~~ ~I H-C=C-H+H-H Pd) H2C = CH2 BaSO, e I tiUl'1•1-'1 iijllf-i ~ I GOli141~ :Ulilll;CS'A ~- G4Jli1.C41~~4' KOH OO't ~ G4Jl'1Ms91 ~~~I R-CH2 "'.'"" CH2X KOH (ale) ) R-CH = CH2 + KX+H20 litl"*11 CH3 -CH2 -CH2Cl KOa (ale) ) CH3 -CH= CH2 + KCI+ H20 100°c --- CH3CH2S04H + H20 ~ ~tr.liletMJiliffCCI'~ H2C = CH2 + H2S04 ~ 165°C CH3 CH2 S04H ~1'11P -tiw1"11-~~-~:~~:~1_I ~.2'.~ '5Ul'1,._, (Alkene) ~-~ N-:ctt--i~ GOlfitcqffl4 ~l:Ui14F.fi1C4 eu"1~ ~ r ~ etfil~~ (olefin) ~ 1 elifml-:~1fi• I~' H2C = CH2, ~~' CH3 - CH = CH2 ~ I - (Preparation) I ) I !'lll*"lttrt ~(Laboratory process) g ~ H2S04 ~ 165°C ~~ ~~~~9':f~I
- 99. ~-~-~ eol11•1-... (Alkynes) ~~-~ ~ ~ ~ "'11'1.._9' ~ 1. ~ "Ol~IDfil+'le (acetylenes)~ 1 ~1~~~'t4! CnH2n-2 ,.,tf(t't I~, H-C=C-H; G!tl~ CH3-C=CH ~I ..tw (Preparation) ) I 911l'lfMlt ~ (Laboratory method) I 4JlifP1411~ 414'1-.:cS'SI ~ ~ MRRl41 GiJIPtff;fitii ~~~ t ~I 1lfttct ~ (Oxidation .reaction) I ~ KMn04 ~1 1'f1 ~ ~ <:11Jti'if4~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f!f ~ I Mffl1a41llUC!S KMn04 ~1 C~~ (pink) ~ ~ ~ I ~fU'6 ~ ~ '54>149!Sl'SI 511<31~ffl ~' llt CCllllCH ~ ~ ~ I KMn04 + KOH ~ K2Mn04 + H20 + [O] H2C = CH2 + H20 + [O] -----+- CH2 - CH2 I I "OH OH ~-1,2-~~~~ - .... ) ICH3 .;_CH-CH=CH-CH3 +03 --.+? ZnlH20 )? I CH3 ~ ~ ~~· ......Gt""'llif1_..f4.,...G'"""~""it· .'<:J-c....1t..,.M~f~;--i MWl-illil HCHO, CH3COCH3 9ft-e1lt C'fl'f1 51Jli'fMlC~'SI "'-~ f.fcht•.CR I M~lffl ~ N-~ ~~~ '<3N-~~~11m I cmfct N-tqq~f&~ ~ ~ 03 ~1 ~ 51~Cet~ ~'.t 19 ~ I HO CH3 -CH= CH2 + HBr 2 2 ) CH3 -CH2 -CH2Br ~I ~Cifl~+Act ~ (Ozonolysis reaction) I~~~~~ ~'Pf~ g CCI. 'H"-.c/ o,c/H Zn/H20 H2C = CH2 + 03 7 )2H-C-H+Zn0 H/ I I "-H ~ II 0--0 °~ "~ ~ I ~14'M•• ~ '51•,p11<31, "-f'1"1at "Oliir:.c... ~ •f'1"1at .R•ltt+ll RFM11 R•t11c+1 •'11'4• ~'-t (negative part) "Oliii:.t-ra ~ ......... .-1(cifii ~ ':ctnf ""'-~ i(-ICiM ~~ .... ~I •lifliit.11'1 I CH3CH = CH2 + H+Br- -----+- CH3 -CH-CH3 I Br ~-co itl~•• • 4't '411tlCJ1t '*tlt<attll'-"' .,.,.,. (Anti-Markonikoff Rule or Kharaschs Peroxide Effect) I ~~ Mffi>illffl-.: ~ Yfl'Sl51911...C'i'SI VJYj~~C6 ~ ~ ~ M41'SIQIH ~~ ~'-t N-C,•Mf& ~~~~-..Uilt:et~~~~~I
- 100. c Ca/ Ill +H20 ------+ Ca(OH)2 +H-C=C-H "c~I ~ .. ,.. ·-iijlC"lleul'lc.-. ~I Nsf'tiil'l (~) '5ll'.~IC'li~Ji"1'4Ci1'A ~ KOH(alc) ~'f ~ ~Jlii<Pll:ii ~'PfW ~ I . H X • I I R-C-C-R + 2KOH(alc) ~ R~C=C-R +2H20 + 2KX * A '51,,.,4,.ii H Cl I I •"flf(tctI CH3-C-C-CH3 + 2KOH(alc)-------);CH3 -C=C-CH3 + 2KCI+ 2H20 t1 A M''Gll:ii-2 2.2 tail:CiPIC<sil ~ " I cllir.Jlt'11'9()1'1tCFt ~I d1fil(JIC111 GOli1C4Cii'A Zn'ff~ '4Cif ~~ ~Jli1<PI~ ~~~ 1 x x I I R -C- C """'." R + 2Zn "'il!Sii> R-C = C- R + 2ZnX2 I I x x •"fli(tct I Br Br I I H-C-C-H + 2Zn "'il!5 H-C=C-H + 2ZnBr2 I I Br Br Cmalf31Cllll:C~ "Ulii•l~ifft ~(Properties of alkynes) I <:sUl"l<Pll:Cii sp ~<R't Ffl1J~lii 1 sp ~<Rt't s ~il ~ ~ (s: p =1 : 1) 1 'f811'Ai s ~'AMUIC'l'A "liJ~ ~ ?('<31lm ~Jlil<Pll:tii C-H ~ C"14Jl'A"f'b l:C'l~ii ~ c ~~ R~fisill~'A ~~ ~ 't~'5IC<q ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ C- H~ ~ ~ l1m ~~ Jt«etC~ H+. ~ I ~~ ~Jli1<Pil:ii ~~ I ~ ~Jl'l<Pl~ii - 2 ~~ 9m I~ ~N ~ ~~'11 ~ll'.tllilC9M ~ "iit I 1'111(11'1 I:> I H-C=C-H-----+- -C=C- +2H + ~I CH3-C=C-CH3, ~~-rn ~ ~~'tJ~ii-2 ~ ~<P-SIC<q sp" ~<R ~'ARblC'l ~ s:p=l:2, ~ sp'Jf''.~ ~'ARblCol'A C-C a~~~~ 1 N<q'fitii'A cmr Ql;q'fiti1'A ~ ~ '<PlT 1 fiil;qtc-1'51 ~ ~ ~ ?(-e1Tm ~ f-1'fls4'1Jt ~ 91'Sl"""ICH "ff~ ~ ~ I ~" ~ M~fis4'1Jt ~ 11t~ ~ 1t l:ctt~ii ·~ ~ f.1gfis¥JIJt ~ ~ "ff~ 111e1c;q ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~~ M~l!J ~- 7t ~-NN-~ ~ ~~ ~ d!iC!Jl8fi1 ~ I ~" ~ llm, "01'1,.., '501wt•I-.. ~ ~ ... "tfR1
- 101. (i) H-C=C-H+Na----+ Na-C=C-Na+H2 '111NHilifl:~ll:iil...5 (~) ~ ~ GIJICiilM411 ~ r.at't'f CJPlilll:S ~ Pl•l"Slil 911-c'Gt~il ~ ~9f 8 (ii) H-C=C-H+2Cu (NH3)2Cl----+ Cu-C=C-Cu+2NH4Cl+2NH3 ~9"1f ·~ ~~ ('llPJ ~IC'li9f) (iii) H-C=C-H+2Ag(NH3)2 N03----+ Ag-C=C-Ag+2NH4N03+2NH3 ~ -~ftiilt'5 (~ ~IC'Jli9f) (ii) ~ (iii)~~~ iOllf•l-ifil 81..1"*1 ~ ..t ~ I C I iitifl~... ~ (Ozonization reaction) I ~Jl'14ll:Ciiil ~ · '6cetleiiil MfaHl4' '6Ctt!i11-S ~ ~ I O R-C=C-R+03----+ R-C~ °"c-R '51JIWl•I~ «11ftif· I I 0-0 "'9r:f '6Cttl..l~ Zn ~'I '11~~{0q) 9ITfiff ~ ~WHl41 StlRsd;1 .. "'9f:f ~ I /o, R-C - C-R I I o-· o ~Cetli4ll5 1-.FfeulJt > CH3CHO ~ CH2=CHOH ~ ~)1"1'41('1 2% HgS01 ) 200/o H2S04 81H-C=C-H+H-OH HCI ) CH3CHCl2 1, l-'51l:CJISIC'511~ H&C12 ) CH = CHCI 200°c 2 ~ CJPltlt5 ~I H-C =C-H+H-Cl -t ~ a,cci, ) CHBr =CHBr'-====:::! ) CHBr2 - CHBr2 <illa!iltiil ~ + I ~ 1H-C =C-H + Br-Br ~+ I ~f.Rl>i( (Reactions) ~)11141.... ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~· MfaHl4' M4li14 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fiif- <it'fiiif(§i 1iftt ~ 1t ~ ~ l9 ~ 1 MfdRlefif ~ -nt9f ~ 1 + I .-t ~ ) I H-C =C-H + H- H PttNitPd ) CH2 = CH2 H3C-Cl:f3 ~ + t 200°c ~ ~ )00
- 102. 'G1<aPt111" (en3° ) R I R-C-X I R eoM•"'ttiijlWi"'Cfi at•ttM I "1111141_.. l(Jl'11"S ~ ~ I ~' ~l-1111 (en 1°) QIC4tsll (en 2°) H R I I R-C-X R-C-X I I H H Cl @ b' I "lfitilti41'1 ~ (Polymerisation reaction) I ~Jlil~t:-ff ~ 54Jl.,4l-i1'6 ~ ~ '4tf I 'lftWf ~- ~ ~ ~ '54Jli141-i1 ~ ~ ~Jli141-i1 ~ ~ ~ ~'Pf?f ~ I ~' ~ ~ C<ii1f9ti1 ~9f!f ~ I (~) 3 HC=CH 45ooc ) 0 en C6H6 ~!G V ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~9r:l ~ ~ C<ii1Mi1C4 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~fit G4Jlfit'l'J11t4 ~J-til4F(~ ~ G4JIC'AICi41t4 t{l-Qilctil(~ ifi"11'<1CH ~~ ~I 1.!1- ~ -.mt ~il~ ~ ~' ~~'811Tt·~ ~~I G4Jli141-i1 ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~- ~ I ~-54Jlf3tffl~i1 ~ (3200-3500°C) "'~~~1'11-CHcm.~'4'ft~ I~ I PVC~~~~ I r~;::,~,a~w•Q1:;1,'r1 )l ~,~,~ ~·~,~ ~1 ~.~.s eoM•l-'1/e01"11"'" i(IMI-• (Alkyl/Aryl halide) ~ GiJlfitw~· t(l-Qil41(91 en G4JIC'Si1Ci41t4 t(l°tail•F(Cii'A ~~ en ~'41f~ (1-tilCetii ~ :UIC'lletM ~ ~ ~.,. ~.~ ~ ~9f!J ~ ~ eotwMS-'1 en eotil-~ iijM"-• ~I ~'I~~ R-X en Ar-:X (~ R- 5111114~11 ~ c.il~ Ar= GiJl'Af.'14'.fl'Pf) 1 H-~-H -H ~ H-~-Cl ~ @H -H I +c1 I Q H H +Cl ~ ~ CJPl'AI~ ~ i(ilW'~l,~l~~~·'·~~.~~f'l~iJ -'ltl)~I ..,_, <~ll(itl i1Jlii14'1ltti;t> e(tltlfllW fit"1lll >CH3 COOH '3 HCOOH "1t'6lft C'1WJ 1 5fJ1"'1lt:lfi *'(¥i·fif(11fir .... · .. .· s , ~J ·~. '41Jllff;J1ltifA 'de•~ .fltaHitw· CH3COOH, , COOH-CH2 -COOH '3 CH3CH2. COOH •....9li'flt••."1'f•1·•1d(JtMirtl.,1'~1 ?tR1'lflif )0) Zn ~~ ~"1~~C6 Sl~trJli1 '6 H202 ~9r:l ~ 1 ~9r:l Sl~trJli1 H202 ~~ "ftlf Mfa1a!'IHI ~ ~~~9f:l~I R-C-C-R + H202 ------+ 2R-C-OH JI II 11 0 0 0 ~, -ecetl~4'A'1 Mfti1;4'1'A 1'1~ -rai...~ ~~ ~CJ'.-rai-~ ~~'ff ll1111
- 103. ~' H2C=CH2+HBr ~CH3-CH2-Br ~Gilill-S ~I '501trtt•li(C"1il "ltlf HX C1l1tt ~ I ~ ZnC12 ~if ~"1f(~C'! GfJl'1C<PIW1 HX '1nft ~ GiJl'141-'1 :Ulill-5 "'9ijf ~ I R-CH20H+HX ~R-CH2X + H20 ~' CH3CH20H+HCI ~CH3CH2Cl+H20 ~(JPl'Sll-5 '5Ultrt•~trt (lltrt~Qkl ~filHIJt'( I 51Jl'141-'1 (Jl"ll-C5'51 Mffi1a~l"1~~9f- ) I ~ Na"R "ftlf ~I~~~~ R-X~if ~ 'f1R Na~if MWRI~ Gi)l'1C4i1 ~9f!i ~ I ~ MMa~IC<P ---~ ~ I~ GIJIWjt4i1 !iWN5C'! ~ ~~~I 2R-X+2Na ~ R-R+2NaX ~' 2CH31 + 2Na ~ CH3 -CH3 + 2Nal ~I~ Mg dR"ltlr~ I~~~~ R-X ~if~~ Mg flif MfJla~I~ GfJl1141~ 1f.J1'1~Pt~lil ajl'll-5 (RMgX) ~9f'!J~ 1 RMgXC4~~«t• (Grignard reagent)~ 1 ~~~ R-X +Mg R-Mg-X ~ M4F514 ~..mt ·-Rta:Jfitt! ~ (l~Cil41(91 ~ '4Cif I RMgX + H20~R-H + Mg(OH)X •liflf(i1'1 I CH3Mgl+H20~,CH4 +Mg(OH)I ~I KCN dR"ltlf~ I R-X ~if~ KCNCllt'f ~ 15411'141-'1 '1l~li11l:cs "'9ijf ~I ~~ ~~ Gi~ta:Jfitt! ~ •l~fil• ~~ "'9f!i ~ I ~ MffiRllU ~ ~~ 1U ~ (~~)~'t~~I R-X+KCN ~ R-CN +KX 51]1'141-'1 :>fl~liil~S ) I otJlwtt•li(t"lt "ltlf PX5, PX3, SOCl2 ~ '.cf I '51Jlwte¥1f{tl1'R ~ PX5 /PX3 / SOCI2 ~'t ~ GiJIW141~'1 :Ulill~5 "'9ijf ~ (X = :Ult*1ttwti1) I R -CH20H + PX5 ~ RCH2X + HX + POX3 ~' "CH3CH20H+PCl5 ~ CH3CH2Cl+POCl3+ac1 ~ I '501"1~ 1(tW I GiJl'1f4Ci1'SI ~ HX Cllt'f ~ GfJl'141~'1 :Ul11f•is "'9f!i ~ I R-CH=CH2 +HX ~ R-CH-CH3 I x CH3 I H3C-C-Cl I CH3 30 Cl I H3C-CH-CH3 20 l"fl(ict I CH3 -CH2 -Cl 10 '51Jlwt¥~wt iUlwtl'-M tlWfW )o~
- 104. ijCI ~ I '1Jlwt11flhi~fiFlht 1ft'6t1f I Cu2Cl2 -e HCI ~'f W"'t~R!st<!i ~ !il411Cetlf.Bllif <JPltl'~!i ~ (Jliltiiltcti1filli1"'~ ~ I @I llWfW (Preparation) ) 1 FeC13 !l"Slctt4t '""~R!st<!i <;.qiifirn;i1ii ~ Cl2 ~if ~faRlst <JPltiilCctliNt~~9f:J~ 1 Cl FeCI, ~ @+ HCI R-X + NH3----+- RNH2 + HX ~' CH3 + NH3 __:____.. CH3NH2 + HI ~J '5()11141-'1 COl'11- ~ NaOH ~ ~ '5()1'1t4'1i(~I) I GIJl'14ll:'1 :Ulil~t!iii ~ ~ NaOH ~~ ~ <:5111'1t<Pl'l'1 ~~ GOl'1t<Pl'l~41 NaOH ~~ ~ GIJl'1Msi1~~ ~ I R-X +NaOH(aq) ~ROH+NaX ~' CH3CH21 + NaOH(aq) ~ CH3CH20H + Nal CH3 CH2 I + NaOH (ale) ----+- H2C =CH2 + Nal + H20 YJOlt-'1 COl'l-"5, QPttttC"_,,..., (Aryl halide, Chlorobenzene) I C<MfisttiBI ~cp$ (ll:tiltif~ ~ ~ ~9f5 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ (JPlt'Slltct~f9t~ I <!111 ~ I C6H5 -Cl ~ ©-Cl I~~!:::: lcilftttf ·-~ ., ... ~~~91!J~ I <II ~dt ~1 S I ~Wfltwf ~ I GOl'14ll:'1 :Ul'lll:!it<P~ ~ GIJl'lt<P~ ~9':f ~ I R-X +2[H] C2H30H+Na > R-H + HX ~' CH3I + 2 [H] C2H,OH+Na > CH4 + HX ~ I NH3 dff ~ ~ I RX ~if~ NH3 ~if ~ffilastlst Gl11'14ll:'1 ~ ~9f:f ~ I )o"
- 105. ~I~ fliC!l".t~I~ ~~~9ilwp, ~~~I~ 91RleiCIC"lt ~ Q ~· l.Q~ ~it °<iJCt$ ~ ~ I Cl DDTCl ~ 1 fifi4t fSllW (Preparation of DDT) I DDT "lit 9tf'~ 4,41 -illQPICil il-fiMll11 liai=.C#ICil ~ I '"1; H2SO 4 ~it t91fi{NsC!S C#IC111c:qifilciflA ~ ~ ~~DDT "'9fiQ I -ci Cl Cl H $ 11$ ..1 1 _ ..-r·fr·1 Haso, > Cl-C-C = !O + ! - w· 1.) ·I .aP1t'ltt+fttt+s.r••1'!xMgf.,.M4"1i~.;.;ll·*""'····B·••·.rw.;L .... ~·-.g··1 .·~ l·~···~··~IM,~~fitqft'JJ.l~i#.Utfin14 .• :l«+flt)flw I / NH2 eu,o ~~+CuCI +HO - '5t41 l2) 2 2 2 GOIMfitii ~ I·-~~ I O~ ... ~ CJPIC11IC<i9i~ ~ '41111141~ ~1111.. C'Sil ~ ~ Na ~it MffiRl4l '41Jli14ll'1 ~ ~9f:l 'Q 1 Cl CH3 @ + 2Na + CH3CI -----+@ + 2NaCI ~ )08
- 106. '501Wit•lf(C'1t • ~ )I GOli1C41('1 '<a-r~!SI Cst'4ft1f I ~ ~ ~ ( H+~), ~ ~ ~ {H+ ~) I ~ I '51Jli1C41('1 ~ ~ I ~ '51Jli1C41('1 "e ~ ~ 1'ro H- ~. '(111 lllfW (Preparation) ) I eol'H'~ iQl'I-•'i(tW 1 GUl'141..,., (Jli11..,0H """. NaOH '1tt't ~ GOli1t41~ ~~ I RX+ NaOH (aq) ~ R-OH + NaX ~' CH3CH21 + NaOH (aq) ~ CH3CH20H + Nal ~ I '501Wt~ ~ I 'd1Jlilf4ti1'A ~ H2SO4 C1tt'1 <ISWf G1Jli141~ (l°~Qi1Ceti1 'fl'ltil'G ~'Pf!f ~ I ~'Pf!f G1Jli141.i1 i(l-Ci1Ceti1 'fli1CiJ'°GC4 ~ ~ ~ G1Jli1C41('1 ~'Pf!f ~ I R-CH=CH2 + H2S04 ~ R-CH-CH3 "20 > R-CH-CH3+H2S04 I ~ I S04H OH ~' H2C = CH2 + H2SO4 ~ CH3CH2SO 4H z> CH3CH20H + H2SO4 " I '50l'IRA(i..ca ~ I GIJl'1Ri(l1:tSC4 ~ ~ G1Jli1C41('1 "'"f'if ~ I R-CHO [HJ > R-CH20H ~ Il"t LiAll!.'-~.,-,, CH3CHO + [H] - > CH3CH20H ~ ~.~.t' '5Ul'lt•lf('1 (Alcohol) 51Jl'1C41«'1'R 41(4~ 1{l'f4 -OH 1- OH 1{l'f4 51Jli1C4i1 ~ ~~ H -~ ~~ ~ Gf)lf1C411('1 ~9t!J~ I ~ CH30H, CH3 CH2OH ~ I '5Ul'lt•lf(C'1t ~~•M (Classification of alcohol) 1 51Jli1C411('1C4 ~'Pf CdfilM<sl•1 CRt ~·9fttf I . ) I OH-~~~ '"ff~~ 'dfJli1C411('1C4~"8tt't~CRt1ftlr I ~' (<IS) ilti1N:l~fi4 GIJl'1C411('1, ~ ~~ l1tiJI - OH ~' ~ CH30H (~) (-.f) tSl••~J~4 51Jl'1C411('1, ~ ~ -OH ~' ~ HO-CH2 -CH2 -OH ~-1,2-~ ('1) Yffi1~J~4 G1Jli1C4ll(it I CH2 -CH-CH-CH-CH-CH2 CH -CH-CH ~ ~-.tr~ - OH I I II I I I 2 I I 2 ~1 OH OH OH OH OH OH OH OH ·OH 'f<afit'G11 ~ ~ I (1.ifli'l ~ ~·-Gl~i'f.,.,IC-f ilti11(1~4 'dtJli1C41('1 ~ ef<ISR I ~' (<IS) i!il'-11111 G1Jli1C41('1 (1°.G1Jli1C411('l) CH3CH20H, ~ -CH2 -OH~~ (-.f) c:>tC4'9lll iatJli1C41('1 (2°'d1Jli1C41'l'1) CH3-CH-OH, ~-CH-OH~~ II I I c.. ,. ' CH3 CH3 I I ('1) 'Gltf3'~1~ GIJl'1C411('1 ( 3° GIJl'1C411('1) CH3 -C-OH, ~ -C-OH ~ ~ I I I CH3
- 107. ROH + RCOOHH250' ) RCOOR + H20 Hz.SO . ~' CH3CH20H + CH3COOH -' ) CH3COOCH2CH3 +H20 ~ '6111Pttou 8 I 1lt1t't ~ (Oxidation reaction) I '61Jli1C41(vtC4 ~ 'lftFJ ~ ~ ~ '61JlwtN6(1-S ~~~~'9ttffff~~~~~lllfRAS~ K2Cr207+H2S04 ~UI )~ ~~··ROH+ ROH~ RO-+ RO+H2 ~-~ ~ ~ CH2CH3 H H I I I H- 0 H-0 ······ H-0 ····-· H-0 ······ · I CH2 -CH3 ei1111tASl(11 ei'.t""'l' f.icetcllf~ llt~ H-~ ~ ~ ~ "'11'eil'1M• lfSCR. ei1111tASil en ~ Cml ~-m ~ .. ~ 'U I 1~fMl:ilfC( (Reactions) )l~~~H2S04 ~1r~~~- (~)~'Jift9f 165°C ~~ H2S04~~~~9ijfQ I 100°c CH3CH20H + H2S04 ) CH3CH2S04H + H20 ~ 'll.CiltUM ~ CH3 - CH2SO 4.H . 165°c ) CH2 =CH2 + H2SO4 (~) ~ 140°C ~~ eiN5k19 ~ 'Jift9f '1tJ· H2S04 ~ ~ rifm ~ 'l-Qi1Cttil JiflilWG ~'Pijf ~ I 9ftil ~ '1-QilCttilJiflilWG ti1Nskl9 ~ ~ ~ <mr ~~'Pijf<mfl CH3CH20H + H2S04 ~ CH3CH2S04H CH3CH2S04H+CH3CH20H ~ CH3CH20CH2CH3 +H2S04 •~f91•~~I PCl5/PCl3/SOCl2 dlW ~~I {<IS) ~lilCil~ ~ PC15 ~ir ~ ~ (JPl~l-S ~9':f ~ I CH3 CH2 OH + PC15 ~ CH3 CH2 Cl + PQC13 + HCI (~) ~ ~ PC13 ~ir Mffaa4ll!J CH3 CH2Cl '6 H3P03 ~'Pijf ~ 1 CH3CH20H + PC13 ~ CH3CH2Cl + H3P03 ~ (JPl'Arls ('1) ~ "ft9f SOC12 ~ir Mffil;!Jl41 ~ <JPl~l-5~ S02 '6 HCI ~'Pijf ~ 1 CH3 CH2 OH + SOC12 --:-+ CH3 CH2 Cl + HCl + S02 'O I dl:iGltl+11ct ~ (Esterification reaction) .I GIJl'1C4l(Ci1~ ~ ~ Mffaa4ll41 ~~ "'9f!J~ I
- 108. ~.2-.~ ~ (Ethers) ~~~ ~tfl ~' R-0- R, ~ R= GIJl.,41l:., ~9f I R ~9f ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9frtf I ~' R = :_CH3 ~ &l~iCll...'1 ~; R = -CH2CH3 -~· ~ ~ ~ ~~1~R~9f~~~~!tt4~~"Wfl~,~~~1~, ~ ~ (l°Q4l<if'Ci1'A G1Jlwt4fil! C&flic!Sffl'S ~~I IMfW (Preparation) ) 1 etllwtt•l'("t ~I ~9f ~ {140°C) ~ 9'fPtct GIJl'1C41t(wt H2S04-~'f ~ ~ cmt ~ ~9f!f ~I H2S04 9ftfi{ M'!Sl'fCi1451 ~ ~ 't(lf I 1° GIJl'1C4lf{'I ~ ~ !ft!54451'1 ~ ~ I 2ROH HzSO, ) R-0-R+H 0 A(140°C) 2 ~' 2C2H50H HzSO, ) H5C2 -O-C2H5 +H20 A (140°C) ~ 91'4~C!S ~~~'ff~ I ~ 1 .. fittlil"fif "f(ctllii'I -.tit (By Williamson synthesis ) I ~ ~~ Na ~ K GIJl'14'tlf~c<H ~ 54Jl114ll:., (Jlttl-5 ~9f ~ ~ ~ ~ "'9f!f ~ I ~' GIJIWjC<iSl'l'l '6 ~Na~ K ~~ GIJl'14iiill:& ~9f!f~ I R-0-Na+ RX~ R-0-R + NaX C1h ~ (Physical properties) I &l~ll:'l ~ '6 fiMI~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~~~~l~~~I 4° GIJIWjC<iSI~ 5-10 ~ ~~9f ~ I H H I I H3C-C-OH + HCI znci2 ) CH3 -C-CI + H20 I I CH3 CH3 CH3 - CH2 OH + HCI znei2 > CH3CH2CI + H20 ~ ~~ 1° Gi)lilC<iSl'W'l ~~9f ~ 'ift I 1~1-(a;>Jcoh~i ~=~x•Yii;i!E'''~~l;: '<J tt I 1°, 2° -e. 3-0 etllwtt•l(Cift 1fro 9ll'<•1•ltl ~ I ~ M411'4 ..mr 1°, 2° '6 3° GIJIWjC<iSl'W'1451 ~ f.fffi9fct CRl llt111 '1lV HCI '6 ~ ZnC12 ~'f ~'1C4 ~~•It•~ I 3° G111ttt4lwH1 ~ ~ M41451• '11t'1 CR'tl'f ~ ~ ~11.,•1•., ()1'11-.:c5451 ~ ~1C'lli9f ~ 1 CH3 CH3 H3C-t-OH+HC1 ZnCl2 ) H3C-t-c1 + H20 . I I CH3 CH3 ?tA1'itFf CH3CH20H [OJ ) CH3CHO [OJ ) CH3COOH
- 109. •liftf61'1 I CH3CH20H[OJ ) CH3CHO CH3CHOHCH3 [OJ ) CH3COCH3 ~ '51JIPl~1*1Nif(l...i 'Oll...Viltltft"fl...11 '51JlfGI-. ~) '401"1t41i(i1 ~ I '51Jl"IC4li(i1 ~ '51Jl*1NDl{i...i ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ GOl"INDl{f•:i 4!$1NsC6 '51Jl*1t41i(til'SI MtJflb ~ (controlled oxidation)~ 1~~~~~1 '1t'f ~ ~ ~ <>tb4rsl'S1 ~ 'l{ll ~I ~fiiHl'A '1191iil"ll '51Jl*1Nil{l~i'A 'fGi11(t+A '91ti~ '51Jl"1Nif(l-5 ~CR?~.1 RCHOHR [OJ ) RCOR C<>tC4'51" '51Jl"IC4li(i1 ~ ~I~, ,/flCH2CH20H lOl ) RCH2CHO !ii-iii~ "4Jl'1C41i(i1 '51Jl"1Nt(l-5 tl(JIWi~ '9 f«'lttiffl ~ ~ ~ (General methods of preparation of aldehydes and ketones) .. ) I .... - (By oxidation) I 91D1Pt411ii 5,-.CilFICiif; 'e ..,, H2SO 4 -~if '"'~~C!i <!ti-iii~ G01itt411('1 ~ ~ "411.,Ni(l-.:5.. ~~ C"IC4tSlil '6 Ul'SIPl4ilil "4Jl'1C41i(i1 ~ '(CV ~ ~9ffi ~o -C ~-CHO 'H"4Jl'1Ni(l-5 )olr '.nA ~'I • 111"11~• ~ (Chemical reactions) ) 1 'lfRlt (Oxidation) I "'itlPiiilii 91FSliiJl9flC91f; ~~ H2SO 4 ~ ~ -if~~ etl'SIC4<A "l't9f ~ffa;~lii ~ ~ "411.,Ni,l-.:5 ~9{fi~ I R CH2 -O-CH2R [OJ > 2RCHO + H20 ~ 1 (t~f'GijlCllRFf ~ .. ~WllM (Fission by Ill) I ~"lfiillef ~ '6 "fW HI ~ ~ ~ ~ (- 0 -) cQ ~ ~~ "4Jl.,C4li(i1 -e "411*141...11 '51IC4il5l...5 ~9f!f ~ I R - 0 - R + HI ~ ROH + RI "51f~ ~ HI ~ ~ ~ ~ "411'141-.., '51IC41J5l...5 ~ ~ I R-0-R + 2HI ~ 2RI+ H20 ~ ~ ~ '51ICiilNii1 9Rt11l'J. ~ "4111141...., ~9f ~ ~ I CH3 -O-CH2CH2R + Hl ~ CH31 + RCH2CH20H ~.2-.C 61Jl'lfiii(l._'i -e ~ (Aldehydes and Ket()nes) '51Jli1Ni(l-5 'e ~t51i1<>t){~ ~ <>t""'14'i'& ~ I ~~ ~ ~~ 41~., ~ (> C =0) P,111111~ 1 '51Jli1Ni(l-.:c5 4liifM11 ~9f ~ ~'4$ H-9Rt11t'l1f ~ ~ ~ ~~ 41-.fc-.<a ~ C~letN>I$ '<>ft~ "4il'141-'1 ~ ~~I-.., ~9f ..ntl ~ ~ I 91iiJPIWC'SI, ~t51~ 41:(f411 ~9{$ ~ "4)11141-11 ~ ~~I-.., ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ '51)1.,Nt(l-5 'e ~t51~'SI '<>ft~ ""-t4'5 '5f61tt ~I
- 110. " 1 •C#ttt• ~-tt'1 - I YfJlillRsiilJi (Pd) ~ ~ BaSO 4 -~if ~Yf~~C!S ~ '*':si'-.""''ii( (1-.fliicet.. ..oo Met1ra"' ~ G111f!Rs(t~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ c111t1M11te ~ (Rosenmund reductionj sna ~ 1 RCOCl Pbtaaso, ) RCHO + HCl [H] Mffi>"'" ~~ G11111Rs,1-.5 ~ ~ . Met1ra" m G11t11w1«11 ~ 'i{t ~, CJf ~ BaS04 ~ CRt ~I ~~ BaS04 ·~ ~ ~ ~ R1f (negative catalyst or catalyst poison)~~ <rot I "5lw ~(Physical properties) I~~~ :>t'1:>t1•t'11 ~I ~~~fir • 1 ~~fir~~ I~ )f"f:>tJwfit'SI Gl-.M<P'SI ~~I~~ ~fir '!'1tf& 1 ~ ~ ~efir ~ ~ {!Pit~) 'l'tr.+ac'1 ~ ~ ~ 1 G1Jl11Rs~-." ~ ~ ~ (polar)~ I 30-40% ~ • ~ ¥iii4lfil.. ~ I q:siJllfiM ~ 41(4~ ~<ciletj<..I~ I "1~.. MTt'SI ~ M•lr•..'SI ~ ~~ eol"'t+el<A ~ ~ I tlJtl•~• ~ a G1Jl11Rs~1-." ~ ~t'Oic-.<s1 lit~ R'1Jlll-. ~ ~ ~ > c = o 1 ~ ~ ft11~ ~ ~ CJllUl{m ~~~I C:SCJli1Rs~l--S ~fir~ "ft~~~~ I C:SCJl'l<Pl.. 11 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fir ~ ~ ~ I C:SCJlilRs~l--S ~ Mst&lc-1'SI ~ ~ ~ ~'Pf 8 HCHO > CH3CHO > C~3COCH3 > CH3COC2H5 > C2H5COC2H5 ~ 1 ) I C+til~ ~•tt• '1(t4111UM I GlJlilRs~l--S ~ Mst<:-i'SI <Pl4'M'1 .flit'Pf (> C =0) (1.. Qilcet91 :>tl!ll..l...S (HCN), NH3, e:>t1Rs4llii <cil.. :>tli1"51l.'G (NaHS03) ~ C<P'til<P~ R<Pl'S14 ff~~ ~llWI R R OH ' S+ S- + - ' / /C=O+HCN---+ /c, R/H R/H CN RCHX2 ~KOH [ /OH l -n,o ) RCHO + KXRCH (X= ajlC'1IC9M) 'oH RCX2R .;mKOH RC(OH)i R -a,o ) RCOR + KX ..-...tR )O~ ~ 1 •"-IOIWl-'1 ~ I S~ajldfl.. S ~ KOH ff Gl~C!f~! (hydrolyzed) ~ GIJlilRs~--S ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ fili<PCl'l'SI ~ '-Olti11C9M ~ Sl.. ajl.,l ..S ~ GIJlilRs,l-.5 ~~ ajltdflcet~~ fKi<Pt'l'SI ~ C4R Gl<ci~IC.. ~ ~ Sl.. ajl'll ..5 ~ ~ ~~ ~ I
- 111. e 1 iijltiil~~ (Haloform reaction) a ~ 'dfJl'lNi~l:cs (3 f4c[;1c91 CH3CO - lfJHf f:4111111-. ~, QT~ 'dfJlwtNi(fe:cs (3 ~ -~ Nfi«H1:s1 ~~ cmr 1 CH3COCH2CH2CH3 ·+ 12 +KOH ~ CHl3 + CH3CH2CH2COOK +Kl+ H20 a 1 ~l'lPi '4~'M., (Aldol condensation) I 'fl1 NaOH ~ HCI ~if '"tf(f!>C! ~ ~ 'dfJl'INi~l:5 ~ ~ ~ cmr GQl'l5'1 (aldol) ~ ~ lJf' ~ i ~9':J ~ ('dfJl'l5"1) 'dfJl'INi(f~:5~ ~ ~ ~~ 'dfJl'ltcW{~~ (OH) "1'9f ~~ ~ I GOl&i5'1 ~ GIJl'INi(l~Sii~,(aid)~~ GOl'1C41(C'1ii"'5lwr (ol) ~ ~ (~'GIWJ) • I GIJl'l5'1 ~ ~ ~ a-•91'Sliil4.(C! ~ ~~ ~Uiltetii 91'Sliil'fa W~ I OH CH3CHO+ CH3CHO .,., NaOH CH3CJ-cH2CHO ~ a-""*' G!Jllif5*1 (3-4'tQA1~~'Dli111if) (t I ~ ~•ltt+A "'1N~ I ~ 00'1'1C(i{ ~ ~ M41'A4 V5 "l{t1l ~~ ~ ~~ ~ •~, lft ~~ 'dft5Pit~fit!'(tll 1°, 2° '<3 3° 'df)l'1C41~~9ijf~ I R R R, - + I /OH C=O+CH3Mgl ~ R/H-C-OMgl HlO ) R/H-C-OH+Mg R/H/ I . w I • '-1 CH3 CH3 ~ ... · · • ··.·::s:;· . · .. o ·O:· o ··.··.•:.::. ~-•· ·.•·•···1 · ,.,.,111Jwa •r...,. ~~P• ~ 1, 2 ~ 3 ,eqt11t•il':Jll~n"lt. . • 1 •11~iflt111 ~ I a4:1..Qilettii ~ C4P{ GIJl'1Ni(I~ 'fW NaOH ~ KOH ~ l"f9t"~ ~ (3 Mvtl~! "l{t1l ~ ~ ~ GIJl'1C411{C'1 'ft911•R! ~ I ~ .P,ffiRIC4 •1l~iflt11I ~~I HCHO + NaOH ~ HCOONa + CH30H 'ft t H;CHO, CH3CH0, CH3€00Hj; 0 CHO•• .'411··~--..- NH20H, NH2 - NH2, H2N-Nfi-C6H5, H2N ~NHC0Nff2, .: H:~N....NH_,.C6H4 (N02)2 ~ ~ ~ ~~9'f#~-~~t . =· -H20 ) R, 5+ 5- " C = 0 +· NH -G ~ H/R/~· 2 0 [ OH lR II R I ~'11('A'1 g . 'C+ NH20H ~ 'c - NHOH R_/ R/ ~I ~fir Gl)ltiilP.fU ~ (NH2-G) ~' (i) H2N--OH,1{1~"1 ~' (ii) H2N- NH2(tUlilNJtii) (iii) H2N-NH-C6Hs (r.-.1.., (tQl~ii) C4tll4~ ~ ~ (};11 1 ~~ ~ iil.. "ICifii 91'Sliil4.(C! ~<IS ~ ~Pf'Jf l:t'l~ii ~ 41..ff.t'l .filt~ 41-fC-HI ~ 1J9 'llt1J ~ "'~""~,, Gl•iif~ ~ • ~ I 9ft1f ~ ~ ~ ~<IS ~ 9f1f.{ "'519f)f lRt! "l{t1l ~-i11l:~ICitii N- ~ ~ft"'~ ~ ~'Pf:J ~ I ~' ))0
- 112. ~~ ))) C I~itlt"I ~ I <4') ~ M9fl'R4 c:>ilNi411Ji Gi)liil'l'i"111 ~ 9ftf.ff ~ ~ LiAIH~ ~ GIJl'1Nt(l1:'S MetlRl'! ~ ztl1:ill~ (1 °) GiJl'1C4lt(d1 ~~ ~ MetlRl'! ~ C>tc<P'51~ (2°) GIJl'1C41~ ~ ~ I Ar/ R - CHO+ 2[H] Na-Hg+HzO ) Ar/ R - CH20H Ar/ R -CO - R + 2[H] Na-Hg+HzO ) RCH{OH)- R /Ar (~) ~ Metl;n4 ~'4-G!Jlillil•~ (Zn!H:g) ~ ~ HCI ~f'Jw ..nn 4l<lff.ti1 ~ ~ MetlRl'! ~~(-CH2-) ~~~I ~~~MMa41141~fisfAi1Vt., ~Wfltwf 1 Zn - Hg+ 2HCI ~ ZnCl2 +Hg+ 2[H] CH3CHO + 4[H] ~ CH3 - CH3 + H20 ~.2D.b' •l~fll• • (Carboxyltc acids) ~'4-41ftfit4 ~~ ~·~ ~~ wrr, RCOOH 1 ~~ '>ft~ "11'1M4 ~'c<P'!" CnH2n+1COOH I G!Jlfitcqffl4 41ftfit4 ~~ 1'Jtftt ~ (fatty acid) ~ I 4F(~fit4 ~~ ~~~ ~ 41(411 ~~ -COOH ~~ ~~ ~~9f g #0 -C~ ""-oH ~~~(General methods of preparation) ) I eol'IC41f(t'1t'if1t't~.I GIJl'1C41~'1 ~ GIJl'1Nt(l1;<s~ r.t'GICi1'A ~.~ 41~fit4 ~ ~m lltlr 1 ~ ~ K2Cr207 + H2so4 ~ ~ 1 RCH20H [OJ ) RCHO [OJ ) RCOOH 1° 154Jl'1C41~'1 154Jl'1Ni(ll:<s ~ RCHOH CH2R1 [OJ > RCOCH2R1 101 ) RCOOH + R1COOH 2° "4Jl'1c<Pl~'1 ~ ~ ~I ~ ~•It• ~ I 0°C ~illiiilii ~ <sl~ii11:<s (C02) ~ M4liic<P'SI (GIJl'141~'1 11Jli1Ciifi1411il (Jl'lll:S) ~ ~ '4ti 4lcff'~fit4 ~ ~'Pf!f '4ti I ~ . ~ /OH 0 = c = 0 + RMgX~ RC -OMgX [H;O] ) R-c-OH + Mg" ~~ H+ X c9fw ~ I ~ ~fir Rlf, m h'ff ~~ (.Cw ~ ~9fm ~) ~I ~VJ1i1rn• ~~ 6-10% ~ ·~ ~-MRI ~, ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 16.1°c 1!19filliiilii ~ ~ -utlr (glace like)~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tU~iilWt eolfittt. 8 ~ I I tl"tltf.H ~ I ~ 41~., ~ (HO - C = 0) ~ 4lc1f.1'1 ~9f (> C =0) ~ ~ GiJl'1t41~~il~ (-OH) ~ f ~ ~ 41~fit4 ~~~ GIJl'1C41~Cdl'SI ~~<mr-tt I ) I •f's'(l"l~I ~QilCCifll ~I 41~fit4 ~ (i1;(l'ilcetii ·~ ..nft ~~ ~ I RCOOH + Zn -----+ (RC00)2Zn+H2
- 113. 0 0 ~· CH-c.?' @-c(3 '-O-C2Hs O-C2Hs ~ cai11P1c= ~ , ....,.. ,r; ~ 'alA ~- -OH 1{9'4C4 -OR~ (t(ll914f"fl)~ ~ ~~ • ~' ~ ~~l'ACH ~ ~'C4'ili R -COOR I ~11f 1Pr ~ '!Clfl ~ 'IP{J ~ ~ 1'tft I ~~ lf'ftif ~ ~ ~~~I -~~ 4(314't ~ ~ ~'C4'ili .f.D ~ ~- ~ 1 RCOOH + NaHC03 -----+ RCOONa + C02 + H20 ~fit 4F-1f~fitqs ~ 'iiilW'Slct ~ I ~I (1-QllfWtl .tl't'li (-OH)~ I 4l~fi14 ~~OH llf"f (JIC'llceti1 9Ar1ft'l, GiJlfilCAI ~~ ~ GIJl'14.ftt ~~ (OR) ~ ~~ ~ I - 0 PX5 II ..------. R-C-X + POX3 + HX 0 0 II PX3 II R - C - OH -·--- R - C - X + H3PO 3 (X =Cl ~ Br) 0 SOCI 2 II ....____ .,. R-C-CI + S02 +HCI ca!Jl't~Wf iijliil~ "I •l:fiil't ~ (-COOH) ~ I 41:.f'.,fitqs ~ 4Jl'1Piltit ·~ -- ~ 41<4M'1 00'1 ~9'!f ~I (HC00)2Ca ~ HCHO+CaC03 (RC00)2 Ca + (HC00)2 Ca ~ R CHO (etJlwtNtf(f••> +CaC03 (RC00)2 Ca + (RC00)2 Ca ~ R COR (~) +CaC03 ~.t..2t ~ .. (Esters) ~~Pim 41~fi14 ~911 l{l~f1111'2f"f t(llot4f11~(-OR)~~~~~~ "'9f:f ~ I ~~ ~ ~~ ~ GIJl'1C411(11 ~ ~ ~"1J ~9f!f ~ I ~ ?tR ~ '6 GIJl'1C41f(C'l'SI MraRll "'9f!i ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~Pim ~~ 1llt'ff 'l(C'ft ~~I ~~ 41·(~ ~ -COOR I R ~ 9fM ~~ 6111'141..'1 ~ GiJl'Sil...'1 llf"f I_~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ 8 0 R-C~ ~R~'f·-~~·~~9fttif1. '-o-R
- 114. . . .. 11"11 ~~~'-.It :NH3, CH3-NH2,R-~-H,:OH-, :CN- ~ ~~ "ltt'lf ~~~-.ti I ) I dfjfJltH "~ttl¥1 I ~ ~ ~ ~- ~ di~ Gtt@fC:1fit<b ~ ~ '6 GIJl"1C411('1 "'9f!l 4'CI I MfiiMll!U ~ I /0 ~ R-C + - ~0-R <;o R-C~, .. 0-R ""~ ~I 'JOl'l•~'I i(Jl'll-i ~ a ~Pron P,iel'R ~ GIJl'1<Pll:'1 t<Jliill:CS'SI ~ ~9t etnttf ~ ~~~~~-mr1 RCOOAg + R1X --4 RCOOR1 + AgX • 'Pf' I~ ~~fir~ '6 ~1'1'1!9 I ~66b'SIOfir~I ~~ ~~ OOtf I '111"1111~. ~I~ <JPl'Rll:S '6 ~Ptw GIJlil(ll:ill:S ~ C5tl1 dJ~ "lffil;IJ<bl 4'11 ~I di~ ~ "l(tl'ft dJ~ ~(-COOR)~ 4FclM'l (>C=O) ~ "GiiJ~I dJ1V GliJ'R'fii ~~<rntl . (~) 9fTC15T ~- GIJIJil'~il GIJlfJt,m, CH3 COOC5H11 (-.f) 9fTC15T ~- Gl4~1~'1 GIJlfJt,~, CH3COOC8H17 (tf) ~ ~9ftl'f-G1ll:CJtlGIJIJil..ii Gill:t"ll<eJl'llOsiG (CH3).2 CH CH2 COOH2CH2CH(CH3)2 {ll) Cif"lfilit ~- c<iitetll:'l GIJlfJt'~~, CH3 COOCH2C6H5 (•) ~ ;Sflil'RC"I- n- M~~ll:'l M~~IOAU, C3H7 COO C4H9 · (5) ~ ~:- ~ M~~IC'R~, C3H7COOC2H5 (~) ~~- 3- ~ M~u1l:11 ~' CH3 COOCH2CH2CH (CH3)2 ~~~(General methods of preparation ) )I•~~ c11"'1"11W'i (Esterification). a 9f1V H2S04 -~'f ~"fftif?ec!S ~9f ~ ~~ '6 GIJl'1C4IW11' Mftballlll ~ ~~ ~~ ~ I RCOOH + R10H 11 RCOOR' + H20 'tW H2S04 ~ R '6 R1 = ~ - CH3 '6 - C2H5 1 MWRl!U ~ ( ~ ) ~' ·lffef ~~ ·'6 ·-di~ ~ "fRIJilCct ~ I GIJl'1C411(fl"li[C('SIMffi1a~lll ~ g 1°. > 2° > 3° I ~ C~.,ifti'D~ I ~~ HCI ~ ~Yffl:f!>C"!> C<liCetlfil<P ~ftfw ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ietCW ~~ '6 "f1f.f ~~ ~ I 0 0 @- II @-II .C-0-H (s) + CH3 -CH2 -OH (i) HCJ > C-O-CH2 -CH3 +H20
- 115. '51JIC11IM41I H I H-N-H H R R II R-N-H R-N-H R-N-R ~ ~ C)IC*I~ ~ Ul'SlfJt411~ ~ (Io~) (2o~) (Jo~) R-l!l"'A' 91Rl;qc6 fif911-if ~91 (C6Hs-) ~9M~ 51JIC3i!Cilffl4 ~ :1flSm ~I ......GIJ"'""lfil'""'91-ofir ~ ~ (organic base) 1 eotfltc-.11 ~ ttP ~ ) 1 .,~c1;1eo111c•c-.11 ~ifltct ~ a ~ -e l!lm ~ iil-c'falG1Jlift4i'i Rletl~!S ~ ~1-111a) ~(lo~)~~I ~+~ 'Ar/R-N02 ---- Ar/RNH2; Sn+2HCl~SnC12+2[H] [HJ 10~ ~ I GIJlllll:S LiAIH4 ~ PtetlRl!S l{ti ttll:atlll ~ ~ ~ I Ar IRCONH 2 LiAIH. > Ar IRCH NH · [HJ 2 2 10~ " I f(•iOI., ~· (Hoffmann's reaction) I tflJllll...CS'A ~ ~ '6 9fl;1P11lat l{!Qitll:CS'A RIWRll ~ ~ tt1•iif~ (intermediate) catll:c:>ti'11411Ci'tB ~i'f!f ~ I l!l'f efi'tl1191 ~ «tl-illll ~ (1 ° ~) 9ft'6'1t lJtll 1 Ar/RCONH2 + Br2 + KOH -----+ Ar/RNH2 + K2C03 + KBr "!"- H20 ~.~.)o ~ (Amines) ~4!f~~~I~, ) I "'31'141~ ~(alkyl amine) ~ 1 51JIC'Altii$4 ~(aromatic amine) hll ~ 51Jlfil91C4 Gl]IC11IM41l'A Ct:5RIC'5$'5 (~) ~91. ~'1J ~ ~ I <mf'f 51]1Ci!IM4Jl'A H- 9R1111'1 'dt]l'l+l-'1 ~ Gl]l'Al-'1 ~91 ~ ~~ ~ GIJ1filcqffl4 ~ 51JICJilCiim4 ~ ~ ~ I GIJIC11IM411'A l!l"4flt H-~'1 ~i'f! ~"ii-ilia) ~ (1° ~); ~ H ~'1 ~i'f! ~ C'1C4ela) ~ (2° ~) l!Jqt ~ H ~'1 ~i'f! ~ Ul'APt4Jla) ~ (3° ~) ~~I RCOOR' + H 0 NaOH ) RCOONa + R10H2 "am~ l!l~ q RC~'1C4 "114'1.,ll., (saponification) ~ 1 '11<q!iilM Rlffi18411m l!l~ 1 ~ I ~iflt'1 (Reduction) I Na/C2H50H ~ LiAlH4 ~ ~~ RletlRl!S ~ I0 Sllli1C4IW1 ~~I RCOOR1 [Hl RCH20H + R10H Na/ '51Jl'1C411(1'1 " I "501Ciil~ll • ~ClllM I l!l~ '6 GIJICaJlM~I ~ ~ 'dtlliil-5 ~9fjf ~ 1 RCOOR1 + NH3 ~ R CONH2 + R10H GIJlllll& ~ I CPJ '6 Dfcf fti:>flRiC91'A l!l~ I CPf '6 ~ llttfl 51JlifC41~i1 ~tllf l!l~ ~ l!lqt ~ l!lm ~t-t ~ ~ 41;{'"'fi14 l!lm ~ , RCOOR1 + H20 H_ RCOOH + R10H ~~ '51)1'1""511('1 ))8
- 116. .. R NH2 +H20~R NH;+ OH- ro~ ~ "IJlfilCfiBI Kb ~if 1lr.{ 4.31x10-4 (~ NH40H -~if Kb = 1.8x10-4) I ~I ~~~g~~ "1Jlfili1l: (1°, 2°, 3°) ~"ft'f MffiMJl41~~9f!l~ I RNH2 + HCI .----. RNH; er (GfJl'141l:il "IJICiilM411il <JlSl'All:S) ~ RNH2. HCI R2NH + HCI ~ R2NH.HC1 R3N + HCI ~ R3N . HCI ~ I eol"1-"1fl'1 (Acylation) I 1° '6 2° t;;SfJlfili1ofif "IJl<>tll:il (11'11l:Ci'SI ~ Mftbi41141 ~~ GIJliil-S ~ GfJIJtll:'l ~ "'9e emf I RNH2 + RCOCI ~ RNHCOR ~~ GIJliill:S R2NH + (CH3C0)20 ~ R2NCOCH3 + CH3COOH N,N- ~ Gf)l'141~ G1JlfStT;111ll:S 8 I ett"1•_..fft (Alkylation) I GNR9 CH31 ~ ~ 1° ~ <>t"'t'f«"f GOl'14~'1'f'! ~ t RNH2 + 3CH31 ----. R-N+(CH3)3r 4° GfJltiilM411it c1fM ct I ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1° Gf11fi1Ci1'SI "f'C9f HN02 ~ ~ i11-QilC8fi1 '6 . 1° Gfll'1C41('1 "'"f!f ~ I "5fw ~I~ "1Jlfilcqft4 ~~~~~I~ ~fir~ I~ ~fir ~;aRJ, ~~~fir~~ I "IJIOSllCiift4 1° "lllfili1ofif ~ ~ ~ I 2° ~ 3° ~ "ft~ • ~ I "IJl'All:il "'1111•1l:11 ~"ft~~~~~~ aro 1 ~m ~ 1 111"111~· ~I ) I ~ ~ I "1Jlfilcqft4 "1Jlfili1ofif ~ ~ I ~m "IJICiilM411'51 C5tli ~~ ~ I ~~Pt~'" ~m on ~ ~ 1 ~~ ))~ ~- PifJRl41 'llf GfHilf~c<JHI ~ ·~~ cm1 "'~ GOlfiU•i1'SI ~ ~~~ 9fm I ~ ~ ~~ l{i1ii]li1 "f!lt~~ ~ ~ I 8 I~~ A•l't'I - I Gf]l'1Nsf(l-i '6 1 o GOlfiUA'SI PtfJR141 ell filf1f-~ "'9f?f ~ ~ PietlR'! ~ CJtC4&11l ~ (2° ~) 9fte1lt 1;fT11 I RCHO + RNH2 ----. RCH = NR + H20 [H] ,_. RCH2NHR 20~ ct I eolwt•l-"1 iijlwt~<i ~ I "1Jlwtt411(~41 ~ GfJICiilM41l'A ~ GIR!>R'8 "IJl'14ll:'1 (Jlilll:S ftG ~ T;1~M4llR ~ (3° ~) "'9ffl~ I 3RX + NH3 ------+- R3N + 3HX 30~
- 117. flll:atlll "'11fiic..l ~(-NH2) "II "li1"11'1 4...r (4) GiJlf'1cqt[;4 ~ 51JIC'SllCiit[;4 ~ ~ eztll:ill~ GiJlfiii1C4 <mr4 ~ CHCl3 ~ GiJl'1C4ltl~fJ KOH~~~ 60-70°C~~ ~ ~ ~ "!~ ~ ~ ~ Gill:c.>t1Jlfl111i11 .. 5 • ~ I CH3NH2 + CHC13 + KOH(alc)~CH3 - N·= C + KCI + H20 ©-NH2 +·cHCI,+KOH(alc)~ ©-N =C+KCl+H20 (~) eci1c11t>1fttc¥1u_...1f1 eutfiicau Wf'(-Nli2) e 1..1••t1 4...r 4...r I 0°C-5°C~~ :ilJICiilCii~'f tffl.iilA ~ ~ ~ HCI~~ IO%NaN02 ~ C1lM ~ 9ft ~ ~--ul9f~ ~ CllM. ~ ~ ~--.n-J ~ -.n-J ~ ~if GiJlt'lfl'SH14 (azo dye) 9fte1lt 1lRr 1 tffll:iilA GiJlfilW~4 ~ ~ 'Pfll.. 11~11f~4'ti ~ 1 @-NH2 +HCI+NaN02 ~@-N2Cl +NaCl+H20 qjHlitetlM41lii~ ~ NH2 CH~COCI ~ NHCOCH3 ~ ----- ~ + .HCI /x RNH2 + CH3MgX ----+ CH4 + Mg ~~ ""-NHR /x R2NH + CH3CH2MgX ~ C2H6 + Mg ""-NR eo1~tlt11~• eolfiic.,t ~liiHl<>t'( 2 ) I ~~~I ~~~Mful-fJlfJ GiJIC<silCilt[;4~1'f<tct ~~ 1 ArNH2 Hci ) ArNH2.HCI ~ ArNH;c1-(Ar = C6H5) GOl'RI~ ~ 1tllCOlil<JPl'Rrl:1& ~I eOl'l•l-il+A"1 (~lation) I 51JIMF'1i1 ~ 51Jl'141l:i1 (Jl*lll:li ~ 14111'1'41~ ~ ~ ~ Dt'Pf ~ 5IJIMfin;i1<s1 G1Jl~41l:'14<s1'1 ~ ~ 1 ~NH2 ~NHR ·~ .!!<!' :1RCI 0 + HCI 51)1Mf'1i1 N -15111'141~ ~ ~ I "tll'f~Ci181i (Acylation) I 51JIPi°Gll:i1 CiPIC!All:5 ~ GiJIFJit[;4 51lli1~1Qll:cc;s<s1 ~ I 0 ~ 2° 51Jl<sill:'l GiJlfiii1Gfir ~<ml GiJlfJr&)IM'lll:5 ~ ~~ Gi)lilll:5 ~ ~ I RNH2 +HO- NO ----+ ROH+ N2 + H20 ~ I ~ ~•AIC+I ~ ~ I 1° ~ 2° ~ ~~ ~4Htt4'SI ~ ~~lfJ Gl11'1t4i1 ~9f:J~ I 3° ~ ~~~'i1t I
- 118. N=N:@ @-N,CI+ OOO~ooOH+HCI ~--ut9f~ 1'1Wf~" ~.~.)) eot11~ (Amides) 4F'fti., ~~ (1...iftti1 ~'Pf 51Jlfiltiil ~'Pf (-NH2) ~ ~'Pf"! '(t1l 51)1111'~S • ~ I Gi)lilll:C'5'SI 41~4~ ~ GIJl1'll:ccs1~'Pf, - CONH2 I ~-~~ ) I ~ '501Cill~ili4 ~ ~·I ~ GIJIDllM~l1' ~!!'Pf~ '3'Jlil~CS ~ ~ 1 RCOOH NH1 ) RCOONH4 ~ RCONH2 + H20 • ~ GIJIDilfiliilaf ~ GIJl~l~55 ~ 1 Gi11.,,1"tai t<J1,,,1l:cs, ~m '3'Jliit<ll:&;1l:cs Cft ~~ 5l11c111M"' ~ P1c(l1f8t!) emf G111111-..cs "ft<311t lft11 I RCOX NH3 ) RCONH2 + HCl (RC0)20 NH] ) .RCONH2 + RCOOH tl:rtll~• ~ 1 GIJlill..,csofif firi;111"1 "1~.. 141 f.Rft"f"IF (neutral)~ ~m 1100 ·.,,.r1n~r• ~~~...rfhr~~l~~ift~~l~~~~~~I~, RCONH2 + HCI ~ RCONH2 .HCI (~ ~) RCONH2 +Na~ RCONHNa + !H2 <•~)) 1 "'~''d"'t (Hydrolysis) 1 ISlm ~ ~ G1ll11ll:<sC4 GlraMt~ emf~~ 9fte1ft llt111 RCO ~ NH2 20% HCI ) RCOOfl + NH4Cl -H20 ~ ..nn 11Jlilll:C5'SI • R~t Plf'a1;4Jl4' GiJICiflM~I ~"1?f ~ I ISl M~41l'Si ~ Gi)lill...5 614t4 ~ ~ ll1111 Plffi>~l4' NH3 ~ ~ ~ 9fl~11l ll1111 RCONH2 20% NaOH ) RCOONa + NH [H20] 3 ~ I ~iflli't (Reduction) I Na IC2H50H Cft LiAIH4 ~ ~ f'iffi1;41l!J GIJlilf~c;s ~ I0 GI) l'141l:"1 ~ "ft'611t '(ll1f I RCONH2 lttJ ) RCH2NH2 ~ I ~~~-~I GIJlilll:csofif HN02 -ISl~Plt'f PlffiR111 MtlllfVt!S '(C11 N 2 "1t"f ~"1?f~ I RCONH2 HNOa ) RCOOH + N2 + H20 ~ eufii-CW ?iitfit'IJ9f'6 ~(characteristic reaction) 1 eot11-·~ (-CONH2)"li4l...t ~. 20%NaOH ~ 00'1 '<ISti ~ GiJlilll:<s ~ ~ ~ NH3 ~ ~ ~'It '(ll1f I CH3CONH2 + NaOH ~CH3C00Na +NH3 t
- 119. 8 I~~~~~ I~~ N.:.~ ~ ~ """?tR ~·~,. ~ GIJl'141~ (Jl'lll& ~ GIJl'1C4ll(C'l 1i"11'<1RI! 4Rt ~ I "11'9fi GIJl'1C41'~" KOH C1tt'f ~ N-~ ~ ~ I (i)CH,-CH, A) CH,CH,C~~~~ .. ) CH, =CH, (ii) CH,CH20H ~ 7~~04 CH, =CH,+H,0 t" I ?9R c'1tt't ~~ ~ I ?9R ~ fiil-~ ~ ~ ~ l911J9 GIJl'1AlC'1'A ~ (Jl"11eetC'1'SI (Cl2, Br2, 12) RlWHl41 GIJl'1Al'1 Sllf{Jl'lllS ~ '41lt ~ I "11'9ff GIJl'1C•lf{~41 KOH ~~fiil-~~~ I CH2 =CH2 ~B12 . CC~ ) C"2Br~C"2Br IKO~ > CH=CH+KBr+H2011) .,,. ,., "' I «I.ii ~Wtff "f5f1'f I Na+ C2H,OH, Sn IZn+ MCI, SnCl2 + HCI, LiAIH4 (~ Metl'A4) ~.2t.)~ ?wR '~"'1.Cllt "11t""lft•1Pl~tt ~ ~ -~ ~ ) I ~~ 1~4"*1 I~~·~ ~!CIS'AC'1 "14 ~ ~ 9fm I ~ fiitCISlf-,fO ~"'"' ~ ~ <:51Jli141li1 (JlilllS I ~ ell ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 51111141~ (JlilllCS 1i"il'<I~! ~ ~ I ~' ~ ~ ~ -!cp'A,'1 §f ~ ~ l1tlJ I CHpH ~~1:2 ) CH31 KCN CH3CN LiAIH, )CH3CH2NH2 NaN02 Atott:mr CH3CH2NH2 ) CH3CH20H. '(."fl., ... ,) HCI ~ I ~ ~ '*'"'.. "1 I ~ C'lltCiS ~ -!CIS'AC'1 "I~ ~ ~ 9ft1J I ~ fiif4'f ~ 'lfiU ~~WIT 41:.ff~fi1• ~I "i'A4Cl~C!) Ni•l~Cil~ ~ ('J'iiJl'1 ~ MNMll'A 1ft'3t11 ~ 9Rf1ft'l~ 9fT11 I ~' • CH,CH20H K2Cr20~ +H2S04)CH3COOH '1TJNH3 CH,COONH4 .1. CH,CONH, -H20 Br2(aq) NaN02 CH3CONH2 '"VKOH>CH3-NH2 HCI >CH30H. 'O I ~ .nr ~ ~.., .. 'I«• ~.,...I "I~ i!ifiHltl ~ 00'1fftc• C4qi1ttrn• "I~ . ~ ~ 1i~I-~! ~~I "11'9fi CCl'i1C•HI ~ ~ Ni•l:.ff"'"~ ~ ~ ~~ M!INl! 4Rt ~ I ~' <:51Jl_Mfi1i1 ~ ~ i!i'l!4'SIC'1 '!l ~ ~ lint I @-NH,+HCl+NaNO, o-s·c @-N,CI Hlo, @-oH @-oH +Zn..!UE+© +ZnO ))lr
- 120. (~) - x(iijlC'llCiM) - .dff "ftt'ft I (i) 1"ffpr .rw 1 c'1"1-.. "ftt'ft- ~~ ~ ~ (fusion tube) ~ ~-. ~ (1'h lTiifR cat11_5A5'51) ~ CJ'llNHJlll Wf<3 I ~N ~ ~"f lft'<3 I C:>flNHllll ~ 'f'i1't"! ~ ~ ~N ~ 91RrJnct (0.03 g <it 2 ~) ~~ ClTt't '1lt'1 4R I ~~9fit 1f1 c.fl~ ~ tiM!N5IOCI ~"f lftE, ~ ~ .rrh· ~ ~ "ft.'-t ~ ~ ~ <mf I ""fl'f ~ '11'fi{ iiilff)fAS ~~ ~ (motar) 'lfttfl 1Mt ·15-20 mL ~ 9"1%111t~ :>tl<t~ ~'6 ~~~(pestle)~ '1"fil 91wtfbt4 ~ ~~"f ~ ~ I~ GFCIJCl-6 c:>tlNBJlll 9ftf.m ~~ "ft'G"il ~ ~ 9fTtf f ~~ i!1 ~~.~~~I ~ a:q'1ftc• ~ ~ -.t11t ~ 1 ~~(filtrate)~ 9ffflt "fll•lit 1lfiij 1"P~ 1 (ii)~ "ftt'ft I~~~~ 2 mL ~ ~· Wfe I ~ ~ _,, HN03 ~-.ti ~t4 $ 4R ~~ ~'i!IC<I ~ t f'GlCiil<si ~ ~ l~ Nett S CJlt1'f (llfif ~) .HCN CfT H2s 'fl?f 1R9f ~ C'tlt4 M<!IN;<! m 1 ~~ ~ ~ NaX (X= (JIC'llCWM,Cl, Br, I)~ I !J<l'1t'Gt4 ~ ~ ~~ '4tff ~ AgN03~ ~'1 ~ f Pf"l'dlii (Jliif-Oiil ~lt'F9f (AgX) ~I IJlN (JIC'11CetC*A '~~~,• M'l'dl<a (Jl'll't:O:Sil ""l'-r~"f ~ Wf dl~ ~ GIJIDflMillii ~ (NRiOH) ~ ~ Wf ~ '1ltt'1 {JPl'Sil~5 t~-~ ~ ~ t • ~P"f ~ ~ ~ c.fl~ ~ NR.OH dl ~ ~ 'ift Wf ~ '1ltt'1 Qllllf~& t~-~~~I • "f'f8~ ~ '<l'tcfif ~ ~~'- ~ NRtOH ~ ~ 1(t'f ~ mtt :lllCfilSl-C&'A l~ ~<raft ~M(tft4 I ~ (~ -OH ( . ), -X, -CHO, > CO, -COOH) -1iil'&4l~ ~ (-.) '501.,t•t'(~I -OH ~~I ) I c:>t1Ri.Jll14 ~ I ~ GIJl"lt41('"1:>f>£CU ~ .'5 ~ ~ ~~ t<Rt ~ C:>flNHilii ctn't ~ ~ll:Ci1Ceti1 ~ ~ ~ ~' ll't.~ 11tlf I R-OH+Na---.+R-0Na+H2 t ~ I PCls "ftt'ft I 51Jl"1'4l(Ci'1<a ~ rct, ~ CRt'f HCI 'fJ?f ~ 'Q 1lm ~~ NH3 ~~~~ NH4Cl ~it~~c'1nrt~~I ROH+ PC15 -----+ RCI + POC13 + HCI t, HCI + NH3-----+ NH4Cl (~ c.mtt) 1°, 2°, 'e 3° eol.,cc4'1f(t•Hi ~~a~ ~•It• "ftt'ft - 0.5 mL ~ GIJl.,'41~'1 '6 '3 mL ~ M4Bl4 ~tt ~ ~~ g'dil~C9f ~ t 'ff1lli ~- (i) ~l41Ciil'SI ~ ':>ft!Jf ~ 1rJ <it~~ ~ C'11'1 I 9fh'~ ~ 3° 51Jl"1C4~Wl ~ I (ii) ~141Ciil~ 10 fiif.1dht 1tt~ ~~ fi' ~ C~ I ~~ 54Jl.,C41~'1 2° 54)1'1'41('1 ~ I (iii) ~it9f'f'e. ~"f 9f~:q<£91 ~. "1WJ 'ift I 9fht~ '54JIW1'41(Vf 1° '54Jl'1C41('1 I "J4Pf ~•11+ a 12 g '1W HCI ~ 15 g ZnCh ~~ ~~ ~ M4lii4 ~ ~ 1 C ·I 4tt4ITJ 1lt1ff ~ I H2S04 + K2Cr201,. ~ ~ KMn04, Cl2 -~, Mn02,Cr02Cl2 (~ CiPl~ll:5)
- 121. '6'Jl'1Ni~l'l:5 '6 f<sst~ICiB11100 "11~ 4l:cfl'i1"1 ~9f (> C=O) M11Jlllii I ~ ~ '1lttt 2,4- Sll:iill:i:'alfiliil~ ~l:ilC~lii C&RlC~ ~ '4tif I 2, 4-DNPH ~I~~~ 2/3 Cl1$t ~..nt ~ 'iitlf fi{ai ~ 'lft'fJ 2 mL. ~Jli1C41t(tl 00'1~~~1 ~l' 'lft'fl 2-3 mL 2,4-<sll:iill:i:'alf4i11l:"1 ~~IMii ~ (2,4 DNPH ~) <AM ~ ~'6 I ~ ~ ~$:1~9f "itt ~ 10 ~ ~9f11ft ~ I ~ ~ft111i9f ~- "itt ~ ~ ~ ~ Rilt¥1 ~ ift'6 I ~ 'fliili11'SI ~~9f ~ I . ~l: ~~9f 2,-4 <sf.iil'~~lfiP'fll:'l ·(l~ltt!M CSBl~C'«'A I ~~ ~lt'lf91 9ft'ellT c~ ~~ ClJttt "'11.,ro,~l:S~ ~~ f R/H', :? . · R/H' flC=O.+H2N- 0 NOi ~HsOH) .. 'C=N--NH ·o NO:i+H20 RIW ~ . RIW · N N ~~-~~'9Pf~ 60tw-'i " f«'Dliffl 'IM*'J.H ~(fest for identification of aldehydes & ketones) (i) ~~ 4-.t a ~ GOl'lNtl{t'l:cso~ ~~-~ MwtlRt<! ~ 1 ~ ~9f ~orn-~1 ~~ ~ 'i{tl'f 91"'*"1~ ~ "1JliC411(~41 ·-:ctt 9ftf.R ~- (0.05 g ~ 2/3 ~ ~2-3 mL ~ ~ "'ll'1C41(Ci1 ~ 'R) 2~JmL ~~ P"f ~ ~I ~41t4 ~~ "11f4'~ (waterbath) 2 -3 ~ ~ I ..,.... ~- • ~ ~ ~- ~ ~fC'll'11 ~ - "l)lwtfdi(t~~ l • 91~.. liJ~~~'i{t·-~~I CuS04 + NaOH~Na~S04 +Cu(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 + NaKC4H406 ~Cu2(C4H406); Cu(OH)2 CH3CHO + Cu(OH)2 + NaOH ~ CH3C00Na + Cu20 i +H20 ~ . "lf1Wr ~~~ ~ ~ ~ I 100 mL ~«ml 7.0 g Cu$04, 5H20 ~ ~ l ~--1~ ~ 1 ~~ ~~ 1'frolf 100 mL·~ ~$ 5.5 g.atta>fif ~ (Na-K ~)Iii~ 100 g NaOH ~ ...'CRI -~ ~ 1R I d ~ ~I ~OJ4(1CH 4tCcf 1 ~ '6 ~ ptt' "'11"1fltllttct C1P'ft'6 I ~ ~ ~ ~ I (ii) m ~•RI• 9ftt"5t I ~~ ~ "i{tl'f 0.05 g ~ 213 C11$t ~~ CllM2-3mL Gtll'1C41(t9~-1R l ~~ ~N <2..'...3 mL ~ fil4lt1• '1ft't ~ I ~CR, ~-~ ~ ~~I Wr--~ ~ Qrftt1!11l<~ ~".tl~~ 'fR ~ W. ~I~ 4'1- • -~ ~ fe'!tH ftm{ ~ t'Jll'tilt:Jf.fct W{-eotwtNi'1...5 ~ I • • qt1111"'1Ciifis;q11>4.~ - ~~-l AgN03 + N~40H ~ [Ag(NH3)i]OH+NH4N03 +H20 CH3 -CHO +"(Ag(NH3)2]0H---¥CH3COONH4 + Ag -l- + NH3 +H20 . (lf9f't)
- 122. ~.)o 41(4 ~(-OH, >C=O) ilfi11..at'1 IR '--t'91t1'1~ c-n.t~PRl'1 ~(IR Spectroscopic Absorption/Emission Bands for Identification of Functional Groups (-OH,> C=O)) ~ ~'f ~ <Pl(4il ~ ~I ~' -OH,> C = 0, -CHO, -COOH, -C = C, -C=C- ~I ~~<Pl(4il ~~cmf~~~~'<Pilt~ I ~~ 41'1'4~ ~ "111iil~<P'S1C't IR ;qcof.;)Mc:fltt~ ~~ e~91'1' ~ ~ I IQ ~ClifC-U IR ;qcfi~lll~ ~ ~f!IW ~ ~ IR ~ ~9fliM '<Ptif ~ ~Cf '<Pill ~ I ~~ <i'fi~Cb ~ ~ ~ ~ <Pl'14fl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ W!CSl~Cb (~ ~ Orclf) ~fti{g~ ~ ~9f:f ~ I IQ~ W!CSI~ ~ ~ ~~ <Pl'1'4fl 1l'f<P ~'<Pill ~ I ~ ~ Gt~l<iii ~~~~~~~I~ C1lt'1 ~-9fm1rt~ ~I ~~ ~ ~ "1~<1'6~~ ~'Pfl1'f ~~ ~1lm IR-~ ~ I ~ ~m IR-~ ~ '<Ptif ~ '!fi '<Ptif I ~' ~ ~ <Pl(4jl ~fir IR ~ ~ ~ ~ Gtl<fNs'Sl ~ ~9fliM '<j5tif I ~ ~"'ill1ii<PICil ~ ~ ~-~ ~~ (transition) v I •1'91Cii;f;l'1 ~ ~l ~~ l:ft9fl'fl ~ ~ ~-C<Pl~l-t1ii ~-.flt v = 0 ~ v = l ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ (l'f~4'!IC<i 41'1'4fl ~) ~ ~ 41Nfeii'S1 ~ <1'11fi1C!i ~9f ar1~1c11-t;1., ~ ~9f:J ~ 1 ~, ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ (symmetric stretching vibration), ~ I ~ ~ ~ (asymmetric stretching vibration) '6 ~ 1 ~~~(bond bending vibaration) I~ {~) ell ~ 4DPtCi1'A '8fiU t:.'l'51tll<Ul'1 ~ Ji~<P'ACf ~ - - ~ I~u (1-q1~'R·1) = - - 27tc µ ~ u (~) = ~ ~ 1ff9r ~-.flt, k = ~ ~~~ ~ "ctWf ~' µ = ~(reduced mass) (~~~119'h) (µ= m1m2 ) ~~c =~ ~ m1+m2 ~ ~•tt• ~I~~ 10% CJ11~4'lii~i1'1-S ~· -e 10% f31'1<sl1¥ ~ ~ ~'6 I ~N ~ ~ GtJIClllM4H ~ 00'1 ~ I !f~ ~~9( ~'Pf!f ~ I ~'f~9f ~ ~ ~-sm ~ GtJIC~IM!H ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ GfJIClllf.Hll Cllt'f CRT crq; <R I ~Tit~ M<Pl'Sl<P I . ~·~~~~~~!tef~~~~~~,~~~ lll<Rl"!<ii MC'l'Hr•t,,.11 filwt'5fil GtJICll~S ~ ~ 1 l.!I ~~~~~~CRT~ 1 . (~) •t~'1 ~ (-COOH) ~ 1. (i) ~~ -sms ttM (watch glass) 5mL 5% NaHC03 ~ ~ ~ ~ <R I c.ilN 911.. 1~· ~ ~ 11 c.il~ ~ Clft'f CR' (ClU'f ~ ~ l;-2 ~) 00'1' '<j5'f , _.,,... ~ .: (ii) C02 ~~"Jf"~ - -COOH~~C(~. ~~~.lT Of4t) 1 (iii) IQ~ 9fh ~· ~ ~GtJt'1C4t~C'1 O~l g ~ J - 4 ~ ·~~ ~ ~ '1n'f ~ ~ <R c.il~ IQN ~ ~ C(IS~J _tfit-.' ~ '111'1 ~I I.fl~ ~11 1't~ ~ ~ O.lMNaOH ~'1ff'1(Rt~~·~Gt1Mitct~- --COOH ~~~1 ~ 8 Jil'"1C(ISIM4 ~ (i) ~ 9'1'.. 141 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ,..,, .. tat ~ 9iil .. lst Jil'la,tl'SI ~·~qt~r
- 123. (~) -OH ~GCJl'1C41t{~!J (alcoholicj st C'Pil~41 (phenolic)~ ~ I ~ "f1'C4IC'1 -OH 1l"t4' ~ ~ ~9f g (i) -OH '501'1t•l~l 1 ~ ~ 8 v(O-H)=33.50-3200 cm-1 ~I ~8GCl'1M4 (intramolecular) H- ~ t5 0-H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~g GCl'1M4 (intermolecular) H - ~ ~ 0- H ~ ~ ~ (broad)~ 1 (ii) -OH ('4 1~1) ·~~ 8 v(O-H) = 3612-3590cm-1 (~,~~~)I (1') >C=0(41~'1 ~) ~'f ~ C=O~'f ~ ~· ~ (range) ~ s v(C=O) = 1800-1600 cm" ·I >C=O ~9f'f ca11~C'1'51 ~~~~ ~~- 400600800 o--~--~--~~~~~~-----~----~~~--~~~---4000 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 14001200 1000 ~ 'f~'OT.v (cm-') fill ~. I 411fitclJl~..1.. 4111 IR .rtfir (>C=O '"ftw '1111 IR -.Mir) C-H Stretch 0 A~c C=C conj. C=O 4006008004000 3600 3200 2800 2400 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 'fi9f ~'ffJt,v(ertr+) 1Rr ~.) 11-~ 0 IR~ to-a lJ."tWllPU' IR~) C-0 Stretch 251911 12 13 1415 16 ff1f~~) 6 7 8 9 10 ~91'm )f~4'ACf ~ ~ ~' ) (~) ~'f 1tTi{ ~ ~ ~' k ~~ ~' µ ~'f '9B ~ ~I ~'. ~ ~ ~' ~ 4laf4i' ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'Plbltii-Ulil ~ ~9f!f ~ I ~ 4laf<Pi' ~ -ii!IW'SIC~ 1ll'f ~ I IR ~ ~l.r'Ci culwtt"I C'11filccsl~t'it~l"1(absorbance/transmittance) ~ ~ ~ (v) ~ ~ IR 4'1~flliil9A1$t.,~~~ I ~~~~~-OH ((l..;gaftt11) -e >C=O (414'Mi1) ~ c-n.t ~ ~ "Wft(~ ~.) '6 ~.~ ~) I
- 124. ~.)) ~tltlftit ~C..,tift IMfW ~ "lifl&•ll ~(Preparation of Glycerine and Phenol and their Identification Tests) ) I ~'tlftit (Glycerine) I~ ~~;Dt•(l~4 '51Jl'1C411('1 I cmct ~~~-OH~ M'iJif191 ~11 tt<>tt~~• ~ cent"'fif- 1, 2, 3- ~ ~~ tl<>tJ"~• ~ 'l(Cl'lt, CH2-0H I CH-OH I CH2 -OH - (Preparation) I ?wwr ~'if(~ (From fats and oils) I '5lt'Pf'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • filc:t'fCt '4ftlf ~ ~ ~ fil<>tlfii1 "'9f!f "°' ~~ """ ~ • MC~'tct ~ ~~ ~ 9ft'ellt lfT11 I CH2-COOR CH2-0H I I CH-COOR + H20 HCI > CH-OH+3R-COOH I I CH2-COOR CH2-0H ~ fil<>tlfi91 ~911'1C91t ~f'l14 ~ I~ «IWNJC'i ~ t~ ~ ~ lfm t ~tltlfitift ~ (Uses of glycerine) I ) I ~ fi'ttr, ~ ~ fi1'1lfi91 ~ ~ fi1"1lfi91. ~ Q I ~ I i11.. clilfii"1IA91 (lit Ni911ill'•li ~ eftftif t9fCA't) «IWNJC'i fi1"1lfi91 ~ '1(111 e 1 ~. ~~' -.r9ftf-.tfir, ~ ~ ~ ~ C$i~C!S ffi"11RM ~ lJf I fit1tlftt..t "litlo•rl ~I fii"11fit.,t "ftlr ~ KHS04 '11t'1 CRtlf It!~ '51JltJJtlfj,i1 "'1'f!f ~ I ~ fii"11ftt91t 8t911$4lil ~ I CH2 -OH I CH-OH KHS04or ) H C=CH-CH0+2H 0 I PO 2 2 2 s C H2 - OH eatJIWFlfili1. OH ~ I (..-r (Phenol) t c<MC*HI tl"llA '1tlT Q11'1c<1• ~ ~ · c§J~ C6H5 -OH ?wR~ )~" ~o X=Cl ~ ~~ u(C=0)·=1810 cm-I CH3-c, X=OH "@J ~~ u(C=O) =1760 cm-I x X=H ~~ u{C=O) =1730 cm"~ X=CH3 "@J ~~ u(C=O) =1715 cm-I X=NH2 ~ ~~ u(C=O) =1715 cm-I X=Ph "@J ~~ u(C=O) =1795 cm' ' X=OPh "@J ~~ u(C=O) =1760 cm-I X=OR ~ c-t1lt't ~ u(C = 0) = 1745 cm" (~~ R = '51111141.'1 '21111 ~~ Ph = fi.1911.. '1 ~)
- 125. MC'lt ~ (Usesof phenol) I C'fiiC"lil ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~9f 8 ~ I . alctl'".(i11art4 ~' 4liiffl14 ~ '6 ~ 8 I ~ t.!I~ -f%C"! ~ ~ I ~~·~~I <?'I ~~11¥141~~~~1 ~I ctJIC4'11-G ~~~~·~~I ~I ~ ~ «FWNiC"! ~~I ~· 1 "1}1M"11lfit4 ~ '6 ~~ ~·~(;! C I iill'1Cii'SI 4lbl~li1 "1llCiPIC(,_~., !i•~C!5 ~~I ~~I ,..,,.,, '1.,1.. ~ ~ (Identification test ofphenols) ~ Cl'lt~ ~ "ill-.t I Cll'i1Ci111 • ~ ~ ~ fifft9f"'lf FeCl3 ~ Cl1tif ~ cs1•cqf114 Ctli!llC'l'Cei& ~ ~ cifM ~9f'if"Q t.!I~ ~~ ~ 'ffil't <ml I 6 C6H5 -OH + 2FeC13 ·~ (C6H40)6 Fe2 + 6 HCl ~ ~~~ OH HCI )_@+ NaCl c.-.r IMfW (Preparation of P~enol) I <4') "ltl•l•ttt ~ I ~~ ~'f ~ .,, H2S04 t.!lif ~ ~ ~ ~ SIJJlcetlMJJlil CJPFSilltS ~~~~~~I ~ ~ <ftl'f ~ ~ !HliHfiC9f ~~ ~ I N2Cl OH @+H20 ~H,so, )@+N2+HCI ~ CSl41ICCllM4ilaf CiPl'Allcs ~ (~)~~(Dow process) dff ~ ~ IMfW I CJPIC'Sllc<te:tf9te:tt4 l.80-200~9f t.!I~ 300-400°C ~~ NaOH ~· ~ ~~ C"11NHtlil ~ ~9f!f ~' ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I Cl ONa ),_,_ + NaOH tso-200 aun ) ~ lSJ 300° C-400° C lSJ CiPIC'AICCliifeli1 C'f1Ni411af ~ ~ (tt) Mfil., ~ C..,C•Hi~9115fil ~ (Industrial Process of Manufacture of. Phenol from Cumene) I C"1dilfiH~lii ~~(refining) "'11m ~ -e ~<PM 9ft'elll 1Jtl11 ~-~ ~fJRl<a 1lt~ ~ ~ '<3 ~<PM Clnt'i ~'filii ~ ~~ ~ I ~'fili1C4 130°C~~ co ~ Mn ~ "11{C'!lc•t ~ '51fticete:t ~ ~ ~ 14~file:t ~"tl<a,_11'i "'"t!J ~I ~ ~'file:t t{1lJtWl"'iBl.,_11'iC41'f1 H2S04 ~ ~ fltff ~ '<3 azfl~ ~"1lf ~ I
- 126. (~) ~ (Uses)3 ~ 1 i11l:"Dlfii<>t1Ai1 MC1iil'S14 ~ ~ ~, ~ '4tif ·~i1111f~'G (dynamite)~' lit~~ <m1lf ~- ~ ~~ ~-~ ~ -.t ~~' 1'wft ~ Jttlti11t 4'tClf ~ ~ I ~ I ~ ~ i11-"l~<>tl~Ci1t ~~~I ~ 1.f!ff; Oi5fOSll't '6 ff '5t9f -~ vasodilator ~-~ ~ I ~.)~.~1t dPf1t o ~ ~ CUcti(l11 (Preparation .andUses ofTNT) IMfW (Preparation) g TNT dl'f 91_'1' ~- ~' 2, 4, 6 -:&1-'11-~fDWJ.'9:i1 1 ~'J.-Ci1'51 ~ i11..c'Qllf9i -.M TNT ~ ~ ~ I ~ 'fTt'Pf ~- - ~ ~ , · -.t't-) 1 ~ -nt9f 40°C ~9f111im1f )fl'1FiP~~4 ~ -e ~ ~ fliat'1'51 g9'ft1'C'6 ~ ~ ~ 'e 91Jli119il~tl;'J~ "'9r:f~ I CH -O-No· I 2 2 CH-0-NO + ·I 2 CH2-0-N02 '11lditfl:>ttRlii 30°C CH -0-H I 2 CH-0..:...H+ I CH2-0-H ~- ~.)~ .,~dllfl'llfi~, 1t ~'ft, ~ ~ 91Jl111'7iC.liitif11 ~ ~ ctJctf(l11 (Preparatton and Uses of Nitr<>1lycerine,TNT, Dettol and Paracetamol) i11-~lfiMlfli1, it .£!~ it, ~ '6 "111'511Pt~l11'1 .~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ '6 "111'511fSttl11'1 ~ "{$~ ~ ~ I fi{ts dl'tl'RJ ~ '6 ~ 611Cdll5i11 ~ ~ I ~.)~.) .,1-c'llfl"flfttiffl ~ ~ ctJcti(l11 (Preparation and Use of Nitrglycerine) ('•) IMfW (Preparation) I i1l-~lfit:>1tfli1C4 Jal-i11-~lfiMlfli1 ~ ffj)fl'Sll-'1 Jall:i11-~'6 ~ ~ I dlft di~~ '6 ~ ~ MC1Pl'514 ~I ~ ~·fiMl'51Ci1'51 ill-~~ MfJRl'R 11t~ ~~~~~I di 91_.R!C!i '1tv ~ ~~ '6. )fl'lfif~flqs .£!~ ~ q q ~ ffj)flfli1 00'1~ ~ I Mffi>~l41Cdl !t9f1mm ~ 30°C (86°F)G1R!!1111 'i1l~ ~ ~ ~~-, 6ii1J'?fm Mt1Pl'51C'~ ~- ~ 1 ~ ~~fir~ftC4 ~~~~~~I~~~~ 1 dlit ~ ~ ~ 9flf.f ~ C~ ~ ~ ~~ C)flN)~lll 4l(C9'1~ ~ <rof I.fl~ f.ttft~·~ ~ I OH Br~Br H,o) ~ +HBr Br 2,4,6- ~1lf.311C~ICCfiiC'l'R ~ ~~~9f ?tM 1'ft1l1f )~~ (~) <a1fir-f-9'1f.f ~ I C>.J191Cl'1'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ Br2 ~ ~ Q!llfi4Ci1'R ~ ~ ~ ~ .£!~'. ~ ~ ~~rt-.9f ~ I
- 127. HN01+H2S04 100°c. CH3 02N~. N02 > ~+H20 N02 2,4,6.G~ 1•"fG'lli1 TNT-cQ ~ (Use of TNT) I :>tl11R4 '4tt9l ~ filtca MC1Pl'A4 ~ TNT ~ Q 1 ~.)~.'O aillr IMfW~ ~~'(It (Preparation and Uses of Dettol) C#lttlifl..fil-.lfl (Chloroxylenol) I CJPIC'Alet1"-f'191'1. ~'f ~ ~ 4-CJPtm 3,5-~ ~ I ~ ~~ .,tetl-J:i11"t4 ~ I ~~ <qJl4t'GRBJI, ~ -e ~ (~ 9ftf.{ ~~ '4tt9l ~ ~ 9fttiJl '9fii c-m) '*!tf?!>c<alttf ~ ~I ~~ ~~ .,tetl-J:C'Sll~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ '4Tt9f ~ ~' ~' ~en_ 1flT11 ~' 'SJl:>tf'1C91 ~ ~ I .,ctl-J:i11-t4 ~ ~ff;~~~ Wft, ~~ ~ ~ C4l1l ~ ~ OOf I <JISIC'Siletl1:f'191., ~ ~ ~ WiU9fl'it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9m I ~Cl1'A CIJlitiJf 'd1Mttl8 I ~ 9ftfiff ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ CIJlitiJf ~ ~ ~ I ~9'1f CIJlitiil ~~ ~ "4ti I OH ~ ~~ alctl'ii11-14 • ~ I ~N ~ctl-J:iiliif'i15 ~ *~~I CQiGC.,'A d!ftfti{ W9ftltA ~ (JISICtltt1"-F'191ii I~ 0 w~fir ~9f I ·H3C CH3 )I~~,~~ 'Ot~faHl41i1~ Cl Ci'lttl..... ~ I ~ c'fi'GIUPl'A"""5 ~ Wvifil.J!sC!S 3,5-S~fiM~i1C'P1'1 4lblllli1C4 "11'1~'51~'1 CjiSl'Al""5 ~ CjiSl~Ci1~ ~ 4-~-3,5-Sl~""'lC'M'l 'ctt Cj1Slctletl~91il ~ ~ I CH3 $+2H20 N02 o-i1rl'YITl'lli1 p-ii~<l~'llii ~-~ 1 Wlm -nt9f ~ -e 9fmft i11~~ffl'Jl:i1'4 91~ 'ift ~ ~ 70°C ~~ 911~'1;·~ <ISWf 2,4 -!61~•'.U~diffl'J1'91 ~9{fi ~ I CH3 N02 + $CH3 HNO,+H,SO, $fCH3 N02 0 +H20 +H20 7CJ°C N~ N~ p-i1rl"ITl'lli1 2,4- '5f.i1rl"ITl'lli1 'ft'f-'O I ~ q-t ~ -nt9f 2,4- &l"-911"-t:'Dlt'J-91C4 100° C ~~ 50 : 50 ~'PfroR 11......~H:l"ftlll+=l91 (fuming) HN03 ~ H2SO 4 ~'f ~ ~ i11-CG8M <R'Clf TNT ~9{fi ~ 1
- 128. Ill (JISIC<S11et1l:f'1i111l: c&'Gc11'5Iff~ w~, llT ~'.l""'f'l4 ctJl<Pt~raim••~ <rnf 91racct~ ~ctlc:tfd' ~ 1 ~ ~f"J1a414 '<3 :>t1'1fitt~'511l:'l (JISl'511l:C&'51 ~9ft! 1: 1 ~ ~ CiPIC'5iletl~i1'1'R ~~ 82.57%~ I ~.)~.8 91JltlfiilJlit'1 ~ ·'3 4'J4'i(Jt (Preparation and Uses of Paracetamol) p-GIJlfilCi11CaJSi1i'fC4 ~1Ci11flr<P GIJM(ll:ill:& ~ ~JIPffJll:~<P'Slct ~ 91Jl'511f.it'Gli!'1 9fte'm 1fm I OH OH 0 + CH3CO-O-COCH3 CH,COOH ) 0 +CH3COOH y "IJIPllTJ4 IOIJl'l~~IS yNH2 NH-CO-CH3 p-'51Jl~Ci1ICCJiiiG1 p-'51JIP@lttl '51Jl~CiilCCJiiiG1 (~ 4- ~ '5IJIPt'GIM'11'~1&) <PM<PJl'l ~ 5.5 gm p-"4Jlfilti11~~~15 mL H20ffilllif11t~ 6 mL "4Jlf.itfb4 ~) "'1w~:f~•1•& ~ ~ e1,,e1c:c1 ~ ~ , ~9Rf ~ so-90°c ~~ 1-2 ~·rum~ ~ 1fUm~9Rf~~~~~~~~~~~ I ~(Use) I 9IJl<s1lfJt'G11111 ~'4~1~ (analgesic)~~~(~~ Cft ~ ~) 1 :>ttlT'9Jure Ill~ ~ ~ 1 • ~.)~ ~ C1ltt'ff ~4"i'51 ~P6'5CHt'1 '3 '16'1.+At'i "1119'~ '3 ~'CCR ~ (Role of Melting and Boiling Points in Confirming the Purity and Identification of Organic ·Compounds) . ~ ~. ~ ~ ~t.~ Ill~~~ W'f ~t.~ ~~~I Ill~~ Wit, Ill ~t.~ '<3 ~t.~ ~ ~~ m~ f.[4)!><P'SICf '<3 ~ ~91lfl'SIC'1 ~ ~ ~ 9fmf I ~t.~ '<3 ~t.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ 1!J<r$ ~'-t I ~<r$ m~ ~ ~ ~t.~ Cft ~t.~ ~I~~ ~<r$ ~~~~(ff~ I ~if <U~aFif ~ ~ ~~m~~-,r1 C<PM~~~~~~"~~~-,r,~~~<r$ ~(range}~! ~ ~' 91fl1Ji"-1nl ~ ~ MC:f1lt'1'51 91"'11'141 N-~if '~ ~~ GOIC'511Ci!lt<P ~ll:i!I~ ~ (-NH2) ~9Rf 9l~1PH1 ~<110• ~ ~m ~ 1~~11tc ..,1.., '5'i~I~ ~ lfm, ~ ~ ~~ "4JICiilCi!lU4 ~ll:i!I~ ~I ~~ ~ ~t.~ ~ ~ ~ ~' '~Ntu'51 ~~ l 83°C, lit "4Jlf.1fin;i1'51 ~VA "ft9f ~ lltlJ I ~ ~~ f.rr'-t>!~C9f Cf-rt lltlJ 91~¥ftsi ~ ~ "4JIMfi191 I ~~ ~~. ~ ~ ~ "41C'llbi11 ~ ~ I 'Rf llt<P, 91~....-;rn ~ ~ MC:1~C'1 - COOH ~9Rf W~ ~ ~ I ~ C4fif 91~'11'1~ C4fif ~ 11N311t ~ I ~'- ~Nfil4'BIC'CI ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~~ <Pl~fi1• -~ 1 dl~ ~ c~Ntu<s1 ~'-~ ~ S02 +HCl CCl4 *OH ~-----) + CH3 CH3 Cl
- 129. 182 114 132 185 189 48 94 185 133 p~ 122 , (+iift'll~•128 ' '4Jtltl(lfff I Pt~1-...10lfcf~~'6~~ ('1J) ~ f.pfv ctJtttliAi ~ I~~~' (cnm~), JiJIWf'tl(~' 141fAlfiiGki (°C)' ~ ~ I rtc11~1 tl"ll~• R a 'tW H2SO4 , ~ ~ en "111t1fip.,. ~, ~ c1ft'f , ~(Method)IZ> 1 ~~~~~~~ ctt '6'Vt0 ~ ~ 9fi).pt)41 ~ ~ ~ ~ '~ ~ ~ "5t9f fWClT ~ ~ etlMff; ~ 'fft6 I ~I ~~- ~ ~ _ClfM ~~-~~~<!Stir ~ -~ ~ ~ lfl'6 I etlMff; ~ ~ ~ "Vf1lt ~I ~~ ~ 2-3 ~ ~ ~ -~ 4!fCfillf£1l41 ~ ~~~I allt~J1!11Jwt ~--....~ ~ .... Q .. ~WI ~I~~~ 9f1'5"if ~(distillation flask) en~~ (Thiele tube)~~ W~ ~ (~ ~ H2SO 4' PtM491 w;r, "111'511~.. CPf) ~~~~"flt.~ ~'1'~ I 8 1 ·£1 ~ ~ JSl•fBc;cp eniiltT~jPJIC""R ~~~~~~~I (t I Q1'1Pl411"1 ~-· '11'1lf4ti (0 - 200°er~~ttJIOOfiiUkiC4~ ~ JSJIC"""Rf '11t9f c:Jltt4. ~ m ctt ~ ~ ~ ~ 1100 dlaf~ce1cct ~ -·~ i41c'1'1fiiu111~~ ~ u 61le(IMtiu 1 ~I ~ ~ -~·- t'flcaflfli61C~'SI-~~ ~·-~ '1'fiir-~ onrt11J ~ ~ ~ I ct 1 ~~ ilflciflfiiGltfD ~ ~ ..~ ~ ~ ..,,c111~u1cn ~ ~- 'fil'll'I~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ 1·~ ~' 1ilPf Gl--~ ..~tu1ifil~H-~ ~--~ ~~"1-iJcon"'lf.J ~ ~ 1 v I I!)~·~ 141Dftfir'GltfflC4 ~PD~~~-~ flt'6 I ~ 1ttl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1TC'fl ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~- ~ .l"'f 1liPf '1CR -~ W~ ~ 1. ~ ~~'1' 'aft_11fff; ~-1TC'U~~I ~I~~ <CllifltH ~·~en~-.~.-~·~ ~~l'il ~ ~9f lft'6 I~~~ ~-~-~~'IM·I )o I ~~ !l9f ifte C1lif ~ ~9f ~~ 2 - 3° C 1!11' C<Clfilt ~ ~ I -~ ~ ~ 1ft4t ~ ~~~w.u, ~) t ~ ~~ ~ (~) ~ W '4tt ~Cf~ "tit "1""fofibt9f ~"tit~ 1fl'tl. I )~I ~~ ~- -~~ ttlf 11lif ~-~ ~ (~ ·Wtf. ~ ~ ~ -1!l~ ~ 1°C dl1f~~fff iRl)1 ~~I ~ C'fWf, ~'-<IS~ 121°C' 1lT ,~ ..Cetlfli4 ~~ '11'fitt'-~ ~ ~ c~ I ~'- MN!~C9f ~ ~ ~ lITTJ, "1~..~ ~ ~ ,~ ..cetlfli4 ~~ I ~9fm GllCdjlbi114l ~ff; ~Nsfl"! ~ Cll, ~ ~~ma~ W'4>"!4~C.:t '<3 ~ •Ml'&4~C'f ~'-~ '<3 ~'-~~~I
- 130. ~ ~9'11f ~·....:{";:,, ~ ~ ~(~) ~ H H ~ ~' ~'S'f, YfliJf, I I 'l<t11Jt=%4 'f"1R<q11(4 I -C-C- I I H H ~.)8 ~ ~ tllfilJf711'1 (Polymer and Plasticity) ~) 9ffil1Ttf (Polymer) I ~ Wtt 1~1<Plii ~ ~ di~ ~ ~fir ""5 ""5 'Rl>tlJIM<P di~~ • I di ~ dl~'ti'ftt<P ilQiliil'A' ~ I elf~~ (~) 50 ~ ~ ~~ .i!Ci1lill'R ~~ ~ ~ 1~141'51 ~ "ift ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~fir <qlf'lNwJ<P "'tfitiilCH ~~ 1l'J ~ WJt ~/"'4Jliff4i1 ~~ ~ etl'!S<PJtCl(tA ~ ~ I ~ tq~eq., MNHI~ 11t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ YfMlllC'RtA ~'ill('S1'1 ~ ~' ~ GilllfC'i'R ~~ ~ di~ ~'f I ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~' ) I~~ (addition polymer)·~~~ I 't~'&q., ~ (condensation polymer) I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Yffi1Nsi11~'1 CJPl'Al~5 (PVC) I "1'ifil'<IC31, 'il~'5<M "1fi11llt31~ ~'il~'R't ~~(nylon), 'Pfflf~~ ~ I f~rnr ~ ~~tln'S'f 9tfi111IC3l<s1 <PC~<Pt& ~'ill(<s1'1 '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~. C I ~9111 ~ ~ 100184202 iso~ tert- ~ ~ >tf~tAltOlliiil Clft~ ~ ~ ~ iqjtfKCPli(ii 51Jli1C41('1. ~ 51JliC4li(i1 78.3 82.5 83 77 160 97 ~- w11t11trq,- ~ ~ ~lttit"I ..~ •49 210 132 179 't1Jtf7{'Dn_ ~ • lllllJl~tlM ~ 118 82 56 197 118 -76 n-~ ldf)i'IC.11(11 ~ (~) ~ f-WI I ~ I ~-.1U ~ ~ ~· (20- 25 mL) ~ '!S'Sl611U<a 10-15 mL "il'6 ~~ ~~ 1ft'U~ dl~ ~~(boiling chips) Cllt'St. CR 1 ~I ~ ~ ~~ tflofffiifJl<a ~·· ~ ~ ~~i1'81C<I ~ ~ ~ ~ tiJlofifii61tA1U<si ~ .~ 9fl1'~ (sidetube)~~~f.{cs~(mr~) 1 • =~=::£::~~~~::;::::-~ ··~·>~~ m ~ ~ "'!SPf ~Yf ~ U I 8 I Clf.~"'t~li!IHl·~··ycU~dl~ ~Wf~ fRt~Vl ~ ~ .<litf ~ ~"'lifliillt<P fti1$~ ~ ~ ~ I · ~·g (i}~ ~.·~~ ~ "ift ~ 'iltAttlfit ~·ff~ I (ii)~~~~ 'Wf ~·~~'!t9f~CRT~~ I ~~(waterbath)~~l~ I ~?tR ~~I"• (°C) ?IR~ )~~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ 144 p--.r.:clitC:it91eITTl4 fl~ 241 fl1-.!'1:.,15111film•~ 76 186 127 flm 144
- 131. --~-~__.9f,__~_9f_--+~[-!-i-l ~.)a- ,,"C..llM ~sq~ecw~ "ffiliikl+act ~ (Addition and Condensation Polymerisation Reactions) <4') ,,t;C..llM "ffiliiki+si't ~ I "ft.~ Cft ~ 11fi1iil'514'51'1 !iru,.'41'51 ~ ~ ~ I ~'f ~llfl~'51'1 ~ ~. C ~ ~ CRl ~ I 'dl11'1f4ii ~~ ~~ 'd1Jloffi1 ~1"1i[~ ~ '<It 7ft(Al9M ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ (n) ~ ilCiili!ICH1100"1Br""IR4~~'4ti~~1it41t" ~ 1 ~ 91fiti!l'Afl,'1'51 MfJM!lit ~' "!l9f '6 Dt9f ~ ~ ~ ~ '4ift ~ I ~ ~ ~ ilC"lli!l'SI ~~~~°4til [ H"- /HJC=C H/ "-y ~ ~' ~~ 'Sll>tHlM4 i!C"lli!l'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~llfl(<s1'11~9f 91fi1iGl~"lc<P ~911'8~!) ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ <s11>tl4JM4 ~~ ~ ~ ~ lft 'Sli<llC'Sl'SI cmT ~~!S!'51 I ~ ~ ~ 'GfitCiJ'li1, ~'6 '6 ~ ~ <l~'Sll<l'Slct (casings)~~~ 1 ~ "1fitiGl~"l ~ ~ ~ct c~ ~'1 <Rt 181 ~ '!Si ~ ~ ~ '<ll~'!f'b 1811 ~'f ~ 91fi1iG1-.rac.-.<s1 ~ ~ 181 ~ ~~ ~>ti~! '(C1l ~ '6~ a-.:u ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 9tfi1ill'Slc<P C~Uletl!4'51C'1·'<3 '!Si~ l9ittl<11~4~~CRT~ I ~) "alfi'G~fb (Plasticity) I ~ ~ (material science) ''1PUPtftr ~ ~ ~ ~C!JIC•~ ~ ~ ~ M'fN>c<P (deformation) ~I ~Gtl('51"11~9f,_ ~~ ~ ~ ~4'51lc<P f9rtmT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9ifl<1691 ~ I ~ ~ 'dl'SJ'&~Cf ~ "'ffl;q691 ~ I ~/~ ~ 'dll'fNs'SI M'fN>C4 ~ '1111i'~fD· ~ ~ I ~ ~ ''PUPtlU ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 'lC9f 'lf'iU44'51'1 W ~ ~ C1il'SCCJl•tJ ~ ~ct! <Rt lftlr I 9ffir (~9M) 9ffif~9M H CH3 ~9fli c~ 9ffiil, ~, ~ I I • <l~l<l'Slct'-C-C- I I C~Uletl!S<P'SIC'f I H H 9ffif (r..-.1~.,~~) 91fitiG1~~... '!)j~ "!91~<11(4, "J-C."11~ ~H C6Hs I I 'GfitCiJ'lii I -C-C- I I H H 9ffir (2~ G!ftf9ti1cW) 91llSIC~ H COOC2H5 ~~~~~' I I ~ 91~<1C'6~ ~ I -C-C- I I H H 9fflf ('~ICJrlC'Sll~) PTFE,~ F F fmln CfT ~ ~ I I CJllMC!S 'dl'SJ'I~ct ftl ~--C-C- I I ~ ~ ~' C<ilij)Ns<P F F ~ii~C.,U'SI ~~~I 9fflf (f5-11"''1(JPl'511-.<s) PVC H Cl ~~ ~~ ~~ I I ~ ~9f, ~ ~ '6 -C-C- A A ~~~~I
- 132. 91fitt~ICJPIC'AI ~ (PTFE) [JJ_]·1I F F n n (CF2 = CF2) '~ICJPIC'A~i1 CH=CH2 Jn@ ~:'5M ~ PVC~ 52°C ~~'69atmDTt9f~~~~~~~I ~(;ol~-t) I Cl I (-CH2 -CH-)n PVC CcM'ffil"l 91IHI fl:c,s Wr.o Dt9f '6 ~9f n (CH2 =CH-Cl) "tfil~t~'I CiPlt-ti (PVC) I itC.,litlt ·~ I HC =CH+ HCl(g) isooc > CH = CH- Cl HgCl2 2 ~ ~~ ~ (JPl'A~S 'ZtR1'1tr-f ~ ~~ (n) ilc-11111'51 Mffil;4Jl'SI ~ ~ '111C•U., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 Y~1f~,9Af~~~I~, Y = H ~ 11Ci11111'SI ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9ffif (~) Y =CH 3 ~ 11Ci11111'SI ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 9ffif (celflf~) Y =Cl ~ llc-11111'51 (JPl4511~~ ~~ ~ ~· "lfi1~i11~ (JISl~I~& (PVC) Y .= C6H5 - ~ 11Ci11111451 ~ :>1il~i1 f!Cft. ~ ~ Yifi1:>1il~i1 Y = -CN ~ llc-11111'51 ~ clftf~ i11'li1~'1 ~~~~~(orion) Y = CH3 coo- ~ i!Citllll'SI ~ ~i11~ G!JIPlt&'n fl~ ~ ~ Yifi1fei11~'1 G!Jlf'n•W ((ff PVA) 1 9ffil' ~) ~ 9'fit~_, I 3n (CH2 = CH2) 1000-1200 atm ) (CH2 "'"""CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -)n ~ ~) 200°C "'111'1J0, ~l~ ~I . ~ ~ "1i1'Al1M4 ~~ ~(9ffit~) CH3 CH3 CH3 I 12ooc ( I . I ) 3n CH= CH2 . ) -CH-CH2 -C1H-CH2 -CH-CH2 n T1Cl3, 140 atm c~~ CH3 ~~
- 133. 0 0 00 II II 11 II )1l'ft't IHO-R-OH+HOC-R' -C-OH~ HO-R-0-C-R' -C-OH+H20 ~ 5rl:4F.ff~fii4 1.!!?rS ~~ w~ 0 0 II · 11 ~lr 'f1"t I HO- R- 0 - C- R1 - C- OH+HO- R- OH_____.. 0 O· II II HO-R-0-C-R' -C:-0-R-OH + H20 0 0 0 0 II II II II ft'ft'tl HO-R-0-C-R' -C-0-R-OH+HO-C-R' -C-OH____. 0 0 0 0 II II IIti HO-R-0-C-R' -C-O-R-0-C-R' -C-OH+H 0. 2 • • • • • • • • • ~~ '5l'ft<i' ~ ~' ~ -m9f Yifi1i4l'A4'A'f ~ (}llt4 ~.,s. ~ ~ 41'9f "191J1IRl!S ~ ~ -m9Af ~9fttsff ~-"1'-~ ~ '<i'9tl11 ~ I ~ 91f'1i4l'A4'A'f ~ ~ 1:lm ~ I J!I~ ~ C4R tftt9f ~~ ~9fffl ~~ ilti1li4l'A ~ ~ ~ ·~ C4Ti{ 'flt~ '!iliU C4M.~'.~ ~~ "lt9f ~ ~ 9fTtf I ~ ~ iif~'b'Ci91~~9fn I~ ~ I ~~ ~ '<3 ~~ ~1~41<ifll!fi14 ~ 1Jtlfl- Q 0 0 0 II II III II HO-R-OH+HO-C-R' -C-OH ~"20 ) H{O-R' -0-C-R -c-toH ~ 5rl:41cffil{i,cp ~Plw 9ffiy~~ "ffil~-if eolf7itft (PV ;A) I n(0 OCCH3 ) Yffiii41'SI•~~ ) ( ?OCCH3 ) tH=CH2 -CH-CH2- n ~~ ~ilJIPttGU(PVA) oo "~WCl1.. "ffilatlt..t ~ a ~~· iif~5<191 MfiJRl41 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~tCR ~t't ~ MM-41141 ~~ ~9fffl. ~ ~~ ~~ '!8 ~ (~ 9flf.f, HCI ~ NH3)~91:>fltl!S ~ 1 ~ ~ iif~5<191 MNRIC4 ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~ "!lt<iS .. ~roq .. "ffilatAI ~ I ,.,, .... fl91, ~, 9ffif~~, ~-•cai41'1Ni(I~&, ~i4ttli41~-•caill'1Ni~l~5 ~ t1~'5<1.. ~ 1 iif~5<191 "'1f'1illCQ4CQ'f MM-41141 ~~~ 11C911ilBI ~ ~ ~ ~~ 41(4~ ~ ~ ~91 (functional group)~ -OH, -COOH,-NH2,-CHO~W~ ~I~'-~ 4!ifula4ll41 ~ ~ ~~ 41(4~ ~ ~ ~11 ~ ~ iic..1111-a ~ ti~5<191 Mffi1;41Jca llt~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .. ~'Oq .. "ffilillt+ilcf ~ ~~ ~~ 91fi1111CQfUC4 .. ~'Oq .. ~ ~ I ~ t~ 41(4~ ~~~ 1Jtlfl -m9f -m9f M~l'A lft'f iif~5<191 ~ ~ ~ I ~"Ai9f -m9f ~9f ~~ Mffil-411'51 ~ ~ ~. ~'<31ITTJ '9MJ ~ ~ Yifi1lll'A4'A'f Mfa1;41IC4 'ft't- ~ "ffilillt+act ~ (step-growth polymerisation reaction)~ i ~ ~~ ~ (diol) is ~~ &l~414'f~fi14 ~~ 11tlfl M~l'A ~ 9ffif~~ ~ ~~I
- 134. (tt) •1'»9'11"lfiteoliil-S9lfiraltl (Somepolyamide polymers) ~-~,~ (Nylon-6,6) I ifl~ti!'SI lf1Tt i!Ci!llll'SI ~- ~ ~m, HOOCCH2CH2CH2CH2 COOH ; ~Cf'. l ,6-<sll:G4Jlfilcill ~' H2N CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 "'1fi1ill'S14'Sl'I ~fu1941l'SI 1SfCt ~ ~ iiti!lill'SIC4 ~'4tilf ftG ~ ~~ ~ ilC91liilCH ~ ~ 41~4~ ~ Piffila~141 9flf.f~"""'rab~ ~-6,6 ~"SI' ilci11il1ca ~ ~ 1 .-- - -- -- -i HOOC(CH2)4C0t~~-~~j-NH-(CH2)6-NH2~ ~ 9J:~i111M4 ~~ (ifC.,llllil) HOOC(CH2)4 -CO-NH-(CH2)6 -NH2 +H20 ~ llCi!llll<a ~~ ~ MCetC"fil 1Jt~ 'Cll ~ llti!llllCH ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~'11<Pl'SI ~ ~~-6,6~~1 91ll:'1C91'SI ~ ~ 6,6 ~ ~ cmcf ~ <sll:4Fcffitfi14 11C'11if lC'SI ~ ~'Inf 6 ~~ <sll:G4Jlfil91 ilC91111IC'SI ~ ~-.fJt 6 I Ku ) ~ +H20 •••••••• ~"6tt<l' 1)l'ft<f '1fi1!>l<r(l41 "'1fi1lll'S14'Slef 91'41NsC'! 9ffif~~ '6 "'1fi1G4Jlllll:5 ~ ~ ~ I ~ 91'4tf!sC'! Mffi1;4!1efirc4 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ '~ ~ (24-48 ~) ~ c;t'S'm ~ 1 fciffi1;4!1<PIC"1 !t~ ~ ~ 423K '9f1N~~~ I ~ "1fi1ill'R4'SIC't Mfu19411efirc4 ~ ~ ~ 'Cll etll:filc91 ~ !t'Pf c;f'61lf ~ 1 ~ ~ 'Pffir~~ d!iilNsC! ~~~I h ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'~;;TI ~8'19!>~41 "'1fi1iil'S14'SIC't ~ G4fil!1'l141 ~ ilC91liil'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~"Sl'9Rt fi1act ~ ~'4tilf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~8~ "'1fi1ill'S14'Sl'1 ~ I "'1fi1ill'S14'Sl'f $ 11~ ~~~~Wf~-~~~I llCi!llll'SI + ~ llCi!llll'R+~ ~+~ K11) ~+H20 K12) ~ +H20 K13 ) ~ +H20 ~· I ~~ '5ll:G4Jlfili! '6 ~~ '5ll:41<cfRiifi14 ~~ ~~- 0 0 H HO 0 II II I I11 11 H2N-R-NH2 +HO-C-R1 -C-OH -H2o ) Hf N-R-N-C-R1 -CfpH 1Sll1:1111fi191 1Sll•1cflltfitqs ~~ 91fitl:llJl~!l'5 e I ~'4l: ~ ~~ G4Jl"1C4i~"1 '6 ~~ 4lft~4 ~9Rt ~~- 0 0 • II H 0 II n HO-R-C-OH - 2 )HfO-R-ChOH 'Pffir~~ 8 I 51Jlllll:Ci!I ~~ f4~)5<M ~ ~ I ~ 0 H 0 II I II' n H2N-R-C-OH · -H2o ) HfN-R-C}-pH "4~'6<191 "'1fi1lll<a4'SIC~ ~~~'Pf ~ llm I ~'
- 135. ~.)~ 1 9ffil1f1I~ fil~•l)ll-,'i -e c9M1'1~ ~ (Glycbside and Peptide Linkages in Polymers) • Ylfil:>tJl41'Rl..!i ~ ilC"llill'R ~44"1~ ~~lit~~ ¥5 ~ !lt4 'li .....l_...,t'P~l)lrt'liil"~!i ~ (glycoside linkage) qcl'I' 1 ~, C:rtiJ:CWllet ~ "ifi1iilC'R cJl ~'."Cm~~ 1 ~ 1!1°4ff; ~lfNs4 ~I cJl"f i1Ci11Sll'SI ~ 'd1Jlfi1Ci11 ~firS 1· 'dfJlfilC"ll cJlfirS 'df'l:rt~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ 9ffift9f'PfUl..c<S) ~ ~ ~ !lt4 ..ifJlii~ ~t111't ~ C9f~ ~ (peptide linkage)" C1t'f r "l~C~t~ .. - -......... " .... ' -. ,,_-.I "••"'-."'I ) I ~ ~ ~~ f'Jffil;4Jlt 11t~ ~ ~ ~I .... ~-.- "'!! ~' ~tt1~11.P~ISI ...., .... ·~I HCl I H20 I CH30H ~ "l"i:rtlRl! ~ 1 ~ I 'PfffliiICH "ltctms ~ i1Ci11iil'R ~~ ~ ~I "ifi1illCH 'Si llCi11illCJl'SI ~ e~ ~';ft I ·~~I l e I ~~~ 11Ci1liil'R ~ ~ I ~I ~ ~ Ylfi1iil'R4'RC't "ft~ ~~ 81 11Ci11iltCH ~ ~ ~ 41(4" ~ i1Ci1lill'SI ~ ~ I ~~I 8 I i1Ci1lill'Re'Clfl'df:rt? ~ I t1'1-m9f-m9f~~'6~~~1 (1' I fW140'1'R ~~ 11t~ ·~ • ~ I i1Ci1lill'R, ~'~' "'!! ~~ ~ ~ ~ I!!~ ~ ~ .. i1Ci1lill'R 00'1 ~~~~~~~ ~~I 4'tl I ~~ 'Pffflillt4tef 'G jj~'8cti1 91f'lillt411C'1 ~ ~ ~, llfif-e hlf 'PftflNiC!.. ~ ~~1~mir~~fif~1 n Cl COCH2CH2CH2CH2CO - Cl+ nH - NH- (CH2 )6 NH - H 35ooc ) fCO - CH2CH2CH2CH2 - CO - Nli(CH2 )6 NHtn + 2n H20 ~-6,6 ~-6,6 "Ar ~ I -.T~ fittl, ~ 12tWNiC!, ~' ~ mnff'. ~~' ~ ~' 111-.:11,·h 1111;a1JjftJ ~ 12tef?lc!) ~-6,6 ~ ~ 1 91filiil<slfl'f ~ n }i00C(CH2)4CONH(CH2)6NH2 fQC(CH2)4CONI:I(CH2)6NHtn +nH20 ~ <rtf'lNnJ4'8IOli ~-6,6 ~ '9fiU ~~ cmr ~ ~ llt~llll'd ~~ ~ 'dfJIJ11l:'1 CJISl'Rll:!if.m1 35°C ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 lR'f ~ ~ 6,6 • ~ 1 Cl-CO-..CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -CH2 -COCI: CQi{ ~~ SllCiPl'Al't!i I!! ~Ciil~lii Sft'dfJlfil~ ilCi11illCH ~ f'Jffil;4Jl'R ~ ~-. ~ HCI ~"i:rtlfi! ..-cf~ 6,6 ~ ~ ~ I
- 136. ~(Proteins) H G!!lftti1'il ~~~ ~ ~Jlfi1Ci11 ~ I HOOC - ~ - NH2 ~Jlfile"il ~ "ft~ ~ Wft - I R ~ 1!1'4tU ~JlfilC"il I!)~ ~..tt ~'!Cbl: ~ R~~ 41~4~ ~ •Fcff~fj,4 I!)~ (-COOH) I!)~ ~JlfilC"il (-NH2) ~ ~ I ~ ~ '1~~4IC"1 ~~ ~JlfilC~I ~~ ~'"l:>fiJ:CO llt'U ~"'1 'c9f~ ~"1rr"1' ~ ~ I ~~ ~Jlfile"il I!!~ - COOH ~ 'S19Rf 0 II GOlfile"il ~~ - NH 2 ~ ~ ~-. ~ 9"f.f 'S19PITTtt~ llt~ - C- NH - "f~"1rrt1 ~ c9i91U~ ~ '401111~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~~ C9f~ ~m"t ~ • CfQ'f ~t4 '91fift"f~-s CfQ'f I C1-C4 ~-tJl1'c4111il:N64 ~~ (C11'1''1 lcet ~) HOHi -H20 HO Hi 0 -H20 OHH C1~4 a-'ISl.C41'11.Ns4 ~~' ~~ ~ ~ C1 -C4 a- l11..C41J'll~4 ~~~~~~~I 91... l'&c::R C>1'lCf119t ·~ ~ ~-D- ~ ~ C1-C2 ~-til ..C41'>1f~f&4 ~~~~~I ~~~t9fm~~~I 6CH20H s a H H 4 HOHO __ ... 2 HO H l{$~-~~ "ifil"tll•tt-1 (Polysaccharides) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ilC"il>tJl41<sill:5 ~~ ~ ~ ~~ "ifj,'>1Jl41<sill:'5 ~ • ~ I ~ ile"il'>1)141iill:'5 ~ ~~ Sll:'>1Jl4l<sif~:5, ~ ile"il'>1)14l'illl:5 ~ ~~ ~ll:'>1Jl4l'illl:5 • ~ I !I ~' ~ ~ 9ifj,'>1Jl41'illl:C5 i1Ci11'>1Jl41'illl:5 ~~ C17 ~ 1ft~ ~ ~ ~ 1~"fl41'il ~ ~ ~ ~ ·i-C•l"1~ ~(Cctftt' ~I I!!~~~ ~ ilC~l'>1Jl41<all:'5 ~ ~ ~~ 9"f.R·~ ~"i'>il~b ·~ I ~"fl0'11fi9f, ~ 0~91'f' '5f.. '>1Jl41'illl:'5 ~ ~ '6 ~ I ~~ hm .,,-f~ -~~ I!!~, C12CH22011 ·1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I ~VR llt~ il~ICet a - l11l:C41'>1ll:'5 ~"1rr't ~"fJilM 1 ~ ~ a - D - ~ ~ C1 '6 C4 4F(~lf4C~'il 1ft~ ~'4 ~ ~ 'S191J'll'ACc~ 1ft~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 111..C41J'll..5~"Jfh1ft~ ~ ~ I 6CH20H H s 0 H 4 H HO H ---------- HO .,___....,.2 :!!9 }:1.Q: --- H HO H l{$ a-D-ptlf ~
- 137. ~.)C 91f°t,<ct"I ~:>tliilf"IH C'lftilf ?1A ~ ~ (Role of Organic Compounds in Environment and Society) ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ l:f%<1164 ~ ()1~<1164 ~ ~ 9frof I ~ ~m -~-;q-15--4 '6 ~ Ci1N5<1164 ~ GilC'llbi11 '4i1t ~ I ~ ~ 5f.li!IC"f'SI $'9ftt-t ~ ~ ~ ~ Yfrac;qc•m 5f'f r 91ft'<ct'wt11 ~?IA' ~ ..f'"41ff ~ I !f~ <ql>fi!C~'SI ~ ~ ~ I l!l~ ~ ~ ~'l 19 '51~c;q"'1 ~ ~ "9fi1J ~ ~ ~ '6 UiJCilt& ell fi1i11l:'l ~ ~ ~ ~ . c1lM I C9fRij ~14~'SI ~~ 4illCi'll'SI ~ ell DDT "'lf~<sl'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cllt'tt I ~ ~ <1l>ti!~'i1 ~~ ~~·c9lRf 1!1~ ~~ ~g!f~1't~ fi1i11l:'l -c DDT~ ~ ~, ~ ~ '5Jl48C61'SI "'l~c;qc-m (~ ~ ~ GICi'l4tel1f.{ ~ 1 <1l>fi~ 1f"'1t ~ ~~ 4il1Ci1l'Si ~ GIJIC'Sil'>til (aerosol) ~ ~ ~ ~ C1lt"t (~ '6 C5PBlfilf!ri{) I ~ oo'tm~ell'Sl~~~~~Cllt'tt 1~~I!!~~~~~~1 :>tlaelfiH CIRil ?wR ~ ~""'" ~ a ~ ~ ~ :>tli!lf9?4 ~ ~ ~ 'S ~ ~ ~ G1i8ICi'l'Si GilC4119M ~ I I!!~ Gli81Ci'l ell ~ Yifilc;q~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~"fJilM I -~ ~ '6 11t~~ ~ ,~, ~ ~ 41-f~ll:UiU (~'6 4l(:(Jl:UiU ~), ~ ~ 1'J1$ l!lm, 'J''lif"'1 ~ 41-f:(Jl:tiu -e Rs&1fili1, ~ Rs&1fil.. -c 41(~1-.(liu 1 ~ ~, 41(:(Jl:Uiu, Rsu1fiM -e lfJ'tfft l!l~ ~ Cllt'tt 1 ~ -e ~ ell~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ I~~ GIJl'1C41~'1 ~ ~·~ c1lM I lfirwiMIR ... I ~~9fctJ, ~' ~-r~·~~~'~.= ' ~ I (~) ~'P(ctJ g '511'r, ~' '111, CPI,_~' ~' ~' 1Ut, 11t~~' m, ~' c9Pli, '~~,~~ ('ff}~'lJtt~ 8~, ~' ~' ~'~~· ('f)~g~~.~ ~~ ~ C4li1ftC'6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttf £1~ ~··~ ~ ~ fi1«fl ~ !fNst~'1i1 '9fllt liTt'S I ~"~~~~~~- ¥ ~ ~{ r lv v ~-N-C-C N-C-C N-C-C- N- ~ I I III I c- ~ H H H On R11 , ~ ~ ell~~ (-NH2) ~ ~ ~ i1f~~ICeti1 ~ (N- ~) I!!~'. ell~ 41-f'~tt ~ (-COOH)~~irtfit ~ ~ ~ ~ (C-,~) ~ I 0 H CH3 :-(5-----: CH3 II I I : n : I H2N-CH2 -C-OH+H-N-CH-COOH~ H2N-CH.i ~C-NH+CH-COOH+H20 '--------· ~ GCJl41Mii GCJliff'l&/C9f~ ~'.~ ~(ISff; ~9f~
- 138. -lP'ltFf )'OC ~~-c~~ ""i01c~~ ~~~~·'!Sl~ cifM 1 ~~~ "'ii01c~ ~~ '<3 ~lf.U>l<si OT'<3lll ~ ~'5 ~ ~1etl!S ~ I ~ ~~ t~ C"'IVJ:C'llet (12tl1'N54 ~) I ~ ~ C<>ii[Olll~{I q ~ ~'Pf:f~ I ~ q ~ ~ rif~ t~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~~ ~ 1tic41C't ~ ~ ~ ~ "'llC1114~ CRt ~ 1 ~ S Y1rac<1c-rn ~~{lc~:si ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~~ ~m ~ 1- ~, ~ 1 ~ '<3 ~' ~ I <fl', ~ I ~ '5 8 I <il<>i'(I~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'C4·~'C4 "'110'11[)~1 Cfft ~ I ) I ~ (Food) ~ ~ (Health) I ~ ~N5M~ ~ ~ ~ct ~ !l1l ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ 1lttfJ ~ ~ ~ (~ °<tt ~) ~ I "'11111Cl1<1Sf ~ !Slfi141{1 ~ ~' ~'.llf, ~, ~' $ S ~ I ~' m'6 ~'.t-f ~~'lit~~~ I ~' $ '6 "'6'1i[Oi1 ~ ~~ 4F(~1l:aau, lit~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ N)'G1fil~ I ~~fif'S ~ ~ I ~' ~'.llf, ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CRt ~ ~ ~ ~ <~ ~m) 1 "'lli!lc'1:si ~N5M~:si ~ blfi141{1 ~ ~ t~ ~ ~ ~ ~fif ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ -e ~ ~ 4F(q:1l:aau, f5f.f W'rt 414q:1l:aau, ~ t~ ~ ~ 1 ~ W1ta<11 (~ ?f-st1c:sro <rr ~ ~ t~) ~ .~ ~ ~ 1 !Sli!lc4'S1 rlf~ t~ f.1c41ft~ 1 ~ ~1T1 Yfracqc-t iJfiN54:si ~ ~l~~~Yf't1 ~~~~S~ ~~'!Sl~~~~~I ~C4li{~ ~~'<3~ ~ 'C'!lf ~~~I ~ ~ C<i5M ~ ~ ~ YfJl<silPtUlll'l ~~I ~~ '!Sl ~~I~ N)'Glfilt~'SI ~ "f(tl'f ~'!St~~ I~~ ~9{ ~ ~ (~ ~~)IC~~ 4ill~l'A ~ ~ '6~ ~ '5'!~~ ~ 00~ I~ "iJfilT cmt~ ~ ~ '61C~ ~l'Sl'SI'~ ~ cift~· (c1l~ "1001411'1 ~) I ~ ~ ~~ ~~ "f(tl'f ~~~~I c1l~ ~ ~ ~ '9Ml-~ ~ '<311f ~I.~ ~ ~ ~ Cfft ~ -;rn I~~~,~~~~~ '4<ISft c1lC4qlC'Sll:~I Pf '6 ~ ~ Cirolll ~ JJ:'Si'lfil'Al: c1l~ ~ I ~ q ~ ~ '5 ~ ~ ~ t~W'rt~~~(~~~~)1~q~~·S~ffll~, ~ l:!SJIM'A ~ ~ clltt~~ ~ Cfft ~ I . ~I q (Cloth) I~~~ lit~~~~~ t~ ~l'fN54 ~<rt~~ ~ ~ I ~l'fN54 ~~{'Ti~~ I ~ rif~ t~ C<>1ilCi'ilet, lit~ ~ I ~ q "fl~ 91fi1illra4 q ~ I ~ ~ ciftt~ ~-~~ ~ <>1R'1Cii • cift~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ Y1rac<1c-t<1A t~ ~ ~~ l:N5<1lt)<P ·~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ (Education) ~ ~ ~ '5 Yfrac<1~ ~ -e ~ ~ 1 c1ll: ~ 414art11 ~ ~ ~ M4lfil!Sl: ~I ~ ~~ ~ lll"4 ~~ ~I ~~ ~ t~ C<>i'lC'llef, lJt ~<f$ ~~I~~~~ '5 <rtl:-ec4filRfi ~ ~ ClITt"Rl ~ S ~ ~~ ~llfi1<fC'l'Si ~ ~ ~ct ~ "'llC'llt)~I Cfft ~ I ~ C~ '5 ~ ~ ~ C<>i'lC'll~{I '6 Yffi1111ra<P <fl' ~ ~) ~ ~ Cfft ~ I ~ ~ t~~~~~I 8 1 tetl:rt'(I., (Residence) 1 <il<>i'(IC~'A ~ Yfrae<1c-m t~ ~ ~ C1Ftl'f 1 ~ C<PM ~ ~~ ~ t~ct ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lllll, ~ ~~ t~ ~ cift~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ q1<>1'(1~ C<>ii[C'll.,{I ~Yl<IS'SiC~ ~ clrr~) t~ cqfiSt ~ I "'llet<Plii ~ <il<>i'llC~'SI ~ ~ ~ Yffi1111~4 ~ ~ ~ Cfft ~ I <il<>i·'llC~'A "'ll<>i<il<i~ ~~ ~' ~ ~ ~ Yffi1lllra4 ~ ~ ~ I ~~~ ~ t9f't'l1'M ~ ~~ I
- 139. ;--,,,:~ ..... ~/lft~lfiti4<ClJ<Cl(ItH ~ '6.~ ~·~l11f( I ~ I ~ atCH ~ ~ ~ ~--..tll1JaCI) ~ ~ "ft.ir'Pt ~ lltv I ~-1 ~ ~ !f"OOf "ft'f ~~~I~~ "IM~~'Sl "ft.~ ~ll'fJa<qJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~iITI ~I ~ .~ ~91il r.t ~ ~ ~ Cfl 'dfl~l1i1 ~ ~~"CRT 1lm l ~qt ~'1t-~.4lbt~l61~~~~~~1 s: ~ fi<>t~ qt ~bJFlmC!S (recycle) <Al'~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4l'Sl~li114l f.raJ !ifaMllwfl!) <l5tf -~~ <Rt li1ll I • (l: I ~ "'~M4 .is ?<il1JNs4 ~ "41bl(l"f•f ~ ·~ ,.,~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~ <llGtl'SlitlC!S ~~~~I ldt~~IJtf(I ) 111M" jifCf>!>91bl~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'bt ~~~~~I ~I~ '41CiUN5Gt1CS'4i1 (biodegradable)-m I~ 'bt -ii~~ "ft'f Cllt-t ~I ~I~ ~mv·~~~"t"ft ~~~..00~~ I ~~~;ql~li1til ~~I ~~ ·~fiff ~ dl"4fCt <21NsC<q'191 ~ ~ f8t'IPC4'51 ~ "8fllt lil'6 I "iftc;qwt 'e 'fillCWI t9fl ?IR ~ ~f'5~1&• ~ I ~ ~ ~~164 !l'SIC<liR 9tMt9f'tfilt ~~ ~ ~1(3 ~ 1(3 Yiflc:cic-Rt ~9Rt Ci1~<il54 ~ ~ .. ~.it ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ "tf1111C't "'Ui11"1'4 <IJ<l(IOsBI <mttct ~ ~· ~' ~ ~ ~ -e ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~, ~~ "'lJi11"'1'4 ~ ~ I IQ~ ~b~I·~ ctT1 ~ cmct I ~l<>t•JC('SI 'Yil4111141f 1(3 11--tt ~ ~ CW!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~11' ~ ctT1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ctT1 ~ct '41t'f ~ -e •1'1~1~'51 OO'f ~ 9fltf I ~, ~ ~"119'1~41 ~ (~'f) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ IQCIS ~ '51f.s!C!SI ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~I IQ~~'f~ ~I ~ ~li1<11«91it ~ ~ ell !111.'~4 '1J1"i 1(3 C"tdJlfi141111 ~ ~ !'t ~ etfr'f I '2111.'~4 ~ !f'fM ~~ ~ (CH4) ~~ ~ '"tdalfilwlii ~ C, - C1s I IQ ~ 9Jl'11M'SI ~ '5t'f ~~c:cic•t ~ ~ (CO, S02 ~) ~~ ~ I '5t'f Yi~C<l-1 ~ ~ I ... - ·- .··· . ·( •'*'iQiliWi .... (> ..-. T,..... ...-r·• . . -....,_.:·:··:_...,. ·.· ... :: .... i .. .I ...... ...... ~' itWf, ~' ~...,., ......... ._ ~'~' f5f.f '~ (5111111~~1 ~~~) ~, f1r, m,.i!'f ~ ~~~ ~,f1r,~,~ ~ ~I~ .. -~, •tl4:Jt<lflf, ii~ ~ iefif~, "IJ Iit1fJtu Iii'1, 'el'f ~(~~) ~' q9f, ~l~i1, ~ C'l"J.C."119', "lfillllf14 'W ~,C~CIST~ ~ C'l"J.C."119' -e ~ ~ '~~"« ~ctt '1roJ~ C'l"J.C."119', "tfillllf1• ~ <II:JI'1:1Ci1, 511 <>t~I<!9fijJ ~ .. ~~ ...~~ 511Cwtlbi1lil ~ ~~9f ~ ~ ~ ~ m~ ~ ~ CR:l ~I
- 140. ,..,~.,~ ) 1 'A'~~~~~51Jli1'41(~4J KOH ~~CR'tl'f ~l:ftif~~~ 'C' ~ ~~~KOH~~~ D ~ ~9r:f ~ 1 'C' ~ (l'~Clilf8tc~·~ ~ 'E' ~ ~ ~ ~~ D ~ ~ -.wr C!fl~ ~~ ~9JW~ I (~)~~? (-.f) CH3CH20H GllC4JIC911'"Rll ~ om '4if? (if) ~9ft4R ~ 51~1~ 'A'-~~ '4i I (~) ~9ft<R 'C' '<3 'E' C1ltt'11t ~ ~ '(3 ~~ )fffil;tJ'!SI ~ ~ I ~;q~~6~~ ) I ~ll:lllfl GIJl'1C4l(Ci'i"R~~Cf f<ls 9fl'<311t l®? (<IS)~ (~) GIJlil~~Jl:tS (if) ~~ oo ~ ~ I f.fcR ~ ~ MC~*f4? (4) - CN (-.f} - NHCOCH3 (if) - NHR (~) -OCH3 e I C~fllC"R'A ~ ~ f<ls ~ ~ ? (~) G1Jli1~~Jl:IS -e ~tGICi1"R ~ ~ (~) G1Jlfi11111fG4 (IQ4l(Ci'l'A Gl:>t4'61!SI ~ (if) GIJl'1'41~:<)'1'A ~ ¥1i11fl'ACf (~) 4l~~fi14 ~9Rf MN!S4'Slct I :lflt"1~9f I ltl tlPf C1ltt'1I ~~el'1 1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ()) G1Jlfi1cqti'J4 c1IT.-r -e (~) GllORIC11~4 .~ I GIJlfi1cqfU4 ~ ~ ~ -ef'1 '411t ~ I ~ (~) ~ ~ GIJlf'1cqfU4 ~ 'e (~) ~ 51Jlf'1CIJ'~4 ~ I ltf "114(Ytlill ~ I~ c1Jtt'11t ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ "4Jt ~' ~ ~~ ~~ 4lttCi'l'R, ~-.m 1111111Cfl ~ 91111 ~~ ~ 9ft1'ft9flfilt ~ 1lt~ ~'4ftt - CH2, - ~~ ~ lltt<J ~ :>f11C•11~4J ~ ~ I ~ GIJl'1'4i1 (CnH2n+2), 51Jl'1f<lli1 (CnH2n), G1Jli1'41(11 (CnH2~+10H}, '51)1'1Ni(l..9 (CnH2n+1CHO} ~ I It( •1(4 ~ I ~ :>f11C•11~4J ~ ~ MUl·Cl41" ~ ~ '~ ~ c'1Ttt ~ '14C4 41(4" ~ ~ 1 ~ 51Jli1'4l(Cil'R 41(4" ~ ..... OH, 51J'1Ni(l-tS'R 41(4~· 1l'f4 •-CHO, f4tblti1'R 41(4" ~ > C = 0 ~~ 41:.ff'ttf'14 >!l~ 4144" ~ - COOH 1 It(~~ 9'114+11'1 I~ C1JtM ~l114'iiCct ~ ~ GllJ::>f'Rct "<Rn~ I~) I~~~, ~I.~ (derived system) '<3" I~~ IUPAC ~I Iii ~-'11ft'1t "1141i'51 I ~ ~ ~ ~c1f.i14 ~~ ~~ fq ~ ~ ~ 'Rl:>tl4JM4 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Mtt4JtlSC4 ~~I ~~ ~ ~I ~ ~ "1111,1, etJlfil~4 ~~' '51IC'114-"1lll"l'"'I ~ I It( 9ffir1ttf ~ 'Cll~f71tl I ~ ~ !Jl-.ff1 1(l114l'R ~, ~fif 'fdl414SI 'Rl"11ilM4 ~~ (small chemical unit) :>fll~li ~ '11T'fft1f ~8~8 lJ9 '(tV • 1 'f!ll41<a ~- <Rl:>tltJM4 ~~ C~4 ~~ (repeating unit) ~ ~ ~~ (structural unit)~ I 1ilf;tf'1ff; ~ ~ ~ <EiCtJIC"~ '4'Rtt't ~~~~(deformation) 1
- 141. (~)i,ii '6 iii('t)i '6 iii(<P) i'6 ii (~) ii '6 iii ~DfltJ~Rlcts .ct~41~ ~ ~ ~ c~ 'IT '6 ~ ~'- ~ ~ .lft'<3 R-CH20H ~ R-CHO ~ SlJl'1C4ii x y lT ·1 X C4 "'iiilfi'AC't C4tiifft ~ ~ ~? (~) ~ M4lii4 , (~) ~ ~ {'t) <t% C>ilNi~lil ql~l(cii'G ~ oo qJ'l'JS'Al>i (.9f~l<JPl'Al-5 ~ I y ~~1ft~ ~ M4l'A<P 00'1CR'C'f Sll'1C4ii ~? (~) Na - Hg+ H20 (~) Zn- Hg+ 'hli HCI on Pb+BaS04 (~) ~ ZnC12 + 'hli HCI 81~~~'PRf~~~~~? (~)-OH~~'- -CHO (~)-COOH ~~ -OH ('t)-OH~~ >C=O (~)-CHO~~ -COOH (t I C6Hl2~· ~~ ~ ~~ SlJl'1P4liit4 '6C$ll~4'ACf ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~"1f1(~C!>• ~ '4'A'C'f ~ C4t-l ~ ~"1:f ~? (~) CH3CH20H (~) CH3CH2-COCH3 ('t) CH3COCH3 oo CH3CH2CHO ~ Jtill~ ~;'1~ ~ ~ I ~-~ MfaRI~ AlCl3 q)'q,ICH ~Wit ~$- (i) ~C'14dil'JSl~ii ~ '4tif (ii)~~ "4tvf ~ (iii)~~~~ ~·?(~)i'<3 ii ('fl) ii '6 iii ('t) i'6 iii oo i, ii '6 iii CI ~~~fif~? (i) ~ 00'1" ~ '51Jli1C4~ ~ '411t ~ , (ii) '51)16141~ ~liill~S ~ '51Jli1f*~ '6 'dfJl'141~61 ~ "4it ~ (iii)~~ ~~ lfil'Pf ~~'flt~ iij ~~~? )80
- 142. D~-~~~~~I D ~-~ ~f<lfdl;!'ll!'I ~CW~91 ~ ~<mt f<lffila~l'SI ~~~I n f<lfJlt4Jl'51 ~ ~ ~ Mof•lcJH ~ ~~~I D ct)<l(IH4 ~ ~9f ~ ~ <ro1 l!l~-~ f<lffi1a!'ll'51 ~~~~'Pfl«Cll D <IJ<l(IH<P ~-...nt Ul~~"1Ci1'51 lft~ ~ aqtct l!lm/'lfitm ~~~~I D <IJ<l(lfi1<P ~-~ u1~~"'1C91'5I lft~ ~ M'1Jiil91 ~ 5414JCi1'51 ~ct ~ ~ ~I D ~-~ ~ ~ <rof 11'A<l'511(1'!S ~ ~~~~~~I D Atomic absorption, UV-Visible spectroscopy, HPLC '6 GC- l!l~ ~ct~ Mt:t'ft'fl 'l~N> ~ ~ ~ I IAl1if' .... ",, (Key Words) 1 g ll'll t1fcl<r syqcrr, ClfTtf, g I )t I tifa<r )tafJ<rg'I, EJctallalg c$1'(fi'(Ji", ~, tlJ&i'SJ'I, ~- ~ ¥, YlfiJll 1'15h5 ftJC~l'I D 'Sll11141M<P 't'timl ~ ~ ~ ~~~I D 'Sil111!'1M4 )1~4'Sl'1 ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~I D MfJRC<P'SI ~ ~ ~ ~'PfTOOf ~ (~ '6 ~)~<Rt!~ I D <IJ<l(IH<P ~ ~~ ~ <rof f<lffil;!'ll!'i ~~ ~~~~~I D <IJ<l(IH<P •-e~~~'Pf~~ ~ tli1iililll'A ~ ~ ~ ~ I D ~ CiiliilHftc<P ~ -e f9f f9f l!llf (ppm) l!l~ ~~~I D <IJ<l(IH4 ~ tMiildll<a ~ ~ ~ '191ifldll'Si ~~~~I D ~~-...nt ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Pf'Rft<f I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ O~~cf I~~ 91~ .. Mt~ ~ ~ "1<A~'11'ITT1 ~ ~ ~~ l!l~ mm ~~ c::si~<Pl'SI ~ ~9fm ~I <met 'A111!'1()'1'51 ')!'<Pf ~~ ~ ~ ~ (qualitative analysis) ~ e~~cf ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ct~ f<lc~ (quantitative analysis) 11iil'5'51l'1'5lc<I ~ ~ ~ 1 '511111~M<P 'tcr-mT 'Sll11HlM<P )1~<15'51'1, '511111~M~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I l!l~ ~ ~ ~ tli1iililll'51 l!l~ ~ ~ I "1k1iil'fi~ MC:i~''' ~- ~ f.i4filRl'A ~ ~Cll~rAlifJ I rl(llqc°BICiifi34 ~C:i~''f ~-~ ~ ~~~ 1 l!l~~ l!l~~~~~~~ I dl~41fl~~
- 143. ~ ~' ~~ 'fM ~fir (~ ~' ~ ~' ~'fttit ~ ~) 51i"1'A'I ~ff "1~4'ACf ~ "41tT lfm I en CJnWJ, ~ C1l1Wf1I etl1•-. ~ eolt•l•UQll ~ 1't-o'~(Relation between mol, molar volume of gases and Avogadro number) I ~<J$ ~ ~ = !l<J$ ~"It~~ = 22.4 dnr' (STPC!) = 6.022x I023 nt ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ Mjffi1~ '1Cfin '4in lfm I ~- (i) ~ Int tsJCra ~ ~ ~1'1M4 ~ ...., "'~ = 6.022x1023 g __ 6.022 x I 023 ~ (ii) Ig~~~~~ ~~~ 1l1 {~ PV=RT]P1V1 P2V2 -=-- RT1 RT2 21' P1VI . P2V2 ""'41 -=-- T1 T2 ~ V2=(p~~1)/(~:) e.) 111"111~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ eijliiii (Chemical Calculation and Molar Volume of Gases) ~) '111"111~• tt'fin (Chemical Calculation) I 'Al'>tl4'M4 '1~ ~ ~ ~ ""-~ ~ ~ '1~ ~~I '1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4Rt C1l ~ ~ ~ I 'A)ll41Ci1'A "lCf 11fMIC6l 'Al"114'M4 '1~ «IC4'1eti1 ~ I ~~ 'tcr.ml ~ 9fA111T~ ~' ~~ ~' ~ ~~ ~~' "111!>l'6' 'A1"11~M4 "1~4'A'I ~Cft. ~ 'Al"1141M4 'Pf~"'I" "'i(c;q"'Cf ~ t'PfN! (data) ~ ~ ~ I 'Al"114'M4 "1~4'A"1 MWR4 '6 ~'Pft;f ~' ~ C1l ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ "1~4'A'1C4 ~ ~~ ~ ~. ~ <RT llrn I 'Al"11"M4 '1'firrt4 ~ ~ ~'1 <RT ~ 9fmf I ~- ~ l~~~~~~~W~~~~~~'f~ ~I~~~ 'f.icrn ~ I ~~ ~~ f.m1 8 I 'Al"11"M4 "1~4'51'1 ~ M~4 '6 ~~ ~ '6 ~ (~) 'f.icrn (t I ~ tMlllall'A ~ (~ ~~) ~ 'f~ ~ I 5ll!J!>i1fi1Ns4 Mt:f'4C~ ff~ C 1 '661-=ifilN>• Mc:1'4t'f"'A ff~ l7' 1 'A'"''"f.i• 9f~ .. 1'A w~ ~ ~, ~ C1l r<if'J.1a"1'A ~ tf1f (~- ~'~~)ff~ )~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 511Cttlf5!> ~I ~ ~ ~ 8~ ~ ~'iit ~ 'fer-mt ~~~I (~) ·~ -~ 14111i., (Molar volume of gases) I ~<J$ OOff ~ 5ll!J!>i1C4 ~ C1lt-nl~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~9f1mllt '6 Dlt9Rf W9Rf ~ ~ I ~... ~9f1mllt '6 Dlt9f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~I ~fft ~'fttit ~ ~~ ~ 0~9!_cf 51.P,'411• I ~Cf ~9f1mllt -e Dtt9f (~ 0°C Clt 273 K ~9f1mllt -e 1atmClt760 mm Hg '51t9f) ~ C1fTlml ~22.4L(~)I ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'e Dlt~ W'Pflf ~ ~I ~ Tl ~911ffim '6 pl Dlt9f C4M ~ .~<J$ ~ ~ VI ~ T2 ~9f1mllt 'e P2 Dlt9f ~~~~I ~ ~~ ~ V2 ~ 'Wf ~ ~ "1~4'A'I ~ <fStf ~ ~ lfm I ~- )8~
- 144. '1lf'lf'i• ~ 'e"'" lat(tif •'11i(t'1 ) I 1.£1~ 9ftf.m ~ ~ ~? ~ I 9ftf.m "511'1M4 ~ = 18 1 ~'. l mol 9f'tf.{ = 18 g ~ 1 mol ~ 6.022x1023 1t Wi ~ ~'- 6.022 x I 023 ff; 9ftf.m ~ ~ = 18 g 11t 9ftf.m~~ 18 g = 2.99xl0-23g [~] 6.022x 1023 g'11i(t'1 ~ I 5001t ~ ~ ~ CY!~C'1'SI 55.6 mg ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'i.~~? ~I~ 4lcfti1'SI 1mol=12g~=12 x lOOOmg~= 1 mol ~ ~o 55 6 ~ 1 x 55.6 . I~ ' · mg = 12 x I 00 mo ~' 1 mol ~ ~ ~ 6.022x 1023 1U ~ lx55.6 mol~~~ 6.022xl023x55.61t 12 x I 000 12 x I 000 "' ~ SOO ff;~~ ~ = 6.022 x I 023 x Ix 55.6· 1t ~ 9Rf1n'i_ ' 12xl000 t 1t~~~ =·6.022):(1023xlx55.61t~~ 12x lOOOx 500 = 5.580380x1018 ff;~ ~ (~] •'1tf(t'1 " a~~~ -e Dtt9f 1 mL G4f9'cetii ~ G4f9'cetcii<a ~ W1 M~J~lii? ~I~~'~~~ -e Dtt9f 22.4 L ~ 22.4xl03 mL ~ 1.£1'4 ~ ~ ~I~ 1 mo~~ 6.022xl0231tWi QfTC41 ~ ~~ -e Dtt9f 22.4 x I 03 mL ~~~"flt =6.022 x I 0231t ~~Cf~ct~~-eDtt9f lmL ~~~"flt = 6•022xI0:3·1t= 2.6875xl0191t 22.4xl0 (~) io.).) tl"tll~ ~ ~fq._'i w~1( ·9flif (Important Terms Used in Chemical Calculations) <al:>tlJJf.14 'f~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 11t-u Rlffi1a411<a ~ ~ ~r:t 'f~ ~ ~ ~ !fCSilefii ~ I 1.£1~ 'Al:>tl!Jf.14 'f'fimi ~ ~ G~91_cf 9fif f.{ts '541Ci'llbiil '4ifT Wfl I (~i) STP ~ l.Odm3 ~~ (v) 1 g~STP~~ -- 22.4 drrr' 6.022x 1023 = 22.4 dm' ~~~ ~~~ = g 22.4 (iv) 11U ~ STP ~ ~ = 6.022x1023 n; 22.4 (iii) STP ~ 1.0 dnr' ~ ~ ~'."lll
- 145. ) I 911till'1~•151 (Atomic mass) g ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 'S C-12 ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ 12 ~ ~'t <RT~ amu ~~ ~ 9f'Rfm~ ~ 9fl'S1lt 1lm 1 9fWrtctms ~ ~~ = c -12 "lll:C'>tlt&1c~ ~~ ~~ ~ x >{2 = 1 atomic mass unit = 1 amu SI~~ 1 amu ~~ 1fTi{ = l.67xl0-27 kg -~I attlf-911tifl'1~•151 ~ '1ftlf-~ I~~~~~~~ <R'tl'f ~ ~'t 9fl'SllT ~ ~ ~'lt<Ti ~ ~~ ~-9f'Rfm~ ~ C1l ~~ OOl'f-~'l Cflft ~ I ~ "l~C'SfCii'R ~~ ~ 16 I ~~ 16 g "l~Cetii 1 $1 9f'Rfm~ ~ "lfi4cetii C1l 1 ~-~'! "l~C'Sfii I ~I "fl'1~• 151 (Molecular mass) I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'S C..12 ~~-~~ "'f'Rill'~ ~ ~9f'Km5 12 ..ml ~ct <RT ~ amu ~~ ~ '51't~ ~ 9fl'S1lt 1lm 1 ~ 11t'fl ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9f'Rfm~ ~ ~~ c1ftt~ '51't~ ~I ~ ~ ~ctf<r<1s~ =H20 ~~~~~~~~'1af"1= (1x2+16)amu =18amu ~ ~, amu ~~ 9f'Rfmctms ~ -e ~'1M<P ~ ~ '51'te~ 9f'Rfmctms ~ (relative atomic mass) is '51'te~ '51't~ ~(relative molecular mass) Cflft ~I 8 I~ "fl~~. 151 ~ C1f1'lf I ~ ~ ~ C1l ~~ ~ ~~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ct 9fl'SllT 1lm ~ ~ '1ftwr ~ ~ I ~111~~'11~9f, "lfi4C@fCii'R '51't~ ~ 32 g/mol 1 ~~ 32 g "l~Cetii ~ ~~ C1ft1'f (mole ~~9f mol) "l~Cetii 1'5l't<mf~~'1M<P~18 g/mol 1~~18 g ~~ ~~ ~ 9flfi{ 1 (4') '1ftwr-* ~~· ~ I ~ ~ 1f! $1 ~ 6.022xl023 TI;· ~ctr (~, ~'l C1l ~) ~' ~ $1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ C1ftwr qiff ~ I ~ ~ ~ctms ~ C1l $1-~, $1- ~ 'S $1-~ Cflft ~ I ~1110'f ~ qiff ~ 'Pfmf 1 $1-~'l tJ::ll:UlilCetii ~ l.008 g ~Jl:CilCetCii 6.022x 1023 ff; ~ll:Ulile@fii ~'i_ ~ I ~~ 1 $1-~ C1l 18 g ~ 6.022x 1023 ff; ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~l'>tl~M<P MMa~I~ Mffil;~<P '(3 ~~ CllM ~'4t<P ~ 'S 'S~ <Rt ~ I <1"111~ ~' l:Cdl~ii is~~~~~ ~ft~ 1lm 1 ~~ CllM l:c"l~ii ~ 6.022x1023 TI; l:Cil~ii ~I~~~ Cltf1'r ~ ~ 6.022 x1023 ff;~~ I ~-~ct '>toPikf!> afJl'RICS~ ~'S ~~sf~ 1lm I~ Nat "il~iiC<P Na "'f'Rill~ ~ ~ ~~ CllM l:Cdl~i1 '2!C~letii ~I.~~ 1 OOl'r Na+ "il~MC<P Na ~~ "'iRf~ ~ 6.022 xI623 ~ l:Ci1~Ci1~ (1 mol l:Cil~ii) '2!C~leti1 ~ I Na+ + e- ~ Na eo C1l1Wftl 151 (Molar mass) I ~~ ~-~'l ~ ~~ CllM-~ ~ ~~Cf~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ <R'tl'f ~ ~ 9fte1n llRJ ~ ~~ C1i1Wltf 151 qclf I '"li(t'1 I H ~'11t ~ ~ 1 g mol -1 =6.022x1023 ~ ~ll:UlilC'Sfii 91~1'1'~ ~ H2 ~ ~ ~ 2 g mol -1 =6.022xl023 1Tt ~1-UlilCetii ~ ~ H20 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 18 g mor1= 6.022x 1023 it 9f1fim ~ ~ Na+~~~~= 23 g mor1=6.023xl023~ Na~ <::stl41Cii~ ~ NaCl ~~ ~ ~ = 58.5 g mol" =6.023x1023 NaCl ~'C45 I.fl~~ )88
- 146. ~I ~ 151(Formula mass) '04141M4 ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ t~· ~ ~ Yfl4Ai!l'1M4 ~ 00•1"f'i1C4 ~~ ~ ~ I ~NaCl ~~ ~~ ~ = ~~Na~~~+ ~~Cl Yf'ftlll,, ~ = 23 amu + 35.5 amu = 58.5 amu C I tl"tlff~• "1~+.ct (Chemical equation) g ~~ ~~ 'Sil=>il{IM<P MMa41l<sl "'ff~t.--t ~ Gll41t:il'i1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ <PJ111Pt4111l <J151'Al"5 ~ ~ C=>ilNrn111 4l~t-1'fl ~ ~ ~ ~- "l'f~9f'f ~ 'l(V 1 ~ ~8t'Jfi~ 'Al>il41M<P ~ 4Jli1Pl4111l <Pl(Ci1U 1 ~ MffilaWs~ 1't'f ~ :st1Jf141M4 118';q'6i1 ~ '!l =>1~<P'SIC'f'i1 ~ ~ <Rt'f. ~- ·caC12 (aq) + Na2C03(aq) ~ CaC03(s) + 2NaC1(aq) ~ MMa!ml 4Jr'Gl41i1 qr G1Jli1141Ci1'A ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ Mffi>411C<P ft-«tf'5,..t'P{ (double displacement) ~ ~ ~ 1 ~9ftmJ Mffi1a!@ MMa414 ~ -~~ ~!541'4 "'f'l ~ =>i~<P'SIC'~ ~ ~ ~ =>1~4'A'lITk4 ~~· .,,_,CH'i (molecular equation) ~ ~ I CaCh ~<ft. Na2C03 ~ Gll41M4 ~ ~<f'- ~ ~ ~m "ft.~ ':;51141i1~C'Pf ~ 1 ~~ct CaCh ~ Ca2+ ~~Cr~~, Na2C03 ~Na+~~ co]: ~~I~ ~ct Ca2+ ~ ~<f'- COi- Gll41Ci1'A ~~ 'dQi;q'ft~ CaC03(s) ~ 'l(al ~"(t~I~ Na:~ ~<ft. Cr Gll{lC91'A ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ift ~-~ ~ ~ ~ 1lrn I ~~ =>1~4'A'lfflC4 GllM~C'Pf ~ 9fte11t llrn- Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + Coi-(aq) ~ CaC03(s) + 2Na+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq). ~' ·~ =>i~fit'f Na+(aq) ~ Cl-(aq) -~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~iit MWRl{l ""'~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1t1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ MfaR141 ~11ra~ffi ~ ~1'4' ~(spectator ion)~~ I~~~~~~ MWRl'SIFW =>1~ff1 ~~'Pf g Ca2+(aq)+co;-(aq) ~ CaC03(s) ~ MfdMit:a 'l1ti1' ~ f.tlt 'Sil'lltM• 11RI~".. I 'Jll!!M4 )t~+sit'1'A ~'4ftt ~ fif4 ~' ~N ~ <sil)1141M4 ~ 'fMl llm 1 ~ ~ ca2+ ~ C5m ~lfif ~ '4t-l CllM; ~ coi ~ CST1r ~1fif ell~~~~~ f.W ~ ~ fifp'Pf g Ca2+(aq)+Coi-(aq) ~ CaC03(s) -- ~)·2.0.mol ~~ 11'5111~ ~~f.ft.f1f~ 1~)9~0 g ~- ~- ~ ~~ ~~ 0 :<!H "'itatt'lt ~-~CR 1 ~)4.1 g Ca(N03)2 ~ ,Ca, N~~0 "'itill~ ~ fiffir <15i 1 . : : . - ... ft I eolcet'11til ~ ~ ·caotceMtatt ~(Avogadro number or Avogadro constant) 1 ~~ 001l ~ ~ ~ 1fi! ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'dOICOl"11Cil ·"ft.~ qr "5()1COMICil ~~~I ~~NA~~~~ I ~ ~~ NA=6.022x1023 ~ -00 ~I 15ftf(t'1 I ~~ OO'l-~ 9flf.i ~ 18 g ~ 1Jttfl 6.022x1023 ff; ~~~I ~~ ClTI1'f ~ (l ..Cl'ilceti1 qr 1 g l(ll:Cl'ilcett:il l(ll:Cilceti1 ~'J. ·~ 6.022x 1023 ff; I ~~ ClrT'f "'f'J. l(ll:tllilrM91 ~ 2 g (l ..tllil"1Ci1 ~ ~~ 6.022x 1023 ff; I ~ Clr, ~~ 001'f-"'f'l ~ (H20) 1fttfl 2 ~-~ l(l..Cli1Cet91 'e 1 ~-~'l Gl~Ceti1 M~Jillii I )8(t
- 147. ~ ~9ftw1 (%~9ftw1) = • '1~ ~~ x 100 ~ ~9fflif ~ ~ 'f~ ~<PfWff Cm7 ~ 'Q I •'Ttf(t'1 1 I!!~ RIM-iirn 10.0 g Rl~'Gliiim4 I!!~ C4H802, ~Ciilvt<•if'A ~~Rr& ~li1Cf1'A ~ ~<ml 9.72 g ~ M~Ul"iCilU ~9e ~ I Rlffil-41141 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~I MfJ1i4llffl ~- CH3CH2CH2COOH + CH3CH20H ---.--+ CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3 + H20 M~Ul"im4 l!lm ~ ~ M~Ul"iCW 10 Rl~'Gliiim<P ~~ ~-'Jt'~'tfn = 88 = 0.114 (Rl~'Gli1m4 I!!~ ~ ~ = -88 g/mol) 1 mol Rl~'Gliiim<P t.!l~ ~ ~ Rl~tl"iCW 9fl-em ~ 116 g ~I!!~ 0.114 mol Rl~'Gliiim4 I!!~~~ Rl~'GliiiCW 9fliem ~ (l 16x 0.114) g = 13.2 g •~l!l~~<PfWff ~ ~ = 9·72x100 = 73.6 [~] 13.2 2t I IR't' ~ ~ 'liiiililll (Solution and its concentration) I 'SllJtl41M4 ~~<ml l!l~'f<P ~ ~ !!~ ~~~emf~ ~ Nd'1C4 IR'f' ~ ~ I 11fft "1l'fl~'A ~'R CIJliti]f c1$ ~<P!>'A "1raii1tct ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~"tilftc•~~ ~ 1 ~ 911fif.~ ~~ ~ ~.~I ~~ ~ "1141!>C"i ll!>ff~~ ~ 1'!l ~~~~"flt-~ I $l1't IR'f' I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ "1141!>Cif 8m ~ '!lift ~ C'f ~ lfl(1't ~ ~ ~ I ~ tlf ~ ~ >t~4'6IC~ ~ ~ '!>tt4 ltJnll' a.r tCfClf I ~ 1 M HCI, 0.1 M H2SO 4, 0.5 M Na2C03 ~ I t.!lVRT fiC!>J4fU ~ • ef11TCt ~ I ~ t~ fiC!>J4ffl ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~I ~l'Wa-Fi «i~l41 ~ ~ ~~I ~c:t ~ >tl(l~J ~~~ ti"iJila!BI ~~~~~I~~ lr I ~9fttq "ll+AI ~ (Percentage yield) I~ '<PT«ct ~ MWlaiilii ~'f ~-~'<3~ ~c:t ~~ ~9e ~~I !!if cmfct ~9f ~ 9fmf I~ ~ I ~'1' ~ (incomplete reaction) ~ I Jtlll~<aliil ~ (parallel reaction) ~ 1 ~Ma!Jl<P<ac:t ~(processing loss) ~~ ~i~I~ ~ ~9froff Y!RilllC'Rf elf ~~ist ~ Mffi1-41141 9fl'<311t ~ ~ • "'9fttq ~~(%yield)~~ I ~9f !!if~ CRT~ I ~~ ~~I~ elf ~c:t ~~ 9fl'e11t ~ ~ ~ ~ • '1'19111''6 ~911if !!~~ ~Maiil'a ~elf ~c:t ~~ 9fte11t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"'911if I ~ ~~~ ~.~.: ..... a M~fi1~ ~~ >t~+a-to~f.{l; dll4'f.Ha Jt~'ff'1i!C9f ~ s (-.) Ca(N03)2(aq) + K2C03(aq)---.--+ CaC03(s) + 2KN03(aq) ('ff) ~C2H302(aq) + NaOH(aq)-----+ NaC2H302(aq)+H20(£) ('t) Pb(N03)i{aq)+Na2S04(aq)-----+ PbS04(s)+2NaN03 (aq) <aF>tHIM<P ~'f'imf ~ ~ ~~ Jt~<P<act ~ ~ ~ I cmfct ~ ~'f MMafJ<P ~ ~ WJ~~~~~Cft·~~cmf~~~I )8~
- 148. ~~ct~~~~°i{fl ~~~~~ct~~~~ ~IC11~C4 1211~~1~sGJl~lcJ~ <W-r I crt~lll :iD11e1' ~ a ClJ ~· ~ ~r:rtl41M4 ~ 121<CfN>t:'!> ~~ ~ ~'Sm llrn, ~ ~~ (~ ~' 02, C02)~ ~ ~ 'itt, "1~4'SIC<f ~ Cllt9f ~ct~~ '4m lTrn ~~~~ct ~'Rf~~ Wf ~YfH<fRh ~, ~ ~ ~ crtl~lll :iUJISI' ~ ~ ~I ~ Na2C03, H2C204• 2H20, K2Cr207, Na2C204• 2H20 ~ 1 CJttctSSltl 4Jl81' ~I Cl7 ~ ~ ~~ ~ 9fl'811T lTrn -n, ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ct~~~~~~~ m ~ '91ra<fft!) ~ 14'l1r ~ ~ ~ C"1C4"rll iltJlsl' ~~~I ~ NaOH, H2S04, K.Mn04, Na2S203.SH20 ~ I ~~ 511i~IM4 ~~~<rot C4R ~~ 1211~~1~ sGJl~lci ~~ct~~ Ul~da~~~~·~~~~ I )o I ~ 14.,illilll crt41C8Ri ~ dl'44 (DitTerent units for concentration of solutions) ~ ~ ~41c•m ~ ~ ~ 1~o~14.,atliillt ~ ~ 1 ·~ (~) 91~~1fil.ffl, (~) C~l'llraffl, (e) C~l'llfilffl, (8) Clll1'f ~'.irt, (Cl') ~ $ (%) ~I ~ ~ C~l'llraft ~~ ~ ~ I ~ "51-JC~Cl1 C~lillraffl '8 ~ $ ~ 5llC'llf5!S ~ I )) I '1'1"11 ~ -e Cill'11fi'9 (Molar solution and molarity) ~'!ST~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~(I mol) ~ ~ ~ ~'Pf:f ~ C111'1tf ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~il~l"llC4 M ft'~~~ ~Cl'.~~ ~<RS~ mol L-1 I •'11f(t'1 I H2S04 ~~ ~~ ~ = 98 I~'- 1 mol H2S04 =98 g H2S04 I~~ fiWm ~- 98g H2S04 ~ ~ ~·H2S04~~ ~~~I~~ 1 M H2S04 ~9f ~ ~ ~ I Cill'llraffl ~~'!ST~~ ~91~l"ll<A ~~ I "1f11Ciil'11'A ~ I ~ '!ST~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ (0.5 mol) ijCf ~ ~ ~'Pf:f ~ "1flltill'11t ~~I~~ 0.5 M qt 0.5 moll." ft'~~~ I~~~ fiWm NaOH ~ 0.5 mol NaOH ~ 20 g NaOH ~ ~ ~ 0.5 M NaOH ~ ~ 1 C5~Cill'1111 ~ I ~ '!ST~ ~~ fiWm ~ct 0.1 J110l ijCf ~ ~ ~~ ~ C~Cill'tlt (decimolar) ~~~I CISPtCilli11<A ij"Cfctc<fS O.IM ~ 0.1 mol L-1 ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~~ ~ Na2C03 ~~ ~ 0.1 mol ~ 10.6 g Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ O.lM Na2CQ3 ~~~I Cill'11fi1' I~ '!St~ ~ ~ ( ~~ ~) ijCllct ~ ~ ~-ll'.~ Ciil'11fi$ ~ C111'1tf 11t.,illilll ~ ~ I ~~ M ~ ~ ~ ~ I "fRt'- c111.,1raffl, M = atCR ~-llt.~ (n) ~~~(V) qt~~' n (~ ~~) =~~~(V) x ~' M(mol/L) ~ Cill'11fii9 ·.r-n ..nt ~ I ~~ ~'iJ ~-~ ~ ~ ijCf ~ ~' ·"!St ~ ~ ~ I ~9Rr 8m 11Rill'1t+ ijm ~~ ~ ~ "SM ~ Cl7 llt.~ 9fl'311l llm, '!St ~ ~ ~~ ffWm~~~ct ~ c111111Hlffl 1 ~~Cl Ciili11Hffl = ~ ~qp,4 ~ mol/L W; ~ '!St~ w g acr (lITTI ~'1M4 ~ M') V ~ ~ ~ ~ Wf Cllli11Rfflt:'!> (M)~~~~~9fg )8~
- 149. ~c.£1~ ()11111flffb =0·9434 mol = 0.9434 M IL _~.~ t1'111~4 '1_,+l'f ~ ~ '1Jtt'lt "'''..., fiffl (Determination of Volume of GaseousProduct from a Chemical Equation) ~ ~ M'*"I" c.£1-. ~ c£1"4tf~ M~• c!I~ ~9fti; ~ ~ ~ ~ MITIMl•:>t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c!I~ ~9fflif ~ ~ ~ ~ Mrar111ffl11 :>til!SPf!S :>t~4'51ct ~ ~llJJICii ~ ~ ~ ~ tf'fitt M~fie9f '41lt lll1l I M~4 ~ "'9fti; ~ '1JPr ~- ) 1 !!~ MWRl'R ~ )j~•11cm ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ,,~+accnt "ft.~~ <~) ~ ~ ~fiiR;qa ~ "'9ftm "ft.~ f.u c!ltsfi 1 ~ '51l41'691C4 STP ~22.4 L ~ ~ ~ ~ 4' I {ii)~~ tn• GllUSC91'SI ~ ~ ~· ~ ~ tf'fitt ~ ~ s 1 STP ~~~~~is bllfc:>111 ~~~a~~~ is~~~ ~~~' RffiH•~~~~~- t I RltiHC4'SI ~'1R4 -et, c!l'OOI .~ ~ :~(C4C~i fifC5 ~1" 9tl'Siiil'1R4 'el ~ tf't-tt '41lt ~ ~ I Gil'1R4 ~ ~ c.£1~ ~ '41lt ~ I w n w M = M1 x V = V (~ n = M1 = ~-"ft.-.ut) 1lf'fflt '$ ~ ~ 1".. iilill (Concentration in Percent Composition) I ~ ~ "t'fi~C6 ~ ~ '.'11$ ~ ~ Gil4NSC91'SI ~ ~llf ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ w ~ c.£1~· Gil41!591C4 'v' ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ llR1 I ~ ~ I am~~-c1I$ ~ ~ '£9f (%)% -( I am ~ ~ ~ Gil41'6CifSI ~ 1it9f('o/v)% e I 8m Gilfi!S91C4 ~ '11$ 'dllll!Sc-i'A ~ "SiiC9f('%)% '"'~"~·) I 10% (o/w) NaOH ,~ ~ ~' lOO g NaOH c!I~ ~ 10 g NaOH ~ 1 ~I 5%(o/v)NaOH ~~~' lOOmL!ffCCt SgNaOH ~~I e I 10% (%)GIJl'1C411{'1 ~~, 100 mt~ 10 mLG1JMC4fili1 ~~I C4fif ~ ~ 11flfiilt'11ffef_~ (w) ~ ~ (v) ~ o/v • ~ ~ ~ C:>tC1Ptai ~ ~ '"1~11'1 ~~I ~ 10%. Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ 100 mL~ 10 g Na2C03 ~I 1lf'fflt ~ Ciilwtlft~C'I 1i9f1W I !ft{Cl[ 1000 mL ~- !tCRr ~ ~ ~ ~ am Gil'1M4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~tf Cfftl'f Ciili11H~ 9ft'<3111' ~I ~ 10% Na2C03~ Ciili11flf~Wi 1fi9fl'ff I 10% Na2C03 ~ 100 mL~ Na2C03 ~ 10 g 1000 mL~ Na CO ~ lOxlOOO = 100 2 3 100 g g 100 Na2C03 c!I~ "ft.~~ = I 06 ~'- ~-"ft.~ = - = 0.9434 106 )81"
- 150. P2 =,750mm Hg T2= (27 + 273) K =300K ) Y2 =? P1=76~mmHg V1=13.44 L T1 = 273 K tt~r..~. '»tilltftif •"fli(PI ) I ~ !t~ ~ Dtt9f ~ 750 L .,1-c'rilttt., ~ ~ "t'h~t'! ~ ~ GIJIC11IM411 '1JT'f ~ ~ lfttef? ~~ ,~ ~ ~Jl:UlilCet., '1JT'f l!tC4119M ~? ~I ~1" ~Q;4111'J:a "1~4:actft wn- N2 + 3 H2 2NH3 1 mol 3 mol 2 mol STP ~ 22.4L 3x22.4L 2x22.4L STP~ 22.4L N2 ~~~9f!J NH3 '1Jtt'll~=2x22.4 L 750 L N '1JT'f~t..tlf!f NH ~~= 2x22·4x7SO = 1500 L (~) 2 3 22.4 ~ 2x22.4 L NH3 ~?al 3x22.4L H2 ~ ~~~' 1500 L NH3 ~"f!f ~ 3 x 22.4 x 1500 L = 2250 L H2 ~ !tft] 2x 22.4 •iiftf(1f1 ~ ·a ~-. kg p{t9fm ~ HCI -~if ~ ~ STP -~ ~ ~ C02 ~ "tteln~? "'11t'f1if I ~~ "1~4:acrtt ~9f 8 CaC03 + 2HC1 ~ CaC12 + H20 + C02 (40+12+48) g 22.+ L STP ~ =100 g. :.100 g CaC03 ~lftG C02 '1Jtt'll~ =22.4L(STP~} 1000 g CaCO ~lftG CO '1Jtt'll~ 22·4xlOOO L = 224 L(STP~)3 2 100 ~I C02-~'f~ 224 L •."f'1(1i't e I 49 g KC103 C. ftG 4fftlf STP ~ ~ ~ Gltlicet., 9J!e1n llm? 27°C !t~ ~ 750 mn (~) '5Tt9' ~ "4tlicetc.,:a ~~~·I ~I~ "1~4:aC1fb ~"'.'" 2KC103 ~ 2KCI + 302. . . 2(39+35.5+16x3)g · 3x22.4 L(STP~) =245g 245 g KC103 ~ ~9fif eiftlttt., STP ~ 3 x 22.4 L 'Q 3x22.4x49 ._ :. STP~ 49g KC103 ~ ~9'W eiftlciM - L =13.44 L ("V11) 245 ~ STP~ omit~ )82-
- 151. .. CaC03 + 2HCI~ CaCl2 + H20 + C02 (g) 22.4 L STP C'! STPC'5100 g CaC03 ~ C02 ~9ijf~ 22.4 L ~. 22.4x152 STP C'! :. 152 CaC03 ~ C02 ~'"'~ ~ L = 34.0482 L 100 34.048 L = (34.048 x 1000) mL = 34,48 mL (~ ) 1'11i(t"1" a 3545 g Zn >tl"1fi1~R<P ~?ms~ '<Pittlf 27°C ~~ -e 780 mm (Hg) Dtt9f 500 mL ~l~(li1Cet91 ilJPl 9f't-em ~ I ~Jl:Cliltetc•i1'A ~ ~~" STP C!) ~ll:ClilcetC:-HI ~ ~? ~ I OT'e'fit ~' STP -C'! P1 = 780 mm (Hg) P2 = 760 mm (Hg) ~ I ~ Cu ~~ Zn-~"f ~~ q I 5.793 g ~ 'JfOf c:ii~R'dt ·~ H2S04-~"f NfaRt41 27°C ~~ '<3 750 mm "5Tt9f 324 ml ~~ H2 9fte'fit 11tv I ~ aql'fltC'!> Cu ·~~ Zn-~"f ~ ~ f4cfir ~ I - I Cu ~ Zn dRl ~ lPllliiKii = 85.275°/o ~ 14~725 °/o) e.e ~taMic+a 11fiiilcf ~ ~ ~~ W" '8'111•.. f.ffl (Determtnation of Mass and Volume of Gaseous Product from Quantity of Reactants) ~ ~ Mffi1a{Jl{J ~~ ~ ~~~ Mffi1a{J<P ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'- ~ ~ Mf'JR<P ~ ~~~~~~~~~S~~'1~4Rf~I~~~~ ~~-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ct~~ -e Dlt9f (STP) ~ 22.4 L ~ ~ '1~ ~ ~ I "fcfin ~ fim1l ~ c:ijiC~'1 ~-~ ~ I 'llfilR!• ~ ~ 'liil'ftif Slifli(t"1 ) I 8.66 g KCl03 C<P h ~~ ~ <Rt11 STP C'! ~ ~ c:ij~_r;et91 ~ 9f't-em ~? ~ I ~~ >t~<P'Actft Wft- 2 KC103 ~ 2KC1 + 302 ..245 g =3x22.4 L (STP C'!) 245g KC103 ~ ~~ ~C6lC91'A ~ = 3x22.4 L (STP C'!) :.8.66 g KC103 ~~~c:ijfilceti1~=3x22.4x8·6~ L =2.38 L (~) ' . 245 ilifli(tcf ~ a~~ 95% CaC03 ~ 1 ~ (ll:QilliPIR<P ~~ 160 g ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ '<3 Dtt9f ~ mL ~ Sl~i!tll:5 9ftem ~? ~a lOOg ~~~ 95gCaC03 160 1'9rt~~ 95x160 =152 CaCOg ~-,.. 100 g 3 ~~ MQl{Jl'A >t~<P:si't ~9f s ~'(3~~~~ P1 V1 = P2 v2 T1 T2 ~ v2 = P1 v1 T2 = 760 x 13.44 x 300 =l4.966 L (~) T1 P2 273 x 750
- 152. ~«lfff) Pt.. tert ....~ Plfiil;JJl'SI ~9ftlf - ~ ~ itCiil~il t"f;cp:a'f a ~'6~ ~ '1f~cet<a ~ ~' ~ cn<tSICiU ~ ~' '1Jt'f ~' ~ 1t ~I itCiil~il tPllilf.t+ 11cn I Zn {'f,~· HCI ~I Zn(s) + 2HCI(aq) = ZnC12 + H2 t znt(+Hcl~ ·W}~ ~(Procedure) 41*-. ) I !I~ tl~ICH~1ifllt ~·~~·•-re I iMa~'ff~ H2 tfnm~ ~ I~ ~~-'~,fQ··CRI. fia9ftt¢··"1@• ~l4IC"il ~ ~ ~ 1. ~ I !I~ 'fJ?f ~ 911fi{. u ~ '<ISCi. ~ W9ff ~ ~ di~ ~ ~ M41UBI' ~'fl ~ '6 Jti)IC'6t ~ ~'9R CR I 8 I ~ ft~c:q<a 5Rl(4'G1 '111 HCI~ 11_cf~ I dlil 1100 5 -10 g Zn -l'f'Pfl'6 (fif9f ~) I <?' 1 Zn ~ HCIdl'f 11ro "lt9f ~ RfiiRn 'RI' ·~ l ~ OtR ·-n CR1 lMIJfii<q !J"!) ~ ~ . m.fit ·~~~CCII~ 'l'ltttte ~ ~ t'f tflt11'~-11t16' ~ ~ I ~I~~~ ·1111f'mr ~-~ ~.~~ F C I ~ ~' ~QilClfif ~·~·.·-.f ~ $11'<!> 'lti '1JPr ~ llfl1t ~ (~ ~ ·~~ ~ 9ftfi{'$'f)fftt'1'1~) I b't~· ...~·(~~~~l{tif).*1"1~~~~~~1~ 91.,.. lil '6M"ll&lll -o '1t"l·tfJtm ~··J ... I <Hiii!SICCC ~· ~ fittlftR ~ ·'1]Pf··~· 111fiRI .ClftS'J ~ ~.l,H ~ Clft9'J ~..- ~ dftif-~·~·.9f1i ~~I [~ I 1.50 mol ) [~ 812.8 g] [~:27.0g1 -..1 CH4(g)+202(g)-----+ C02(g)+ 2H20(/) !I~ MfJRl<a 1lfifJ ~ <A"- · f•} 1.50 mol CH.~~~ '1itWf CC>i 9ftq ~? (~). 0.20 mol CH.~~~·~ ':llfltbst"i «!C4'11M? ('1) 12.0gCH. ~~·~~ H20 ··~~~? !f!t ~' ~ '6 5ltft:>t'51 ':>t1mT "Pl ~- pl v1 P1 v,-=-- Tl T2 ~ V2 • = P1 V1 T2 = 780 x 500 x 273 mL =467 mL = 0.467 L (~) P2 T1 760 x 300 STP ~ 22.4 L ~l~QilCetC..'A ~ = 2 g :. 0.467 L~l~Qiltetc;:i:si ~ = 2 x 0.467 g =0.0417g (~) 22.4 )ct) vi= SOOmL Ty= (273+27)K =300K
- 153. e.8 ~1111ft•c• 81'9+511~ 'Pt 'Pt dllf (ppm) ~ 11"11Wt (Conversion of Molarity into Percentageand ppm Unit) elf~ Cilli11Ht&, ~ -e ~~~ ~~ ~ 'ftil'tt Qr<31tf ~ I C01tl111ftft s •"bl~~-.~~~ am CllM-""".~ ~ ~ c1t1Wtlfitl ~ 1 aoor~-~~~ n ~'.CillWllRlm, M= ~~~= V ~ M= ~ (mol/L) ~ ~ • ~ ~ 1 1 oo l8t~ ~am 9'f11t1cait• '1•+11 ".,,.., ~ " 1 ~ ~ ~~~~~I ~ ~t'JRil1 X% (W/v) ~ X% (%)!ff't ~ '41it ~I~ 100 g~ X g ~ ~ ~ X% (%) ~ 9ft-ellt lftlr 1·~ 100 mL~ Xg !if ~ ~ ~ X% (o/v) ~ ~ '4ilt QI f9t f9r "l1f (ppm) I~ '411 ~ lt41c-RI ~ ~ "tfliiltctf W ~~(parts per million or ppmj-a ijm "f'.llf ~~ ~ '41it Q I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (pollutant) ~~~~:-·~ppm ~'4t4 ~ '41it Q I I (i) Cill'llRlt& ~ g mol/L (ii)~~~~ g g/100 g(w/w) 4'J'ct'(lfi4 ~ I ~ ~9iillllil11 ~ ctfi64'Sl'1 ftCll~I t91'fft I ~ (fsfvtrili1), 'Jft9Pf ·~ (100 mL), ~' -e~ ~ ~~ ~ '9flf.f ~ -em-t ~ l ftCll~I iPtlt~• !RJ a ~ ~ ~'4ffj tl:rtl41M4 !PU; ~ ~ Na2C03, 9"Rn 9ftfif, "1fi..-l<A<P~ (Na2Cr207 + H2S04-~'i~) ~(Theory)• ~ Na2 C03-!Jl1t ~ ·11Rf :::106 g/mol (Na2C03 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16x3)=106) ~~ 1000 mL lM ~· «af'W 106 g Na2C03 ltflfltM ~~~ 100 mL lM~ «lwNsO! 106x100 --- g = l0.6 g Na2C03 litll9M 1000 , ~(Procedure) !> I ~~ 100 mL 'Jft9fit ~ ·~ I ~~ ~ "1ft•l:st4~ 'e "ftf•.~ 11tfif~ ~·CR I' ~ I ~ 'Jft9fit JFtt1R ~ ~~ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~9fi{ ~I e 1 ~~ ~llfif ~~ ~a2C03 ~.NofltGl'1 <qJlifilt91i :>tl'1t~ 10.6 .g~~'4C$1~~ 1 8 I '(3~ Na2C03 ~"fit JFTt1R ~·· ~ 'llC'i,iJ11 lit~ '(liilW11 '4il I ~ I '(311t-f ~· ~ ~ 9ftf.{ >-PlG"f.G,~ •"lt'O ~· ~ .,. '{I)"'· ~. ~l ·"1.., Na2C03 ~ JFTt1R ll't~ ~ .~ I ~<5.710 DJ.L ~ 9l1fif tl'l"titttiii 'lt,~·Jfiat Olf~t ~' ~ Na2G03~JFTt1R1lt~~-~·~~·~llt·~1 ~I ~m~~~~~~~ Na2C03 ~·~~I C I >!<IC~ ~ '11mf·~ ~ ~ C11t'i ~ JP.14~il 1'ff ~·-cm[ ~-.,Ti~~ I
- 154. ~) c•U'J1fit!J ~"ICCS+lll ~ (Per~ntage ·~nit from m()l•rlty) Cill111~ = mol/L =·(mot·~~ x ~-~ lft) g/L >= (mol~x~-~'R)g /lOOmL =~$(w/v) oo Cl41'11~ ~ f"lf9t~ (ppm) ~ (ppm unit from molarity) Clll'llRlffl = mol/L = (mol ~~ x ~-~'1Pt4 ~) g/L = (mol ~~ x ~-~f'1~4 ~) 103 mg/L =ppm . (tt)'Plf9t~ ~ "1•+111 ~(Percentage unit from ppm) 1ppm=0.0001 % ~ %= ppm/IO' ·t~f'>•~ -e :11141~ .liftt(tct) 1 l.5xl0-2M NaOH~~ppm-e~~~~CRI ~I l.5xl0-2M· NaOH!fCJCt = 1.5x10-2 mol/L !fCfCt = (1.5x10-2 x 40) g/L [M(NaOH) = 40 g/mol] = (l.5xl0-2 x 40 x 103) mg/L'(ppm) ~600ppm(~) ~ 1.5x10-2M NaOH~ = l.5x10-2mol/L~ = (1.5x 10-2 x 40) g/1000 mL !fCfCt = (1.5x1~~2x40) g/lOOmL~ ·= 0.06 g/100 mL ~ = 0.06% !fCfCt (w1v) (~) •llfli(t'I ~I C41if NaOH ~ ~ 400ppm1«'f ~ Ci41'11ftt1St'!S ~ ~7 :11111*"1if I~~' 1 ppm = 1 mg/L ~t. 400 ppm =400 mg/L =0.4 g/L = 0.4 mollL (M =40) 40 =0.01 mol/L = 0.01 M (tft)
- 155. ~J~ft• ~14Ri- ··~ ~~ '1t4t'1 ) 1·~1 M ~ Na2COJ (()11Ni4Uil~)•dR lOOmL~~'R (~~ ~ ~ ~) I ~ 1'00~, ~~ 1 M~0.5 M,0.2M ~O.lM .q-.ai.laUfl~~ 1 '-' I ~· ~ ~ ~ "9tiU ~ft; .lOOmL 11!~ ~ ~'iiftl~ ~I 8 1'00~, ~ (~)~~ 1 MC. S1~~·'ffWtf I C? I ~~ ieP.t ~, S1 1MillaJFI ~ ~ ~ (V1) ${Ct···~ Gil4t~ ~, S2 'Rfiitt (~ 0.5 M, 0.2M '6 0.1 ~) ~ 100mL ~ ~ -.ilt,....,..·ltt1J.. •....,_··-.--------...-------, ~I~~'~ fi:"fl~$~ t .rl- V1S1 = V2S2 -~~·~x~.~·~= lOOmL x Gtl41fiff~ ~.. ~~ .. lOOmL xt11t•l~~ Olt~l,..,1'1ffQ""'leTN"""l'N~-,= 1(1ff~~ ... .....IPl't C 1~ ~>Gl~lm 0.5 M, 0.2 M '<3 0.1 M 'il'iilbilt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~·~ ~~iCllilk:il 50mL, 20mL ~~ 10mL~·CRN~1 lr I ~ 100riiL~~ ~ ~- !f"t ('"f5f)·r.a.9ftfR 9ftfif. ~ CRi 01tlJ ~ 100mL <A I "·<t ~-"ftff ~ RfdHI -e ~~(Acid-Base Neutralisation_Reaction and Neutralisation Point) ~~ '<3 'iqil'SIC4t 11t~ MffiRl41 ~ '<3 9l1f.f ~9fjf "'11 lWfJ ~ ~~ '<3 "'fifff ~ ~ '6 9l1f.f .~ ~ ~ ~ 'i{f I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fi11Giil>t c41iifD'R'<3 ~ 9fRtct"~ ~ ~ I ~m-e-..tt4~~~ "l<t'(IC4~~~1 ~ Pfffile41141 ~ ~m -e "'fitff ~ 91fia,icct 9ft""1cH ~ ~ ~ ~ hm ~ >i°"!'fflC9f ~ '4Cif ~~t. f.Rtt9f111i ~ ~ '<3 ~ ~ "'1~ lf-l1Pf~ ~ I ~- NaOH + HCI ~ NaCl + H20. 40 36.5 ... (i) ppm~ 'ti~~- (~) 3x10-4 M Cu2+· ~ (~) 4.83x10-4 mol L-1 Pb(N03)2 ('1) ~.6 g ~ 3.6 µ g Zn2• (~) 25.0 µ L ~~ 26.7 µg ~ <H> c111wt1fimc!S 11i9f'lft ~ (•) 1.00 ppm Pb2+ (~) lOOppmNaCl~(tt) 18 ppm Ca2+ (11) 98% H2S04 (~i fi"l 1.84) (•) 1.17 etlt"'t~ •~'Rfiitt 100 g 'll...Ulil<JPIR4 ~?Jw ~ 33.4 g l(l...(ljlC9M (JISttl..S ~I •'Tli(t'1 ~ I ~ NaOH ~ ~ 200 ppm~ !l ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 1 ~I~~' 1 ppm = 1 mg/L (w/v) ~~ 200 ppm =200 mg/L =0.2 g/1000 mL =0.02 g/100 mL = 0.02 % (~)
- 156. '~ 'AIJtlfif.14 Jt~4'ACfGl-JCll~ 40 g NaOH Jlif ~ 36.5 g HCI "f"'P!'11it9f ~ ~ f.m9f11fi -q NaCl ~ -e ~ ~9f!J ~ I ~ ~ ~ 51!! " ~ ~ 9f'S1""'1'At:<P ~ ~ct~~~ I ~ 40 g NaOH !Jl~ 36.5 g HCl-'4 "'i'Sl""'1CH ¥rJ ~ ~ ~ 1 Gilfif.14 '!S'(il-J:JtlC'SI ~11Ci1<iR ~ ~ ~ !Jl~ ~ (f~Uiltefi1 ~ (H+) ~~ 'ifil'Slt:<P'SI (l~UilCJtl~5 ~(OH-) ~·~at9flf.f~9f!J~ I~ NaOH + HCI ~ NaCl + H20. Na+ + OH-+ H+ + er ~ Na++ Cl" + H20 '~ Jt~4'A'1 ~ HCI !Jl~ "NaOH ~ ~ lwtJ ~ ~ (40 g NaOH +36.5 g HCI) 91'A""'1C'Sl'SI ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~ct ~~ ~ W Gilfit:-1'51· ~'.'4flt ~ ~ OH- Gilfit:-1'51 'Jtl.~ ~ ~11m "!S'An ~ ~ ~ 9f1fi{ (H20) ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ H+ ~ Oir ~ ~ ~ ~ fi1U11IJt ~9f1Jf ~I ~ .!!"'1ilt:-1'A '{Wf <IPllt 1 5114'M4 ~ 1ft'i!, ~"'111i1C4 ~'.~9f ~ Jt~4'ACf ~ ~ '4ift ~ I ~ H+ +OH- ~ H20 ~~ct~m~~~~~'4ft;~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ <RT ~ , ~m-~ Gilfi'!SR4 f<lc:1lltcttA 11t'fJtlf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cat;tfit~-'ifltfil~ ~ ~ I ~ Gl;lfi!Ns ". 1Pl'Afi1Ns'A ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ cat;tfit~ !Jl~ '1PttR ~ct~~~~ 'lfltfil~ I ~.ct.) 'GMat~ (Titration) _ ~l~~-R ~ Gilfi'!SM4 ~t ~ I 5llfi'!SM4 ~Cf ·!Jl4 !f1rtct ~ ~ Gilfi'!SCii'SI ~ ~'4ft; ~ ~i111l1J1ICS1 ~ ~ ~ "f"'P!~ ~ ~ 9fmf "!St w~ f.ic("'1C4;si '9ff!iN5C'!S ~ ~ 91._.Nst:<P °6~'19' ~ I !Jl~ ~ffilafilfi ~ ~91illilll'A ~ (~~ ~ ~), !f1ltct ~ -e w~ f.ic(111t:<P:a ~cfiletii ~ ~~" ~cfilet~fi ~~ ~ 4f.i411., ~, f9rt~, ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~'41Ti 4M4Jli1 JSn ~~'1,'!S ~~ ~ 5llfi'!St:-1il ~ ~ (!f~ 111iR ~ ~~ ~) C4 ~~ ~ ~ ~ f.141f1'!S<elr;.q - ~ ~~ ~~ ~ <~m ~ ~) Cll't'f <RT~ ~~ ~r·11'!) ~ ~ ~9f ~ a;qctffl'SI ~ ~ ~ "4'At ~ I ~~ ~1Q 'Gt~ilf., CfCl'f I ~ ~ "IJfiTit ~ "f"'P!cfilit9f ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'!STt4 ~ ~ ~ ~~(end point) ~ I ~· ~ 9ff<!;q'691 ~ ~ ~ ~ CRt ~ I Jl'ijfiij' "lt~ MC(Wf4 ~ CRf ~ I ~.ct.~ '51:1-""1ff 'Gl~-ltiffl 'l~f's (Principle of Acid-BaseTitration) ~-~ ~l~W"'1Ci1'SI ~ Wft ~~ l;ft ~ f<lftiMJl'SI 5llfiM4 ~ GllC'llf5'!S ~I •llfl1(PI I ~~ HCI ~~~~~ct Na2C03 ~ 20 mL f.tt~ ~ ~4 4f.141111 ~ f.{ai ~t'i! ~ ~ ~ ~• (Mc(~) Cll't'f CRt ~ 1 ~if9f'if ~ ~ HCl ~ ~ ~ 4M4Jli1 ~ f.1c4'"'1t:<P'SI ~ ~ ~~ ~ WftWf -n ~1lt ~ Cll't'f "4'At ~ I f.1cGf•tC4-sl ~ 91f<l;q'691 ~f~~-1C91tSI ~ ~ ~ ~ I 9fHfC~ - ~ ~ ~ HCI ~ Gilfi'!St:-1'51 9fTi Cite1lt 181' I 'fll-"Datt:-1'51 il~Ns 51iJtlCtSI ~~ ~ 'SllJtl4'M4 f<lfJRl;a OO'f Gil'j9fl~4 ~ ~ ~~ HCI ~ ~ ~ 4Rt ~ 1 Na2C03(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ~ 2NaCl(aq) + C02(g) + H20(l) (3.5) l mol 2 mol )ff
- 157. "~t-.8 ~ '1f1111f.•M11ra11t ~ '*tlt""lfff W"INlt (Interconversion of the Solutions of Different Molar Conentratton) '111'ftt ~ ~- 11N, 1.0 L "lll'lti1'A 1 M NaOH ~ = 1 mol NaOH = 40 g NaOH 1.0 L Gil1'6ti1il 2 M NaOH ~ = 2 rnol NaOH a 80 g NaOH 2.0 L "ll1'6ti1'A 1 M NaOH ~ = 2 mol NaOH a 80 g NaOH ~" ~ ~ "ttff, l.OL2MNaOH!R't = (lx2).L lMNaOH ~ :. 2,V1 S1 = V2 S2 ~~ Na2C03 ~'f C1ltWf ~~ (1) V2S2 ~'f ~ ~~ HCI ~'f C1ftwr ~~ (2) vs, ~'f ~ ~~~I ~~ "ftlffif't MfaMilt ~ ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ ~ 9ft'e11t lll111 ~-.ft~ M~l<a ~ ~ lll11- x.A + yB -----+> ~~ vvs, .= x v2s2 ~~ x ~ Mfih;14 A ~~ y ~ MfaMi4 B ~ii C1ltWf ~~' V1 -e V2 lli'JlaKii A -e B '~'f~(mL)1 S1 'e S2 ¥41IKii A~ B ~1l~(Ciil'11fi~)I 1 2 lxl =-- lx2 '2t v.s.v. s. = V2 S2 'II -- = K V2S2 ~'- w9ftff ~~l('A'I ~- Na2C03 ~~ (V1)x Na2C03~~-(S1) HCI ~ ~ (V2) x HCI ~ ~ (S2) "·t'·" ...,_,.,., ~ ~fiMfi ~ ....ilfill tf'fi1t (Calculation of Concentration of the Solution in Acid-BaseNeutralization Reactions) ~m-llliTff 'Gl-~iifti{ ~~ w~ W -e oir "lllCii'SI ~~~ ~ W9Rf ~ ~ ~ -e ~ ~ ~ ~Rl!5 ~I ell~~~ H+ -e oa l.fl'f ~~~ ~ ~ 1{11, ~~Pf iifft ~~9f ~'QI ~ ~ 'Gl.. t)"'fei{ ~~~ ~ ~ ~4'1C"ti 'lfiU Ciilillffift; ~~ ~ ~ 'Q I ~'f ~ ~' ~ ~ PilftiH14l ~~'1411 ~ Wh ~~ 'f'1i11'14 ~ ~ ~ ~lilRl<si Jlfil!511'"' ,,.,.'Act ~ 9ft'el1t lll111 ~ (3.5) 1>1_,4'<sit'1 1 mol Na2C03 2 mol HCl ~'f ~ ~~9f ~.~I ~ "'11fil GllG-!C-BI 1 '111'ftt Na2C03 2 C'l1"1'f HCI ~'f ~ ~cfilit9f ~ ~ 1 ~ -~ Glllltst'1'il 1 C1l1WfR HCI ~ 0.5 ~ Na2C03 ~ 'Jif1rfWU 1 ~ (3.5) Jlf~4'Sltct ~~l~'f $ ~- 1 C11tWJ Na2C03: 2 C1ltWf HCl I ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '1'firr CRAf ~ ~~ Jlf~•:act t9f~ CRt lll111 ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ (S) ~ "lll!5Ci1'A (V) Wiil! ~"fro! "tRI~~ ~ I ~ 1 v oc - s ~ V = K _!_ (K = "lli"tlf%4 ~) ~ VS = K s I
- 158. "11"21 ~ I30 cni3 HCI !Rt't 20 cm3 0.5 M Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ !f<q'1f't4 >t°1_"ftit9f ~ ~ 20 cm3 0.1 M NaOH ~ ~Uiletii ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~? "'l~NM I 20 cm3 0.5 M Na2C03 ~- = I0 cm3 I .O M Na2C03 ~ =20 cm3 I.OM NaOH ~ [2NaOH+C02----+ Na2C03 + H20] ~ 20cm3 O.IM NaOH ~ =2 cm" I.OM NaOH ~ NaOH ~ '1($·~, V8 =· (20+2) cm3 =22 cm3 NaOH ~~' S8 =I.OM HCI ~~,VA= 30cm3 ~ I 40 mL NaOH ~ ~t4'1WM ~ I H2S04 ~~'SA =1.0M. H2S04 ~~'~A =50mL NaOH -~~' Sa =2.5M NaOH~~ Va=? H2S04 + 2Na0H ----J Na2S04 + 2H20 ~~ ·t~f'5• "'1PU't ~ Jtill"1if . tifl$"1) I 500 mL Gil'4!St:-1'A ~ 49 g H2S04 ~ ~ I h ~ 50 mL 'Pffi111'1t4 IO% NaOH ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ NaOH ~ ltC'41~i1 ~7 ~1500mL~H2S04 ~ 49g 49x1000 .·. IOOO mL ~ H2S04~ = 98 g = I.O mol 500 H2S04 ~~~=I.OM 10% NaOH !PfCt lOOmL ~~~ lOgNaOH lOxIOOO :. 1000 mL ~ct~~ g NaOH = 100 g NaOH 100 100 ~~ NaOH ~~ ~ = - = 2.5 M (~ NaOH ~~ ~'1M419 = 40 g/mol) . 40 ~1'1 ~ Mfibi4Jl<si >i~4<siC~ ~ 500 mL 0.5M NaOH ~ = (500x 0.5) mL IM NaOH ~ = 250 mL IM NaOH ~ ~ 500 mL 0.5 M NaOH ~ ~ ~ct (10 g) '.NaOH ~- ~ ~ NaOi-I 250 mL I M NaOH ~ ~ 1 'l"fll'- a L GIHN>Ci1'A b M~= (axb) L Gil4'!Stii'A 1 M ~ Clt a mL Gil4''!Ci1'A b M !F1't = (ax b) mL Gfl41!St:-1'A I M ~ •'fli(t't 1500 mL 0.5 M H2S04 = (500x0.5) mL IM H2S04 !R't- = 250 mL IM H2S04 ~
- 159. f.lt!f <R g40mLO.SMH2so., 35mL2MH2S04 ~~ lOmL IM H2S04 ~ ~~ <IStl ~ 9t1fit' ~-.ti 2SO ml, ~ ~-1 fir$cRI ~ ~r ~~ct~~ H2S04 ~1 rift a 0.4 M, 9.8g H2SO 4 ] e.~ llf11ft-~iflt'f ~faHll (Oxidation-Reduction Reactions) . ~~'.--f 'Sll:>tl41M4 MfJ1a411~ ~-~ RffiRn I <2il~i141'1 ~ "etRfct-~ct Mfu1-41l<sl ~ wr ~ 1 9Jli1IM<s1 ~ l.!l'41t '9fTiCt RffiRn 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Ci1t$ ~ (3 ~ ~ ~ '4itt ~ ~ ~ RffiRn ~~~I ~ ~~ l.!l ~ RffiRn ~ Mttil·~ ~~91,cf ~ ~ I -~'Wf -1!Sl~C<! 91'51~1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ti~JlJ% ~ ~· ~-~ RffiRn ~ ~ ~ ti~JlJ6 ~ I ~-Remtct l.!l~ MfJ>411'SI ljfit ~'.'Wf I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttit ~I ~ ~-Metl'Sl'f Mffi1;41IC4 ~ Redox ~ ~ 1 ~ (Redox) ~ ~~ ~'Wf Red ~m ~ Reduction~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9fif ~'-f Ox ~11t ~Oxidation~ C'«4, 1lm ~ ~ 1 "·~.) lltRA-Rwtt't RfMlt ~ 'f11l'tt (Classical Concept of Oxidation-Reduct-ion Reaction) : ~ MffiR141 Gi~cet91 en ~ ••~ 00-r <tt ~ ~ ~ '4M ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ Cft t<J~Qi1Cet91 Cft ~ C4M ~-~ ~ Cft ~ 00'1 C'«4 ~91:>tlRlb ~ ~ MWRIC4 ~ RffiRn ~ I ~ ~) etftlCwttifil ~~ C(s)+02(g) ~ C02(g), 2H2(g)+02(g)~2H20(g) HCl~~,SA=? VASA =VB SB V S 22xl SA= B B =--=0.733M=HCl~~~(~] VA 30 15'1@'1" I 10 g Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ ~ 500 mL ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 50 mL ltl'I' ~ t;f~c'Q~ ;imJ c-111 ~ c~ 0.1 M HCl l.!lif 10 mL <2tC4lleti1 ~ h Na2C03 ~ C5etl"1'SI ~~~CR I ~ I 2HC1 + Na2C03 ~ 2NaCl + C02 + H20 ~ ~' VASA= 2VsSs en Sa= VASA = 10 x 0.1 = 0.01 M 2VB 2x50 ~~ HCl l.!lif ~' VA = 10 mL Na2C03 ~'VB = 50 mL HCl l.!lif~, SA =0.IM Na2C03 ~SB=? ~'ettf.{, 1000 mL 1.0 M ~ Na2C03 ~ 106 g 500 mL 0.01 M ~ Na2C03 ~ 106x:~~;O.Ol g = 0.53 g OSetlCi'l'SI ~ct = (10 - 0.53) g = 9.47 g :. ~ = 9.47xl00.= 94.?% [~] 10
- 160. .Cl2 (g) +Na(s) ~ NaCI(s)., HgC12 (s) +Hg(/)~ Hg2Cl2 (tt) etftlCiM ~9f~l'A'1 ZnO(s)+C(s) ~ Zn(s) + CO(g) ('f) ·~ '1lttr9M"tl'A'1 FeC13 (g) + SnC12 (aq) ~ FeC12 (aq) + SnC14 (aq) ~~~~WIT~ )j~ ~I~~ cllM ~~~~~~~I etl<si4lt ~ MetlKt!5 ~ I ~ cllM ~ ~ ~ ~~ Metl<si4 I ~~ ..met-~ Mflbaill<si ~~ )1~4<si'f ~~9f g ~ (1) +Metl<si4 (1) ~ Metl<si4 (2) + ~ (2) 1 ·~ ~ (1) Pletl<si4 (1)@ ~ ~ ~ (2) ~9f:f ~ ~~ f.rolf Metl<si4 (2)-~ ~ ~ I ~ 2 FeC13 (aq) + SnC12 (aq) ~2FeC12 (aq) + SnC14 (aq) ~ (1) Metl<si4 (1) Metl'S14 (2) ~ (2) ~~ MffilaSllSI ~ (1) Retl<si4 (2)-~ ~~ Metl'S14 (1) ~ (2)-~ ili"11'8Kt!i ~I ~~ ~ lll1l ~, ~-Metl<si'f ~ ~9f~~ (simultaneouslyj vdt I • ~.~.~ llffillt-~ifl11'1 ~fiHIAI ~'1411~• ~ ~ ~ (Electronic Concept of Oxidation- Reduction Reactions) ~ ~ RlfJRilil ~ "t<silll'".til 1100 l:CilcQCii<si ~~ ~ ~ C1lt'f • ~ !5IC'1<siC4 -.fflCt-~ifFll't ~ ~ ~ I H2(g) + Cl2(g)---.2HCl(g) (3.1) liflt~ ~ H ~ Cl "Iii 1100 ltwt~-=1-~if ~~ 'llt'fftlf HCI C1lt'1 • ~ I ~ ~ MffiH1m ~-~~ 1 (6.1) MtiiRll H ~Cl~~~~ lcif4lf-=1 O'AIR~ Cl~'$ ~4!S<si. ~ ?<tfiic'IHi w-1J "I ...,.,40..._~ ~11f ~ ~ ~ I ~ "!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (~) ·~ c1"tlli ~(C'lliM Na(g) + Cl2 (g) ~ NaCI(s), (tt) ·~~(C'lllM FeS04 (aq) + H2S04 (aq) + H202 (aq) ~ Fe2 (S04)3(aq) + 2H20 Zn(s) + H2S04 (aq) ~ ZnS04 (aq) + H2(g) .,.., <") -:i-.r.aic.M ~9f~l'A'1 HCI(aq) + Mn02 (g) ~ MnCf2 (aq) +C12 (g)+H20(g) ~ MMa~llSI ~l...(lilcet-=i Cft ~ ~-~ ~ Cft ~ ~ ·~ ~ Gl~cet-=1 Cft ~ ~-·~ ~ Cft ~ ~'Pi>ilKt!5 ~ ~ MfalaSllC4 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~) -ICiM ~(C'lliM Cl2(g) + H2 (g) ~ HCI(g), 02 + 2H2 ~ 2H20. oo ·~ C1lfwr ~(CCiliM
- 161. Na+ Cl ---..+Na+·+CI-=NaCl (~-~) w~ MNMll41 ~ •c'l«<'G111 ~ ~, ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~91'AfPtC<P·~ MNMl141 CJtlNi411il ., .. ~i1 'bJt'1 ~ I ~~ CJtlNi411~ ~ Metl'Si<P I 'ifli(t'°t 1-. I 0, F, Cl, Br, KMn04, K2Cr207, CuS04 ~ I R•tt-1• 1 Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Na2C204, Na2S203, KI~ 1 "·"'·8'ifhl't~~ (Oxidation number) ~-Meti'Slct PlfJR111 -"'1~Ci1'SI '(lii1NH Jtf1<P!51~ "liaql~Ci1il 1lfiU 91'Slitl~fiff wttilCt ~ ~ ~ "<Pft ~ I ~ -0'1~Ci1'Si t)ii11'CIBI Wfflelc~ ~ lltll ~ llITTft-Mlfl'Slct ~ ~ ~ ~91 .. l<i{'6 ~~I~~~~ C<Pti PlfJH<P ~ ~ ~ ~ HetlHb. ~ ~ MfdHtft; ~ ~-~ ~ w.n '6l ~ ifff I ~ l!tT1ft ~~ ~ 4'ti ~-~ ~ ~ 4Rt. ~ I ~ '1ltttt ~ 1lfhltif di.tit "l"tiif1t ~ ~iiit-Jcelll A '"*'D~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ "Wr 1(tif"'~ •* ~Qtif."ltatf1t 1llRl't ~ .n ~I ~ ~~ ~~ 1111il1':tC'6 ~ ?ct'{J~4 ~ ~ ~ ">il.~ ~ ~ 9fm I ~ NaCl~Na~it~">ll.~+11 ~~·+'~~~~~~ '1'~'5tef~~I ~~ PffJMl141 Cl-~ l:c114Q91 ~ ~ ~~ H-~ ~il~i1 l;R ~ 1 ~ ~~ l:c11~c111<s1 "1_~ ~v-n1· · ~ Na -e Cl2 -~it 'll't'fl MNMll41, 2Na(s)+C12(g)~2(Na+ +cl-) (s) ~ (3.2) Na ~ ~4 'S:c11cM;91 ~ ~~ Cl ~ ~4 l:c11«<'Gi1 ~ ~ 1 llTil lfCl'I' ~ Na+ -e er ~ • ~ 1 (6.t) -e (6.2) hl1 PffJRl141 ~ Yl'Slill'.tca 11t'fl •c11~ci1t ~~ (exchange)~ 1 ~~ ~·~-~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ cifM ~ 'll't'fl ~~-ell, (6.1) MttiRll41.Ci1«<'GCi1'51 ~ v-n; ~ (6.2) MfaRI~ •c11Cftfiei1'A ~~I ~ ~ ~ MfuHlii ~ '9tt1't-Metl'AC'RI ~~ ""-• .!ftm't ~ '9fiU ~ ""'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I l:c11«<'Gf4<P ~ !Sl~'>ilcca, ell 'AIJtl41f4<P MffiRll41 ~ ~' 'l"<P ~ ~ ~il~i1 ~ ~ ~~ ~it~~~'~~~~~~~ ~OT9f~ ~~'ltttct~ I ~ell t1"1141M<P MffiRll41 ~ ~, 'l'f<P·~ ~ •c11c1Gi1 ~~~~~it~~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ $f ~ ~ ~ Dt"ef~ 9fm ~~~I~~- ~ PlffiMll41 ~~ •c11<1Qci1<s1 ~~ ~ ~ •c114QCi'f'SI ~ v 1 ~ (6.2) MffiRIH1 ~ ~ CJtlfts4ilil ~ ~~ CJtlfts4ilii ~ ~ Metlktb ~I~ (6.2) .91~"<P'Sitl'f --Na~ Na++e- (~) ci-.e: ~ 9- (~) ~ C:>tlfts4ilil ~'l ~ ~~ ~"<Pfft •cil«<'Gi1 lfti{ ~I ~~ ~ ~ •c'1~i1 lifM ~~~ ~ ~ 1'til~i1 ~'t I ~~ ct'lt ~ 11iti't-~ MfJHl41 1'ti1~Cii1il (tii11'5i51 ~ I "·"'·"-. ~ R•rt• (Oxidizing and redu~ins asents) a ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ Mffila411t ')11Rf •c11«<'Gi1 ~ "<PCf ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ C<P-. ~ ~ 1 ~' ell~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~fJHI~ ')11Rf .,'1~i1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ C<P R•l'I• ~I ~ Na-~Na++e- (~) ci-e: ~ er (~)
- 162. ~ .2 Cu+(aq)-----+ Cu2+(aq) + Cu t t ~ll:CilCetil 1111t5f'§lf~'5C4 ~ ~ ~ '6 Gt1'fCetil ~ ~ I ~~ H202 ~ "4ffttttCi1'51 ~ ~'tfJT -1 I "4fi!CttCil'51 (02) 1JTI1Ct 'Jft.-.nt ~· 1 H202 ~ "4fi!cetCil'Si ~ ~~ -I ~ ~ C9ftlr ~ ~ I "!flt'. ~$ ~~ ~ ~ I ~ H202 ~ 'dlfi!Cetc;i1'51 '9fmct ~'tfJT -1 ~ ~ C9ftlr H20~ -2 ~I~" ~it~~~ ~I ~~ M~4 ~ (H202)~ctrl'.'>tltilf '9ITTt't '6 ~ ~I ~1i9f ~-~ MfJRilC4 et'ilitiPU+Act~ (disproportionation reaction) ..n ~ 1 "GI!~~' C4R ~ ~-~ Mffil;fllfl 1'f1lfi ~ ~, ~~ Mffi1afl4 ~ ~4l:'>t1Ci4 ~ '6 ~~I~~ lfm, ~ cu+~~~ I ~it ~g~<elCq·~ ~ ~~ ~ Cu2+ ~ ~~ bleft:'& Cu~~ I ~fft'6 ~°41t ~(1)1)4'51'1~1 •-------- 2H20 + 02 t I $1lCt ';Jf. Cll"" (~) CH3CHO+[O] ---.-+CH3COOH~~~~I ('ft) CaO(s) + S02(g) ~ CaS03(s)>~~-fattBM ~ -.:m· 1 ~·: fil ·~··~ ~lltti'f 'Jft.~·~·~ ~·~I ~ ~c.t1' ~~~~~~fir f.m1f ~· ~ ~ ~ 511Ci'llf5'!5 ~ ~'ITTT ~~ 511Ci'llbi11 ~ ~ ~ I ~lfi '>tllCCJI., ~ ~ ~ C~il'>tC~'A ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ H2, 02 N 2 Cl2 - ~ df1'1'>tC~'51 ~~~~I C~il'>tt( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <tti'!f§ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I H - Cl~ ~ ~~ '>tllCCJI~ ~ ~ I H 9Rflll'l Cl ~'l ~9f111it ~~ ~-~ 1 ~'- ~ ~~ '1~ ~ ~ ~m ~ ~, H 9Rflll'l ~~ l:c11cfia~ !Jr't ~ ~~ Cl 9Rflll'l ~~ l:Ci1c«D~ ~ct ~ I ~ H ~~ ~ ">t't.~ +1 ~~ Cl ~~ ~ ..,,.'-~--11 C02 ~ ~ ~~ wn O=C=O 1 ~~ 41;(c91:g ~ ~ Gif~cetii ~'l N-~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 9Rflll'l "4fiitceti1 ~~ cmr ~~ ~- ~' ~ ~ 51filtCeti1 91'51111~ ~ ~~ -2 ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ">t't.~ +4 I ~-~ MffiRIC4 ~ ~ ~ ''"'C-1) "{f~. ~ '~ ~ct-~ct +-irM.....ffila..._..41_1'A ">t't~ ~- ~ ~ ~ I ~ Mffi1afJlfJ MffilafJC4'Si ~ ~~ ~ ')l't,~ ~ 1lftt't ~~ ~ 91'51111~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ell ')!'Cl ~ C4R ~~ MffilaflC4'51 C4R ~~ 9l<a111~ ~ ~~ ~ 9tRr ~~ ~ Mfa1a414 ~ ~ Mffi1afl4 ~ C4R ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~ 9fm '!SIC'1'SiC4 llftt't-~ifl11'1~ (f'l1~ I
- 163. Fe2+ + -t +2 ... +7 +3+2 Mno- + H+ ~ Fe3+ + Mn2+ + H 0. t 4 t 2 ~ Mf~l~'6·~~~~91~~~~~H'60~~ CaTI'1"11£<A'A ~ ~ ~ ~ I . Metl'Si<ii ~ tiiC41l$l~41 ~~ l:Cil~ii ~ ~~ lJttff ~ ~ tiiC411if~41 ~~ l:Ci1~i1 Cllt'f ~ ~ I . Clll't<rnt, Na+ Cl ~Na+ er (~-~~) ~-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~-~ "1~4<aCcm ~ ~ llt1r I~-~ ~ ~ Yf14if?!C4 ~---C"1~i1 ~ ~ ~ I Cli1lf ~ 1'cil~i1-""-"6t = ~ ~ ~-""-~ I ~ ~-~ ~ "1il!l<P'SIC'f'A ~ I ~.C.) 11ft.r-R•lt'1 RfilMllt "1~+11'1 "114il~lf (Balanctna the Equations of Redox Reactions) ~-~ Mffi1a41141 ~ '9ftff '6 M$ll'A4 ~ ~ct 't"f"irr ~ ~ I ~ 't~ ~ ~ '6 ~~ 1lf't ~-~-~ MfJlalll'A ~ R~ ~ I ~~~fir~~ 1lf't ~ ~~I~ (~) "1~4'51C't'A~ ~ ~~~""-~~~~I (~)~~~~ ~ Gil41M4 "1~4'A'19ft'61nllm~ MftiR4'6~9(lm$f ~~~I (~)~ ~( P1fu1-11141 ~ ~~ l:cil~i1 ~~~ct-~ P1f"J>11111 ~ ~ 'Jf~~ l:Ci1~i1 ~ct~~I (8)~. ~ ~ 1'1~ ~ '51 M<At>iil ~ ~ I ~ M~l'A "1~4'A'1 ~ ~ ~ ~Yf~! tiltC4 ~ fiQ etlt~• 'l~ff1 (redox ionic equation) (fCl'f 1 ~~ ~ '6 Mifl'A4 ~ 54141M4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~if l.!l~Yf iil~4'A'1 ~1~"1~4'Act~~~~~~~'tthft~~~~I ~ ~ (Ion-electron method) I "11'11"iP~Ri4 ~ ~ ~ "11'1ClPU ~ ~ "iUIPllllil ~i1lti4t°G'A Mf°JRlfflC<ii ~l'fl~*f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tft9f GllC'1lbi11 ~ ~ I FeS04 + KMn04 + H2S04----+> Fe2 (804)3 + MnS04 + K2S04 + H20 ~ ~ I Mffi1tillfflC4 Gil41M4~C9flf4T1't '4iN ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~fir~~~ 1 ~ ~fitt4 ~ ~ ~ 1 -.t1't ~ P1fa1a41141 ~~ct cmr 'ilt 1 Fe2+ +so;- +K+ +Mn<J4+2H+ +sa2- ----+2Fe3+ +3so;- +Mn2+ +so;- +2K+ +so;- +H20 ~ e, C 11ft.r-R•lt'1 "f( RfilHll (Oxidation-Reduction Half Reactions) ~-~ ~ liJTt ~~"t-f ~ I Metl'A4 l:C'1~i1 !Jl't ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 1lf1tct ~ ~ ~ 1 ~Yf'A~C4, ~ l:Cil~ii ~ct cmr fin MetlHN> ~ 1 ~"'4 R•lt'1 ~ ~ ~ 1 M•l'A4 ~ l:Cdl~ii ~'t ~ ~ '!T ~ct cmr 1 ~ C"11~411ll '(3. <JPIRlti4'A ~-u ~ ~ ~, ~ C"11Ni411il ~ ~ I ~ff; ~ct ~( ~ I ~ 9Rflll'i_ ~ l:Cil«aii ~ct ~ CJPl'All:S ~ ccr)-~ MetJRI! ~ 1 ~n;~ct ~( ~ 1 Na~ Na++ e (~~(~) Cl+ e ~ Cl" (~~(~)
- 164. 5Fe2+ + MnO~+SH+---+ 5Fe3+ +Mn2+ + 4H20. ~ "19f I h1f ~ ~ ~ 9t'iiiil~ ~~ ~~ '11$ ~ <.lit'1*1''1 ~ ~ ~ l llfif MfJRlftt'! ~ ~~ ~ ~4 ,,-r~ 91cf ""-~ ~. -et'f ~ ~ ~ ~cm. ~~~9f~~I 9'tii!1t ~ I 5 Fe, Mn, 40, SH h1J ~ ~ ~~ I Sx(+2) + lx(-1)+8x(+l) =+17. Sx(+3) +Ix (+2)=+17 ~ 9ft'IR '6tef = ~ 9ft1IR ~ ~~~ ~~- 6il41M4 >i~4'A'~ ~- 5 Fe2+ + Mn04 + 8H+---+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H20 ~ >i~4'AC't'il ~~(spectator ion) Cllt'f ~ 91cf~ >i~4'A'f 9fl'e1lt ~I 5 Fe804 + KNn04 + 4H2804 ---+Yi Fe2 (804)3 + Mn804 + 4H20 +Yi K2804 -n, 10Fe804 +2KMn04 + 8H2804 ---+5 Fe2 (~04)3 +2Mn804 +K2804 +8H20. l"fl@ct ~ I ~ !rfC't ""'1ffh~ MfJRI~ ~·--0'1~91 9tiJfi~C!S ~ ~ ~ I 12 + Na28203 ~ Na28406 +Nal ~I ~ "19f I 12 + 2Na+ + 820i- ~2Na+ + 840~- +Na+ -r ~ 'fM I~ ~fir Gi~pi'A'1 ~ h1r ~ Mffil;!Jl41 H 'e 0 ~if~~~ I ~)·~llfin H20 ~ H+ ~~~I (i) elf ~~fir 0 ~ulleM ~~™fir H20~ ~ ~ ~~ R~ 9fttaf Met ~~H+~~~I (ii) elf ~ H~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cfil'f~fi ""-~ H+ ~ ~ ~ I (~)...-tlRf~'WPrr H20~ OH-~~~I (i) elf ~~fir H ~Cfileti1 ~ ~ H20 ~ ~~ R->l~!S ~ ~ ""-~ OH- ~ ~~I (ii) elf~ 0 ~Cfileti1 ~ ~ ~O~if "9ti1J l{1Tt oa: ~~ R~ ~ ~~ H20 ~~~I ~"((~1 Fe2+-e-~Fe3+ ~ifltct "((~I Mno:; +SH++se----+ Mn2+ +4H20 <•ijCt't) • aCfCt ~ H20 ~~ H+ ~ ~ H -e 0 ~if~~~ I ~ ~ I ~ ~ MfiJHIC4 ~ "".'4flt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MftiMJl'A ~ ~il<fil:ii1 ""-'4flt~~M~lfi ~ ~il<fil:ii1 ""-'4flt~~ I~~~·~ ClfM~~ I "1t't"((~ I 5Fe2+ -se----+ 5Fe3+ ~ifttct "((~I Mn04 +SH++5e- ---+Mn2+ +4H20 Fe2+ -e- ---+Fe3+ Mno:; +se----+ Mn2+ +402-
- 165. f+IRl 'ft9t I ~~(RfuRrts r -2e- ~12 ~ ~'RfuRrt 8 Cr20~- + 6e- ~Cr3+ ~'ft9tl ~.~RfuRrt 8 21--2e- ~12 ~ ~RfuRrt 8 era;-+ se + 14H+ ~ 2Cr3+ + 7H20. .'ft9t I ~~~ s·21, 4S, 60 ~9flt1(~ I ~~ 8~9f'lfi 0+2x(-2)=-4 • ~ 9f1lfi 2x(-1) + (-2) =-4 ~ 9fC'iR ~ = ~ ~ Dt9f ~~~ PJQ-t4lffl<si ~ !ft~ ~lt4M<P 1i9f ~- 12 + 2S20i- -----+ 21 -+~40~- ~ ~ ~'1M<P 1it9f ~ '<Pirtlf 't~<P<si~ -- 12 + 4~Na2S2Q3 -----+2Nal + Na2S406 ..,l"f(t't ~ I • ~ YfTJIPtf41af l6~CIJF1CajG ~ ~IC4'1S~l6 ~ M~l'A )f~<P~ ~ ~ I K2Cr207 + H2S04 +KI-----+ Cr2(S04)3 + K2S04 + H20 + 12 ~·~ 'ft9t I 2K++ Cr20~-+ 2H++so~-+ K+ + 1- ~2Cr3+ +3So~- + 2H++so~-+ H20+12 . ~ + t Cr20;- + 2H+ + I - ----+ Cr3+ + H20 + 12 + + ~ f+IRl 'ft9t I ~ ~• RfuRrt s 2s2oi- ~ S40~- + ze: ~~ RfuRrt s l2+2e-~21- ~'ft9t I , ~~RfuRrt s 2s2oi-~s40~-+2e- ~ ~RfuRrt s 12 +2e- ~2r_ t +2.5 r + S40~- + + +2 12 + S20i- +
- 166. e,C.~ '8'111'1~• Rc:iwtt't~-~iflt't RffiHllt ~ (Use of Redox Reactions in Volumetric Analysis) ~ ~ Metl'514 ~ ~ ~ llt'fl ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t.cn ~ ~ 11'41f%C4 Qct-~wtltct 'G~*'I~ Cftl'f I ~ ~ Metl'514 ~ ~~ytff%4 (stoichiometry) ~ '511"1141M4 ~ wrn I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~"4$ Metl'A4 ~ ~ :>fll'!Sl'f'!S (balanced) '511"1141M4 "1~4'51'f Glf>llCJI Ull:~"fif Mf?a;41141 ~llf Ciro I -00 ~' ~ ~ Metl'514 ~ '511"1141M4 "1~4'51'11U ~9f 8 x~+yRietl'514 ~ ~~ ~~, x ~ y~ ~ ~ ~ Metl'514 '~~~ tfft~,~~~ =V1 Metl'514~~= V2 '9fTff ~ ~ =S1 Metl'A4 ~ ~ = S2 "ltff Yi'TIC~ (~ x ~) ~ ~ ~-~~ ~~~, Metl'A4 ~ (~ x ~) = Metl'514 ~ ~-~~ ~ v181 = x 1 ~l: .,,~.f't ~ ~ ~ ~ Riet1<S1'4'A ~en~ f.ffir~ llm 1 V2S2 y (~) Cu S04 +KI ~12 +Cu212 + K2S04 (.r} FeS04 +K2 Cr201<+ H2S04-----+ Fe2 (804)3 + K2 S04 + Cr2 (S04)3 + H20 (tt) KMn04 + H2S04 + H202------+ K2S04 + MnS04 + 02 + H20 (lf) KMn04 + .H2S + H2c;o4 ~K2S04 + MnS04 + H20 + s 9*J-rt9r I sr t Cr20;~ + 14H+ ~ 312 + 2Cr3+ + 7H20 ~~~8 61, 2Cr, 70, 14H (~~~) ~~ g 6x(-1)+1x(-2)+14 x (+1) = +6 {Cft11 ~) 3x0+2x(+3)+7x0=+6 {~~) ~ 9ft1IR ~ = ~ 'Pft'lR ~ ~ ~~ Gil41M4 "'~4;a'f1U ~- 6 r + Cr20;- + 14H+ ~ 312 + 2Cr3+ + 7H20 ~ ~ Cllt~ ~ ~ctff; ~- K2 Cr207 + 7 H2S04 + 6KI-----+ Cr2 (S04)3 + 4K2S04 + 7H20 + 312 ·~I~~~ s 6r-6e- ----+312.(3 '$t~ct~). ~~~I 8 CrO~-+6e- + 14H+ -----+ 2Cr3+ + 7H20 61- + Cr20;- + 14H+ -----+ 312 + 2Cr3+ + 7H20.
- 167. Cl2 + 2KI• ) 12 + 2KC1 2Na2S203 + 12 -----+ Na2S406 + 2Nal ~ ~ ~1.£1~, 2 mol Na2S203 = 1 mol 12 = 1 mol Cl2 2 mol Na2S203 = 1 mol Cl2 1000 mL2M Na2S203 ~ = 71 g Cl2 40 mL 0.075 M Na S 0 ~ = 7lx40xO.O?S = 0.1065 g Cl2 2 2 3 IOOOx 2 25 mL ~ Cl2 ~ 0.1065 g 400 mL~ Cl ~ O.l065 gx400 =1.704 (~) • 2 25 g g vi= KMn04 ~~= 100cm3 S1=KMn04~~=~? X = K.MnO4 .~if C11T'f-~'4flt = 2 V2 = H202 ~~= 25 cm" S2 = H202 ~~= 0.003M y = H202 ~if C11T1f-~'4flt = 5 l'fli(*1 ~ .1 3.04 g ~ _111,!il'A (Ca(OCl)Cl) CCJ ~ M•ill"'~ '4tf 400 cnr' ~ ~ <Rt~ I "l ~ Cv.tt4 25 cm3 ~CJft 4M4Jli11 ~ f.ft11 ~ GINsffl'& KI Cllt"f ~ ~ GllC!JINsiit4 tH(clillf"ii ~ 0.075 M C>tlNs!Jlli ilJIC~l>tl'1ClP'G ~ 40 cm' "lftt"f 1 ~t. 911,!ilC'SI (JISIAeii'A ~ ~ ~ I ~I V1S1 x --=- V2S2 y 10xS1 2 --~= 25x0.003 5 ~ S1 = 0.003 M (~) 2MnO; +so~- + 16H+ -----+ 2Mn 2+ + 502 + 8H20 w~ GllJJM4 >t~4'Rct~ . 2 mol K.Mn04 = 5 mol H202 ~~ "l~ KMn04 + H202 + H2S04 -----+ K2S04 + MnS04 + H20 + 02 ~~ l_(Mn04 ~~ 1Jftf4 '6 H202 Metl'R4 ~I ~~(~ t so~--toe- ----+502 ~~~g 2Mn04+10e-+16H+ ~2Mn2++8H20 )~ •t~~~"~ llitr..tct ) I~ >tl.,fip~qs ~ '11ft~c<!> 0.003 M H202 "lif 25 Cm3 ~ ~ ~ <Rt"! 10 cm? GIHNSC91'R KMn04 ~«iC!JltM~ I K.Mn04~ Cllt'fRl~~CR' I ~I ~1't Mffil;!Jl'R >t~•:a'11t ~
- 168. e.lr ~of~ (Indicators) Ul~ci"'1i141Ci1~ 1it~ W~ ~ ell ~ ~ ~ 9iRl<1<tQ1'R ~ Ul~ci"'1Ci1'R ~ ~ ~ 'PUf~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ctf"I• ~ 1f.lc5f~~~1 ~- ~.1 ~~-~ f.tc~·~ ~1 ~-~ f.tc~~ ~ 1 9iRlc"'ttllct file~~ ~' ~ "fet9, ~ etti ~ ~~-~ f.lc5fat4 1 ~i1t ~~-~ UI~~~ ~ ~ 1 Sl~fipifl~i1GtJlfili1 ~-~ ~ UI~~~ ~ ~ ~ (~ "'f'GlfJrnlil ~CR I 2.5 g 'elJftiff ~~ ~ 181 (Sn+Zn+Cu) ~ HN03 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ (i) ~ ~ffilt4ll'R ~ ytf<l;q~ ~ I (i) 3Cu(s)+8HN03-----+ 3Cu(N03)2(aq)+2NO(g) (ii) 12 (aq)+ 2s20;-(aq) -----+ 2r (aq) +S40~-(aq) (iii) 12(aq) + 2s20;-(aq) ~ 2r (aq)+S40~-(aq) (4) Ci) ~ (iii) NRIHtt 1K'fl ~/~fir '9ITTf't-~ RraFmr (~O ~ u1~c'a~~ Mclfat4 ~~~? ("f) Cu2+ ~ ~ 250 mL ~ ~9ijf "4IC411NM uftciiifil ~ 0.100 mol L-1 1qififlatl'SI iltlCfil:>tl'lCq'G~ 30.0 mL ltCfiltlfif ~ I 'f~4iR 1- (i) 141Uil'fli1C¥rJ Na2S203 ~ ~ ·C1ftWf l.fll: 'Gll:di~ ~ ~1 t (ii) 250mLCu2+ ~acftct~~.cu2+ ~7 (iii) -.9ftml ~ ~ct~? 5Fe2+ + Mn04 +. 8H+ ~ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H20 w~ "4141M4 :>t~4'Sl'f ~ 5 molFe " = 1 mol Mn04 1 mol KMn04 = 5 mol FeS04 1000mL1 M KMn04 ~ = 5 mol-~'l Fe 48.5 mL 0.025 M KMn04 ijCf't = 0.025 x 48·5 x 5 x 56 g = 0.3395 g Fe 1000 C'SISflCi1'R ~ct = (0.36-0.3395) g =0.0205 g C'SetlCi1'SI ~ ~ct = 0.0205x100 = 5.69 (~) 0.36 lllf lil.'1'1 ~ I ..,.,:>tl11fip~f<14 ~~ 0.36 g ~ ~-. ~ ~ !R ~ ~ ~~ Jii<i'1UC<15 ~ffi9f ~ ~ 0.025 M 1'1NJillil!l'SI KMn04 ~ 48.5 cm3 ~ ~C{Jll9fi1 ~ I ~~ CeetlCil'R ~ct~~~~ I ~I ~1'l f.ielf(ai{Jl'SI :>t~4~'tefir~ Fe + H2S04 ~ FeS04 + H2 FeS04 +KMn04 +H2S04 ~Fe2.(S04)3 +K2S04 +MnS04 +H20 "l9fm't -e ~ ~(~ct 8 . ~~(~ 8 5Fe2+ ~ 5Fe3+ +5e- ~~~ 8 Mn04 +5e- +8H+ ~Mn2+ +4H20
- 169. . ~~~~'~ .~~~~~'<3~~-~ ~~ 9iRl<1<tc--i<si ·1ft~ u1-<:Q'1ci'l'A ~~en 1~m.<1S·~ emf 1 ~~ ~ ~' ~ ~ u1-c:'fA"1c;;i<s1 ~t.<1S f.mJ '4M ·~ "lf?!>Rl'8 ...m ~ 1ft1Utll c<rr'l ~ ~ ~qt. ~ ~ en ~ ~• ~ TH'-'1i"1lil<si ~t.<1S M'ftJ41"1 ~ ~ ~~-~ ~ ~ ~~cf~ 1 ~'- Mc(-r-. ~ ~ ~~-~ ~ Mfu1a{Jl{J ipmt.<1S en ~ ~ ~ ~ ~41cf ~ 1 !ll ~ ~ ~ YiRl<11~1 ~ ul-t:'rA-r-l (conductometric titration) en ~ Ullt:'rA~ (potentiometric titration) ~iilM'! ~, l1T artG~ill'!lc<i u1l:t:rA"1c-.<si ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~.lr.) ~ ~ ~-"'1ff lJ"c'G-tc-.11 ~-. ~tlf-1• (Suitable indicators for different types of acid-base titrations) ~) ~ ~ ~ ~"litff 'l~"li1 I~ ~m ~ ~ ~ Ul~<:'fi~ l1'fJ ~ Cft ~ ~pH Yf~<i691 ~ ~~~ 4 -10 9fW ~I 'IWf ~~pH~ Yf~)'fC'H llt'fl ~ ~ MC(-14 ~ Yf~<i'6Ci1 ~ ~ ~~- ~ 1Jt~{:Q'1Ci1'SI VMJ W~ I ~ (3.2) ~ oAl llt'V, ~ ~9 (pH ~ 3.2 - 4.5), ~ ~ (pH ~ 4.5 - 6.3), ~ cti (pH ~ 6.8 - 8.4) ~qt, ~(pH ~ s - 9.5) ~~ ~ u1~c:Q-t.Ci1-a ~ w~ , (~) lf(wr ~ ~ ~ 1lftff l~-r-. I ~ ~m ~ ~ ~ Ul~di•feif 'f13 ~ Cft ~ ~ pH Yf~<i'6i1 ~ ~tftf~ 8.0 - 9.5 ~ I lWf ~~ pH ~ Cft Yf~)'fCH llt'fl ~ MC(~ ~ Yfllct'6t.-*4 ~ ~· ~~ ~ Ull:{:Q'1Ci1'A ~ W~ I ~ (3.2) ~ ~ llllr, CiJii1aJSV(lfiti1 (pH ~ 8.0 - 9.5) ~~ ~ Ull:<:'G•lci1'A 'lt"iU w~ I ctt) 1lt! ~ ~ lf(wr "'1ff 'G•cli~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~m ~ u1~w"feif "P'l ~ ~ ~~pH Yf~<i'6i1 ~ ~ 4 - 6 ~ I ~ ~l: pH "1~)1CH 1'00 elf~~ '<l'f "1~<i'6ti1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ u1l:w-tci1'SI "iliU w~ , ~ (3.2) ~ ~ lfm, ~ ~• (pH Yf~<1ti1 ~ 3.2 - 4.5) ~~ ~ <JfW (pH Yf~;q'691 ~ 4.5 - 6.3) ~~ ~ ufl:l:f;~Ci1'A "iMJ W. I ~ 8-9.5 ~~ ~ 6.8-8.4 ~ ~ 5.5-7.5 ~~ ~ 1'Jl-r ~ 4.5-6.3 ~~- ~ ~ 3.2-4.5 ~ i '11ftl'f ~ 1.2-2.8 ~i ~ ~ 6.Q..7.6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 7.2-8.8 pH9fh )* ~.~ ... ""t-CJ:Ftc11u ~ ~ '::iilHCii'SI u1-aa~) 1 -c4'1P,91 "ftff ~~ Yiflc-r~ct f.lc(-r-. 1 ~ · ~~ ~9i~f!>C'! AgN03 ~ KCl~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~-~ f~ ~ G~~cf f.lc(~ I ~$ ~~~ ~ ~~ en ~ 1Jftff I ~' ~~-~ f.lc(~Gfif ~m~'f ~<1S ~(en~) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 lTI1ltiU pH 9iRl<1'6c91- ~~ f.lc('1C4'A ~ YiRl<iRt® ~ I ~ ~ ~.~ ~ ~9Ri ~m-~ f.lc(•HA<sl ~ Yffl<ico£C91'SI ~ ~'<31ft ~ I ~ ~ •. 1 ~itftff f.1C'f-tc+a .t 11ftct<tci1t pH-~
- 170. Ccti1f9ti1C415·(~m ~) fl:ti!l91Ul5(d1f ~) ~ pH 9if<lqR6!) ~ C<iil1'li!C41S ~ ~ f~Cilli!C{lS ~ ~ ~ '!)T1f R~ ~ ~ I C<ii!tvfi!C41S ~ C5tll f~Cilli!C~S~ ~ f'lillCil4CSIC<i "fW I (~) Inn ~ Hin* } 'GtD1111ft4 ~ ( en $IT) In- ~ In* t~~~t tW:l~t ~m~ "fith~ ~~ ~ ~, f.lc(-MS ~m ~ ~ 1ft'Ot1J ~ W:l ucot1ii1RI• ifit9f. ~- ~m-~ ~-~ J'1~4CSICq f.ffil ~ llm I ~ 'J'1CPJ i!lPtw-~ MC(-t4 ~ GIJIC'AliiJl~4 ~ (derivative) ~11m !I~ acrcct ~ift C<Cli!Nt91C41& (benzenoid) ~~ ~ ·~ t~'-1Me41& (quinonoid) ifit9f ~I~ ell, C<i91Nf91C415 ~ 'f~C91li!C41&~~~~~I CH~CH CH==CH ~ ~ I ~ -C C- =C C= ~CH==CH/ ~CH==CH/ ~.lr.~ ~"lftff ~ ~faHlt+a .t "1fictCCiffl ~-(Mechanism of Colour change of Acid-BaseIndicator) ~' ~-~ ~ ~ 1ft'Um (~) (t~Qlileetil Gll41Cil'A ~ ~ pH ~if ~~ ~m-~ f.lc(~efim Cfcf 91ftq691 ~ ~ 1 u1~c:'G"'1ti!<a ell ~ f.le('1C4<a Cfcf 91ftci~ ~ ~ lf1lf'llif~ (neutralization point)~ 1 ~m-~ f.lc(-t4efif ~ ~ ~men ~ ~ , ~ 9iftq'6ti!<a ~ Gtl"116i!l<a ~ ~ ~~ f.lc("'14e4 Hin ~ ~ ~ llt4 I~~~~ Pie(~ ~9f ~ ~ 9iH111C't MCC!lfet!S ~ I ~- Hin+ H20 ~ H30+ + In" ~ifi9f .~ Hin !I~ In- -!lif ~ ~- (fCf !I~ (~ ~ ~) ~·1 ~m ~ ~~Pie(~ C1lT'1 ~ Hin ~if MCC!leti!-1ftijtt (degree of dissociation)~ C9ftli ~ ~ ~ 1 lFtl'f ~ (fCf MC("'1C4'A 1{'f ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ !I~ ~ ~ Ul~c:'G"'1ti!'A ~ ~ ~ (just) ~ ~ Hin !lif MCC!let91-1ftijtt ~ 'Pfm I~~ Hin~~ In-~~~~~ 'Gt'Gl11IR4 (tautomeric) en ~ ifi9f ~ ~ 1 In !lif ~~ 9iftqRW; ifi~ I *ifit9f ~ ~ ~ !I~~ f.fc("'1':''A (f'f 9ifti!f'6i1 ~ ~9f ~ ltm I (4) Hin+ H20 ~H30+ +In- -~~ ~~~~ C4R~cfif· t· t ~m~en~~
- 171. ~Cfl(tftcp ) Pt.. rer•..i.a ~if~~~ ~~-...nr MfaHB1 ~~ f.R1t ctctl~tt '914*1 a 2-3 ~ ~~ ~1' 'ft'ff ~ (ca~fit dl~-...nr MfJRJlt ~vf-r. ~ ~ ~) ., f9ft~, 4M411iil ~' 9flffi ~ 'Slllllf ~ I ilCllit~CI tl<>tllfiMsff I 0.1 M Na2C03 ~is~ fii1ii!JlBI HCI ~ (~ O.lM) I ~ (Procedure) I => 1 ~..tU·~ (~ '6 ~) 0.1 M Na2 C03 ~ -.nrt "!cf<mr ~ '<3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~I Ill~ 250 mL ;cisf4<qijM ~ f9ft~ 25 mL~ tii1iilllll'SI (~ O.lM) HCI ~ Wf'e 1$1100~~111'4$ ~!tiff 2-31U ~ '1lt'f ~ ~' ~ ~ 'Pft.fir ~ lJtlr I e I ~ 'Pft~ .t' 'Pffi;qst91 iif1Jf ~ I 8 I dl~ - ~ ~ "4i1iilijJBI (~) Na2C03 ~" C1lt'f ~~I .,. 4ff I 'ft'ff ~.. .r91Q;qiif ~ ~ ~ I <1: I ~ ~ 'ft'ff 'Pft~ '<f'f 9lfi<1'64ri ~ ·~ CRtCf ~ 'l11tV Na2C03 ~ ~ "4ifl ~ "fl 1 - 9fW·~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ etl41'6Ci1t Na2C03~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 < 1 Ill~ ~ 'Pft~ ~ ~ ~ Yf~iJPlfiJ ~ "41t 1 r 1 ~ Na2C03 -lllif ~ ~ "41f 1 ~(Calculation) I V1S1 = x·V2S2 [V= ~' S = '141iiltfifri] y )lf~cp:gcfffJ ~ "4tf HCI·~if~~ CiiliillRiffJ ~ '4il J • ~~ V1 '(3 S1 dl?ron <Nl«ii ~ '6 Cillillfiffl, V2-e82-..ttR1MIJFCii ~ '6 ~161lfifiJ dl'Cf'. X ~ ~?ron ~'.~, y~~ ~~I ~ I~ 'ft'ff ·~ ~·~~·~CR· I ~ 'ft'ff 9ft~. 'Pfil .. lfiJC'b i5ftin ~ C5'li ~ "if'lf ~ I . P4fiHlt 'i~+a'1 s 2HC1 + Na2C03 =2NaCl + C02 + H20 ~lf(wrt 1 V1 (HCI) xS1 (HCl) = 2V2 (Na2 C03) xS2(Na2 C03) /C6H40H C6H4-C I ~ C6H40H O=C--OH 'fl:Ci11i1C4!S (f9f'-~ ~ C~~) /C6H40H C6H4-C I I"'-c HOH O=C--0 6 4 C<qi1~i1C~S ~'Pf (~) ~~ ~c:t HPh -~~ MC<Jleti1-~ ~ (l51J .i!I~'- ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ f.lclif"1cisl1~ ~ ~~I~ ~c:t ~Ph-~~~ c<Mmi1C415~C9f ~~~~I Ull:W"'1Ci1<a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HPh -~~ MC411eti1-~ ~ 9ft1r I ~ Ph-~ HPh W:(Gt~l~IH4 ~'Pf 'fl:~li1C{J5 ~ eift~ ~ (Ph* ~ HPh *) 1 ~ i1i~fif ~ (f9f'."4 ~ C~~) I ~~'Pf ~ ~~ ~ ~~ MC~-~ I ~~ HPh ~'Pf ~ <Rt ~I ~~ ""~c<J1m!) ~~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~n; ~ 51141M!S ~ Mc<Jlm!S ~ ~ ~ ~ , HPh ~ H30+ + Ph- i ~ I (~~) )'O
- 172. x v1s1 =-v2s2y ~ v1-s v2~ ~ -e "lfiltR ~I!!~ s1 '6 s,~VR ~ ~ c111'11Hlffl 1 ~ ... (~)l~O.OSMNa2CDJ~~~O.lMHCI~~~~1 (<1S) ftlr1't 0.05 M Na2C031R't ••4fff I Ifft lft4, 250 mL1ft'Pfif ~ l!ll ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~ Na2C03 - l!l'f ~ ~ = 106 g/mol 1000mL1 M Na2C03 ~~~ 106 g Na2C03~ . 106x250 ~ 250 mL 0.05M Na2C03~~~ x0.05g=1.325 g N82C03 ~· 1000 «tctl.-1'91~ I 250 mL ~~ ~' ~' '6"8fi{ ~, "1Wf, ~ ~9J.cf'61JM ~ &1Cll~i tl"lll~• IRJ I ~1fi ~ Na2C03, ~ 9ftfif '6 "1Hliiil'A4 ~ '01-CGilfil ~ I ) I l.!l~ 250 mL 11f9fi{ J.'N 9lti119(~ ~ <R' ~~ l.!l~ ~ 1!1'<15ftt ~ ~ ~ I ~ I I!!~ '69fif ~ ~ ~·· Na2C03 ~ ~Jl'1lt"1 '6~ C<ql'!'l:>t~ ~if ~ '6"9Mf.fflrCR I e I l!l'i9Rt '6~ ~ ~ 1.325 g l!lif ~~qt~ "411 ~ct -. NazC03 'fle91Ci1 (liil'<H ~ I 8 I l!lif9ff ~ Na2C03 ~ '6~ C~l'!Ci'51 ~ '61IM.f.fht ~. I (l· I ~ (~ ~~) '6 Nfm '6~ ~ ~ ~ Na2C03 -l!lif '6~ I . ~ I ~ qleiiCi'51 1't'fJ (liil'<lfa'! Na2C03 ·'<ffiM· ~·.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1100 1't6 I C I ~ 11t'U Na2C03 l!lif ~ ~· Dtlf ~ 9At ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ 9f1f.{ CJSICiiC'l'SI ~'U OO't 4'tif ~ C~ 9ftfif ~ 11t80' 'Wf'6 I b- I qilQ1'1ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ i'ft'6 I .,.... ~' I!!"~~ 11t'U ~ ~~"ft~ cert 9j_cT i'ft ~ I ~ I ~ I!!~~~~ ~ fi;"t§ ~~ C5't9f tmf <slCiJl<slc<i ~' ~ ~ ~ Na2C03 ~cRR9f 'ttlT I ~o I l!I~ ~ 9ftf.f Cllt'1 ~ ~ Na2C03 ~ ~ ~ ~ lilff ~ ~ <R' l!I~ ~ C5t9f 'fCf .~ '6~1'1U 4R I ~~ I l!I~ 250 mL~ Na2.C03 l!l11 ~ ~ ~ I m Na2C03~~- • tm~' Na2C03-~"11'6~1.325 ~ ~ 1.4~ b I ~~ Na2C03 l!lif ~ 1.325 g l{Cl'f ~ Cill'llHtt ~ 0.05M ~·" Na2C03 -~11 '61IM 1.40 g ~lltlr ~ c~1111Hltt ~ 0·05 x 1.40 M 1.325 ~ l.40 x0.05 M 1.325 l!llllil"liist'1, d!IP ~ ~ = et~~ x et'6JI~ ~ cu;q(tft• ~ fllt..1'1f11 ~ I ;ll~'1C91'51 .1ftlO'Dr ~ ~ct l!l?fw ·~ ~ ~ct ·f.ffif (Na2C03 ~ HCI . u1l~-M') ~(Theory) Iii•Cft11ftf ~ ~~-1~16 "'i1itm MfilRJl<a :>t~+a'1 ~ ~~ ClfT1'ITTt ~~'flt l1m I~ x ~ ~ y ~~ ~~~.~ Mfu>4llffh1 )1~<15'51'1 ~ x~~ +y~ ~~~(~+9flf.{) • ~~)!~4'51C~~l!l~~~~~ct~~fll~-
- 173. ("II) ,..) (11f)(~) ~ 1 '0ll;<Ji"IL..t ~ 9t(nf I (4') ~ '1fl't, (-.f) ~ HCl.ilfi{, on ~ ·~, (~}~ ~ ~- .m- 10mL Na2C01lrl"'f ·~~ lll ('()~ O.lM HCI ~ctelfl1 ~rfCtfim4HCl"lt~ 32%(w/w)dl~~~·~ 1.18 dl~~~I .lff, dl~ ~ 0.1 M HCl &~ ~ ~ '5l'6 1 ~ ~' ~ mL 'ttV HCl ~ct ~1 dl~ ~~ mL ~ CfrfClNtJ4 HCl -~ 32 x l.18 g HCl ~ 1 100 . f<riil~-.~ O.IM HCI~~ 3.65 g HCl ~1 (~ct HCl ~it ~ ~ = 36.5 glmol) 100 x3.65 ~~~' 3.65 g HCl mL= 9.6 mL ~ HCI -~ ~I 32 x 1.18 ~;SllJi:j"l'<q O.IM HCl ~if~~~~~ 10 mL~"if~fi=tJ4 HCI ~~I (tt) tf1l1Ct 0.05 M Na2C03 Ifft~~ O.lM HCI ~ atfll'oW't •c111~14'1..t a p, f9R~, 4f.1411•1~ (250 mL) tPtttlf.ff~ 1~0.05 MNa2CO,~, ~O.lMHCl~, ~~ Mof~, ~ 9l1f4 'Gr-.cllati ~ I ) I ~4 ~ ~ 9l1f4 ~ ~ fift~C4 0.05M Na2C03 ~ ~ fM (rinse)~ 1 ~ 1 ~~ f9rt~ JtlQJCAJ lOmL Na2C03 ~ ~~ i>lifi•lit 250 mL4f-1411'1 ~ '(tiiNli1 CR I !lif 'Jlttfl' 20-30mL ~ 9l1f4 Cllt'f ~.I ~I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- f.tc4'-t4 Clll'f ~I ~~~~I JPl•fGcqs "14 ~ ~~ ~9Rf ~ I 8 l ~~ "'ikl--111 ~ ~1)1~'01"4 ~ 0.1 M HCl ltif- 91,cf ~ I ~ ~· 'Pj_cf ~ ~ff ~ ~ .00 ~~ ~ ~ firoJ ~ I <l' I Cittt<A ~~· '{tlf· fcq HCl!fifCt ·Off ~ .. ·ffl'e. t ,l(j~ ~ ~ l ~ I ~~ iCilCG'A ciSW ijCl't ~ ,_cf~ I ~~ C~°Utt ~ (j slJtCW ~ dl~ii5IC~ ~'Pfi{ 'CR ~ dl'f ~ 4fit4Jlil Jmfl 'dr5JUJI ~ I C I Cilt'Gi51 ~· ~ ~'1. "4it I CiltGil 'iU~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4M4Jli1 ~ '1-tt'f ~ ~ I lT I ~~ Cl1t'f ~ ~ Jlilitit°ail ~ ~~I.~ 1•Jmfl~~~~·~.~~-~?Jw~ ~flt~~ I~~ Ul~-1Cii<sl c-ttt ~ I )o I ~ C1l, bll:di-tciiil ~ m •.~ .~-~ C1lt'1 -.t I ))t·cic:at'G:a ~~~~·-.ti )~•.,····~ -e ~~·~.·~ ~ IOmL~ Na2C03~ ·Jt'1,'f itic9f ~fit!5 ~ 11fi1I 21ca1tffia ~ ~ 'OlllJ<6i1 1 )~ 1 4M4Jt'l JISWQ ~ ~. iimr ~ ~ ..00 2/3 -ctti 4M¥fJI~ ~ '{Cl ~ r )8 I ~~ ~ ii'f9i'Stcci ~ ~ <mf· "1fl1PltG CR I )ct I T;1l:cia"1tiiil ~911!0fit Miltt9f ~ .:~ I ~I w.m;Ul~cia-M !l~C!BI OCHltitii'A 1ft'fJ ~.~ 0.lmL~~'fJ I
- 174. V ~, ....T ~ ii ~-Aitli'f 'Dl...cll'1ti4t ~~·~ifl141 ..··~ etl1tA11 ·~f.Wv ltf ~..t4!'111'tW 1 O.OlM KMn04a<R ~··~·~ tliiillill'SI ~ FeS04 -cJl"f 9ffPtct~ !I- 41"1"141 ~ 4C~4ft 'ft'Pf &f9i)Bt"1 CRl ~ I ~- ) 1 Na - "lttftvtt'B:a $ltCt ~ zticf5flct (0.025 M) ~I ~ O.OtM KMll04~tlMW1t'1 ~ 1 ~ Na-'#il-.tt"11G~~~ O.OlM KMn04~4!1fli'WiM s 1 KMn04-~1'~~-.mu1l:t:1'1c11:si·~ FeS04~~~~ f.ro> ~~ -n~~ ~.flt 1{tvft I ii Na -ettelt'1t111 et1'1't ~ (0.02SM)tfl'Ofl'I I Na2C204-~~ ~ ·~· =134.02 g/mol 1 ·~ 250mL0.025 M~ ~ ~ 0.8376g Na2C204 ~Clllwtif 1 ~-.fit 250 mL ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.8376 g Na2C204~ ·~di-~·~ "iR I ~ ~ 11'141" ~ ~ Na2C20 4 ~ CfittR 9fltiJI ~'f 1Mt iff··a:rv 1 ii ~(approximate) O.OlM KMn04P't«Al'Ofl'I a KMn04-~'f~~= 158.04 g/mol 1 ~'- 250 mL 0.01M KMnO, ~~flt! 0.395 g KMnO4 ~ ~Uiltfii 1 ~~ 500 mL ~ 250 mL ~ ~ iif'6 I ~~ ~~ ~1110 ~ ~ 0.4 g KMn04 '6Wf ~ ~ ~~ 250mL ~ ~ ~ 4'tl ~ O.OIM KMn04~ ~~I~ fSICdllCSlt~ QroJ lfl'6 (~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~) I ActSR11tc• (~-nit) ~~ ~ itW (watch glass) .rft ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 24 ~ ~ ~I 9ftf ~ tplC.. tvtt 1'00~ ~ ~·a¥t1tt4 ~~CR'(~~~~~) I ... , .......... tctl... l ,..",.,, 2HC1+ Na2C03 = 2NaCl + C02 + H20 ~ ~~ mol Na2C03 ~ mol HCI-~'i ~ ·~ ~ _>t~~C9f ~ ~ ~ Glfl'4li)) ~~ Mi(fit~ ~ ~ ~ cJlfiron iMJ41~1 ~ ~ I v. s, = 2v2 s2 en s, = 2v2s2 v; ~ s, = ~firon 1ili1J4tan (Ci!li11~ffl) s, == Na2 C03 -~if 'li1J4f~I (0.05 M) v1 = dlfiron '5111''6.,. (mL) cJl~ v2 = Na2C03-dl1 Gtl4''6.,. (lOmL) cJl~ s, ie v, cJl't' ~tl'ft '"1c:a1" 1,(.,nr~ S1 = 2xl0x0.05 M 9ftel1l 1f1ll v, J IO 10- 2 10.·. l v• ~ (Ca~culation)
- 175. ~ (Calculation) Qt1Nttl14 '7iitltiit'G·•~··G1ftif.lfiltll ·= 0.02SM .. (~6tS2) QtlNi111; 'tfliJilt*1'6 ~ ~ = 25 mL ..(tfl' v2) ~··'Pfti• ~· K.Mn04 dl11 ~ = V1 mL K.Mn04 ~"f C'iflGlflftfD = S1 (~) ~·~ I 25 2 2S 3 25 ~ ~ (mL) (mL) KMn04~~ ~(mL) ~ c:»tlfViilii i!CtilC'l'G ~ ~ 0.01M KMnO 4 !R't' ctfi4'6fl't I 15lililcwW-9f liiilJl9f1Cii'G ~ ~91 g 2Na + + C20~- + 2H+ = H2C204 + 2Na + 2Mn04 + 5H2C204 +6H+ =2Mn2++10C02 +8H20 llttMft-m;ra- -~ ~ '51'9111ttfG-"'fl'Sli1JliflCiG i~ ·~· ~ -~ r C5f"fft 1'tll, •"11 ~ ~ 9IFs1111tttlt:ii°G ~ • 'dftltt-i5 ~ ~ ~. ~ KMn04 -~"f ~ ~ ~ ~ "ift 1 ~ ~ PtfiJRl4 9fl Cll Mn2+ ~9fff U ~··~ ~ ~ ~ "l~ ~ 91FSli1JlitltifU-'51§llti1U Pt~IC4 ~~~-~I urlt;'G-M f'-fJRlt4 ~tlM! ~ ~· 'tlftllttrfG ~ 80-90°C ~·~·'tffN·"Q t 'Dl...cll-1., ~ (Titration method) I ) 1 ill~ 250 mL +M+lt"l ~ 25 mL Na - '511CIC"IU ~(0.025M)~-e 1 '-£1~ 50 mL lM H2S04~ "1f 1 ~ 80-90°C .,,. ~ CR I ~I ~~ 50 mL~ ~ O.OIM K.Mn04~ -.tit 9111f 4ff '-£1~ wt~ '6 ~JICb'SI ~ 1'11QPlSIC<q ~9M <iR' I~ I~·~ 9flt ~ "111 8 I~ .-f.1411"1 Jlil"4lUC4 ~ ~~1 '-£1qm~~2-3~ KMn04.~4M<PJIGlf~~~"fi1 K.Mn04 ~ ~~~(disappear)~ ~111' 9fW 4M411'1 ~~~I~ I !l~~~ 10-lSmL~ KMn04 ~ .~ ~ ~ '51~11111SIC<et 4f.i;cp1M .~ ~ ~ 1 "~ 1 4M4Jli1 ~ ~ ~ 30 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ K.Mn04 ~~~~~I 'I "l~ 0.5-1 mL KMn04 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Cltt~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~· ~ 1:'6111' ~ ~ ~ C1lltf <Rt<f ~I 'tr 1 u1l~•tt:iii ~ ~ 4M4Jl"1 ~ ~ crof ~-~'~~(pale pink)~~ 1 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ -e ~~ G 911'(41l ~ 25 mL "'ltllCit'fl ~ ~ ~·'tMJ 4efC1'1tflt)tLK.Mn04 LQ"f ~ I )o I iffit1'5l04 ~· ~ ~ ~llt'Q"1if "fl. I ~l'Wi-ttilt ~·~·~ 0.1 JDL~'I odilf~.Wf~'l«l'tl~~ I 91ttilltlflt~..."''"'"' •-ca.,.-.. di~ V2 = ;il'§tlC•t'G~~ (mL) S2 = "l!llC*t°C ~~ '1t1illratt )C8
- 176. - (Calculation) 'Bf1:1:°Q~ ~~ 2 MnO~ m 10Fe2• (~ 2 mol :J{Mn()4 :=10 mol Fe) ~ lmL 0.2M KMn04 =0.05584g Fe; ~ I mL 0.01 M MMnO4 =O.OSSS4 x 9.ol g Fe = o:002792 g Fe 0.2 ~ V mL.O.OlM MMn04 a0.002792xV g Fe2• ~~ 55.84 g Fe2+ = 277.84 g FeS04.7H20 ~ 0.002792 g Fe2+ = 27784 x0.002792 g FeS04• 7H20 55.84 ~ Cu2+ ltlitiril ~f.Wt (Determination of amount ofCu2+ ion in a solution) 1 2S 2 ~ v 3 2S KMnO.,~ (mL) ~~(mL) 2Mn04+10Fe2+ + 16H+ = 2Mn2+ + 10Fe3+ + 8H20 f.4fJ,;4JlfG ~ ~ ~ ~ llll 1 lflJJI.,. ~(Titration method) a) I ~'4'Slt<q 3.5 g FeSq4• 7H20 Cft4.9 g ~ SlJICi{IMitli{ ~lilcqu, FeS04, (NH4)iS04 6H20 (OOtD~) 'fltfif~~ 1~1 ~..rft 250 mL~9M ~ 200 mL 0.025M H2S04 ~'6~cilt1~~CR~~'-~~·~9flfif ~ ~ ~ ~ J.'tr'Q 'f1'fRf ift'f 9fW.CR I SltillSIC:ci Qrof !PMIUC4 ~ (homogeneous) CR I ~~ 0.05 M ~ 'dllHtit'SIa-.r~~I ~ 1 ~4fft 250mL 4M4Jliif ~ 25 mL ~ GllHCiiil ~1"6 (f9rt~~) I~~ 25mL 0.25 M H2S04 !Ref~~ I 8 I fir~ctfGC4 ~~ 60°C ~ w.4R I ~ I~~ KMn04 ~ (0.01 M) .fimr ~ ~ '<3~~~~~,~~~~'ffl ~t~~~~~KMn04 ~ 4M4Jl"1 J.'tr'Q ~ OO't ~ ~ ~ ~ I C I 'Grl:l:°Q"'fCii'A~ ~ qsM4Jl61 ~ ~ ~ ~ C'ttl'ft~ (pale pink)~· Wf I 11' I Ul:t:l:°QatCiHI~ ~ ~ ~ ~CR I ~~'e~-~~25mL .~~~~~~l!tCVlit~iJ KMnO 4 dff ~ I ~ I &!l~ q'6 ~ 'tlfR Dl1Xfi-ti1·~ I ~ ~ ~ '&l~<:ij"ftif ~ ~ ~ O.lmLdl'f ~~'21tl'1Cqli1J Wf ~I ~I H2SO~ -di~~ 1- 2 mL ~·qJtcpfi+ ~m ~ ~ u~~"'1CifSI_ ~~~~I '*tltiflliflt ....... ~.·1llfllif ,, ..cll"l'4 ._. ii tf11tet· 0.01M KMn04 ICft~'iRI ~ tt-.iftalltl1lt-t FeSO4 dfl ~~ ClRPf '51IHCi1'51 ~ M'fil41ti1 111'51~Jl5flC91U~· C1RPJ ~ ~ ~ ifi911'1~6~ I ~- 2KMn04 + 10FeS04 .f- 8H2 S04 == K2S04 + 2MnS04 + 5Fe2 (S04)3 + 8H20 ~~~-
- 177. 2 mol CuS04= 1 mol 12 =2 mol Na2S203 qt 1 mol Na2S203 = 1 mol CuSO 4 qt 1000 mL 1 M Na2S203 ~ - 159.5 g CuSd4 = 63.5 g Cu2+ ~ ~ I CJJtlNBUlf ~IC41F>tlG1C¥G Na2S203. SH20 ~ ~ ~ 9ft6lft ~'6 ~ "'llM6JI~ ~lmf ~ ll'.~-~~ ~ ~-~w "fM"l>t61 f(p 1 '61l i.Q$ ~1l111a1 ;o11"'1' ~ -m , ~~ Na2S203 ~ ~~!Sflct ~~·I ~ K2Cr201 ~ W 0.1 M Na28i03 l4Pt ctfit...-1 (Standardisation of 0.1 M Na2S203with Standard K2Cr201 Solution) '1~ftl (Principle) I ~ti'& KI 'G HCl-"Jlf ~ 91UIPHlllil !illwrlCll'D !PM~~ "flt411f&;! 1J.Wi ~ I ~ '511Ctilfeift4 c:>tlfetilil .141CtUJJfliJWD ~ ~ U~~ ~ ~ I 1_9 GllUUf&;! ~ ~lelJl)11iiM6:si ~ ~ I sr +Cr20~(aq)+14H+~-2Cr3+ +312 +7H20 2820;-(aq) + I2(aq) ~ s.o~-(aq)+ 2r(aq) ~ct·~ 1 mol K2Cr207 =3 mol 12 = 6 mol Na2S203 -.t( ~··(Method) a~~ ~CMliJ··~· 100 mL ~·~ 2 g KI ~~t. lg NaHC03 ~ ~ i.Q ~ 4 mL ~ HCI iitt 2 mL. ·~· H2S04 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~'f"'Rf i.Q ~ f9lc9ftff ~ 10 mL M/60 K2Cr201 ~ ~ '4tl. JPl'tflUt• ~ '61tJ 11Pf -.tit~~~~ 'lfi6 '51'4i41Cil aft"f ~ ~ I i.Qif9Rf '6llt5 ~· 1Q' ~· 9flffi ~ 1i1aJ 'J.t1r ~ 9"fif ~ .n ~ ~ I. ~ ~ ~ ~ CJJtlNi411lf ~ltlllJJfP>lWG ~ IPI~·~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 mL ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C'tlNHilaf icfltlllJtlvtC~ !Cft ~ ~ ~~~l~~~~~-.f'.~~~··~·~I ~ °G~t;'Q"f.{ ~ ~ CfAl 1iiill1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~IC111)11liJC<PG ~ ~ "4141'«iiil ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I vtlRillif ~ICll"tlwtt«J-t·~ (Ci41wtlf111)~ l'f~<P'A'1 ~' 1 mol K2Cr207 =6 mol Na2S203 v1s1 (K2Cr20,) I =- V2S2 (Na2S203) 6 i.Q~, V1 = K2Cr207 ~ ~ S1 =K2Cr201~ CiH'llfif6 V2 =Na2S203 ~ ~ S2 == Na2S203 ~ vUillfftD ~ (Principle) I ~· -.tw···911ttt(f ·~ ~ 451lt1Mlb 'fPft (Kl) e ~II ~ '41Clld°Mt• ~ CJtlfktlt -tltiil"fl91C.t .n 'Dflcllllfi4 "9 ... 'dlltllfiiott ~ filifw ..._ "l'illftt• ~:mm-il1::•- VI' l '51IC41IC&lfi4~41 (Wftiet-~) u~-tCift ~ QJti{ ~ Cu2+ ~ ~ ~~~I Cu2+ ~ ~ (~ CuS04 ~) KI ~ 'fftif Mml4' 2 mol Cu2+ ~ 1 mol "llCiHNiif ~-.ct I 9ftf ~ Gf1Cllf'ijji1C4 ~ Na2~03 ~· ~ ulld;~ .al~ l ~~I 2CuS04 +4KI ~ Cu212 +12 +2K2S04 2Na2S203 + 12 ~ Na2S406 + 2Nal W~ Jif~41'Cf l{'itt ~ 9ft'611f lftlr,
- 178. ~(Calculation) 1 ull:CG~~ ~ 2 CuS04 = 12 = 2 Na2S203 ~ 1 mol(63.57 g) Cu2+ =I= 1 mol Na2S203 Cft 1 mL O. lM Na2S203 = 0.006357 g Cu2+ ~ llRS, 25 mL Cu2+"41~C91it ~· ~ ~ 0.1 M Na2S203 ~ V mL ~I ~'. 25 mL Cu2+ G4l~t91ii a<fCCt (0.006357 xV)g Cu2+ ~I .. ~ I illctlRifllf's (Iodimety) I ~ ldllt44lftiii ~ ~ felttlt4 ~mil C'llNitJlat "lltiUJfli1C1PG, Jtlil•~&, "lltlfiif~& ~'!Sllfitt Ul~tijafi1 ~ ~ ·~tiRf ~ ~ ~ "1-.N>c4 illtllf'ifilf1J ~ I ~t'llitia !flit't "llC411Ntii~ ~ ~ ~ I dl "1-.NsC6 ~9f ~ ~ g 2Na2S203 + 12 ~ Na2S406 + 2Nal 12 ~ ~ ~I '6~ cm. '5ilt4'1f&VBI·. ~·.11ffi'art9f -~ ·~ ·dl~ ~ ~ ~ ~en1~~ 12 ~$rtct~~I2~:~~~~~·~ Na2S203 ~ ~~ Af"JMJ1:si ~ 12 ~uf~:<:Yi-r.t~~~f.{cflr~lftl11 253 25 v Na2Sz03~ . (mL) ~~(mL) 252 Cu+~ '{tit (mL) ~(mL) 1 lf1ltct c:»tlf'HUif '41t1PtliC.. ~··~ 'tiftt11ltlilfi4fl1 ~ Cu2+ 'llltifft ~ f.WI '.i( -- (Method) I => I ~~ ~ 3 g ·CuS04.5H20 ~··~ ~ ~~- 250 mL 1ft9M ~~~~··~~~~I tSICiffSftA ~ !R'f ~~I ~I f9rt~ ~ 25 mL Cu2+ ~ ~"4 250 mL 4M4Jl'1 .~ "fM• t ~ I·~ ~ ~ 6 M NH40H ~ (~ ~ NH40H ij<R) -n 1- 2 g NaHC03 .~·. ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Cu(OH)2 ~it ~~~9f ~ 1 8 I ~ .~ ctif.>BH*l CH3COOH· 00'1 ~· ~ ~~ "lf <RI ct I 50 mL 10% "flt41IC5G'di 9f(;1f.>n1til "fltill&f~:& (Kl) ~ 00'1 ~ I ~ I ~ ~ (watch glass) ~ Jl'l•ft:a ~ ~ emf 5 ~ !ift~ICil ~ I C I ~1t9Af ~ •. ~~ ~ ~ ~· ~ l{tll C~ 9fTf.f ~ 1't~ l'f'6 I lT I·~~.~~ CJflNHilii 1<11C411Jfl'lt't'G.~ ~ ~· ~ -~ 161IC{llfV,ii ~~~I~ I~~(~~)·~~~ ~l<JJIJfl61Cqb~ ~ ~ ~ fl I )o I !l~9Af 2 mL ~ !R'f ·~ '41l ~ .t tflV ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ QJICVFitliltlP'G G.llt't ·~ I .t· ~· -~ '41UUJftifc•b ~ ~ ~ <R k ~) I ·~~ 10 mL 10% Yf(;1fJrn1~ ~r GOICiflf.rnlil ~IC411Sil~IC~ !R't ·~.· ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '1tV m (~ ~~c-11~!S Gttcv1N&91 ~ ~) 1 )~ 1 ~ ~ ~ lil~ ~lit ~ t(flc~IJft'lt'l'G ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~'1 <RI ~ ~ D1~c:ra"t-1 ~ '6ICillSltA ~ ~ I·~ ~ ~gt'JR9Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ {straw colour) m I ~4l:SIC'Ct ~ ~ Ull:CG~ <RI ~ ~ ~ T;1l:c'm'1t:ii:st G4Hl!SQi'SI ~ 0.1 mL ~l ~ ~ltt ~ iifi I 'llltil'ttvtC•1' ~ ~ (n) 'lt..rJi-H··~
- 179. fAI "·) a~-'1f UV- visible iffifiliil"l'+ll~ ilJlllt~~ "!llll9j"11"51. '~""'1'1'0'1HI W1imf ~etlt111•1fVl'i1WPn~~C11t 1•"fl '1tlf etlt'llt+ll ~~ '$ etlt'llt+ll t'ei~lt 'tillT'fI~~ 1' ~ •ttfCt~41i9f ~- -di -ocl (1) dt di· Cft - = kl (2) dt ~ .l=A. ~~~~~GtlC'11C4'il(incidentlight)~ t =1ft'Om ~ (thickness) ~~ k = :>t1119j9f 1~4 ~ "1~4'ilct (2) ~ "11114'1i1 ~ - -J~= Jkt dt Cft -In I= kt +~ (3) ~ t = 0 ~~I= I0~ I ~~-.,,.t:>t~4il'1 (3) ~ ~ -In I0 = ~ (4) "1~4il'1 (3) .'6 (4) ~ In~= kt It Cft 2.303log ~ ~kt (5) It ~ I0 =~~ GllCi'llC+si ~ 11 = ~~~(intensity of transmitted light) ~~ k = Gl'CIC~ct ~(absorption coefficient) ~ ~ (Beer) "1~4il'1 (5) ~ ~am ~ ~ f.Rt11 ~ ~ ~~ "!lllfflC4 ~9f ~ ~ I ~- 2.303 log~= k'c (6) It ,, II I :*';------~~~----+--------r ,J I Ic~f&U1»1~~~~ ~~2f141<A4 ~.~ ~ '4.,1114111 ~ ~-~ ~ ~ (Use of Beer-Lambert Law in Determination of Concentration of a Solution) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~t-ttftf'! 1i~ (extension)~-~~ I ~- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~C"fC-U C11 lfl ~ cRt ~ ~ ~ UV-Visible ;qcfi{i,~f~ I fi{cs UV-Visible ;q'1ffi1~1~lfl~ ~~~ ~~ (~"-~)I ~~
- 180. ~~(C') ~ -logT =E ct ~ I A • = E ct 1 (8) ~~ A = 54Jl:ct:>t:ctJf.., (absorbance) (c-n.t) E = ~ ~ (c-ft1fett'.~) c = ~ ~ (mol/L) t = ~~en ~ dltSJ'SC'A '54IC6114 ~ ~ )1~4~'1 (8) ~-~"J.'lf ~ ~ I~~~~ W'f I~ "°'1if ~ 1lro ~ ~ ~ atctl~ -.wf· "''"'fqJ" illt.. 1• ~ ti•lt ~ (1"t C"ll~il(-t,absorbance) ~ "!*'""'(t) ~~ ".,iitillt(C) "tilliJl'*tl~•~ 1" "4Jl:ct)1:ctfi"'1, A-~ ~911'•11'1~-'6 (optical density) W'f I ~~ D ~ ~ '4'ft ~ I ~'- )1~4'A'1 (8) ~l' ms. ~9f m- o= E Ct (9) ~ A en D = E ct (10) )1~4'A'1 (10) "4-J:)llOR A~ D ~ c ~~ 1!'f M41•n~ ~~ Jt'Attc'A'tffl 9"'6m lJWt 1 )j~<P'R'1 (10) ~ ~~ '1 ~'C4R ~ ~ ~ Mrf'RC'1 ~ ~ '5l9itt4Jltt ~ en '54Jl:ct)1:ct~.., (D en A), ~ ~, E ~~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~- )j~<P'R't ~~C4R~~~~~~~I C4R ~ ~ ~,· C1 ~~~~fir 54~'A'1 ~~I~- ~ I ~9Ar ~ iij91illatl'A (C) ~ ~ ~ '6Tm "4Jl:ctJt:ctfiaJt (A) ~ A '6 C ~ ~~ ~(calibration curve) ~'l64'51'1 (A~ C ~)I ~ I ~'Alf~ 11~1"~ ~ "4Jl:ctJt:ctflaJt (A1) ~ e I ~'.~ ~ 9i~'*P'1l!4 ~ '54Jl:ctJt:ctfiaJt ~ ~ (y ~) ~ ~9f ~ ~ (x ~~)I ~ ~' ~ ~· ~ iij91illatlefif ~ C1, C2, C3, C4, ~ ~~'- ~~ 1flf~ "4Jl:ct)1:ctfiaJtofir ~ ~ 1~ ·A1, A2, A3, A4, ~ 1 ~~A ~ C ~m~9f 8 llfPr ~ iiji1illall'A ~ ~~ 54Jl<1)1<1fi"'1 A1~~ A ~c ~(~'.~~) ~ ~,C{mol/L) A1 ~l'~9f ~, c'~<RtlJWt I fiil("·~·A ~c ~ •.,,1(1161 ·~ I 580 nm~~ Mf<is'AC'1 ~~ 'fff ~ 54Jl<1Jtcm0Jt en '5JY1tft<ISJl'1 ~ 0.75 I ~~-e~~lMliJK~ 103 cm" M-1 -e 2cm ~a<1'1Bil~~~? ~I !t~li<>ilt'R, A= 0.75 E = 103 cm " M-1 t = 2cm ~~~-~~~ A=eCt "'lfilll'M. 1'fhPf ~ log10 =Ect .: (7) (E=epsil:n=~~) It I ~ log~= -E ct Io ~ 1ogT =- E ct (T = JJl.,,filf;J I.,,, transmittance)
- 181. ~.)o "lltiil"1R• ~''dl~c;q~-lf-l~iil., ~tflfilfil~, HPLC ~ GC-'8 "lfiilM'l!S Rc~*'C'1t '1~~ (Principles of Quantitative Analysis of Atomic Absorption, UV-Visible Spectroscopy, HPLC and GC) ~ef~ ~,, WIT ~ ~ qf ~ ~ ~ ~I ~~ c-ftlt't ~ ~' VU-Visible ;qcfifl,fiif!) ~ ~ {CaM ~qt- >i~C<lllf ~ ~), HPLC ~ ~ ~ ~~ GC ~ ~ ~'f ~~ ~ f.1;qff5~ ~ ~ (~ ~ 400°C ~) ~ct ~ ~ 1;JtlJ I f.itD ~~ ~~ ~VT1' MC~'fl ){6'f~f% QllC'llf6~ WIT I ~.)o.) "iltiil"1R• ~ ~'flfilfil~ ~ "lfiillct~ Rc:t*l"1t 'I~~ (Principle of Quantitative Analysisby Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, AAS) ~~~ 9ftiJf ~~ '6 ~~~~I~~ ~C'dfiJt~ ~~ ~ ~ CifD1 ~ ~ QllC'114 ~ ~9f ~ ~ 'Mf<li<Act ~ (emission spectrum)' 1i ~ I "11'Aill'lM4 C1'fllfef ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ 9Rfill'i ~ c-fllfef ~ ~ •!MC<A ~~I ~ ~ ~ '11t9f ~ "1~1Jti~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ l1m I AAS ~ ~ '>1't:C<l~i1~ ~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ef LO x 10-6 g dm " ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 1Jt~ ~'4 "5t'f (one part per billion) ~9f ~ l1m 1 ft', ~,~qt ~l~JaC<IJ ~ "1f<Ji!IC'f W~ ~ Qll~Cii<sl ~ef ~ ~ l1tl1 I AAS MC:11f't 91'4if!>C'! ~ ~ "fiU ~ ~ QllC"114 ~')!' ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fh ~ ~ ~ 'f<lf4<A'f ~' ~ ~ ~-1 ~ ~<Fff; ~ ~ ~ qf ~ ~t.~ QllC'114 "'t~IJti'ft~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ll('A'f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~' ~ M~Jilli1 ~l'S14lf°<B1 ~er ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ Qllc1114 ~')!' ~ ~ ~ ~ ·wn ~C'dfiJt~ iil<s141Rt "'t<Aill'lif ~.I ~ 91'4if%C'I ~v ~~~~AAS ~91'4vIAAS1QiJ 1'f (Key) ~Wit- .~~~~~~• ~~ QIJl'Gi!l'-etl<A ~ff;~~~ 9fmf I(:>)~ (flame),(~)~ (furnace) I • ~'4fG ilti11WPICi!TJ<sl (~4<1'1f4l'S14) • ~'4fG N;,&4'G'A (detector) "lltiilct~• ~ te1'11filfil~ (AAS) ~ "lfiilM~ ~c:t*'ct (Quantitative ~alysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, AAS) I ~ef~ MC:1~~ AAS~~~ I ~- ~ ~-~ ~ AAS ~ ~ ~ (multiple) ~ct~ MC~'f ~<Rt l1m 1 AAS- ~1t ~~ Jj~~,!) .~ ~ ~ ~ (~ e.e) I I 1'i I ('4) 620 run fflf G;00 ~ ~ 1'Cff ~ ~11~4)1'1 ~ 0.04 I Wf ~ ~t11Dt¥~ ~ -e ~ ~ lMl'6Cil 10i cm"! M -1 ~~. 2cm l{V ~ a¥tfrh1 ~ ~ ~f [t"fi s 0.0002 Ml (~) ~~ 2 cm ~ 450 run ~ ~ 0.02.M 91lm-•11~1C•iit•1:a ~91~411., ~ 1.6 1 [~ 140 cm' M-1] qr C = ~ = o.75 = 0.000375 M = 3.75 x 10-4 M et 103 x 2 ~ g ~'lfh ~ = 3.75 x 10-4 M )lro
- 182. g ~ ~-Qlil41(91(~, ~ ~) (hi llff9 UV~~~) ~~~--'ft~~~I ----....,,....------.......--- a• "IJIF-bct~t. ----.----+---~--~cr-~_a_• 1t* "IJIRl<tf&t. __ ..,,.__~---t----t---- nif-i-~'. ---------~--t---- 1t ~~ ---------~-- a~'. © ftile.s 111$-tWM• "1"l1Wf C<fSR ~ ~ t'fm ~9flfi ~ !t ~ ~ '4111 ~ I 8 1 a~a*~I 1t~1t·,:>1n~7t*, ~ln~a*, l!I~ 'ft11 l'&OA'SI •l~ilFil ~ I n~7t*<n~cr*<1t~1t*<a~a* I ~1.....----•--I ilc-11Ci61Cil'ri~ 1~--·--~ ~ I•n:'1itJl'IDllt+ ftot'!;:q;'!;~I l = C'ftl'l'f brcfi Ci1ilrltf1'6. ftil ~-~ I AAS 0 ~ Jffl~,.'ilti.111 Yf" .. b i1'111tt4 Ci11'11l:etlC11'SI (nebulizer) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (finefog) ~ GIJIOAl:>fC'l ~ ~ ~ I l!I~ ~ 1!1"4 1!1'4$ ~ (~ '1Jtlf) '6 <tl!Sl~>IR Gif!4CetC'1'SI ~ ~~~~I~~~ <tl~'f!> ~I~~ l!I~ «t¥!5 ~ ~ ~ 'J'f1J1T l!l<iSff; l!I~ ~ CJ~-~ ~ ~ <mr, lit 1!1'41Ti qtDIJ1lfiS?tl4ilOA'SI (photomultiplier) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 l!I lltP ~ ~ RlmctfAS !<t'1]~4 ~1'1IC'1 ~ ~ ~ I cq9f ?;q'J}RI• f7trt..lt'1t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 4fft ~I 51141114 ~~ Yff"i<t'6'1 ~ l!I~ ~ ~ ~ ~9f '4111 llnJ I ~ ~ f.m1l 1!1'4ftt ~lll$i1 ~ '(3 'fcmRf-~ ~ (A= E ct; ~ A= GiJl<t:>f<t~'I, E =~ ~' C= ~ ~ '(3 t= ~~)~~~I (iiF1tltS.. ~I~"·~~~ e.e ~.t-n8'cff) e.)o.~ ~f't~-181'1111., ct'11f't~~ ~ 9'fti1M"1¥S ~ if~~ (Principle · of Quantitative Analysts by UV-Visible Spectroscopy) C<tSR 'Al:>fl41M4 ~ ~ Gi~C<tt1f.i-,"'1Jiil~ (UY-Visible) 'GittaCiJ'Sl ·-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "!fl~ ~ ~fWc;qeti{-1{-Uill.. ..mwr~ I GC~C<tefif-lf'1J111'1 ~ ~ Gi~C<ttiPf-~Jlllii ;q'flfilfil~ ~ ;qcflfil~C:l411'1 ~ 1 ~ l!I.. Mc:f1fct ~ (qualitative) -e ~ct~ ~ ~ (quantitative) ~ 9fmt I ~ l!ll: ~ ~~ RI~~~ il~~ GllC'llf5'6 ~ I ~ M'1Jiili1 ~-l:Ctl~~ (nelectrons) ~ ~ l:til~ii (non-bonding) ~ ~ UV-Vis Gil"114 "" c-ftlict <mr 1 ~ ~ <mr l:"1cMii1 ~ 111NHOA ~ 'GiJlf.G-• 'GIT'1M4 GlfcfGIC'1 (anti-bonding molecular orbital) ~ ~ I l!I 'ftYfNiOA'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ R'9f ~~~I 'ft~fir.~9f I )'Ir)
- 183. llfiT ~ B4'Cf~/...n ~'1~Cf4'ti ~ ~'fft~~ ~~ct ~1't~~"'1 ~,C(mol/L) fR~.t'·~- ~~ ~~ a!iiil4ii • (calibration curve) "1'tclS y-~ ~ ~ ~- C1'ftlftctit 1fti{ ~~~ 1 • ~ ~~ C'1lii1C'HI ~9f ~ ~ ~ ~<R't~ I·~~~~ lfm, 720 nm ~ lfitCl'1ffl'A ~ 0.85 ~~ ~ actt't Cui+ Gil4Jeii'A ~ 0.232 M 9ft'e1lt ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I C11M'ofir lf'1Jiilii ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <rnf ~~'. ~ ~ "1~~~ C~<rnf ~~~~~I tCf'fDl4l'A ~~ ~~~ emf~~ R~ G1tC1-.:leii :>t~ ~ ~ 9fm 1 0.25 0.30 0.4 0.50.10 0.20 I~~~· : / (0.232M) < f1.0 ~(M) ~720nm~ 0.10 0.362 0.15 0.498 0.20 0.798 0.25 0.901 0.30 1.002 0.50 .' 1.751 I 9"f.f, fir~·,~ GIJl'14ltl'1,~ (JISl'Af.i (h~uv~~<rnr) e I 7t ----+i 7t * 'fl9ft'fi I 4iitu:C•t'1iiPl~ii Gl)lf1f4ii, 41~'1 ~ (h ~ UV Rmct c-tl1fCt <mt~ 8 I n ----+i 1t. 'ft9fl'n I G1Jlfi1c•ffl• ~ (& ~ UV ~ct c-ft1fCt <mt) UV-Vis ;qcftfi1filN5c4 ~'11 Aitt!Atct ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ "'1'11t"' ~ct~ ~~ ~~~~I ~~ ~ GltCl...IWt ~ ~ {~), ~ ~'1 (G1Jli1f4i1, GIJIW1'4ii (3 <Plc1M'1 ~) 1(1'114111 ~Hil:>tl"M4 ~ ~ ~ ~ (biological macromolecules) ~ct ~ ~ ..m f.f;fir "4tT lfm 1 ~ ~ Mr..<s1c'111 ·~ ~ ~-~ ~ G1i:>t<s1'1 <mt 1 ~~"--t 1'f1 ~ ~- ~ "!iJI ~ wr ~~ ~ ~~<mt~~~~~ Cu2+ Gil4'Cii'A ~ OOJ ~~I ~~~~~~'Rf, I.OM 'il-iiiliiil'A CuS04 ~ ~ ~ 'iliiiiliiil'SI _,., lR"t ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~"4fft ~ ~ (absorbance) ~ ff9f ~. ~"'I emf 720 nm~~ ~(A.max)9ft'e1lt ~I ~~~I.OM CuS04 (aq) ~ 1'f1 emf 4C4'<PfD ~ 'iliiiiliiil'SI ~~~~I '2i•!i'f!i ~~ '2iC!SJ4fD'A c-tllfCt (absorbance, 720 nm ff9f ~) ~ct~ W'ft I '5lit"'lil '2itC "'lafCtCl1"'1"1'l ~ 'i$t Glilllm 9f't(31ft C~ I 2.0
- 184. fAr e,C IHPLC ~ - ~ (peak) ~ •"lliflC_,.. ~f.Wr 10 min2015 ~--~~ 5 c B ......... ·-····... ~~ ! !+--~i ! •••••J ".)o." t&S~ ~ Ciii'liilcl•1r:. (HPLC)~ 41Rliil'1~ ~"'*'"'' 'l~RI (Principle of Quantitative Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography, HPLC) ; HPLC ~~ "!~"1 ~ High Performance Liquid Chromatography ~ • ~ ~ CJ19liil~~~ I ~ ~ <Pft1f CJJ9liil~~lf'1<a ~ ~ ~ ~~ Catiliil~~lfif'SI ~ f&41f@ll I~'~~~ '<3 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Catiliil~~lfif:si ~~<Rt~ I HPLC-~~ ~ '9"Sll ~ 1966 ~ 1 HPLC- ~ ~ ~9f 8 ~l~'e~<Pft1f~~~l~I ~-mr. <Pft1f ~ ~ ~ ~ c•11'1141<a <l5ct'Rt ~ ~ <R'f ~ I e I~ 1ft~ ~ ~ ~ (bonded phase)~ ~1s1• ~ Dt9f ~ ~ ~~ (elution) <Rt ~I Cl' I~ ~ ~ ~ ~fC4loUt4 M'Slli1~"1'!51Cct ~'- ~ ~~' HPLC-~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~·t41i1 ~-~~ ~ ~ ~~ 4'11Cll<a ~ ~ W~¥141941~ ~~I~-~ ~~~~~f.{ts~m ~I ~~~ •t"11'84li1 lTI 'i{fi{t ~ ~ I ~- ~ ~.~ 1 t1P'1"t 'W'r Oiil~lii....lcll~-'""'IC+i-fffAr ~ I G1N5C<1tifi{ GIJl<l>t<lfi"1 -1"11941~ (Ultraviolet absorbance detector) ~ I ~ -1"11'841~ (Fluorescence detector) ~I 'Sll:>tl41M4 ~~ -1"11'841~ (Chemiluminescene detector) 8 I ~ <l'fif'1111~ (Mass spectrometer) ct I NMR ;qcfif'1111~ (NMR spectrometer) ~ ~9ill'TIC"1'SI ~~ ~ HPLC-~ Glf?!>ecttifi{ "IJl<l:>t<l~"1 -1"111641~ ~ ectfilt ~~I~~~~~ W9fl'fl"1:>t(':>tPf 1ft'f.Jm ~~~UV-Visible ;qcfif'11119ft<R ~ ~ ~ ~ lltU fitw ~ ~ ~ ~~ W~ ~ ~ co•ttqC'tl ~ ~ GIJICSJ'fct~aft 1ft9f't ~ I~ W9ftlifR~ ~ ·~ ~-~ ~ Gl-J:>t'Sl'f ~ I ~C:J'lf'ICf!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '!! HPLC ~ ~ 'f'fitt <Rt ~ I HPLC ~ ~ CJl91iilQJ~lfiR C'INICIA'l (area)~~ M'1Jiil"1 W"11'flC"1<a, ~ f.fom CRt ~ 1. ~'9fiU lf~ W9fm ~ 1 ~- ~ 1 ect>tilll:"i (baseline)~ ~ f9roR (peak) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 .f9roR C~cptt (area) ~'Pf~~ I A ~~.~~~~t ~ '9fiU "t~.,,41 ~ ~ VMifliJll'a I ~~ ~HPLC~~~~'~< ~ fJ"1iilall<a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HPLC ~t.NRN!51Cct W"il'11Ci1'51 ~~~~~'~ HPLC q ~ -e ~ ~ VJ111111al1:si ~elf~ ;t (peak) 9f't'em ~ ~ ~ ~ C'*Nlqfl ~ ~ ~~<Rf~I
- 185. 1Ar "·lr IGC •~ ~~ '9Ul'lt.-. 41cat•ffl ~ td' f(l..Qlil•l(Ciffl fic'D.,'1.,~ ~ ~) $~~~~en C'Nlqc~~ ~ iifi1lllijll'51 JtM~ (linear)~~ 1 HPLC «ltfllt'tt C...,.f( (Fields of Application of HPLC) HPLC ~ ~ ~ ~ (non-volatile) ~ '!tifm-"4f(f!a;)., (thermally unstable) OOst ~ ~ ~CRT~~ ~ ~ Ml1Jliili1 ~ ~ ~ ~ l!m I (}l ~ '511Jtl41M4 '(3 ~ ~ ~ c1ft'1 ~ ~ ~4'lfl,'=1'51 ~ HPLC ~- ~ (optimum) 1 CtJ ~ ~ • OOst HPLC ~~<Rf ~~~Wit- ~ , ~ M•lci1'51 ~1.,,ar~llQlt- ~~, ~~'~ ~ G411?t'G1fiici11c~ cr;~fitiii't) , ~ , ~ ~ ()11Ni4Jlii (.JSFSi~ ~ 91'GIPt41111 ~I" I~ ~ ~ ~ ~llf ~ ~ ~I 8 I ~ '511Jtl41M4 ~ ~ ~ (91fitiG~l'ii1, ~) a: I ~ (tql<Plcf91 llQlt 51JIJtql"G ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' C4C'SllPM, ~ ~) I ~ I ~ ~l~<P "'9ftif (natural products) ~ ~ ~ ~ '(3 ~'~~I C I~ G4f("wt ~ ~-Ji~i11~c1Jl~l:i1 (1N1) ~~I I GC =~~(lil't Wt~(~ 'lJl>t*1if,ttJtt>tl~~ OOil<M~ ~lttl~( ·)~I ~.)o.8 ttJPr CiiFliilclS•1r. ~ "lfiill'f•r. Rc~'IC'1t 91~f') (Principle of Quantitative Analysisby GasChromatography) ~ ~ 1-nt ~<Pf ~ 'Wl-'ffi'f CilFli!IW~ '<3 'WT-· ~ I ~ 1ll~ 'ffi'f '(3 ~ 11t~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ WFli4ldJ•~ ~<f'- ~ 11l'311 ~ '(3 ~ 11t~ ~ ~ ~ ~-· CiiFli41cl•~ ~ I hlJ CilFliilCG~lfi1C4 ~~l'51'1'01<A ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~tf'iN ~ GC I GC ~~ <iJ<it(l'Slefif ~-~'Pf~~~~ cs'G~C41S (steroids) ~ f<fi ~~~"<Pitt,~ il~ICH ~ G4Jl"1C<PltlCW1'51 ~ct~~~~-~~ <n M5CS1'1<Pl'1 ~ ~ ~ fils ~ ~ f.fofiT I GC ~ ~ 11t~ ~ ~'<Pfft ~ (~ ~-~ G4JlwtC<P~) l1t ~'<Pfft ~' ~' ~ ~ G4'5J'<ICH ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~'Pf'i G4<i•N~ (support)~~(~"·"') I~ 11t~ (mobile phase)~ ~-.flt f.Ull ~ (~ ~l~CGlcet~ "<il·~411il) I·~~~~~ 'WT ~ ~ I fuiif ~ ~ Cll, "'111~ ~ ~'<Pfft ~'.MaiN5IC<i ~ ~ ~-~ f'a (self- sealing) ~ '(3~ ~ ~ ~ <il~'t'!S ~ 1 ~ ~ 'JtW ~ ~ !t<it(illi1 f.U11 ~ ~~ Cirn I~ i1'1fflW> ~fir~ (coil)~ I~~~~.~ ~"i!'t~ f.{qct ~ ~ I <Pwt-lC1BI ~ ~) ~ - ~ llii11Wll1'51 (detector) ~ ~ ~ I ~ (01llt1f 111l""""" NdC~'SI • ~ ~. ~ ~ ~111l11i1"1~ ~ ~ 'Jt11tlf 111~1w1'1W> (detector) ~ '<Pt1t 1 ~91"11C~il itl"llil~<P ~ ~ ~ ~ -1i119<PI~ ~~~I ~~~W~Clr ~ ~ -i~IWI~ ~ ~CRt~-ttl )lr8
- 186. ~)ll<lffl ~9f g ..:;..........._~ ~ CiiJNlqi'l = CfJt5 ~CD'=)I x -~- "1ili11i'fur ~"11'1lti1<a ~~ CfJt5 ~ -e ~ CiiJNlqadlC<P ~9f ~911'tlti1<a '3~ ~ ~ -!ftG ~ tiUt"5 CiiJNlqCi'l<sl ~ ~ '<Ptil' )l~<PCSIC<I ~ 1ftijJt ~ llT1J I ~'C<P iiFifl.-, ~ (calibration method) ~ I :rtl11't(C.. 9f fir tl'tltf.• '1cfilt I <sl)ll!Jei1 'tefitt '<Pllf ~~I ell ~ "1ili11il'Si qdllq'l <ft<PIC"'Ht ~ ~ 'e ~ ~ ~~<Rt~ I ~ lf'f d!l<PIC"'kt~ 'Sll)ll!JM<P 't~ ~ ~ I l)ll!JCi1'SI ~ ~IC'!>l: 'Sll)ll!JM<P't~ ~~I fir ~ C1lt-ni "fli!i .. I ~~ ~ ~ 5ll!J'!>i1C<P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I CJrtWfRt ~~Dt9f'e~~W9Af~~ISTP-C!~~~~22.4L I ltf ... "lfffef11f1fif~I ~~-"11itf~~~9f g ~~+~=1'R't+~ ~'11~<ilct I HCl ·+ NaOH = NaCl + H20 ~~8 H+ +OH-~ H20 ii 1lt1fCt ~ ~iflt"f 1 ell ~ ~ "ltlf ecfttceti1 ~ ~ ~ ~-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~···~ ~ ~ ~~ ~Jl:Ql'iltit91 ~ ~ C<PR ... ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~I · l:c11~f.1<P ~ ~, C<PR «tfJ1-illt l:Ci1~i1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ l:cil«Ai1 ~ "Wf~~~I ~"fl~'Slct 8 Fe2+----+ Fe3+ +e- ('ett1't) ('ett1't ~~ ~) Fe3+ + e- ----+ Fe2+ (~ J~ct ~~~) fir •-'IUN1lf~ I A =ect (~A =~--;jl<IJi:ct~"1, e= ··~ ~' C= ~ ~ ~~ t= ~ ~I ~-~ "J.iif ~ ~ UV-Visible <ci'~fi1iil9ftCR ~ ~·~~~~~llml ~ ell, "1l'Aiil'1M<P ~ -e UV-Visible <l'fifi1filf'> ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~'t~ ~ ~ l1m 1 ~ HPLC ~ GC C! ~ -li11Wt" ~UV-Visible :ct'1ffitill~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9tilii1ct·~ MC~~t'f<sl ~~-~'Pf~~ l1m I -1i11WlilC'!> ~9f!J Qq'1)f%<P Prrti11dl ~'<PfG "51tf CJl<PtSl<a' (chart recorder)' ~if )ll~ICCIJ ~ (~)·~"fit ~ I ~ <ftC'!>J<Pffl ~"11'11Ci1<sl ~tGi1~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ .<ftC'!>J<Pffl ~~ ~ ~ f9r<ts (peak) ~ I ~ ~ ~ (.~C,81 ~ '<Ptil' '911l1MJt~CA:'A ~ct~~~ I
- 187. ~) 0.0002% ~) 550ppm (4')i '6 ii (~)ii '6 iii ('t) i ~ iii (~)i, ii '6 iii ~ #llJ!WftMi'4~4~ ... ~~~lT '6 ~~~fttlifte- l7' I CaC12 ~ ~ C'Cll<fSC"l'A ~~ ~ 0.015M ~~ "fl1'AfUC'b 200 ppm ~~I !f~ C'Cll<fSC"l'A CaC12 ~if~ ppm~~~~? 4') 600 ppm -.r) 500ppm 't) 400ppm ~ i ~ C<Cil'fSC"lt ~ ~ ~~ ~~? .,) 0.2 % 'f) 0.02% 'f) 0.002% ('t). NH3 + H+ ---+NH; ~ "1iil~H '4~4~ ~ ~ 1 CuSO 4 +KI ---+ Cu212 + 12 + K2SO 4 ~~ MfJ,;411~ (i) Cu2+ ~ ~ (ii) 1- ~ ~ (iii) r Metlii4 ~·?(<1i) i, ii (~)ii,iii ('t) i, iii eo i, ii, iii C 1 FeS04 + KMn04 + H2S04 ~Fe2(S04)3 + K2S04 + H20 + MnS04 ~fiiHll41 - (i) FeSO 4 ~-.flt~ ~ (ii) KMn04 ~-.flt~~ (iii) lmol KMn04 5mol FeS04~~~~~1 ~~~? SOmLO.S M lOOmLO.l M 60mL5% HCI !Rlf NaOH~ N~CO~ ~ !>I (<1i)~~~~~? (~) ~9ft<R ~ ~fiRf ~'fl~ !il~iilfl :i&Jl'51' ~ !l ~CR l ('f) ~~ <1S ~ 10 mL ~ ~f~C9f ~ ~ <15'5 mL ~ ~ ~UileM ~ !l ~~I (~)~~ ~ ~ ~ 't ~ ~ ~ ~ ffli'Pf ~.MC~ct CR I ~tq~~~~ !> 1 ~ct !l~ '6 Dtt'Pf 50 g CaC03 ~ ~ ~ ~ Gfl41!S~'A co, 9fl'6'!lt ~? (<1i) 44.8 L (~) 22.4 L ('t) 11.2 L oo 20 L ~ I ~ct !l~ '6 Dtt'Pf ~<1S ~ Gf~Cet9'1 ~ llMJ ~ ~ HgO ~ ~ !iUll9M? (<1i) 216 g (~) 432 g on 250 g eo 150 g ~I O.OlM iJ9'1iillill'A lOOmL ~~~ 0.5M ~~ mL ~? (<1i) 5 mL (-.f) 2 mL ('t) 4 mL oo 10 mL 8 I~ ~1,ftt4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'fctJ ~ ~ 'Pfmf? (<1i) Cu2+ +4NH3----+- [Cu(NH3)4]2+ (~) Cl2 +20H- ---+Cr -cio 7H20 ---~--- ---~----------- --------::::::: ========------- ---------~----- --------::::::: ========------- -------- 'PltFf~'I· I etei4"~-" I
- 188. ~I D r'lfS .CSfJIC'Ret '<3 ~ ~ <qJ<q(ICH ~~'fl~~~I D ~ ~ tlt4l'SICS"f l!l"ift.~ ~ ~ GIJICitl&, ~ '6 ~-~~I(l~QilCetit ~ ~ ~ '6 ~~ ~~~~~~~I 0 ·~ '<3 ~~ ~4l'SIC5'1 ~ ~ ~ I D <IJ<i~JRl4 • ~-~~•..m~~~I D <IJ<i(IRl4 ~ ·~ )fl(IC<IJ ~ ~ ~ <sil:>fl41M4 ~ ~ ~ ~YflWfi!S ~ ~~I D I!!~ ~ ~4iC<PlfJMfWfi ·-'511"114JM4 ~~~~~I D Rl51tef<111 ( ~ CSfJIC'Slet '<3 ~) <qJIDIRl'Si "4tlf~~ I!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1!!1t d10Nsfe!S ~ ~, ·-~ 'Rl:>fl41M4 ~ I!!~ 'Rl:>fl41M4 ~ ·-~ ~~ <Rt ~I ·-~ '<3 'Rl:>fl41M4 ~ I!!~ ~RiYil'&C'Sl'SI ~ ~ ·-'R:>fl41Ci1'R ~~I~()} .1tfR!i~'Rl:>f 141M4 YiRl<t<ti1 ~ I!!~ ~~ 'Rl:>f141M4 ~. -.mt ·-~ ~~' (~) I!! ~ ~Yfl'&CH ~ l!l'if'. (e) I!!~ ~ • ~ ~l:>ff't4 ~ ·- 'R:>fl41C;lj'SI Gfti('61 I ~ ~ amber ~ electricity ~ • ~ ~~ I ~' •Ulil'!IM '6 ~ ~~ Yf~*ifil'R 1lt'fJt11 ·-'R:>f l41C;lj'SI ~~ ~41f@il I ~~ Yf~*ifil41 'Rl:>fl41M<P ~ ~ !S~C!S'R GIM™e ~"f ~~I ~ ~ ·- 'R:>fl41C;lj'SI ~- ~ ~ I I!!~ 1lt~ 4C414ft GlllllC"f'R C"fit~it ~<i;lj<llaJl'A ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ()} Ud~ '3~ ~(dry cell},(~)•~' (e) ~Ci14'1alC~'., (8) ~~~I di~~~~ D • YiH<il!J '6 I!!~ ~41'51C5'1 ~ ~ ~I D •-m'!1Ci4J'A YfRl<il~!SI ~ ~ 9ftfCCf I D <IJ<i(IRl4 ~ 11t~ ~ ~ YfRt<il~l'R ~ ~ l!l"ift. ~ ~ ~·~ I!!~ ·-GIMC~~~ ~I D lPJl'RIC&'R ~tllr ~ !fm'f ~ ·-~ ~~~~~~I 0 ~:>f~41!Sl~~~~I D tqjq(IH4 ~ 'f'l;;illf'14 )fffi1;41!SI Yf~'ifil'SI lltlfitlf ~~I D ~ ~ '6 Metl'R'1 ~ ~"ift. ·~~~~~Io •~ Rl<ec;q;q ~ ~ )f~!SI • o f'1fieet'R ~~-~~I §~~)114191 -----------------------------------(Electroche,m;,4·· ..···-··i--~-~----~•-·-..>..... •.....•.......•..........•.---••'•*•''.. ' ~ '14f'lt (Key words) I "Ptr.<l<i l~o I, ~ 'PlftJ<i l~o I ~~-~' ~' f<l&ISi'I, "$~, ~' crrctst;" >ill'l<JiSi'I, pH of; ICllti Ollf, !tJllf °"'" ~a~..,,... ~ ·.. '
- 189. D Red-Ox ~'6 ~ ~ '6 ~ct 0 pH fii61C:sFA ~ ~ ~ pH ~ ~~~~~·I ~~~~I 0 ·~!!~~~~~~~ >i~4<sl'f~~~I 8.) $91f+q1~ • cQ Cf41ttWif (Electrical Conductor and its Classification) Cti <f.P 1M ~ • "1fi<il~! ~ ~ ·~ 9MM ~ I ~·. 9tftl<it{C'1 ~ VC.·~~~I~~~-~~~ "Q 11~~· "1fi<il~! ~I .rl- :> 1 l:Cflt~~ ~~ !!~ ~I.~~ . . • Ylfi<itlC'At ff~ cqlT-tCil'A ~. "'ifi<tl{lcqs ~~ ~ ~ -ef't ~ 1'111 I ~- ~ I l:"1~M4 "1fi<tltl !!~ ~ I ·-~ "'ifi<il~ ) I -c11CIG1"• "lftctl~ (Electronic conductor) I C1f ~ 11~ ~ •ci1-Qc-1<A ~ ~ • Ylfi<il~ ~ 5tC4 ~'1.U1"• 9iftctl~ q'twf I~ '6 ~~~CR (alloy) !ll: ~~I !I ~ct l:Co'l~M<ii 91Rl<il~C4 ~ 91ftctl~"9 (metallic conductor)~ I ~ "'iRl;ql~'A 11~ ~. "'iRl;ql~'! Wf ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ !!~ ~ '>i't8'A'1~ l:"1~~ (moving electrons) • • "'ifi<il~ ~ 1 !!VAi' • ~ct ~ •-~ "'iRl<i I~ 'A rnll 00Xt I ~ I ·~ 91ftctl~ (Electrolytic conductor) I C1f ~ ~ ~ ~ 11~ fit"?Jl ~ ~ ~ ~'Pf:J ~ ~. "'ifi;ql~ ~ <!IC'14AC4 ·~ 9iftctl~ ~ I ~ !Im, ~ '6 ~ ·-~ ~ '*lte- I ·-~"'iRl;ql~~~~l~-:>I~·-~ ~I~~~·-~11!·~ (Strong electrolytes) I C1f ~ ~ c1fM ~ !J<itct lf"'!.~9f MCiJINt'! ~ ~ ~ ·-~ I ~ ~' ~ !Im, ...rf '6 1J~li)§ ~ ~l:Cil-.ll:S !ll: ~ ~~ 9fttJ I ~ ~ !!~.~ct~ l:Ci1~M4 ~ ~ 91Rl<il~<sl rnll "41f ~ ~ ft) 1lttiff I ~ ~ !!~ "'1°1_'f'8ICIC! MCC!IFil!S ~ I ~ ~~ •f«:loo (Weak electrolytes) I ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ •-Mc:1C'IJ<sl cmr '4lf •-"'ifa<11~1 ~ ~ !SIC'Ht4 1t(wr •~ ~ 1 ~ !Im, ~ -s GIJIC111MiJl11 ~l:Clilttll:5 ~ ·~ ~ ~ I • ~ !!~ ~~4'8IC<i MC4Jlf9t!S ~ I ·'tit~CA (Non-electrolyte) I f5fif, ~ ~ ~ cliM ~ !FftCt • "'iRt,llct ~ i{t I !lmt<IS ·-GIMC~ ~ I !J<itct !!~ GiliJM!S i{t 'll'611tlr !!~ ~ ·-"'iRl<i«'f ~ -m I f.{cs ~9f11·~ '6.'fl •-Rt:it14J<sl ~ ~ Gil4MliJCi1<sl (ionization)~~ :llC'ft I ~ ·-MC:iC'fJ<sl Gil4Ji11!M 8 NaCl(aq) ----+ Na+(aq) + Cr(aq) HN03(aq) ~ H+(aq) + NO;(aq) NaOH(aq)---+ Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) ~ ·-Rt:JC'IHI Gil!MIM, 8 CH3COQH ~ CH3coo-(aq) + H+(aq) NH OH ~ NH;(aq) + OH-(aq) ~I. !Rt't 1!3 ._~~tllHI Gtliiiil41ii ~~ ~ ~ (---+)100 ~l,911'51 ~"Wit, ~NCill "'14Ml41ii $ ~~ ~ ~ ~ I "'f9f191t'f, ~ ·M~Cil)'SI GU41iil41ii ~ ~ ~ ( ).m ~~I ~1f ~ ~' ~~ ~ 511419114'91 ~ MC4'letii ~~ill I
- 190. 8.).) •~ctl-.'f (Electrolysis) ~~ ·~ ~9fm, p;.,"51'51 ~ -~tfJ ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Sll>tl~M• "1H<I"~ ~ ~ I ~ ~~' ~ '<3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ <Rtl'f :s11>11~f.i4 Mc~t•~ ~ 1 ~ Cll, ~, ~ '<3 "lfCfCt •~~ ~ 1 ~t. ... Rctloot ~w~•IA1'(~~'1ftl"tl1~•~ctliM~~•Rct1*ictvr1· 8.~ ·~ctl"*HI "tfi~l~I (Conductanceof Electrolytes) • ~ '9Tlf.f, ·~ ~ ~~ ~ 5ll~~'R lll~. "1H<ll~ ~ I ~~fir ~ '~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ I ·-~~Cq<R • "1At<lt(C'Rf .. ~!SIC4 '"1ft~l~I (conductance)' '<l'tl'f I ~ "IH<ll~<R ~ ·-~ "1H<ll~'51 ~ ~ "1H<l«'Rf "liJf ·~~ ~ ~ I ~· '!"lliJ:>tlCt ~ ~-"1Rt<ll~'51 ~~ fPfar I~'f ~ ~ ~ E I=·- (4.1) R ~ E=~~(volts) R = ~ 00~ (ohm) ~ ~ "1Rt<ll~<a C<Rt~ "1H<ll~i ~' f. ~if )l~li"11N54 ~ I R oc f. (4.2) ~~ "1H<ll~'R '21'(Ca(C'1'51 '"'~Cl''l A ~if <IJl'lli"11N54 ~ I ~. . . 1 R« A (4.3) ~l{fft~~<mf~~ Roci A f. <ft R = p- (4.4) A ~~ p (rho) C11t ~'41t >illliJ."11~4 ~ ~~ ~"4 "1H<ll~'R 'C11i~ ~(resistivity) <ft '9f't"1f'Mi ctt'f' (specific resistance) CfCl'J 1. ~~ ~ 1'R "1Rl<ll~'R ~ '9RfM~~., I '9fm)j~4'51Cf (4.4) ~ A p =Rx- ~ (4.5) f. ~ "1H<ll~'R ~ l = 1 cm ~'<l't. A = i cm' ~ ~ p = R ~ I ~t. 1 cm3 ... ~ c.R "1ft~l~t W ~· ~ Cl~li(•IC'1 ~ C1f ctt'f lf'ifR -.cl ~ 'itlC"1faits• "1'f' ~I 8.~.) tiilC*lf'Ms "lfi~l~I (Specific Conductance) -~ ~ "1H<ll~<A C<Rt~ ~ fiiJ ~ ~ "1H<ll~I - ~·I ~ ~ 1Vftw ~ ~~ ~ "1Rt<il~ ~I ~t. ~ "1H<ll~'51 ~ "1Rt~(C'Rf ~ ~ "1Rl<il~!SI ~if Cftt'B R~ ~I ~ "1Rl<il~'51 ~~ C<Atttff R~ ~· etlC"1f'Ms "1ft~lf4•I (specific conductance)' Cftlf 1 c.R ·~ ~ 1cm3 itll•t., t*I~ · '81llC*A ~ft~~I 'i(CWlt '81IC"1faits• "ift~lftil 1 ~if~ K (kappa) 1 ~t. 1 I f. 1C = - = - x - (4.6) p R A
- 191. 1000 I~ v·=1000 I c c ~~ A=x:xV 1000 K -----· (4. 7) c ~ 9ift:iql~l11 ~ I "PIJ 91f<l;ql~til'A ~-.;qs ~9f ~~ ~ ~ I A=x:xv=.! x !:_ ·x V R A =ohm-1 cm" lcm '54lweflf?!>;qs!l<A,~~ +tf<l;ql~l'SI ~~ ohm" C<IS · ~ (Siemens), S Q' ;q~ ICii ~ ~ ~ 1 fAr ~.) 1-4"11,,..t'lltlilfiti-.~ "tftac1ft61 "i!Sf"'!)!l'Cf, ~~ 9fH<ql~IC4 <q~ltii S cm·1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ·-~ ~ "i5ftt~ 91H<ql~I (i) "4141Cii'A ~ ~~ (ii) '54liltii'A 'lif?!>c;q•t ~ ~~9"1i I s.~.~ ~ 91ft:iqt~•I (Equivalent Conductanc:e) ~ ~ i.iiiillilll'A li'CfCct ~ ·-Mc:U•1t1'A ~-. ~ "PIT ~ ~~ ~ '54liltii'A YiH<ql~IC<P 'PIT 9fH<ql~I ~ I ~tCJ A (lambda) ~ ~ ~ 1lm I ~ ~'<qS ~ 'PIT •- ~ V cm3 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ +tH<ql~til x: (kappa)~~' A= K x V I ~ ~9ff'ili;qs 9ff°i;ql~IC4 (x) ·~ ~ V cm3 ~ ect ~ "PIT +tf°i;ql~I 9ftellt ~ I ~"PIT 91fi;qj~til'A 91'1' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ MC<qt>iil ~ wrt I ~ ~' 1 ~-"PIT "Si ~..tU ·-MC:tC~J'A 9 cm3 ~ acrcct ~~I ~ ~ 1 cm ~~~·~~~Wftl. f6aU9j(llm 9 1V ~ "4141tieii - ~ ~ I ~ ~ ijCfCct Ml1Jillii <::llliltii'A ~ ~ 1 cm3 I ~ ~' 1 crrr' ~ '54li1Cii'A 91H<ql~I wrt ~~ 91H<qlf~!)I, K I ~~Cf, ~ ~ 91fi;qj~c;e)I m 9x~ I ~~ V cm3 ~~v~~~~~~~ ~if ~ 91r{j;qj~I m v-« I ~~ 1000 cm3 acrcct C '2tl1r-"PIJ ~ ·-~~~ ~1~-'PU~ ·-~ ~ ~ ij'CfCct'i ~ ~ fAr 8.~ I lcm ~ ..... it Pt eft<llllltff ~ ..... 9 cm3 "1f.P ~ 1.0 ttt1( 'piJ W ~ Rta:ICtiOt "tfiiCl~I ~. A=KX9 ~lt"'lf't;• 91ft:iql~lt ~ (Unit of specific conductance) I ~~ OOt'ff ~ 1tfit ~ ~~ +tH<ql~til I ~9ff'ili:qs C1tttlff ~ Wit ~- ~ (ohm cm) 1 'Jl'!~Cf, ~9ff'ili:qs +tfi;ql~l'A ~~ ohm" cm" I ~'i ~"tqS;qs ~9f ~9ftiM ~ 1lm I 1 f I cm K=-X-=-X- R A ohm cm2
- 192. 8.~.8 '4.,*Uiilt ~1"J "lfitiiil~lt "lfitiii&i (Variation of Equivalent Conductance with Concentration) ~~ ·-MC~t111'A ~ tti1~1dll'A "'iR<i'6ci1'51 ~ ¥1J "'iHl:ql~l'A ~ "'iRs<i'6i1 Jt<si'lt<af«s em 1 ~~ 11'~ ~ ¥1J "1Ri<il~'61 (A) ~ii' R~ iiji1~1ail<a ~ .JC ~~ ~f6WI ~ ~ Gl'J~lq~ ~~~I ('<tS) -e (-.t) ~ Wrt ~ ~ ~' tli1~1a!l'51 ~ lllIT iytfl:ql~l'A ~ ~ ._ MC!tCttHI ~ ~ ~ CRf I ("<tS) wtf5WI ~ •Mc:n•tt1<a A l'1J "'iR<ql~!SI ~ ~ I ~·~~~C1J~ tti1~1ailfi t>tusrfitit'Pf G1lt1M" ~l~~~~il'¥fl "1RCll~I ~ 9im I ~ ~ ~ ~ "'ifii<i~9411l GllJ!Cil'SI W 1 (<f) l M H2S04 !Rt'fii~fiip+ ~Rl:ctlfa:!SI 16xl0-2 ohm'"cm? Wl a:qcfft'A !llfJt 9iff:ctl~<il fif4lr~ 1 - t <80 .ohnC1 cm2 g-equiv-1] (1tf) 298K -ft~ - 9ift:cttfi;'!51 ~ 0.05.M NaOH ~ Cff1f 31.6 ohm I ~ 0.367 em? 1{tl'f NaOH ·-~ "1ftnt "'ifi:ctl,_•r~fir..-r rt.1 232 ohm"'"1. cDl2 moi-11 ('t) 1.5 C'lf1f ~ li~CtJ(C"ftl ·~';ft.. 0.72 cm.: 9ili'°'1fl4':~ -~ ~ ··""'llCH· 1100 M/10 ·'fttltlf or-ff 1R C1f· '9TI?it~ CIPf 52t4 (}hDJ U y;Q:qcfftJt 1sfft~ 91fi'4t~I ~ ~ I lfil a 0.0061 ohm~•cm~• 1 1 cm. . cm3 =-x-x-·- ohm cm2 equiv. = ohm" cm2 equiv." 8.~." '1f1'lrtf 9tfttiiil~5il (Molar conductance) 'PfJ "1R<il~l'51 ~ ·-M~Ctf)<si ~ "'iR<il~!SI~ ~'Pf ~ ~ I ~~ 11?.:~ ~ ~'J.. ·~ ~ ~' llt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ll'tJ "'iR<il~I ~ ~ ·-~ ~ ~'<tS~-ll'tJ ~ Gllfi<:-1'51 "'iHl<il~!SI 1 ~ ~ "'iHl<il~'61'51 ~ 1.0 mol ·~ ~ Gllfi<:-1'51 "'if11<il~IC4 ~ I ~ "'ifii<il~IC4 µ(mu) fW ..m .. 'Pf~~ <Rt~ I µ=KxV ~ 1.0 mol ·-~ ~ V cm3 ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~~ "1Hi<il~IC4 (K) ~ (V crrr') ~ ~ct ~ 'P'} "'ifii:ql~l<si ~ ~ "'iHl<il~I ~'Mt ~ ~ 1 ~ "1f11<il~l'A ~fl ohm" cm2 mol'" ~I ~ M mot·•-~~ 1000 cm3 ~ ~ ~ '§tcf KxlOOO µ= ; (4.8) M )2t)
- 193. ""-~ ~ 1IMJllW ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Rl'1J1'1~ R~ blef<tl~ Gll41i1>tC~'SI 1lm ~ct ~ ~ ~ I 1'tl'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ·-RC~CitJ'SI 'PfJ 91Rl<ll~"!SI ~ 9f1lJ I ~ f4i1111Jll4l R~ blef<tl~ "4141i1>t~ii 1ft~ ~ ~ ~~ Rila411~'1 ~ ~ Gll4li1>ti[C~'A '1~C<q*if~ ~ I 1'tl'f ¥IJ 91~1~1'51 ~~ ~ I ~ '<q'l ~ ·-MC~CttJ'SI ~ (~) CWMfbWJ ~ "4141ti1'51 ~ ~ ~ ~~· ~~ ~ 8"41'1Rl4 ~ ~ 'i1'tctJ ~ I ~ ~ ~ Gll41Ci1'51 •1Nst'litif ~~ ~tSIM"!S ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ·-RC~CqJ'R l'lfJ 91R<ilfi("!SI ~ ~ ~ ~ f4~111Jll41 ·-firc~~Hi GIHl~4'Si'f ~ ~ I ~ ~ Glli!C~'SI ~ ~ ~' lJRft ~ • "1R<tt(C'1'SI ~ ~ 1 8.~.<t ~RC'1C'IHI ~ tq_,i4liill'I 41fi"'4.,:a ~ '5ilt~f'Ms 41fi"'l~•lt 41fi"'"91 (Change of Specific Conductance on Changeof Concentration of Solutions of Electrolyte) ~ ·-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ YfH<il~I ~~I "4tif't ~~ YfH<ll~"!SI ~ Icm3 ~ M'1Jllli1 Gll41Ci1'SI 9fra<11P.("!51 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ crrr' Gll41'1!>Ci1 Gll41Ci1'R ~ ectfilt ~ ~ ~~ Yfra<11~'1!)1"' ~ ·~ ~ 1 ~ ams Clll't ~ ~ ~ CRtl'f ~ltSIM<qS'SIC<I~ ~fl Gll41'1!>Ci1 Gll41Ci1'A ~ct~~ I ~ ~~ 91R<ll~I~ ~ I 8.~.~ "'9ti4liiil:st~ 41fi"'l~l:a 41fi"'~ (Vartadonof Conductancewith Temperature) ~~ "l!)f~ ~ ~ •-m~CqJ'SI Yfra<il~I ~~I ~ ~ ~ C~, ·- ~ ~. "l!)f~ ~ ~ ~ Yfra<ll~I 2-3% ~ ~ I ~'iltl'Sl'l~'Ai'Pf 11~ ~ "l!)f~ 0.1 M KCI ~ YfraJ.il~I W'il- 180C "l!)f~ l.12xl0-2 ohm" cm" 25°C "l!)f~ l.29xio-2 ohm" cm" ~~ ~ •-m~cq]'SI 9lract1~1 ~'ff1 ~ w.~ Mc&sia:;M 1 ~- • (~)~ ~ ~fl Gll41'1!>Ci1 '~ Gll41Ci1'R ~"~ (~)•..rm~~~~~ ~~ ~ "l!)f~ ~~ ~ ·-Rt~~J'A ~ «$~ ~ ~Yfra<l~41 I~ "l!)f~ ~ Yfra<ll~'l!>l'SI ~ ~ -..~ ~ ~I "l!)f~ ~ (Rtl'J ijl'Ci.C4'Si (~) ~ (viscosity) ~ ~ I ~ ~ t~ Gll41C~'R •1Nst'ct'f ·~ ~ ~ ~ I .~11Ml "1Ri'Cll~l'6 ~ ~ I ~ •-m~,~o:a ~, 9fra;q1~1'A w~ "l!)f~ ~. •-Rt~tt1t& !iRt4 <~ Gll41~4'AC'fif ~ ~~ ~ Yfra;qc;t;i (MI)~ !nt W~ ~ ~ i ~ "tl4l~4'Sict «:tftba4llf& !ft~~ (MI=-.~)~, "l!)'t'CI' Gll4l~4'ACf-1ITTln (degree of ionization)~~~~ 'Pfm c111 -i1c'l!>fi1cH ~) 1 ~ Yfra<eu~!)1 ~ ~, RYf~'l!)e1C<C1, 51141~•11'1 ~ ~ "l!)f~ <MI= ~) ~, "l!)'t'Ci' e "l!)f~ Gll41~4:act ~ 1 ~ Yfra<11fi("!51-e ~ 1 8.~.C •Rci:tt'U'I 41fi"'l~l 1'1"fif ~ (Me~urement of Electrolytic Cond~ctance) 91·~ .. l•ftt1f ·~ ~ ~<11~1 1lt9ft ~ I ~~ Yf~.. I'~ ~~ <ltl9'1~1"1J '6 ~ "$9Mt11f"1J ~~~ 1 ~ <1111f&c4 "ifi"'l~•l~lfl (conductometer) ~~ 1 ~~ ~~ 9tra<e11~1 1lt'Pf<1S lftP ~ ~--r ~ 1 .st- ~' ~ (display writ) ~<rt. Yfra;q1~1. C4l1f (conductance cell), 91ra;q1~1 C4l1f ~ f5tiif ~ ~ 1
- 194. ~ ~ (Vml lf1tW 1.0 catlc"tf'Ms 11ftctl~I ci11"1191ftcttf(<il molNaCI)~~ ~ (ohm" em'") (ohm'" cm-2 mol' ') 1000 0.0744 74.4 5000 0.01760 88.2 i'lJl<tORURIC!> ~ 91Rl<tl~l 1ft9RS ~ (conductormeter) ~ crnt ~ •-MCa:1~J;si ~ ~ YfRl<il~I ~ ~ ~ lft11, ~ ~~ ·-MCa:1CqJ'A 91Rl<ll~I ~~ ~ (dilution) ~ ~11 YiRl<i~ ~ '6l'6 91(c;q'if"1~1'tlT 1 ~ 8.) I 18 °C ~"litliilll NaCl ~ ctitlt'tf'Ms -e '111"11 "tftctl~I "~ft• 1 ~ C'fttit, 9t'61f't'11si QIS111t1:'5, (1~ttJP1ra. ~m ~ •-~ ~ fi{fift *Mlilatll ~ ·~ ~. fi{fift Gll41'6C*51 -:~ .~ 50 ml, Gll41'!5Ci1'R · OOU M41CH ~ (~ "1ra:q1f(<1F ~ ·~ llm) 9if"t"4l~<il 1ft"1C1S 1flftt ~ ~ 11Rl<1lf('6I ~ 7R I ~fill··~~ "IRl"41~1 ~~T ~4't:'8IC<i ·~liiffi4 ~f'rci, GiJIC~IM411if (1~,_l'(is ~,~.-~~"f~~~91ra~1f(<!SIC11t'Pf ~~~~·~·~, ~ ~ .Gf1"C:f"U ~~·~I ~~ "IRl<1l~6lilt~ 1iS 'l'M101ett•·•..~ fim· f5alti~lal <ltt111'1~11 q9ftfi ~ ~·····~~·····~··~~·.. ·~ 9fff 1 llfir· ·~· ~·~ GCICWll'I( ··,..r· ~ ~ Wf 91tl•"hi R"ffW ·-MC-:l*Uft ~ ~ t ··tffer ~· ~ "6, ~ filwtlC~~ff; ~ ~ ~·~,Q~~~ 1'CWf~·-151~C~ ~ ~ 1 • 1·11'1m1a-.tlf I ~~·9l~l"4FI 41M4JJ{H ... ~1'ftllf 91A<ilf(!I ~ ~~C:H ~ ~'ff; ·~ ~ I !5~itjiHI ~ lilfti11~ JJtCfl Gll<i'R'11& lilfti11~ 9fltff ~ I lilfti11~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1'11'(1''6 ~ I lilmi11~ ~~~~~f'a~~~~I lilfti11if ~ ~ ~ C1'9ftf ~ ~ ~ ~' lit ~?{ ~Mt'G'R ~ """~ ~ , ,1mi11il ~ -e C1'9fnf ~ ""-'tl11'1""1 ~ ~ ~, .,1mi11~ 9fltff !)~'~ ~, lilfti11~ ~' ~l'R4IA, ~ ~ -e C1S9ft"f ~ ~ ~"4ft lfV ~C<ili11-~'A ~ ~ ~~ ~ "IA<il~I C4t1f ~ ~~I~~·-~~~~~~"IA<il~I ~ ~ ~?f .,Mt'G a<1'1ft'A "IA<ll~I ~ ~ ~ lft111 "IR<il~I 1ft9RS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1r! ·-fcft~t~J'R ~· ~i1iflatl'ft ~ "IA<il~I ~~lf1111
- 195. ~9fmf ~ ~~ lITTf, •-MC'!1~U:>t~t( ~ ~ ~~ ~ 1'M c~ 1 ~"f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "fl1'J YfR<Ctl~I ~ ~. 91RJ;q<t9'1 ~ ~ I ~ 9iR<Ctl~ltA5 ~ ~ 91ft~l~I (conductance at infinite dilution,Aa:) ~ 1 8." •1ltlt•t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 91'flt(t ~ ~ (Determination of the Quantity of Electrolytes by using Faraday's First Law) 1831 -e 1832 @iiUICC't ~ ~ ie ~ J1-t+tt -•-na-1c-• ~ •-tmPu ~ ·-~ ~ ~ ~' ·~(electrodes) ~9r:i ~ ~ ~ ~'t ~'t ~ C<Ct1]Ns4 ~ (electric current) ~ :>t"'14''dt 1 1834 @isGICC't ~ ~ 914C<et'1"1 ~ 11~ ~1l't~~~I •11tltQRI ~~I ··~~~ ~ ·~ ·-~C'!1~1il ~ ~'t "9fl1t ~ ~ ~ ~ •-fmtlu ~ ~ M1)C!Sil ~ ~t:Af :>tllliilf1Ns4" I Wf wg ~ ~·~Q~~~~~~~~' ~ w ex: Q ~~' Q=lxt ~ l=~~(5'Jlfwt411il=amp), t=~(~=s) w ex: Ix t ~ w = z x I x t ~~ z ~~ :>tilli"'flNs+ ~' ~ ~ ~1'1'111~• 'POI~ (electrochemical equivalent)' CfCl'f I ~I = 1 Gi]lfwt411il ~~'- t = 1 ~ ~ ~ w = z ~ I ~'- ~ ~ •-ill:>tl41M4 ~~"4 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~, 11t 1 G111f0-1411;si ~ 1 CJ'IC4"3il '9MJ •-fmtlu ~ ~ ~ '9f1ft ~ ~ ~ I ~ 1 Gi]lf0-1411<51 x 1 ~~ 1 ~(coulomb)C<cl1)Ns4'5tef~~·-fmtlu~~~·~~ . ~~~~~~~~tl'lll~•'P1)1~·~~1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ •-tmPu ~ ~"4 ~-'P'J ~ ~ ~9r:i ~ ~ 96500 ~ M1)C!Sil '2tC411etil ~ 1 ·~ ~ct~ '~ •Jl'siltw (1 Faraday)' CfCl'f 1 ~"f ~~Fl q)li!IC5<51 2f«lJ1r ~ ~9flf Wit- •-fmtlu ~ ~ • ~ ~ ~' ·~ "'9f:f ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttcf I CJ'111lft ~~.'ff~9ft'f I ~ "4lf ~ "4lf ~9ftif ~· ~ ~ ~ ~9ftif I~~ ~~l ~ ~' 1.0 ~ ~ "'9f:f ~ ~ ~'t M'lJC'l!Sil d1C!Jletil ~ ~ ~ n x F, ~~ n~ ~~ ':sfl!JCilil C<ilefl!SI ~ Dt'9f ~ I ~ • ~~=nxF ~~~' 1.0 ~ Ag+ t>l&ft'dt~ d1C!Jlijj~" ~ "ITt't = 1 x F 1.0 ~ Cu2+ blq'dt ~ d1UJlijj~!J ~ 'lflt't = 2 x F 1.0 ~ AI3+· blef'dt ~ d1C411et~41 ~~ft = 3 x F ~ ~ 4lltlM Ag+, Cu2+ ~~ AI3+ ·-MC:1qC'1il ~ ~ ~ 31~4<51'1 ~ ~~I 20,000 0.00479 95.9 500,000 0.000213 106.7 1000,000 0.0001078 107.3 2000.000 - 0.0000542 108.5
- 196. 8.".~ .tW9111 W'1'tf9f'f (SomeImportant Terms) • ~ (Coulomb) I M'i]C!>'51 'PfHliilC'Rt ~~ Wft ~ 1 C1I ~ ~ (electricity) Pti15l'R ~ ~ ~ 0.001118 g Ptl'l51'51 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~I I <pN = I 51Jlf0.14'1'5t x I ~ • caulfGt1ilt (Ampere) I ~ ~ ~~ Wft 51JlfD1f~l'St I C1I ~ ~ ~ (current)~ Cl'fC4C6 0.001118 g Pt"151'51 ·-~ C4lt1f ~ ~' ~ l 51JlfDi14'1'51~1 ~ ~' 1 "4ilf0.14ilil ~ ~ Q1C4C6 1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ '11, 1.0 mol Ag+ ~ 1.0 mol Ag ~~ 1.0 mol °$:Ci'i~i1 ~ ~ 1 ~ J.O mol Ag ~~ lx F ~ • 1'11t'f 1 ~~'Pf 1.0 mol Cu2+ ~ 1.0 mol Cu ~~ 2x F ~rot M'i]C6'51 ~C4'1eti1 ~ I ~ ~~ 2.0 ~ °$:"1<Mlii ~ Wm I 'PfHlC~ 1.0 mol Al ~~ 3.0 mol °$:Ci1~i1 ~ ~ ~ 3x F ~ ~ 1'flt't 1 ~~Cf 'iflrt ~' 1 ¥Jl'RIC5 = 96500 ~ = 1 mol °$:"1~91 ~ GllCl'llbiil~ ~·~~ .'Ml'SllC'S'R ~~~~~I~~~·MC:100'R ~~ ~~ ~~$~~~~~I ~Pti15IC'Sl'R ~ 1F ~ ~ 1.0 mol Cft 108 g Ag ~9ijf ~ 1 2F ~ ~ 2.0 mol Cft (2xl08) g ~ 216 g Ag ~9ijf ~I 3F ~ ~ 3 mol Cft (3x108) g~324 g Ag~~ I ~~~'Pf~ ,~, M'i]C!>'R ~rot~ ~ ~ ~9ijf ~ ~rot~~~ I ~~ ¥Jl'RICIS'R !f~ ~ ~9f1f I 8.".) •r=-c~8*t'1 .iltlC<it ~ "J.tilll w, (Importance of Faraday's First Law in Electrolysis) (~) ~ ~ •-<s11J1141M4 l1'flt'."4 ~ ~ lll1l (~) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1't'f ~ ·-MC'!JCqJ'SI ~9ijf ~ YfHlill'fOfiRt ~ ~ ~ I ~ I •Jl<SllC!kl M1f ~ I~ .MC'!1CttJ'R 11tlfl ~~ ~ • ~ ~ ~ ·~ etill'f6 ~ ~ ~fiRf ~ "6tm ~ ~ 'StlJ11~M4 'Pfll'.'C41 J1iil-J"11Nl4 ~ I ~I~·~~~~~~~~~~Wf ~~IC'Si Wt '6 W2 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ :stlJ114'M4 ~<IS ll'tll~ E1 '6 E2 ~ 6CCf w1 ac E1~ w1 =kxE1 ~~ w2 ac E2 ~ w2 =kxE2 ~ J1iiliYflNl4 ~ ~'4'$: ~ 6CCf w E · -1 = -1 ; ~Ut ~ '4Cif ~ ~ Cft ·-'StlJ114'M4 l'fll'... ~ ~ ~ I W2 E2 Ag+ + e- ---+ Ag Cu2+ + 2e- ---+ Cu AI3+ + 3e- ---+ Al
- 197. 2 =31.75 • •11:1111~• f'O~•(Electrochemical Equivalent) I~~~' 1.0 F ~ 96500 ~ ~ ~ ~ ·-~ C4tm ·~ltt ell~~ ~"ti~~ tPtl•~· 'f'Ok• (E) ~ I WR~ l .OC (~) ~ ~ '4i1t ~~.ell~ - ~9f!f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~tl"lli~· f'OI~ (z)' 'Ci'flt ~ I ~ 96SOO C (~) ?Cl'1J~4 Dtt'9f ~ 'AIJlfl!IM4 ~"'4 ~ ~~"ti~ =- ~'-Cu l.fl'f "2't"'AIJtat"!l41~M~4 'P'Jt"'4 = l.O onWJ~ Cu dl'I ~cu~.,, 63.5 . 1 63.5.. _ mol Cu=-g 2 2 =31.7Sg 1.0 mol Cu =63.Sg • ~ (Ohm) I "tf<lctl~'A 11'fl ~ ~ ~ "tf<lctl~ ell ~-n ~ ~ ~ "tfictl(l'A Cft'f (resistance) ~ 1 occ ~9f1mittlr 106.3 cm ~ -e 1 cin2 C...ailM ~ ~l'A4IRl'A ~ ~ ~ ell 4tt~ ~ Cft'f ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 'Cltlf I • ~ (Volt) I '!)"col'14 ~ (electromotive force) ~'f ~'4iJ ~ ·~· 1 1 ~ C'At'f ~ "tRlctl~'A 11'fl fiftv 1 5IJlf'Nt111<a ~ ~ ~ "tRlctt~'A ~ lfTtW ell ?ct'lJfqs• ~ ~ ~~' ~ 1 ~Cftwf I • •Jttlc• (Faraday) I q)l'illC9 ~' F C4 1.0 .il'illtli'e 'Cltlf I 1.0 F ~ ~ ~ .. C1ITWJ •c'l~t:-1'A '5t9f I ~$ ~ 9.6Sxl04C (96500 ·~)I ?ct'J)Ns4 ~ "tfi~l'1C4 q)l'AICi ft . ~~~I ~ 6.023xl0231t l:til~ii 'lfiil~•elCCI ell ~ ?ct'J)Ns4 '5111 C4R ~~ "1~t~:a f.(flfl ~ "1fiC11fi(!s ~ ~ wn 1.0 F ~ 1 • tl'tll~ 'f'Uk• (Chemical Equivalent) I ·~ ~ 11'6 fiftl llfif 1.0F=96500"f'N. ~ ~ ~ •1'<'41Ct W.$1 ~ ~ ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ 111:1111~ ~ (E) ~ 1 iil'lltJM• ~ .. ~ ~ 1.0 CJltWf "1fi~1t'1<a ~ ~ wn- E = 1.0 "'1Wf ~ olttwlt~ I.OF~ AgN03~~~1.0 mol Ag• 19~ 1.0 mol Ag'f1!~9tfi~ I 1.0 mol Ag= 108 g Ag :. Ag l.fl'f 'Al'>tl41M4 ~'4 = 108 = 108 1 ~ CuS04~llfi;1.0F~~'Q~ .!. mol Cu2• bl~~.!. mol Cu'ftf 2 2 ~9f'fi~ I ~'f '4Tf't ~ f.fcR 'Al'll41M4 Jlf~4'Aef I Cu2•(aq) + 2e-----+ Cu(s) (4Jltvtli ~) ~~'Cl' 1 ~ Cu '9t11t ~ 2 mol ,..,.,ctG-. ~ ~ I 2 mol ,.,.,~t:-1'il 1lfi{J 2.0 F ~ "l'tt'11 ~'- 1.0 F ~ ~ .!. mol Cu '9fl1t ~ I 2
- 198. ~rw.~ ~ 'till~ ...,,11'1 ) I MnCl2 ~. ~ (i) 1.0 ~ (C) ~ (i) 1.0 •Jttlc• ?Cij'i)f'J• .. ~ 1At1r~ ~ Mn •Jlf•4111C• 1'1ft ~ (Mn ~ etlt'lfiiH "lttill'IA• 151 = 55) ~I~ '9ftf.f, {i) 1.0 !IN • ..m Mn ~'f ·-tl'11fiPt4 ~'4, Z ~ ~ I z - Mn "'lf t .o '1nWf = 55 =2.8497 x Io-4 96500x~~ 96500x2 g {ii)~ 1.0 "11tlCi • ..m Mn ~'f tl'1141Pt4 'P'lf'-'4, E "'1ft ~I 55 ~~~ E=-g =27.5 g 2 l'fl'1i't ~I~·~~~ c.>tlfq,11114 (Jllltl..i fift114 hr~ 10 amp~ '5'flPn '4tt'f Cl'Jlti410i ~ 4t11f C'11Aitili41lf'llt ~7 ~I~~ d!t~I~ ?~PJ]f'4 Wf1t {Q) ~~~I . 60 min 60 s IC Q=1xt =lOamp x4hrx x--x--- 1 hr 1 min 1 amp-s =1,44,000 c CllJltiCfttW ~~ ~fiiHl1' ~ I Na+ + e- -----+ Na lmol e" • 1 F ~ = 96,500C ~ t9fmf "llC'llbi!I ~ ~ 1®- 1.0 '11flf oTiwJ z=------ • 96500 x oTin ~ E cit z= -- 96500 cit E = 96500z ~~~ tl'1141M4 l"f}1'.'4 (E) ~ •-tl'tlfif.14 ~tcrsi (z) 96500 ect I H-~'f 1.0 C1f1Wf = 1.008 g H-~'f tl'11fi~4~'4,E=1.008 g H-~'f ••1'1141Pt4 'f'l)I~, Z= 1.003 g = 0.00001045 g 96500 ~9f, Ag ~'f ·-tl'11fiM4 l"JT'.'4 = 0.001118 ~~ Cu ~'f •-tl'1141Pt4 ~· = 0.000329 ~ E = 1.o'11flf o1twJ ~~ 1.0 '11flf ~ :. 1 ~?~PJIJrq,• ~~9f!f~ = z = •t1"1.lfiM4 'Pffl'-• 96500 x oltt'll ~
- 199. 8.8 lf1'f' "lfiiF41!SI~ (Reactivity Series of Metals) ~ :>tkaaiJ'!>I ~ ~ ~' ~~ .~ ~' ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ :>tfalaiJ'!>I~ ~g~ "!ili~I~ ~I l!l ~ ~9flf~ l!l~ ~' ~ ~ W9fm oli'f ~ ~ ~ ~ 001'ft<P ~ clfM- ~ ~9M ~I l!l ~ ~ ~ ~9fm ~ ~ ~ ~ Cml ~~~I~~~(~) :>tfalafl!SI ~ ~ WJl I ~ I filf'ca '1t1/ JtlvtV.~f1i;qs £1~· ·~t:Pitctf 11t~ ~H202 ~ ·CR!· 'Q I "llltiilC5 ell ~~~~I 2H2S04--+H2S208 + 2H,+ +2e- ~9f!l 'Pil~"lfi'4Jifli1Ns~~<P £!~, H2S208 c+ ~9f ~·(boiled)~ ·~.fittv H202 ~'Pf!f ~ 1 2H20 + H2S208 ----.---+ 2H2SO4 + H202 t(t~ICeti1 "'iFSl~l~c<S'SI 51' ~ lR· llfif l ~ ~ 0.893 amp ~ oti1fitt ~ ~ I l'- ·a 0.5666 sl e I Na2SO~ £1'1 ~ ~ .... ~ ~ 25°C !t~ '6 LO atm .lit9f ·~ ~~H2~9fll~·~ 10amp.~2-hrcmf9t·~~l{lll [~89.l2L) 8 I Cr £1'1 l!l~ Gf'1Rf5"!> ~ ... ~~ ~ ~ 10 .amp~~ 1.5 hr ~9f DflTin emf <PJlt~ 9.71 g Cr 9't'e'Vf C'f'rl Cr ~'I~ ~~ Qlff -.sf I [~ I Cr= +3) Cl' I "11ftfq~~4 ~~ Wf'! ~ ~ 5 "4JtfGit1Bf~.3000 ~· -mr···~ ~ ~ C1ltl'f (1-tJi1Ceti1 9"Sllt ~! 1• i0.0777 mol l ~I (4) ·~~ <Plltidtti 6.35g-.~~·~·~:pN~«iCfdlti1~7 (~) l!l ~ '4~ ~ ~ 4 amp~~ "l1Rr oti1fitt ~ ~? [- 8 (-.) 19,300'!'N, (~) 4,825 '"'" 1 f.mlr-.t a ~ 1 $ K2Cr207 ~ ~·. ~9ftlff ·~ 1.386 mol Cr ~CtJfeti1 ~ 1 ~'I ~-HNHlt :>t~+11'1 K2Cr207 +12H+ + 12e- ~ 2Cr(s)+ 7H20 ~ ~aU~I Ml'j)L'it ~C-t ~ <R 1 ['8 a 8.024xl05C 1 ~ 1 mol e- = 1 mol Na ~~"if,~ et~l<f!S Na ~'I C1lfl'f-~~ ~ 1 mol Na 1,44,000Cx = 1.49 mol Na 96,500 c ~~ 1.49 mol Na ~ '!S'Rt ~ «!<Pl~ ~cotm ~ ~ ~ct ~ <P11ti4roS ~ C:>tlNHJIC~~ !if 9fl-e11t llM 1 1.49 mol Na x 22·99 g Na = 34.3 g Na(~) 1 mol Na
- 200. ~ >tfula~bl ~<Pl491C4 C4i{ ~ ~ ~? ~1l ~ "Wrt, filtl ~ ~ ~ Gll<PRl<P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ Mttal·f.l~~I ~" ~ ~~ ~~91_cf OOl'f I ~ ~ ~ ~ Gl~ll:CS'A ~ ~$ ~ ~~~~~~~~I elf~~~ ~9PITTFt ~ ~9M ~ 9fmf ~ ~ >tflll;~bl ~ <Pl4Ci1'51 f.{ts ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~ tf1' 9ft;1PBll1', c>tlNnllll, <PJl11Prn111, GIJl'lfilM~lll ~~c;qs ~ ~ Mifil•f.l~ l1m ~ I l'f li(t'1 ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~l'fl~'Act ~- ~9ftif (II) >tlilcqu, f31i1<sl'A ~ ~~ C>t1Rs4l11' CJPl'All:5 I ~ ~t"t ~ ~ ~ 8.~ I~ (II)"'""''" ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ '4Wf ~ ~~~ ~ 'bl 914'C<11''1 CRCf I ~~'Pf 91~.. lifrol ~ ~ >tffila4lbl ~ ·~ ~ ~ llm I •'fli(t4'1 ) I~ '6 <IS'Pf'Rf (II) Gl~ll:C5'51 ~ ~ fird'fC<P ·~~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Sll:Gl~ll:5 ~~~~~I ~ ~ WfTi'J ~ ~ I ~ ~ MMa~l41 ~9Rf ~' ~ I >t<tC-tclt ~ ~ ~ <IS'Pf'Rf ~ ~ I C(s) + 2CuO(s) ~ C02(g) + 2Cu(s) CuO ~ Cu2+ GllMC4 ~ ~ ~9R ~~I~ Cu~~ rnll ~~~I ~/~ >tfula41bl. ~ ~~ ~ Cu ~~ ~~~1l'm~~~I 91UIPBJliJ fitf6:t411iJ ~ <PJli1Pt41111 • C:>tlN;41liJ IlJliiCiilPt4J111 c;qfifil41111 GIJIGIJ:filM41111 ~'.<15 ~ ~ •<PJlSfiJ41IiJ trM ~ ~~ iJl'A<Plf°i ~ ~ 11Jl:JtlMIT Ci!FlfiJ41IiJ ~ C'111!5 ~ 8.~ I~ '>ff*i'll ~ ~
- 201. -- 61"1il14filf• ~lftl ~00 ~ +~ (II) '11'1W°D ~ I ~~ 9ftr."t ~ ~91Tf (II) "11'1CCJStl1'A • ~ ~ ~ Zn ~'f ~ ~-~ ~~~~~~~~pt~~ ~~~I~~~ GIA5~1~ Wf ~ ~ ~' ~~~'Wf c~ 1 ~'f ~~Zn~~ Cu2+ ~~~Cu~ ~~I Cu2+~'f~~ ~ ~ 1 ~Cf'f Cu2+ ~ '4t'f Cu ~'f ~ ~llT'f lfPt ~ctf~~~~I ~~~~~'Zn CIS1l ~ Cu2+ ~ ~ ~ ~"11'A't ~ 9frof 1 Zn(s) + CuS04(aq) ~ Zn S04(aq) + Cu(s) "tlift•cltt ~ 8.8.) :>tfilltl•I filftcwa •t11•1' tmr1't (SodleAppltcatlons of the Reactivity Serles) ()) ~ ~ ~ "1fa194ll61 ~ (ll:ti1Cet<Oi1'A '9ftf ~' 'l6T'ft 9fTfif ~ ~ (steam) ~ Mfa194ll4l ~ ~ t{ll:ti1Ceti1C4 ~~ '4t'f (1...ti1Ceti1 ~ "'9ijf ~ I ~ + ~ 9f1f.' ~ ~ (l..Qll1'-• + (l~ICiM ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '4t'f ~ ~ Gl,.l...i ~~ l(l.. Qileeti1 ~9ijf '4t'f I ~ + ~ ~ ~ tlf1'-- + (l..QllCiM "1fJla4ll61 rJtracet'A W9Rf ~ ~ ~ '41ftlJ 9fTfif ~ ~ ~ MNRli ~ ~ ~ 9f'A1 I ~ct W9Rf ~ ~ • "1fa194ll61~ C91N ~ I "1fa194ll61 ~ (ll:tileet<Oi1'A ~ ~ ttl'fJ1){( (~Cu) 9ftfif~ ~ ~ ~ iit I ~'9fiU ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ 9ftl:9f ~ ~ ~ ~9fteif'f~ ~ I 2X(s) + 2H20(f) ---+ 2XOH(aq) + H2(g) ~~ X = K, Na, Li ~ 1 MNRlt t316lt~ K -+Na-+ Li ~- ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l:ti1Ceti1 ~"11*1 CRN 9ftt'f ~"Pf 4C4l~ • ~filMllt J1~4'A'1 ~ OOIT ~- Ca(s) + 2H20(/) ---+ Ca(OH)2 (aq ~~ s}+H2(g) ~ Mg(s) + H20(g) ---+ MgO(s) + H2(g) ~ Zn(s) + H20(g) ---+ ZnO(s) + H2(g) 3Fe(s) + 4H20(g) -----+ Fe304(s) + 4H2(g) (~ "11 ~ ~ ~~(Reactions of Metals with Dilute Acids) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fll;4JFA ~ ~ ~ 'lf1 ~~ ~ '4ti I ~ ~ "1tlf ~~'!IC~~I "1fa194l'!>I ~ ~ll:tilteteiit ~9ftf ~ ttl'fJ1'{( ~ ~ ~ W C. ~<Pfi{ '4ti H2 '1Jtt'f ~ ~ I ~~ ~'4ft ~ ~9fif l{V I f'ifttitt t9ftR ~ itll<f"1' ~ ~ ~' ~ "1fali4ll61 '9f'f~ ~ R1f ~ 'Pftl1 I ~ + "f1 '1lwtMft• ~ ~ ~ l»tlwt'*l''D ~ + «UlllCiM ~. + "11-lfliilft• ~ ~ ~ Cl'ltl-- "l.t + ""QllCiM Mg(s) + H2S04(aq) ---. MgS04(aq) + H2(g) 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) ---. 2AICl3 (aq) + 3H2 (g) ~ ~ ~ "1fil1tlNSI ~ ~-Qiltet<Oi1'A f.u ~ ~ Wf1 ~ ~ ~ ~ -;n I
- 202. fial'l'"1ft ~ I~ 'r' ..l'1• 'tfaFli'fSt ~ ~ ..) I ~, c:>tlffiifilil ~ yfnlfJtfilil ~ ~ ~ I ~m <11!>IC"f'A Gi~Cete:i, ~ ~ . ~ <il~till:t<it ~ ~· ~·I ~. ~ f:llftiMllll ~ ~ *'if ~ lfm I ~'9f-U ~~ C4C~lfJt91 ~ ""-net' ~· "1l· I ~ ~ ~ "lfaR!I ~ ~ fii1'1t'C4i ~~ '511<1'1)4 I ~ ~ ~ '4lit"8IC~ ~ fit't11 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~N Gllf{Cwtt ,-. .. ~ ~I ~ "iRilltct1 ('ilh ~ ~) '~ ~ tfi' ffft1f ~ ~· ~ ~·~ff crot. ~t MraM~lt • "iafc;q"'ct 4ff , Ci11Aiili4 (Na) I 2Na(s) + 2H20(l) ~ 2NaOH(aq) +H2(g) c:>tlf&iJlil • tcRt ~'"it~I~· Jl$ ~·Gmf ~I Jl1T1 ~ ~ ~ 'bf'Pf ~1tlf'!f -.cf I~ '91ra!>Cil !lftt·~ ~ t ~ ~ ctJlCilCetit ~ *-., ~I '5t'f ~ (sparks)·•~~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~· ~···~ ~ (hissing sound)~~ Jl~ Jl-. ~ C"llNilJlil ~ ~ 11Tll I 9i'llfitili4 (K) I 2K(s)" + 2H20(t)---.+2KOH(aq) + H2(g) ~ ~· 11'91fit11tc111 ~·· '1ltNi11lt1't cm~ ~ ~ 1 MWRl4' • ~9f "'9f!f q Jl~ ~ ~9f · ~"f!f· .U.:tilCttit ~·~'if.· tm1••·•l.ftlr· ~~ ~ ·11iMT (lilac) ~.·'(t'l t ~~ 91bJPtatil "1itlWitef"« ·di~ ~I -'if'lf'• ~·· ·~ ~4' ."1111. Mf'JHHI ~ ~I ~ ~ fiTfinn1r, C'llAsttl14 ~ 91°GIPBUti4i iF1f 1{t1'tl I K> Na > Li •RINi11114 ~ f'tf'l411c¥11 ~t~·.•~ •l:W1 ~m PIFJH111 Rlc'ifl_tct ~ .9fttl ~ 11JJ~ct'Dflc• ~m .~ 'ift ~ ~ 1 ~·~I ·'flt~~ ·~•.(Re.actions of Metalswith Dilute Acids) ·1 Mg, Al, Zn, Fe til'f:rtC(t.~tilil! 9ffiil1'l f.itlf ~ ~ Wf1 HCl Cft H2S04-Jl ~ ~ ~fiJHJlt ~· "14cca¥1 'iR I ~JfitC91Pi1Uii ~ Wf1 ~~··~ t!el~ ~ 1Ptf dl4ft~ ,_ ~ ~ ~ 1J I fi4411l~ ~ t'fYll l{tV ~ ..~~ ~ .. a.r~lJ I (t..QlllCifi',~·~""11'f'l'oltCi·"Jf'~·~·I Mg(s) + H2S04(aq) ____.. MgS04(aq) + H2(g) *(Fe) 1 ·cinm ~ '11• ~'~ ~~ ~. ~ 1 ~ ~ :rtb4'et0tt 9f((Ci4"'f ~ ~ '1f, .·"l ~ NttCM AfilHli emf~~·~~· 1 9iflt"IC'I ~··""" ~ ~ ~ lltl I ~· ~~ ~ ~~ ~'~ 4'1, iiJliflfifettt ~· :rtfaH!St Ptfloo ~ etlsrstm·~ ~ itJletlfifet ~ ~ ~firORt~- ii)lltfMif :rtfliR!SI ~· '51Jl'lfilfi1411il -e· ~~ ~ '51<1f'6 ~~ Jlfl'; Mn2.i:~ ~ ~· 1 M~2+ ·~'f.lR'°1' ~ ''1t'n91T~ ~ ~ ~ "fmf I (4') :rttaMl<!>I ~~ ~ 1cfl,.iili1 CR '1f, ilJl!iflMet ·4'9fAf (II) '1l"1c4dJ:s1 ~·~ <RtCr~? eo~CR, ~ 1'Jlotlf.4et • ~· ~· ~ -.tf 1 MfJ19twsi .,,~•cactftJ ~ 1 tff l(i)'ft1·H2S04 ~t~Cu-~t~Q·~~7 (ii)~ 'ftV H2SO 4 ·~t ~ Cu-~t~ ~ I ~o)
- 203. l:c11cq-. ~ =.m,ct ~ J'1~4<si'1 Gii<llfl ~•1Ci1PtJJlii (Mg) ~ ij_'$ -.cdl;q{f;Ci1'SI ·~ ~ I ~ ~•1Ci1Pt4llll ~ (Mg2l • ~ 1 '(cdl~ti1'SI ~ l1twf ~~ -emtct ~ ~ 1 ~ Piffila{ll<si ~ "f'.--tc4 'tttPt ~~~faHll' ~ I ' Mg Mg2+ + 2e- I I Mg+ Cu2+ -- Mg2+ +Cu I I Mg+ CuO~MgO +Cu ~' Mg+Cu2+ +02- ~Mg2+ +02- +Cu J'1~4'SIC't'SI ~ ~ 02- '1Jt~ct (common) CfCllf ~"4 ~ Qif (spectator ion)' ~ ~ 1 ~fU ...Ci'l~ii ~~~"amt c-m 9{t ~ ~'C4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- l:cdlcqii ~ct =~ct 8.<t ~ ~-~fiiHll 'El ~itlt'1 ~-~ (Oxidation Half-Reactions and Reduction Half-Reactions) 1lfttct -e Riflt'1 (Oxidation and Reduction) ~ ii'!Sl~IC'A, ~ ~Ma{ll4l ~ ~ Gi~cetii ~ 5liU •-~~ (electronegative) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1lfttct (ftl'f I "f~9fC'if'' Rttlt'1 ~faHll ~ ~ Gifi!Cetii ~ 5liU ~ ·- ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i-.(liileetii ~ 5liU ~ •-~ (electropositive) ~ ~ ~ I ~ GifitCetii ~ct '5 ~ 'tf"i'41C'f 1IITTtct '5 ~~<Rf~ I · ~'11('A'1-.ifi9f, ~ ~ .. 9ITTJ (II) Gii!tl...CS'Si ~ ~•1Ci1Pt4llii ~ ~ ~ ~ CRtiT ~ CfCcRr ~•1Ci1Pt{llil Gii!tl 5 '5 ~ ~ CfCcRr ..9ITTJ ~ ~~ ~ I ~ 'SilJ114lM4 MMa4ll4l ~ ~ ~ct '5 ~ ~ I ~~Cf PifZaa4llfUC4 ii.~ ~'1 '1$'1 <Rt ~ 1 Pi~HI ell ~'C-t ~ct ~· ~ ~ ~-~ (oxidation half-reaction)' ~Cf'. Pifa,.JJl'Si ell ~'c-t ~ ~ ~ ·~iflt'1 '5{(-~ (reduction half-reaction)' ~ 1 ~~Cf 1IITTtct ~-~ ~- Mg + 0 ~ MgO ~~~~-~~- CuO ~Cu+ 0 1lt1PI' 'El ~iflt'1 - ~ ..~., '(l.,IWCH '411C'llC• (Oxidation and Reduction-In the light of Electron Transfer) I~~ -.Ci1~~4l ~ Gi'J:J1IC'Si, ~ ~Ma4ll4l ~ -.Ci'l~ii "!Sll't ~ ~~ ~ ~fa,.4ll4l ~ -.Cil~ii ~ ~ I ~•1Ci1Pt4l1Cil'Si ~ .. 'PfRf (II) Gii!tl...CS'Si ~ ~~llt<iSI Fe~ Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) ~ FeCl2(aq) + H2(g) - ~~· (lf1ltct ~ llt'V, ~ J'fQ.JNSl'SI ~ ~- Mg > Al > Zn > Fe. -.9ftf ~ ~ ~ f.it1f ~ HCl ~ H2S04 ~ 00'1 ~ ~ llttcf ~ ~ ~ ~ itt I ~~Cf .. 9ftf ~ J'fWR'!SI ~~· ~fiRr rnll <l51l ~ I ~'. l'ffliR'!Sl'SI ~ ~- Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Cu. MfJRteflf fatt'if't?H ~ ~ <R" 1
- 204. ~ <lefi1'f!S -Cil~i1~ ~9fnt (II) ~' Cu2+ ~ct ~ ~"fAf ~ (Cu) ~ ~ I T't-c-.,;q(Q~91 ~ lifPt ~ ~~· f°<IQi{JIC<P ·~ifl<i'1 ~-~faFlll' ~ I Cu2+ + 2e- ~ Cu(s) ~ ~ 1;fnl, ~~ Mfala~I~ ~ '6 ~ ~ l!'fYf~ ~I ·-'Rl:>tl{JM4 ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ I ~~ ~~ ·-'Rl:>tl~M4 '411l 1~ ~~~I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Gli1JftC!S ~~~I~~ C4l1f ~~ ·~ '6 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ..m • I ~ ·~ lJITTJct ~ ~ VJOIC-.1fi (anode) ~~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ •1lt~ (cathode)~ I GIJICi'll& '6 ~ ~~ ~ ~'f ~ ·-'Rl:>tl'4M4 ~ ~~ ~ 9ft'61rt1;fn1 I ~ "4mtct '51JIC91IC& ell ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ (oxidation half reaction) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~itlt"1 ~-~ (reduction half reaction) ~ 1 8.~ """"It~(Electrode Potential) ell ~ ~ Cft !ttR ~~ ._'Rl:>tl'4M4 ~ -C11;q(Q91 ~·~ '6 ~ ~ ~ '!~It~ I ~~ ~ ~' ~ !S~l'R ~ ~ llni1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ • c;qsR ~ <•-~) ~ ~'-~ Milfii'!> ~ ~"4tt •-.m~~I~~ '6 ·-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~"4tt ~ ~ (potentialdifference)~~ 1 ~"C<P '6~1<1~ ~ I W, ~, cii1<11-11 ~'tq'~ c,11c11<Rrn ell~~~ "!>t ~ ~ ~ c9ftlJ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~'111"1111~• ~ (electro-chemical cell) ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ <11lt1fic'!> 'Rl"11'4M4 ~ ('Rl:>tl~M4 f°<lfih;'41'R ~~ ~~ ~) • ~ iliYfl'<Bfi!S ~ I ~ ~~')I'~ GOIC9115 '6 ~ ~~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ I ~ '6 ~ Mffi1a{Jl'R lfpt GIJICi115 '6 ~ 1lt'fl -C'l;q(Q(}'l;g ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ 4?._'J(lf's• ~ ~ (electrical potential difference)' ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 4l'RC~ -Cl'l;q('GQ'l'R ~ ~ ~ ~9f:l~ I •-'Rl"11¥JM4 '4tm ~~ ~ '~l~<a'1 ~ c'h"f.ic¥J11 ~ 1 ~~ ~~ '6 ~~ "GP!c41'4 ~ ~ Qftt4 I ~~ fitt-. ~ ZnS04 ~ ~~ -.~ ~ CuS04 ~ ~ ~I ~~·~~Nl'.~~~~~~~~9fttff~~~~I~ 41'53t'f~ Ntt-. ~ ~-. :>tl11cqtD<a ~ ~ ~ ~-. ~ "Jf' ~ ~~ CuS04 a<f't ~ -.9fnr (II) ~ ~9fnr ~ ~ bleftiet ~ I ~ ~~ 1PJ'f m~ ~ ~ Cft ~ ~ ~ Gll~li1'R ~ct ~'-~ f.111fiii"' ~ ~ ~'i'Ofif -Cil;q(Qii '!>Jt't ~ ~ ~ ~Cf! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~<1'1!>IC<P • ~ 'Jt9t (solution pressure) ~ I ~~ llt!f ~ f°<l~Jilli1 ~~~<ft_~~~ -Cil;q(Qi1 ~ ~ ~ "1'Rill'.lt!> ~. ~ ~ ~ Cft 9ftt! 1lf1't ~ ~· ~ I ~- i!f<i'1'!>IC4 Gll!JCi'l'R '51"1111'• 'Jt9t (osmotic pressure) ~I ~ ~Yfil!S~ ~ l{fT; ~~ "l'ill1 ~~ :>tlllJl<l'(l'R "Jf' ~I~ :>tli1Jlct'(IC4~9f ~ lTm I M(s) ~Mn+(aq)+ne- ~Yf'CR :>t~4'A'1 ~ ~ ll'm ~' ~ ~ Cft 9ftt! w~ ~ 9R111t'l, M ~ n ~~ ~"'~~ ~ f<lrar~l'R ~~ "f'Pf:>tlfi'!> ~ ~ ~ 9Rl11t'1 ~ ~' M0+ ~ ~ ~ 1 l:Ci't~ii ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1;fn1 ~ ~~~~~~ct~ I ~ ~ ~ Cft ~ ·- <s!l:>tl~M4 C4M ~ ~ ~ ·eo1c-.1"· ~ ~ '6""114i:a· ~ ~ 1
- 205. ( E0 ~ =ElectromotiveForce) 9fRr1it41 CRt l1T1l 1 fflsw (..) l!I... ·~ ~ 9fRr1il9f CRf l1Tll itt I l!l'f '4f1Ct Wft, ~ 8.C I~~ 1lfh.i.r l!I~ 1!1-.. "!~ ..00 91cf ~ ~ 'CRt l1Tll itt I "11't.4111 ~ !Rt'R '(!Sf9flllim, Gll41Ci14A ~ ·~ ~~ l!I~ ~ '5tt"ft '""' Meta~., I ~ 1IPU .-.ffM'8<qC• fflttct ~ 9fRr1it41 'CRt ~ I ~ ~ Ct1 "!~~ ~ 9fRr1il41 CRf l1T1l ~ '"1f1't '11'<-1"11 ~ (standard electrode potential)'~ 1 ff1ttct ~ ~Wfl- • - ~ !Rt'R ~ 1.0 mol dm-3 ~ ~ I • '(!Sf9flllim ~ 298 K ~ 25° c I • ~ '6t9f 100 kPa ~ 1 • ~ ~ •c11•dlli ~ ~ -tt tlltt4 ~ • ~~~m~~m1 111~i1111l:c11•c1'1"~~~1 l!I ~ ~ C11ti{ Ctr .-.ff~~CRt Q '(!Sf Wft·lf1n't <!N,t.._11 ~ (E0) I l!I ~ ~ ~ "!~~ ~ MNRl'A ~ ~ '1ctJ ~I~ ff1ttct "!~ ~ .n ~ -n I C5MUl'1 ~ ~ .. ~ .. '"' .-.ff,..~I l!I~ fitt4' "!~l'A ~· ~ ~ 1't'O't1T -.9ftl <!1't.1'4IC'A •c'1~i1 ~ Q I ~ firttCR Uct ~ l!I~ -.9ftm "'5ti1I ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ Metlft"! ~1'1' eA'1"!1t 9fRr11t~ wn •ft<-tt~ 1 a.C •~It ~ • trttl 'tfilH•I ~ (Electrode Potential and Reactivity Serlesof Metals) t9fm '54IC'1lbi11 ~ ~ '9ftfi{ Ctr, ~ ~ ·~ !Rt'R ~~ l!l'C'f '1lttf ~ !Rt'R ~-911'f ~ ~ ~ "Jf' q 1 l!I• ~ 9ft'14J c'1111cevt ~ ~ ~ q 1 l!I ~fir~ C1ll'C'ff ~~~-~-.fl 'Q' I • '1NMJ"!l·f'tfhf l!I~ ~ 9iftiil9''f"! $ITct "!~tUt ~ 1IA ~ ~ CRt l1Tll, ~ ~ GIJIC111!i 1!1~ ~ +11Ctef1W ~ filArt CRtcr 1 ~ c•li1~C"! Uct l!I~ c•li1~t<1~~1 11;qcllftll Mt<qf5<1 C1lttf -.m ~ • tl'1141M4 ~ ~ ~ '4'fi ~ ~ ttcr.n ~ l1Tll 1 fi{cn '11tfilC"! ~ '1faH"!I ~ Gl'J:"llC'A ~ ctttm '6) ~ ~ ~ et'111'tfWAl't ·-Fi~-1!1~ 1IA on1t Wft I ~(aq)+ne--+ M(s) MNHI~ ~""!!ICtet~ ~ 9fTti 1 l!I~ !Rt'R ~ ~ n ~~ •tt1~i1 ~ cmr Mn+ ~ M 1!1 ~ ~ 9fTtl I ~ "!~H1 (~ ~ ~ lfS) ~ •c11c4i1 ~ 'Q ~ .-.tcil:Cf1~&q ~ ~ m I ~ "!~411t~ ~ '51-.f ~ 'Q' 1 ·~ l!l'CCIS ••Jlf.1t1W' ~ '~ •1'<-lt" CfClf I l!I '54ltt1lbi11 ~ l!I~ ~ Ctr, ·~ ~ -n --~ bl~fi'fl ~ '(!Sf ~ 4'tf t9f'CR '1~4t'1~t ~911 I '1111Jl4'1lJ ~ ~ ~ ~"'!'ft ~"ft~ 4'tf ·~ ~I ~ J1111Jl<q~ ~ <sil4i~t ~' ·~ ~ l!I~ !Rt'R '(!Sf~ t"ft ~ 4'tf I l!I·~ ~ ~ "!~411CH W"f.fqstt11!14' ~ ~' ~ Qci'1)~4 ~ (electrical potential) ~ ~ "111 l!I~ '•1'<-1"11 ~ (electrode potential)' ~ 1 l!I~ •t1111t1M• ~ ~ tfPfc•I" <s111~1" ~ ~ "4tfc41" fifcv t'ffR 1 ~- C4Tm CCISt1{ ~ ~08
- 206. -tttc«riii ~~.~~-.,,~•:act~ ~~I141 ~ MWRlt ifPt <!5~'41t11 ~ ~ ~ "Jf' ~ ~-- ~ ~iflt'1 1""41Fil ~ I ~ ~ ~ Clf, ~~ ~..mPf ~ 8." I lf'll1't ~-ttcl ... Fil~(E0, ~) - - . -- lf'll1't ;:.~.,...;~(Volt)''T - ........"'.., ,....'"""' ($Mwtl~•)u++e-~Li -3.04 K++e- ~ K ,2.92 Ca2+ +2e-~ Ca -2.87 . Na++e-~ Na -2.71 Mg2+ + 2e- ~Mg -2.36 Be2+ +2e- ~Be -1.85 Al3+ +3e- ~Al -1.66 Zn2+ +2e- ~Zn -0.76 Fe2+ +2e- ~Fe -0.44 Ni2+ +2e- ~Ni ' -0.25 Sn2+ +2e- ~Sn -0.14 Pb2+ +2e- ~Pb -0.13 2H++2e- ~ H2 0.0 AgBr+e- ~ Ag+Br- 0.07 Sn4• +2e- ~ Sn2• 0.15' ~ AgCl+e- ~ Ag+Cr ~ 0.22 Cu2•+2e-~Cu 0.34 Cu2+ +e" ~Cu+ 0.52 12+.2e- ~ ar 0.54 Fe3+ +e" ~ Fe2+ 0.77 Hg; + 2e- ~ 2Hg 0.79 Ag•+e- ~Ag 0.80 2Hg2+ +2e- ~ Hg~• 0.92 Br2 + 2e- ~ 2Br- 1.07 02 +4H+ +4e- ~ 2H20 1.23 Mn02 +4H+ +2e- ~ Mn2• +2H20 1.23 Cr,o;- +14H+ +6e-~2Cr3+ +7H,O 1.33 Cl2+2e-~ 2c1- 1.36 Aul++3e- ~Au 1.50 MnO; +SH++se- ~ Mn2+ +4H20 1.51 .. Ce4• +e- ~ Ce3+ 1.61 I Mno; +4H• +3e- ~ Mn02 +2H20 1.69 F2 +2e- ~ 2F- 2.87 t $-.nff ~ ........~~ ~~1451•1 -~ ,,..,, .. ~-of.<111451 ~ ~~I ~ ~ c1lttlff -~
- 207. •~ ~ ~9"'~ -u 1 ~ ~ ~ 9fmf, ~ ~fif ~ ~ 9fl'~m ~? ~l' M'iil~!> ~ ~ ~ ~~"t-f 9JM I CJ'fC'Jfital ~Cf H-·~~~~cmt~~ I ~ ~ ~" ·~ M'be<i'R ~ ~fif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm7 ~ )1~!>I ~ ~ ~ J1<1CbC41 ~'Pftif ~l' ~" ~" ·~ M'bC<l'R ~ J1<1CbC4' ~ ·~ (E~i+iu = -3.04V) I ~if~ W'IT- • ~ ·~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~CISlilCiM ~~ (lITTf emf= 0 ~ ~) ~ ~ ~ (~'Pfm~ ~ ~ ~~) ~·-'Rl~l41M4 C4l1f ·~ '!)1if !>f$toli14 ~(emf)~ 3.04V 1 • ~ ~ !)~bbli14 ~ ~ .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ·~ 'iITTf'f ~ ~l~CISlilC$lii •~ Mvfl'a'f ~ ~ 1 • ~ J1Ma44!>I ~ ~ ~ :>t<ICbC41 ~'Pftif ~ ~~T ~ ~' ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~~ ~'.~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ "4JICill5 ~~~I~ ~~.~~~~I ~ !f11t'f ·~ M'bC<l'R ~ ~ ~ lITTl, CJJSl~Cil'Si ~ ~ ~if ~" ~ ·~ ~ {E0 = +2.87V) ~ J1<1CbC41 ~ ~ I ~1li{ ~ 'PfC'JP ·~:ts ~ ~~m ~ I ~- F2tr- r» 9f(m ~ J1<1CbC4' ·-·~ ~ ~ ~ ~q'. (~) ~ ~ J1<1CbC41 ~ 'iftff ~I ~~q CJJSlf<JCil'Si ~Cf~ .fi~~+2.87V I ~if~~- •~~~Cf~·~~~ ~Cf ~l~QilCetil ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~~·- 'RIJ1141M4 l4Tt1Rf ~ ~ 2.87 v ~m lfTCCt 1 • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~~CISlilCet~~~ 'iITTf'f ~ ~q'. !f"ln'f ~ ·~ ~'f~~I • ~l~QilC6tii·~ "4JICiil5 ~q'. ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ cmt I • ~ ·~ M'bC<l'R ~ <JPl~Cil'R ~ J1<1CbC41 f.{ts ~'<!( ~if ~ J1<1CbC4' ~ ~I ~if~~~' ~ ·~ ~ ~ C4M ~ ·~ ~ ~ "'l.:4'~41 ~ !>f$t'llC'R ~ ~ ~'<!(~·~~~~I ~if ~Cf~ ~ ~~~I ~ :>tffil-41!>I f3t~Cet'R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'<!( :>t~MCJt'Si ~ <JPl~eii<a (Wre ~ 'f1l -rn) ~if ~" ~~ ~ .fi~MC<ibill ~ ~I ~qm "ftfR ~ ~ WU ~ !f11tct ~ ·~ ~ ~ llT<IS 1 CSMC4111 _C4Tt1Rf ~~l~<sM ~ ~~ ·~ ~ ~'<!( ~9f'Rf ·~~~I~~~'~~~9f ~? ·~ M'bC<l<ft ~ ~ ~if~ ~~91R? E~2+1Zn = -0.76V, E~u2+ tc« =-.+0.34V ~ ~~ Metl<a'f ·~ M<ee<1<s1 ~ ~ ~q'- Nt'.t<R' ~ -.~ ~ ~~ ·~ ~ ~ ~9f'Rf ·~~~I~~ 54)10115 ~ ~9f'Rf ~~~~I :>tffila41e!>I ~ ~~ ~ ~'PfltR ~'Pftif ~~~~I ~ :>t<a~4'5i'I ~ ~ ~ ~-~ "4<1tl1Cil<a ~ ~ ~ I Nl'.~ ~ ~ ~9fl'CR cm1 ~ ~ I ~ ~9f'Rf (II) :>fiilC'JSG ~ ~~ 'f1l Milfier!> ~ ~~ tftl ~9f'Rf (II) (Cu2+) "4HMC4 ~~ ~ 'Pfmf I Zn(s)+CuS04(aq)~ZnS04(aq)+Cu(s) ~ :>tffil-44!>I ~ Nt'.t<R ~ ~9flm ~'Pftif Cftl'f Nf'.t<R' J1Ma41!>I ~~ ~I i!l~9f ~WU ~ 15ftt~ :>Jffi1atN51 ~ ~ct~ ·~ ~ ~ "'!cflilllii (prediction) ~ ~ I Nl'.~ ~ ~9fl'if •..mfift'f ~ CSMC41'1 ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !>f$bbli14 <fCi'Rt (emf) ~ ~ ~? CSMC41'1 C4Tt1Rf ~ ~ f.rcR '!."lliCll~ 't'f-u ~ ~ I llRl't-
- 208. Cmt ~I~~~~~~~~~·~M!5{;.q'A..11R ~~~fir~~ CR1llm- • ~fifst~ .. il!)l'A ~Ag+> Cu2+ > W > Zn2+ • ~fifst ~ ~<t'1'!)1'A ~' Zn> H2 > Cu> Ag • ~~ 11'~ ~ tf$ ~ ~. ·-iRl"114lM<P ~ ~9fti Gf<etWJlf1<Plfl ~ GfJIClf11S '(3 ~ Gf<q'(llf1<Plfl ~ ~ ~ ffiRlt ~ I ~ "1Ma4!'!)1 ~ C~i1"1CA:'A ·~ 11'ij91fiHlli1 1lR ~ cm1 C41'il C~ilmiR ~ ~ ~9f"A' ~ ~ c;qfit ~ ~ ~ C~ I ~~lc;.q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ GflMJti{~~ ~ ~'ll'A4 ~ ~ ~~--tt ~~~~I ~'-·~ 11tijlf1fil4lli1 ~ ·~~~~~lit~'~~~-• ~ ~ lffl ~ ~ G414lllf1'A ~ ~ G4l~llf1'A ~ ~~~ Milfiir!) CR1 ~ ~ ~ ·~ DT"ef "Jfi ~ I ·~ '<3 ~ "5tef ,~'ti'PfPt ~~ ?<et5jjf%<P ~ ~ '<3 ~ ~-N>Cil "Jfi ~ I ~ 'l~l"A ~ (electrode potential) CfClf I ~'t<P ~ ')f1Af 'J((~ ~ (half cell potential) wr 1 ·~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'41Ctt'A l:c.,~91 ~ct ~ ~ ~ ~~I ~"(ASE~~~~ I ~'C<P ~ '!5ft't ~~~I~- ~ I~·~~ '<3~1~·~~1 8.C.) 1lffir1' '1~4'111 ~(Oxidation Potential) ~~ ·~ l:Ci1~1f1 ~ ~ ~ ·~ elf ~ ~ • ~ ~ 1:'<31rl"A' d!f<q'l!SIC<P ~ '61'<4'11' ~ <ftlf I M(s) ~ M0+(aq)+ne- ~'il0'1 3 H2 ~ 2H+(aq)+2e- ~~ ~•lf1'6 c1flwr ~o/V Zn2+(aq) + 2e- ~ Zn(s) -0.76 ~i ~ H+(aq) +e- I o.oo~ 2H2 (g) f~ ..----- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ~ Cu(s) + 0.34..----- , ' Ag+(aq)+e- ~ Ag(s) +0.80..----- E0~ = E~u2+/Cu - E;02+/Zn = 0.34-(-0,76} = + 1.10 V ~~!r~ !f1nct ~~ -e ~9'Rf ·~ ~ ~ • CSMC4li1 c<tSTm ~ ~ '9lTift l1m 1 ~ :>fQf·~!)I ~ ~ ~ ~ C~il:>fi[Ct<'A 'fili11"14 :>fMa4!'!)1 (reactivity) ~ ~ 1'ft'5 ~ l1m I ~ C~ilffl'A ~ ~ ~ Gfl4liiffl'A Metlkl!) ~lITTf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :>ffJla~!)I ~ ~ m~ ~ '3FqflJCi1'A 9ftt-t ~ ~ ~ !)~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ :>tl'Af'lC!) (8.") ~ ~ ~ ~~I ~~' :(l~(JilC'llf1, ~9fm ~ Mi1'5l'A ~ ~'ilt<'A'1 ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ll'm ~"A' Gflii.~'R (Zn2+) M'llkl!) ~~ ·~ H+ /Cu2+ I Ag+ ~t C5tl1 ~ ~I ~ :>ffJR!)1 ~ Mi1'!5ICH ~ ~~ ~ ~ (Zn, H, Cu) ~ qcl'f Ag+ Gfl4!Clf1'R M'llkl!) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Zn2+,H+ ~ Cu2+~"A'C5Clf.~~ I ~"A'~~~~~ Ag+~~~ ~ 8.8 I '61llC.,"A ~•lt'1 ~
- 209. CuSO,(aq) 8.lr fiQ (Red-Ox)fitfiHI~ ~ ~ ~ lfln't ~ ~ (Red-Ox Reactionsand Cell Potential and Standard Cell Potential) ~~ .'Al'11~M<P C<tS11f l!'ft ~ ~ '1fR I ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ Gi1fc<tSlq I ~ ~ lf'~ ~~I GIJl"1IC5 (~'.°'Gi1fC4lq) ~ ~ ~~ ~ (~ ~C41~) ~ ~ ~~ 'Q' I GIJIC91IC5 ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ 'ttRft .r-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '~itttc1 .r-~ ~I ~~ .'Al'11ilM<P ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~' ~-MfJHI~ ~ GIJl"11S ~ ~'14GC91'A '!Jl't ~~ ~ M~l'A llt~ ~ ~ ~'14GC'1'A ~ I ~-- ~ '6 ~ MfaMill ~·1q61t• 'fiQ .(Red-Ox) ~ -.t-~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Gl'ft41CA ~ ~ (potential difference) ~ 'Q' 1 ~ '~~ (cell potentialj et ~t6M ~(electromotive force)' ~ · 1 ·• ~ ~ ~~ l@r Gll•efi~<P ~ ~ PlfJHl<a 1lf't ~ct~~~~ 'lfln't ~~(standard cell potential)'~ I - 8.lr.) fiQ ~faHll ~ ~ ~ (Red-OxReactionsand Cell Potential). ..'Al'11iffet;qs C4llf ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~I ~ ~ ~"l ~"<Pffi ~ ~ I ~ ~Cll'I ~~· • 9froJf (porous container) ~~ '11'1C'PtG'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9ITTilJ ~ ~9flif (II) '11'1C'PtG'A ~ ~ ~ Milfierb ~ I ~ ~ ~C'l<P~lS ~ Milfiarb ~ I ~~ '1li1WG ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~9flif '>il'lC'IG ~ ~9flif lRS Milfii?!5 ~ ~9flif ZnSO,(aq) '!TtR 11t~ lRS ~ ~~ ~ ?iCl'l)~<P ~ 9ffiJI---+-..... -""""""""'- ~(circuit) ~cf "Q 1 lRl'I' ~cii4G"1'A ~ -....:::..--....:::;_ _ ~ 'Q' I ~ ~ ~9fjf 'Q' I fiilr 8.b' I ~ "fPr O&~CPI ~ 8.C.~ R•lt'I •1'<..11 ~ (Reduction Potential) 'l!S~in ~ 1'ti1~91 ~ ~ ~ ~ Rl'iJ~M Gil!JCA'A MetlRl'l!S ~1JT11 ~iCl'1!lltif '~ift1i'1 "5""'1ki ~ ~ I M"+(aq)+ne-~ M(s) '"flOct 8Cu2+(aq)+2e-~ Cu(s) • lfll1't <l""'lki ~ (Standard electrode potential) ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ M~filr'! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.0 mol/dm", "l!Sl~ 25°C ~~ wt'Pf 1.0 atm ~' "l!)"(if ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "l!SltiCIS 'lfln't ""*'"''~ Cftwf 1 ltlt<IS E0 -.mt~~~ I 8.C." •1'<..111 R«41411 ~ (Characteristics of Electrode Potential) r» ~~~Wft ~ -Ci1~91 ~~~~~I (~) !)N;t~t'A ~ Wft ~ ~ ~ Metlff! 1{'6llTIJ ~ I (e) ~~ ~ ~ ~ 'f'1911'{"l<P '1fal-41!I '9tfitt l1m I (8) !~~ MCS<A'A ~4'4 ~~(volt) V I
- 210. ~~ ~o~ ~~ ~Ntt<1i •~ ~ ~~t. 4'9ITTf •~ ~ ~ 1 Mffi1a4l1efif ~9f :. ~~-~g Zn~Zn2++2e- ~~-~g Cu2++2e-~Cu ~~g Zn+Cu2+~zn2++cu· ~~~~~Cll, Zn ~~~~~Zn·~~~~~~ Zn2+ ~~~~~I.9ffii1 ~~~WIT~~~~ Qli"li'1i'61c<1 v 1 ~ 9f1ijf ~~ ~ ~ ~ (ll!Sl4ll!S '5tl'f '<l't'l M'l)C!S<si ~ qr ~ ~ ~I~~~~ Cu2+ ~~ ~ ~ "'Cwt~91 ~ ~ ~ Cu tfrf ~~~I·~~~~~~~ I ~~9f C5MC4li1 ~ Cll~~~ (Red-Ox reaction) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 'SP!C41'1t'A ~ !SN;tCllC~ ~~~I C5MC4l"l ~~~~WIT~ C<ISlm ~~I ~~ ~ Wft, Ci~Cl'l ~ ~ ~«~ii ~ ~ ~p ~~ ~ C4ttf ~ ~~ ~C41C'4'A ·-Rt:1C'4J'A ~~ 9frn I~~~~~ Cli, C4Tt1Rf ~ ~9fRt ~ ~ ~~q ~Cf~~~ 1.C4A~ ~~~~at~~~ fiWm (high resistance voltmeter) ~ ~ ~ 1 IQIJICi!l'i -e ~ ~ ""-'tln~1<PI~ Ctbl'Dfii~l'Si ~ (volt) ~~ C11 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ C5MC41'1 C<PTt1Rl C<Pl1i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~Cf] ~Cf ~ ~ ~ lJjt '9f(c;•IM ~ 911(;¥Jc• ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ C<PTm 'electromotive force ~ emf~ <!i1'tibl'l• Cflf' ~ I ~Ur ~ ~ Cll, C<PTt1Rl !Sf$tol'14 CfClff "'.,,-WIT IQIJICi115 ~ ~ ~~ <PJl"'1W ~C<PIC'4'51 ~~I ~t. ~~ =~ '5~Fi ~ + ~ifl1"1 """"'' ~ ~ E0~ = (E~)~+(E0~)~ (i) E0~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm I ~~~ ~ ·-'511"114JM<P ~ C<PT1i ~ ~ ~ •~ -e ~ •-.ttM<ecct<s1 Cln•1"5'1 1 ~ C<PTm ctl~fPic<P GC<I~ IQIJICi1IC'i "'1tct MffilaVl4l lFtl'f ~- ~-~ ~~ <sltiifPiC<P ~ ~ ~ MfaRl4l ~ "'9rn ~ !SNpt;~ ~ Cln•1"5C'1'51 ~~~~I ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ·~-~ ~~ 'f'liil){'l<P ~I ~if~~'~~ ·~ ~ "{t ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ -m I g'111{'51'1'1iti9f, CCSMC4li1 ~elf~ !S~l'AC4 <1i9ITTt ·~ ~ ""-~ ~ Ntt<1i !S~IC'51 1ltlfct ~ I ~ ~<fi_ ~<1S ·~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ !SfVr;'llCH ~ 1" 'llTC<P I ~ ~, ~ 'fS~tOiHI !Sf$"'41'51 ~ ~~ ~ 1'R I ~ ·~ ~ C1f 1'R 9ft'e1lt 1lm ~ !SNr;•t'A Mact;s('e ~ 1'R~' "!StCf ~ R9fh~ I ~ E~=-E0~ ~ GCf&ef!Ni<P M4l~l~lll ~ ~Cllt'Sl'SI ~~ .l'A ~~~CRT~ I (i) ~ )f~<P'Sl'f ~ ~ Eo~ = -(-Eo"9ftf't )~+(Eo~)~ ~ Eoa.f1f = -(Eo~)~+ (Eo~)~ ~ Eo~ = (Eo~)~-(Eo~)~ {ii)
- 211. [ff+]= 1.0 M 25<>C 1.0atm ~ (Design) I t(ll:Cil<Mi1 ~ '5l9f l.Oatm~ 101.325 kPa ~ ~ !14 ~ ~ 1.0 moll drrr' ~i11il~l'A H+ '5il'4Cii'A ~ H2~~~ Pt l.fl~'1~~~ Pt •~ w~ ~ '4Wf ·~ ~J~t1iltefi1 ·~' ~9f!f ~ I ~'t4 '11111't .,,.., et(c•l'I. -e ~ ~ 9fmf 1' Pt·~ 6':11tGiil-ijj.'! ?iltGi11il' (platinized platinum). -e ~ ~ 1 ~~ ?ilfti11il JJtc<R '1"tfl 'i8 ~ (ft'f I ~~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ C1Nl¥Wl (surface area) ~ 9fm I.fl~ ~~~I Pt~ ~'<15R't ~' (~) ~1U ..,., ~~ ~ ~ "<i5tif 'iij I (~) H2 ~ '5il'4M<i5'ACCf ~ ~ ~ ~I (e) H+ G41'4Cil'A ~I.OM (ft'f~ pH =0 ~I H2 '1J?r '6 H+ G41'4Ci1'A ~ ~~ 25°C (~ ~~) ~ ~ ~ I 8,lr.e ~ ~GilCIM '5""'41t (StandardHydrogenElectrode) ell ~ '91~ .. ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~Cf ~ ·~ ~ ~9Rr ."ijfiij ~ ~'4l:t1C4 ~ :Jll:Qi1C9M ·~ ~ ~~¥5 <RN~ I I.fl ~~~~~I I.fl~ ~ct ·~Jl:<lil<Mi1 •~ ct~aclll :iG11e1,~ctf"I• •"""'1"11(9 CfCl'f 1 Eo ~ = E~ul+ /Cu -E~2+ (Zn ~' ~~SM '9WIR E0 ~fir~~ '6 ~t<R ~Cf~~~ I 8.lr.~$11-t '5""tUt ~~(Determination of StandardElectrode Potential) ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ 1iMJ 511111C'i'AC4 ~ I.fl~ ~Cf C'ACl'IC'i1"1 ·~ ~ ~-~I ~Cf I.fl~ ·~ ~ ~ '5il'1l'il'6IC<i ~ ~ ~ ~ ! ~Cf I.fl~ ·~~I.fl~·~~~~~ l:"1~i1 ~~~I I.fl~~~'~~ ~ ~ (~ 8.~) ~~Cf~·~ M'bC<i'A ~ ~ ~ ~ C9f1'ft1r? I.fl~ ~ ~, 91~•1'4l ~ ~ '!N,~l'AC4 I.fl~ ~Cf C'SICl'IC'i1"1 ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~9t:J ~-'Al:>f 14'M4 ~ ell ~ ~ ~ C'ilt~ ~ C'bl~firtlC'ii ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C~iltG'A ~Cf~·~~ I ~- '5il"1lbi11 ~ l.fllit ~ ell, C<iSM l.fl<f$<15 ~~ ~ l.fl"<iit ~~'i{ll'I ·-'A:>fl'4Cii ell·~~Cf C'il'llC'A"1 ~ ~'1i1l<i51~ ~ ~ ~ "6:l ~ 'lfln't i(l-ICIM l"""lt' I ~Cf :Jll:Qile@ii1 ·~ ~ ~~~ cml ~~ ~Cf ~ ~Cf fJll:QilC9M ·~ "flt~ ~ ~ ~ I I.fl 1fti;Gfir ~ ~ 1<ifl ~, C<iSM ~ ~ ~~~~~~ l~~~~..m~ ~~~.~~~I . ~)o ~~'191il (ii) ~ :>f~4'i!'1 ~ ~'Al:>fltM4 ~ C4l1f M'b<;;q'A ~ifit --~ -e 51JICiilCS'A ~ ·~~ ~~ ~ C4llf ~I C5MC4''1 ~ ~
- 212. ~ 0.34 V= E~u2+ /Cu - E~+ IH. ~ 0.34 V = E~u2+ /Cu -0.0 [~ E~. /H = O.OV) ~ E~ul•tcu = +0.34 V ~ ~ t(l~(li1Cifi1 ·~ ~ ~-.tT; ~ '4911if ~fVr•~ ~ "4<A'tlf 0.34V ~ ~~ ~cm-~ I ~ 'l:Sfli11Cl1<A 'tm ~ ~ '2f1llct t(1'-(ljlceti1 !~IQICH ~ ~ ~ - (arbitrarily) o.ov aoo ~I ~ + 0.34 v C<1S ~'{ '49fm !)~IQICH ~ ~ ~ aoo ~ I CuSO.(aq) I.OM HCI (aq) l.Oatm l.Oatm I +o.34 vi (Standard reduction H2(g) ~ 2Ir(aq) + 2e- cu:z.(aq) + 2e- ~ Cu(s) potential) I ficl s.)o a lfln't~ ~''" ~~~ ~ MSC<i<A ~ ~'t ~ ~ lll1l ~' '49flmf ~ ~ !Np~l<A M"SC<H ~ + 0.34V I '5fl1Rtt ~' Eo~ = (Eo~ )~ -(Eo~)~ ~Cqsj:qC(iS ~ct t(l--Cilc:eti1 ~C41C:q~ ~ <tl~4SIC<i ~ ~ '<3 ffmll ~ CSl~fiiGIC'H 1'1~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ CSl~filTJICH ~ 9fti 9ft-em ~ '!St ~ '49fm ~C4IC:q<A '$11't ~.~ ..tt~ ~~ Pt•~Yfrac-11~! ~~~I~! (adsorbed) H2 ~ -e ~ H+ 'l:Sfl41Ci1<A 11t~ J1iil)l<r(I ~9f5 ~ I ~- 2H+(aq) + 2e- ~ H2(g) MMa411ffl ~ I H+ ~ Miflfl! ~ H2 (~ ~) ~"~ H2 ~ ·~ H+ ~ (~~ ~) ~ ~ 9fTti I J1lii)l<i1{1<A ~ ~ ~ ~ m '!St~~ ~ t(l~Cilceti1 !~IQl~ffl C*' ~ .'IQTm ~ ~ ~ I 'f~ ~ VMl 4flftct t(llJljlCtti1 .'IQTm~ 0.0V. '00 ~ I lft'J ~ "1~iJii'1lll ~ ~C41~~ ~ 1't9ft ~ ~~'<I"-~~ ~(C<Plc:q<A ~~~<RT lfl111 lf1l1't <i~l'I ~ '*lf1ifI~ (Measurement of Standard Electrode Potential) ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~c;cpj:q '<3 t(1"(ljlfM91 ~(C41ttt~ ~ W~ 'l:Sfltseflf%• ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ m 1 $1lct ~ ~~ •~ MSt<t'Sj ~ ~ ~~m1~~~~~'5fl1Rtt~1 ~ ~ 1 'J141'f~~~ l.OmoVdm3~~1 8 I '!St~ 25°C ~ 298K m I ~ I ~ :5f9f 1.0 atm m I (Z' I ~~ ~ ~~ ~ ?ilffli1111 ~I 'J1'(151if~~m~~~I ~~~I C4R ~ ~i1i9f ~ ~ "4<A'tlf '!Sft41f111't et(C41'1 ~ ·1 ~ ~ct '49fnf ~
- 213. fAr 8.)) I~"""411,ff $11-t~ ~f.Ww ~~ ~ ~ !ifVr'41'51 M'CC<ci'SI ~ 11P{ ~ ~ ~ Clt, !! ~ Plttlfil!i ~lITTJ ~ H+~ '4111 ~'.~~~~~I~~ ~t41Ca:t lCil~~ ~~ ~ !!~ Zn(s) ~ ~ Zn2+(aq)~ ~I "'i'Pl•t'SI (tlQlilcetii ~C41~ ~~I 1'tWf H+(aq) l:Cil~ii ~ ~ H2(g) ~~.~I~ Zn~C41:q GfJICiil!i ~~ t~Jlt.ilcet~ GPfc41:q 4JIC'¢fli ~ ! 1:0 mol/dm3 W(aq) .....---- I - 0.16 vI t----.,...._______, ZnS04(aq) 1.0 mol/dm' e-e- ~ 0.76V =E~+iH -E~2+1Zn ~ 0.76V =0.0 - E~2+ /Zn ~'- E~2+/zn =-0.76V. C4la:tfik~ ~ii~~~~ I~ ~llUilcetii.~ ~ (3 ~9f'At ~C41Cq ~~~I ~~~(Red-Ox) ~~~·-'SllJ114lM4 ~~ ~~~ 1 GfJICiilC5 3 ~ ~·-~ 8 H2(g)~2H+(aq)+2e- ~ g ~ ~-~ g Cu2+(aq) + 2e- ~Cu(s) ~~ 8 H2(g)+Cu2+(aq)~2H+(aq)+Cu(s) ~ •-.tmE0 I.flit 1IR ~I !Iii ~ ~ elf, I.fl ~ ~ ~ 1IW I Cu2+(aq) Gfl4ltii'SI ~ ~ H+(aq) ~if cm1 oo-t I ~ I.fl ~ ~le&ilcetii ·~ 'et'Rlct 1IW I ~llUilCetii ·~ ~ l"'1~91 ~91R ·~ ~ ~ I GfiiJ., ~llUilt@fil ·~ GfJICiilS (3 ~9flif ·~ ~ ~ I ~ .. '5~4'1tft lfJf1't ~ f.W'1r (Determination of Standard Electrode Potential of Zinc) I ~~ ~ ·~ ~'ec<l'SI ~ ~ (~ 8.~) ~ ~elf,~~ ~ct ~ ·~ ~ E~02+izn =-0.76V I FRit9t ~~I.fl 1fTif 9f't(311t ~'~I.fl~~ 1 ~~~ct ~c41it ~ ~ (~9ffif ·~ ~91) ~ ~ ~llC&iltetii ·~ ~ KCl ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~-~ ·~~ 9ff(311t llro I "5l'Dfiif;IC'a C1t 9fTZ 9fl(311t l!m ~ 1IR -0.76V I ~~ ~ l!m, filtt~ !i~IC'Sl'SI ~ ~ ·~ ~ -0.76V I ~ c-.tiJf ~lcim ~"I I Eo~ = (Eo~ ~ -(Eo~)~Cf
- 214. 8.11.8 ~ ~iflttf<a1"<411t ~ -e ~ ~ (Standard Reduction Electrode Potential and Cell Potential) ~ M"SC:ct<a ~IC'lli>ill41 ~ ~' <o:slJICill5 ~~ ~ '6 ~~~~I ~ ~ 8.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !SNp'l'41<a M"SC:ct<a ~ JtlfiJtC41~ I ~ <o:sll@efl~4 M41illi<il~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "4'Aff ~~I ~ct~·~ ~~~~~ct ~ ~ ~ Cfft llrn I C1l C<liR lf1'J ~··~. ·- 'Al'1141M4 ~ ~ ~ Jt~4'5ict ~ ~ CRt llm I Eoom = (Eo~ )~ -(Eo~)~ctt ~ Eo~ = (Eo~)~ -(Eo~)~ ~ ~ E0 ~ ~ (Calculation of Cell Potential) I ~~ CSMC41'1 ~ ~ ~~I I.!!~~~~ ~JICilllS I.!!~ ~9fRT ~C4lq ~~~~I ~ 't(C!S ~ llrn- ~~~ ·~~' E~n2+tzn =-0.76V 1$l~~9fltR~·~~' E~u2+/Cu =+0.34V C4l1f ~"SC:ct'A Jt~4'5ict ~ ~ E0om = E~u2+tcu -E~n2+tzn = 0.43-(-0.76)V = +l.IOV ,;; ~~ ~~ 8 Zn(s)+2H+(aq)~Zn2+(aq)+H2(g) ~9fm ~ ~'1lt<:<s1'1, ~ ~~ '6 ~9fRT ~(C41Cq'SI ~ <o:sll'lMl<sle<q ~f-QilCillil ~ Mffila411'A ~ 11(c;q1P'f CR'tl'f ~ ~~1~~ 9fl'6m l1rn 1 ~ • ~~"ist ~ ~ I.!!~~ Mffaa4l1~ ~ -e t(ll:Q21ceril ~ ~'Pf:f cm 1 • ~9fRT ~ 'Pftt1t ~ I <mf'1 ~9ftmf ~ct ~ ·~ ~ t(ll:QilCillCii'A ~ ~ I ~ H+ ~ Metlra!S ~ 9ftt1t ~ 1 • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !SfVr;IGll'A ~ ~9fttff ~ ~ '!Smt H+ ~ Mefl~!S ~ 9f1tif ~ I • ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ Zn I.!!~ ~ 111'~, '!Sl'Al Jt4"'1l: H+ ~ Metlra!S ~~I, ~ ~ (Salt Bridge) I ~ ~ ~C41Cq'A ~ ~ (U) ~ ~ ~ KCI,KN03 ~ NH4N03 I.!!~~~~~~~ l1'ff 1'ftf~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f.111~!) ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ "4m ~ ~ ~ "'! wr 1 'IR"t. ~ ~~ 111~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ C:ct'1]~4"I#1~ ~"WI ·~'AIJtl41M4 ~. ~ I •tl'ill~.~~~~ ~ I~ ~(C41(q'A 11t~ ~ ~'t1n'1 ~~<mt~~ Qq'1]~4~1~ ~ I ~ 1 ~ ~ M'1JilM •-~ 't(C!S 4JIUIM (~ K+) ISl~ <o:slJlillM (~ er) ~ ~ ~G~ I "5tl'f ~ ~. fittft~ ~~I ~I~ '6~~~~1R't ~ ~'91~f%C!S ~ ~ 4JIUl4M '6 ~ ~ <o:sl)lill41il ~ llm I "5tl'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ llm I <o:slJICiilC5 I Zn(s)~Zn2+(aq) + ze: ~ g 2H+(aq)+2e-~H2(g)
- 215. ~~ 8 Zn(s)+Ni2+(aq)~Zn2•(aq)+Ni(s) ~~~~ Pi~1:a ·Jt~•:act 1 ~ .. •~ llfmCt -e ~ •~ ~ m 1 Ni2+ Gfl4JC91'51 ~ ~ Zn ~ ~'1 ~ ~ m I ~if R~ Mffila!Jlf[; ~g~ -m I ~)8 1PltFf ~· • ~~~ 91~'1Pl*14<elc;q ~~ ~ C'}M<JJ'l C4Tt1R ~ ~ 1.IOV t C!iMt4'61 ~ ell RlfiiRl:a ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fl"4J ~ ~ 11"'4li1f"~ (spontaneous reaction)"~ 1 ~"t4 ~~'411l~'<3~1~~,'4m~11R~~~~~~~I ~'4"5t1ft4lq~g Zn(s) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2e~ ~9fm~C41~~8 Cu2+(aq)+2e- ~ Cu(s) ~~~'411l ~~ Zn(s)+Cu2+(aq) ~ Zn2+(aq)+Cu(s) ~~ C!iMC4J'1 ~ ~g~ ~ 1 MfiiRl:a ~g~ (spontaneity) ~ ~ ~ ~' .C4llf MRl-4Jl'51 ~ C4llr ~ ~ ~ 9ft'<311t llm I ~ ~ C4llr M'd(:'q'51 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Mffila4Jlf[; ~g~ -m I ~ ~' E0 ~= E~2 .. ,Zn -E~ul~/Cu = -0.76-(+0.34)V = -1.lOV C4llf ~~-.it~ ~if~~~"·~ ~ct~~ '49fRJ ·~~~I l!l~ ~ -m I ~~~~Wt~~ W'fl- Cu(s)+ Zn2+(aq) ~ Cu2+(aq)+Zn(s) ~~~~~~~~~~-ro1~~~'4R~9fte11t~~I~ ~ ~«"t lft-f ~(positive)~~~"*'*"'~ 9f1'fft 1ftv 1 '491lit. (II) Jtl11cqs'G ~ Nt"'4 ~ ~ ~ I~ ~'4 Jtli1CqU ~ct '49fRJ ~ C4R ~ 'Q' ~ I ~ct ~ ~~~~1fCi{~~I~ . • ~~·~~~~~~~,,-cf~2f1ltct~·~~I • ~ Mffila4'1'51 lCi1cMaCi1'51 ~ ~ ~ ~--m ~ ~ <R'tlf'6 E0 ~'f ~ ~ <iR't ~ ~ I ~'f. ~ ~ E0 ~' ~ ~11i{ ~ l!l 9t~iil,'1t ~"Rf~ emf ~ I ~ lC'1~Ci1'51 ~~ ~~ ~~ MtS'A~i1 -m I •l'flf(tcf ~ 1 ~ ~ ~C«'lt 'ef(c•lm lf1l1't R1tlt'l •1'<eatt ~ ~1*'11 -0.76V ~ -uzsv 1 dltl'fl <>til'4Ct tth ~~4'l~r dl~~(•dtl• "'"*'*"'~ RfiMlfb ~ 1 ~I E~n2•izn =-0.76V E~i2.. /Ni = -0.25V E0 ~ = E~n~.. /Zn -E~i2 .. /Ni = -0.76-(-0.25) V = -0.76+0.25V = -0.51V C4llr ~ ~ ·~ ~'<31ITTJ ~ ~' ~'4 'di(c4I~ ~ '<3 ~ ~C41Cq '9fttCt ~ ~8~1ttq ~~I~'. ~if~ m I "l'fft~ E0 ~ = E~i2.. 1Ni -E~n2+tzn = -0.25-(-0.76)V = +0.51V "I'fft'- E0~ = +0.5IV·1~~n;~~M~1m~~m1 ~~ 8 Zn(s)~Zn2·(~q)+2e- ~~NRI 8 Ni2+(aq)+2e-~Ni(s)
- 216. 'WI"l1PIJt') 1.WMRA,ll19IM'·FM:~"lftlllf 8~"~-._. ())~ '6 Ptwtdl'A W(C4li4 (e)~ '6 ·~ :5l({A5jq (~)~ie·CIS~~C4lq (8)~16~~ ~ ·C'Rilr "ff.MffiM41ft ~ I ~ ~ I~ ~wttt"t .'11111~«4'1 ~ ~ ·~ ~ Of, fiftR ~ ~fWai.fir ~·I(CIS) Fe(s) + Zn2+(aq) ---+ Fe2+(aq) + Zn(s) (~) Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) ---+ Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) ('1) Ag(s) + Sn2+(aq) ----+ Ag+(aq) + Sn(s) .KCl ~ 9l'lft 8.b-.tt c'ftct Ct•lt'iiwt ''""'4111 (Secondary Reference Electrode) . 4Jlt.,ICi4"1 !S1'c;'4111 (Calomel Electrode) g t(l~U51eeti1 •~ c.!I~ ~ct '2tl~111~ f.lc~-14 ·~ I c.!I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(C<PICq'SI ~ct·~~~~~ I~ 91~...l'ttt'A ~ ~C41C'l'SI C411f·~ ~ ~ c.!I~ t(l~U5IC9t~ ~ ~9M ~ ~9f'Rl ~ I c.!I~ <mt~fif ~- • H2 ~Dt'Pf 1.0 atm~~~ct~~~~~a1C~letii~ I • H2 ~ 11tfi161'51 c.!I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9f'Af I • ~M'11111~ H+ G4l4Jt:-'i'SI~ 1.0M ~~~~1 • '2!C~lett:-'i'SI ~ a1f!5<11'51~ t{l~UlilCet~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I t(l~U5IC9t~ !)~"'41CH c.!I ~fir ~ emf M•l~'AI ~~·~~~Ic.!I ·~ CJ1C46lll '<it ~ f9'of'14 !~'4111 "<i'Cll I c.!I~ ~ ~ c.!I~ ~~$ ~ t{l~U51Cet~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~'. c.!I ."4tm~ct ~ ~ 1j"j.{ ~ ~ I c.!I . CJfC461~ ."4tm ~ '4Jlt.,1Cil., !""'4111' I ~ ~· ~ ~l<s1f4i~<s1IJf <JPl'Al~C5'51 . (Hg2Cl2 = <P1IC'1IC11'1) ~ (paste) 'Cm' ~ c.!I !>Np;"4t'SI ~ ~ ~ Cft'f c.!l'C<P '4JIC.,IC1f.,. ·~~~ICtS!>c:R'SI ~ ~ ~ 111'514IRI c.!I~ 111<s1f41~<s1IJt <JPl<al~5 ~ ~ ~'1 ~ ~ ~'1 (cotton wool plug) ~ ~ ~I c.!1~ ~S.)~I ~.ilt'llcatwt~ ?ilffl~lll ~ lll'S1<15IRIC!> ~ ~ ~ I ~ ";fCl'f ~ YfU111t~lll <JPl'Rl~5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ Ns!>c:R'SI 'ifCiff Yfl'S1'1Jft( ?ilffl~lll KCI ~ ~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~'1'6 ~ ~ ~ I c.!I ~ .Jflt(IC<JJ~ <P11Ci1IC11'1 ·~ 91~ ... ctll~ ~~~~~~I ~'ITTr~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <15JIC.,IC11., ·~ ~ ~ c.!I~ <PJIC'11Cll., ."4ttR Pt ~ ~ "'l~'l1''fut ~C41Cq'SI <•"4fm) ~t<Jt'1 i1&1Ci1~ CtSl~filUICH ~ C4l1f M5C<l'SI 9fti ~ llt!t I ~ ~ct t(l~CS51Cet~ ·~ ~ c.!I~ <PJICiilC11'1 ."4Tm ~ ~111IC'1'A Sf5, ~ C'Sl<P"'!) C<l5llf M5c<l'SI 1JttiRf ~ <PJICiilC11'1 ."4tm ~ 00'1 ~ Yf~ ...'tt4J ~C<Plq~"4fm ~ "f'fin ~ '<J'"1 I
- 217. a.a """'llt ~~ ~ ~("FNI ._, "1.,+Alf (Nernst Equation for Electrode and Cell Potentials) ~~ ~~ ~$ ~ ~ ~ ~ "414U;.BI tl91illaJFSI t9Rf f.1<Ssi~ I 1889 ~ ~ ~ ._, (Walter Nernst) ~ ~ tli1illa!l'51 ~ ~ M"5C<Bi ~~ ~~~~I l.fll: Ji~4'51ct ~ ~ ~~ ~ 'l~ ... '1 ~~I~ l't~4<si'IITJ'51 '9f~·~ ~ I ~ ~' ~ 91cf C4tm ~~ ~~~- aA(s)+ b B +(aq)~ aA+(aq)+ba(s) (1) ~ MffilaSll'5Pl11tl ~ K = CA+]a car ' CA]1CB+]b [~~] = [Mfb;414] ~ (2) f] = ~1'l Yi'Tl't){C~'SI ~ (mol/dm") ~I i1 C41'4ITJ'5i '9fiU ~ ~'1 ~ 0 2.303RT CA+]• carE = E - log b .. ••••• (3) nF CA]1 ca+] -~.;:; J ~. 91'TIC1'f l'tMa41!SI 'I.fl~ (1 )' ~ ~ I ~'. ,-1.~; f, ~~ [Br=l ~ ~ ~ >t~4'5i'tf5-- 0 2.303RT CA+]• E = E - log --b ( 4) nF [B+] -;. ("9.8~~~~1} AI3+ IAl=+ 1.66 V; Co2+ /Co::: ~2.37 V; ar2 /2Br-=+L07 V; Cl2/Cl- = +l.36 V; >Fe3+IFe2+=+0.77V. "'l1PIJt" I ~ ~ (II) CSlllll:& ~ ~cot ·cmr -n ~1 ~ ~ 01) (Jllllll:os ~ ~ ~ GIJIC91IC& '6 ~ r.~ Ji~fl~ cfP.t I .~ '6 Gllfiltii'A ~~ ~'t m'Pf~? ~s a •.i'Atlfit<a~-~~,~~·~~~·Rc:l~'6~ 1 (...) KBr (~) Mgf2 • (~) ZnS- ("1) Na20 "'l1PIJt ~ 1 •~· ~ ~ .~ -..9fRf ~ CllM CRtWr. -..~ •. ~ft~ {II)~ ~~~firs? c;reJn~g ' Cu2+(aq)+2e-~Cu(s) E0=+0.34V Ni2+(aq)+2e- ~Ni(s) E0 =-0.25V ("1) Be(s) + Ni2+(aq) ~ Be1•· (aq) + Ni(s) (•) 3Co2+ ( aq)+2Al(s)----+3Co( s)+ 2Al3+ (aq) J (w) 2Na+ (aq)+Mg(s)----+ 2Na(s) +Mg2+ (aq) (-.:) 2Br-( aq)+Cl2 (g)----+ Br2(/) +2c1-(aq) (If) 2Fe2+ (aq)+C12(g)---+ 2Fe3+ (aq)+2Ci-(aq) E0~fif·~-
- 218. ~~<r ~ ~'~ ~ ~ (E) Ptffila41Hl Ml1Jllli1 ~~ Gil41Cii<si ~' [A+] ~<ft. Pfffi1;414 Gil41Cii<si ~' [B+] ~"f 'S9Rf f.f'6si~i1 I ~~'Pf· J1~4<s!Ccrn ~ ~ ~'Cl'll ~ ~~<ft. E0 -~"f ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ s.e ~ ~ ~~ ~ C4l1i ~ ~~' E0 ~<Rf~I 8.2'.) !S"'•na~ "ICl"F"8 ~ "1~+11"1 (Nernst Equation for Eledrode Potential) ·~ M'5C4Ci<si ~ ~ >t~4<ii'f ~ ~ l1T1J I ~ ~' ~~ ~ ~ ~ ®~ltil M ~ Mn+ ~ ~'Pijf ~ 1 M(s) ~ Mn+(aq)+ne- ~ Ptfihi41l<si '9MJ ~ >t~4<si'1 ~ E = E0 _ 2.303RT lo tM n+] nF g [M] ~~~' [M]=l ~'- E = Eo _ 2.303RT log[Mn+] nF ~ R = 8.316 J K-1 mol'"; T = 298 K ~<ft. F = 96500 C ~' ~ '5P!C4lq ~' E = E" _ 2.303 X 8.316x 298 log[Mn+] nx96500 <ft E =Eo _ 0.0591 log[M n+]. n ~ >t~4<ii'® ~ ·~ M'5C4Ci<si ~~~~~~I~ C4ti{ ·~ ~ ~' '!t<f '5P!C4lq M'5Cq<si ~' E-~'f ~ ~~! ~ I •ifli(ft 8 I 25°C -~Miflillfll ~ ~ il(c•IC'tt om~~ 4'1, ~ ~ "tl'lw'D ~ 111.,a;rau 0.01M ~ 1 (E~.z·an = -0.76 V) ~ .~..·~~~Wet'fZn(s) ~ Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- ~ >t~4<s!C'fif '9MJ ~ J1~4<ii'f ~ E = E" _ 0.059110g[Zn2+] n ~~ n = 2 (qefi1'f® "-Ci't~Ciiil "l't.~) [Zn2+] = O.OlM ~"4if ~ ®Nf(qAI M'SC'l'HI ~ -0:76V ~~,~-·· ~"f ~ ®fVr;'lll<ii ~«<l<ii ~~~I ~~ E = 0.76 - O.OS9l log (0.01) = 0.76 - 0.059l · (-2) 2 2 ~ = 0.76 + 0.0591 = 0.8191v ~~<r, ~qs '!5~1Cil<a ~ Pfiec:q<s1 ~ 0.8191 V 'Pfl'S11t C'fl'f, ~ H<fCCt Zn2+ Gil!l~il ~ ~ O.OIM [~]
- 219. =E:.. 'As -E~2.tZn = +0.80-(-0.76)V E0c.+t1f=1 ·56V ~~~ '4tt1R~:>t~4'RC'1 E0"'111~~ [Zn2+] '6 [Ag+]-~'f~~~~- E" c.+t1f = l · 56 _ 0.0591log0.01 [n =21 2 0.1 C411f ~ 8 Zn(s)+2Ag+(aq) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2Ag(s) ~ C411l Mffila~l'R ~ ~ :>t~4'R'1 ~- 0 0.0591 [~9ftif] E~ =E ~ n log [~Q1:~4] E o 0.05911 [Zn2+][Ag]2 = c.+t1f - og n [Zn][Ag+]2 0 0.0591 [Zn2+] [ 2 _.c:t._ --.....-< ] =E c.+t1f - log 2 [Zn].=[Ag] = ~1l.l--t --i"f11q = 1 (2) n [Ag+] ~9fm :>t~4'SIC'1'SI E0 c.+t1f ~'f ~ ~ ~ '!>fVr-~ Mde<i'SI ~ 8." ~CCR '4tf 'fcf'in <R'C!~ I~- E0 "'111 = ( E0~ ~ -( E0 ~~ '(lliliifPt4 = ~' <ililfPt4 = GIJICiil~] ~~ E~=~~~(~) E0c.+tlf =~~~~~(~~'!>fV;i;•l'Sl~~~~~~)I Ifft lft<li, ~ c<Plqf'h ~ 'fcf'in <R'C! ~ I znjzn 2+ (0.01M)l IAg+ (0.1M)jAg ~ ~ "lft.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'6 ~ 9f'Rt I !t<i" ~ GllC"11591l ~~~'I_~ ~Cll,~~1~~~~· • ~'4~-~f(;~~~I • Ptl'ldl'SI ~ - ~ff;~ct~ I • ~1~~~~m'1~~1 • ~'44 ~ lifl'f (I) •..m-•-R-t:n;qJ'SI ~ ~~'f ~ ~~ ~ ~ N-~ (II)~~~~~~ "f'.~ - ~~~I flt~~· '6 ~ ~fiha~l'SI J1~4'Slct ~ ~ ~ I GIJICi1IC5 8 Zn(s) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2e- ~ 81~Ag+(aq)+2e- ~ 2Ag(s) 8.~.~ ~ ~ fiW1r (Calculationof Cell Potential· or EMF) ~ PJec<r'SI ~ ~ :>t~4'Slct ~ <Ri ~'41Ti •-'Rl:>tl~f.14 ~ C4llr ~ (electromotive force= e.m.f.) 'fcf'in <Rt~ I ~ :>t~4'Rctffl ~ ~ ~ I 0 0.0591 [~~] E~ =E ~ - log [Mffil94l+J ; ··· (1) n
- 220. = E0Ag+/Ag -E0Zn·2+/Zn =+0.80-(-0.76)[~~~~~' ~ 8.~~1 = 1.56V !!~~ Jt~4'AC'1 E0 ~-~°f~'e n =2 ~~"'111J~, K-4'l°f~~4Rl~ I~- n E0 logK= ~ 0.0591 ~ 0=1.56-0.03 logK n E0 ~ logK= ~ 0.0591 ~ K = exp(n E0 ~ I0.0541) (3) n,E0~-!Iii1Jtif ~ ~ )f~4<a'1 (3) ~emf~ Mffil-fll'A "'11ll ~ ~ CRt llm 1 •'ftC('ll"Ict I ~~filwt«t..-~~~filwtWAI~ (Ag") ~-~iflfii ~I~ '9 ~- "4((•1fMI ~ fth ~~~~I ~ ~fiiMIRI ~ ~ tMi1tW 1 "liil'(tif.1 ~~ ~ ~ ~- Zn+ 2Ag+(aq) ~ Zn2+(aq)+2Ag(s) Eo~ = (Eo~)~-(Eo~)~ 8.2D." ~ ~fiiHIHI "ftlr.r~ ~ (Calculation of Equtltbrium Constant of a Cell Reaction) · ~ )f~4'A'11U ~- ~ =E·~ - 0.0:91 log =~)········································ (1) ~ ~C!SJ4fU ~ ~ ~ ~ emf I ~ .MRa-fllffl ~ :>!li!JM'(lfl ~~ ~' ~ ~ ~, E~ ~~1Jtif~~l~~~c<ISM~emf~I~ E~ = 0 (2) ~" :>!~4'A'1 (1) ~ 0 0.0591 [~~] 0 = E ~ - log [Mfiiicp) n ~ Eo~ = 0.0591logK (K= ~~) n ... ,~8.~~.·~-· ("<tS) 25°C ~~ <IS"fttR Rletl'Act<'!S~~l'A~ '1~-~' ~ CuS04 (aq}~~ ~ O..OSM .. 1{1{1 (~-) ~ 25° C '!St9flmlfm· MgCl1 -e AgN03 ·.~··~·· <Ml«if O.llM .di'Cft. 0.0004M ~··~ Mg 'e Ag 5t(c41'1~ ~>~ ·~~ '1Cfitt <Rf I tft I (2.96V) ~~ = 1 ·56-0·02955log(l0-1)=1 ·56+0·02955V = 1 ·58955V ~!l~,~~~~~1.59V I
- 221. Ag(s), AgN03(aq) ~-Ag(s)/ Ag+(aq) Zn(s), ZnS04(aq) ~ Zn(s)/ Zn2+(aq) Cu(s), CuS04(aq) ~ Cu(s)/Cu2+(aq) !SNf('41CH ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- Ag, Zn, Cu ~~ 5li1MC4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- Ag", Zn2+, Cu2+ ~I I.!! Ri1JIC:>t'SI ~9flf wn- ~ ~ -CilciGi1 ~"'i:>tlra!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~/~~~~~~~~I~ ~~.f-~g Ag-+Ag+ +e- ~~~ !SNf('4IC<si ~~~~,~~I ~ C'lfiti]I ~~~ '<3 ~ 9fCf ~~, -~ AgN03(aq), Ag(s) ~ Ag+(aq)I Ag(s) ZnS04(aq), Zn(s) ~ Zn2+(aq)I Zn(s) CuS04(aq), Cu(s) ~ Cu2+(aq)/Cu(s). ~ ~/~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -Cil~i1 ~ct <IStil ~~~I~ ~<ISffi~~ I~'. I.!! ~..-Rf~~~ I ~-~-~ 8 Ag+(aq)+e- ~Ag(s) 8.)o !S~qlt -e ~'I ~•ltCOl't (Electrode and its Types) ~~ ·-<sil:>tl44f.44 ~ ~~ Rra,.441'4 1'1t ~~Rra,.44144 ~'1 ~ 1lrn I 1'1t ~ lffe ~ ~ lffe •..mr'll'-~ ~ I ell ~ .• ..-Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ !SICl1'51C4 ffltR d ~!t't~~ I~~- ) I 'ftl-~ ~ !~'4111 I ~$ ~~~ • ..-Rf, lTt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~144~'A ~~ ~ ~ ~'-~ f.4ilfi&f!S ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~"fll('A'1.1~9f, Pti1"5l'Sit:4 Pt"l'dl'A ~ ~' ~~ Nt'4 :>tl'1C'JSU ~' -.~ <IS9fti :>tlilC'JSU ~ ~ ~-~ ~ • ..-Rf ~9f?l~ I~~·~ ~~9f ~9f ~~I~- "flPIJt I ~JIOJ:filf.Hll~ '<3 ~Jl'flf.4Cetil ~ ~C41Cqil ~ illJtl~• RftiRtfTJ ~ I 2Al(s) + 3Mn2+(aq) ~ 2Al3+l._;,-JJ + 3Mn(s) lRtt' ~' [Mni+ = 0.05M] I.!!~ [Al3+] = 1.50M I 25° c ~~ ~ HfdM:Jttt-~ I I.!! ~ l!PU'- , (CJ) E0 ~ ~ Cff I (~) ~ ~ K ~ CR I ('1) ~ ~ ~ '<3 ~ ~filFftl ~ I (~) E~ -~~ ~ ~ ~ I tw 8 <4') 0.48 V (~) 18 -e ~) 0.47 V ~ -l.56=-0.03 logK ~ logK = -l.S6 = 52 -0.03 ~ K = 1 x 10 52 [ ~ ]
- 222. ~ 8.)8 IFe 2+(aq)I Fe *(aq), Pt (s) ~ ~ - - -... Fe2+(aq) -e Fe3+(aq)~ I.OM 4----+--Pt~ Pt(s) I Fe2+(aq), Fe3+(aq) 2Hg(s)+2Ci- ~ Hg2Cl2(s)+2e- f31•1'!l'A !S~ICH 11'! <PJIC'1IC11'1 ·~ ~ ~ ~ hlf 1 .r~ ~ ~ ~ 9ftt1t I ·-~ MC(-r<P !)~ ~ C'ACl'IC'S1"1 ·~ ~ ~ ··~111h~ ~~I ~ I 'lffift-~iflt'f •1'<•Ut I ~~ ~ 1i'1tt ~ 'lftf't ""-~ Gll~Cii'A ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~(Pt)~~ 911! ~~ Miffitir!S <R'tif 1fft-~iflt'i•1'<•Ut ~9f:J ~I ~~ ~ ~ 'f1l (Pt) ·-Rt~C~O'SI ~~ 'SfTFf ~ ~~ ...Cil~i1 MMilC~ ~ ~ I 9fTC-m ~ Gll~'Aeii'A ~ ~ Fe2+(aq)~~ Fe3+(aq)~~ ~ 91~ l.Omol/dm' I ~N Pt~·~ Milfiir!S ~ ~~ Gf(C<Pltt ~9f:J~I~~~ ~ Gf(c<Pltt • ~ ~ Pt 'f1l ~~ !S~l'A ~ ~ ~ 1- ~ ~-~ ~'41C'A'A ~~ ~ ~ ~~ Z Ag(s)+Cl-(aq) ~AgCl(s)+e- 'llflf(t'tI 4JIC'11til'I '6hlt I ~ ·~ ill'A41~, ifl'Afcls~'Al"l CJPl'Al~5 ~~ C4R ~ CJPl'Al~5 ~ ~ ~ ~~ • ~ I <PJIC'llCifil ·~ ~ M1!11Rl!S GllC'llb91I ~ ~I·~"ft~ "fl'.~~~- Hg(/), Hg2Cl2(s)/KCI (~~) l:Ci1~91 "1~<1~C~ ~ Pt '!Snf 4JICillCi1'1 ·~ ~ ~ I <PJICillCilil ·~ ~ ~Q);4llfU ~"!STWJT- 2Hg (s) ~ 2Hg+ + 2e- 2Hg+ -zcr ~Hg2Cl2(s) ~'PltFJ ~~) ~I~-~ ..... ~~-~ ... It I~~~ (tf ~, ~ ~~~ ~ Milfisr!S ~~ GIJliil~Cii'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !)~~ ~ ~ ~~~I ~"il~<sl'h'ifiYf,~ ~l'Al~S ~~~I~~~~~~~~ c>tlNHU14 ~l'Si~S (1f 1'f1 ~QiiCiPl~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~tq ~ ~ !S~IQl'A ~ ~ I Pl"ltSIC'Sl'A ~ ~ !S~IQl'AfUC4~ ~ ~"'4N)4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~- Ag(s), AgCI(s)/NaCl(aq) ~' Ag(s), AgCl(s) I HCI (aq) ·'TI~l'A'1tSl<;.q, Pl'l<sl<si (11611~5 (AgX) ~ ~ ~ qCl'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~~CRT~ I ~ ~ !Sf{7~1'AC4 ~~ ~ lITTT- Ag(s) / AgX(s)/NaX_(aq) ~ X=Cl,Br,I ~ ~ ~ <sil'114lM4 Rfffila~l'A ~·~~~~'!Stwn- Ag (s)~ Ag+(aq)+e- Ag+(aq)+Cl-(aq) ~ AgCI(s)
- 223. ~~~ 'Nr-J ~'I• ~ ~ ~ )ffllJl<t~'SI ~ ~ ~ J1~4'S1Cf ~- Fe2+ (aq) ~Fe3+(aq)+e- llITTf't-~ •..rm Pt(s) I Fe2+(aq), Fe~+(aq) ~ ~ 6~1561'14 ~ (e.m.f.) !rft'f W~ Fe2+ ~~ Fe3+ ~ 1~ iJ91~11J!l'51 ~9ft ~ ~ I 8 I~ ••u:a a •-'AJ'llilc-1 ~9Rl •~.~ ~ 11T~ ~CRT~ I ~~ ~ !5""'4'1'1 ~I ~~ m~ ~ ~ ~"4ff; ~ ~·~(Pt) ~9Rl ~ ~ ~I elf ':>f'41'I' ~·~':>ft~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- H2,02 ~~ Cl2 I ~ (lf11TCf ~l:UilCetil ·~ ~ ~'3l: ~ ~ I ~ff; ~"4ft ~ 'l~l'I I (ll:Uilcetil •..mr~~H2 ~ ~ H+ "llilc-1'il ~ ~ Milfiar6 Pt·~ '1T ~ ~ Wf ~ JililJl<tflJSI PlfJla~l'SI iRrt e.m.f~ ~ 1 ~H,(g) ~W(aq)+e- !f11TCf t<ll:Uilcet91 ·~ ':>ft'.~~~- Pt(s ), H2(g) (l·O atm) /HCI(l M) ~ ·~ ~ ~Jl:Uilcet91 ·~ ~ ~"4ff; ct~lll ~ lf1l1't ~()far. 91'<'41'11 ~ff; ~~~~~~Cf~·~~~~9flfi1 ~ 02 ~ CI2 ~~~·~·~~elf~~'!l~- 0.2-~ !o 2 -~ 2+ e 2 er ~ ~ ]_ Cl2 +e-. 2 ~~·~':>ft'.~~~~9f8 Pt(s), Cl2(g) I Cr(aq). ct I '5Uliiltt•tlii ~ 9111Pf-~ ... I'll I ~l: !S~'lil'SllU ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~t"ttf'~ "Sli9f I ·~ 'SIJ'llilc-1'51 ~ CIJlitilJ "l)llllti•ftll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ • ~ ~ ~ ~ !S~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~if ~"flt('A'1 ~ <i'JlSfilillil-51Jliil'1'ftli ~ C<>tlNBHil 51Jli11'1•ft1f I ~ ~ !S~'lilCH CIJlitilJ l:c"1~91 "1R<lt(C'1'A 1IMJ ~ ~ ~- 'tillU~ICil'SI ~ 51Jliil'1•ftt11 ~ ~ I elf~ ~.,.. '!l~ ~ ~ (CJ'llffliillil) !SICl't'SIC4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~mt4 51)1111'1'~~~~~ I ~"Sli9f ~'4fit'5PfC41'1t'SI ':>ft'.~~~ Na-Hg(s)/NaCl(aq) ~ Na-Hg(s)/Na+(aq). _ ~ ~ 51(C41Cq Hg 'AIJ114'M4 MM-ill SI ~"-t c-m ~ I CJ'llNiSllil ~ ~4''. c>tlffliSllil 5llS1Ci1'SI. ~~ JililJl<t'(l'SI ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~ I • Na-Hg(s) ~Na+(aq)+Hg(s)+e-. . ~ I ~-~ '518~~11 ~-~ '5Uliiltit_,'I ~ ~ '518~~11 ~-Mlf '518~~11 ~ ~ 4Jl'llllii ~~~ffl' Res ~ ~ ·~ ~"4ff; ~"f lt('A'f c;f<31fl ~ I ~-
- 224. lfiN~~ I ~_.~11Ptll~.~~~·'PllR. ~~ ~ ~'6 ~ Clr, ltfft .ttl~·.~df+WI 15~ "14 91_(nlr. iil>tl'4M4 C411f· ~ Q' I ~'9lif}· ·ff1T *''•ltatH' '6~.nl ~ 1'00 ·...n ~ ·~ ~1J.'ti ~ ~I '<159"1 '6ltftC4 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ 9ftl I~·~~~~~~~ 'It ~ ~ ~. 'i'tt'tl: Rlij}ftlSi '~ "li11Mt51'1 ·.~ ."(tCf I "'l '<P9"1t ~ ~ •*~"ftttit't +ac'1'9' m -n, tftt ~ 1f00'6 ~~.~ m 1 ~ ·~ "ift ·~ ~ ~ I ~ 'Jftfl fifcl ~ '(c114ati1i ~ ~ ~ liftt ~C4lc'4i ·~ 1100'6 Gfl§t:-1{1 ~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~' ~. ~ ~""' C4TC1Rf 1(~ <al"llfJM4 ~ ~ ICcrA'lrt!<J ~ "Ri9fl'S~!S ~ I ~· 1 Cu/Cu2• .... 1.0 .M ... (Il) ~.~ lfiN~-..1 ~~~ •ft<ttlt lflM'I ~ ~ ~ ~<ft lf'5 ~ ~ ~ • GiliiCii~ ~ ~ ~ 1a{t~ M~fiit!) '~-~~,·~~~'(i) ...rff-...rff ~ 'f5~•Ut tfM 11!'<15 ~ '<P9f'Rl ~ '<P9ITTI (II) "lldt4P& ~ ~~ M~filf<! ~ .. 9ITTl-'<P~ (II) ~, •*. m I ~llf-U CuS04 .5H20 c<P'llC"l{I "911t~ 24.95 g 11!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9ftfi{ Clll"f ~~~~~~I ff !ffCCt ~ ~ 9f1f.f ~ '<Ptf· ~ ~ ·~ 100 cm' CR I lfCl't' 1.0 M '<159fm (II) >i111tq'G ~ ~ ~ I 11!~ 11!N 11!~ '<P9ITTI ~ ~ ~ f6alli~I~ ~~ Milftir!) ~ '!Nr;-ttft ~~I (ii)~~~ ... ,, if*'lfl'I '<159fm ·~ 1f'6 ~'<15 ·~·~·CRflfWif I ~ ~~ 'tftf-~ ~ !~*~I 11!~ ~ fiftt<Rr if'5 ~ ~ ~~ 1.0 M ZnSQ4 ~ ~t.~ Milftif!) ~··Wf I 11l1R~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '<Pti ~·~ ~ ~ ~ cmr ·~-~ ~ .1Rl ~ ~ 9"1t-. 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ Na, K ~'.~ ~...m ~ ~ <PJl'lf'lfiliO!, -{Gi1PltHi4 ~~~~~~~fll ~I Ag, Ni, Pb, Zn, Fe, Ca, Na, Cb•* ~'<PtiI-t1"<iiC<ii ~I ~~ g Pb(s)+CaC204(s)~PbC204(s)+Ca2+ +2e- l!l~ ·~ <PJl61fJrnl~ 5ll~Ci1'A (Ca2+) ~~I ~1'111Pl Pb/PbC204(s). CaC204(s)/CaCl2 (~) ·~~~9fg Pb v=s= Pb2+ +2e- Pb2++ C204 2- ~ PbC204(s) CaC2Q4(s) ~ Ca2+ +C20/-
- 225. 8.)) ~ ~~~ -m •:al<>tl11~4 -~ ~t'l«liliil ..1'4 ~ '111'1•1~) (Singleand Double Compartment Electrochemical Cells- Electrolytic and Galvanic) ~ .'AJtl~Ci1'A ~ Gflilltl'f'A ~ ~ ~ I ~' 4Jlil!ti1'G'SI, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~' Cifloqll:il, 1'1Jt~9f l:'6JIMC6 ~blelCAMJ ~ ~~ 4Jiil!Cill'G'A '6 ~ "1~8blcel~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I 'AIJtl41M4 MWRl'A ~ ~ ~ ~. ~ ~'Pf!f ~ I Qt ~ 51lillr>BI ~fir ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ +tlJtlif.ff ~ 1 ~ <111'G1ric<!> ll'-~ 'AIJtl~M4 M~l'A ~ l:cil~Ci1'A ~~~I ~~ 'AIJtl41M4 ~~ ~·~ ~ I ·-'A"1141Ci1'A G4lt<A4lt ~ o~·~ I ~'ilR'A'11ili9f, ~ ~ C"IT$ ~ ~ ~ (corrosion) ~ ~ ~ '411 ~ ~ 1 C"IT$ ~ 1IR •-'A"ll~Ci1'A f<toq 1 ~ ~$ ~~ ·-'511"11~M4 Mfal;~l'A ~-~I ~ ~ 0~91_'1' 1iit1etl<!> 'Al"11~M4 ~ ~ GIJl'lfilM~lil, ~ ~~~ ~ ~ +R~'i'1 (electrolysis) ~~141 ~~ ~ 1 ~~ ·-~ C4ltlr. ~'ill~ ~· ~ ill"11~M4 ~ ~9fjf ~I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ·-~ C<ISTll 1 ~ .. ~ ~ •-il1Jtl41M4 ~ l:t"lcl1111l<~~ ~ ~I ~~ ~. ~ ~ lftl'f 'AIJtl41M4 ~ ~ i f.{ts 9f~41~il ~-. '6 ~~ ~ ·-il1Jtl41M4 ~ 511Ci1IW<!> ~ I ~ Qt, ~ .. - ~ ·-ill"11~M4 C4f1l ~ l:tdl4c'Gldll~4 ~ ~~ ~~ ~ Wft i1Jli1!5IM4 "'!1' I 8.)).) ~-m•11<>tl11~4 °'11' (A One-ChamberElectrolytic Cell) ~~ l:t'lcll"lll<~41 C4ltlr ~~ 9ftr;Jf ~ C4R ~~ ·:~ ~ £lt4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ w~ •~ ~ ~ <11~'A c.ci'VN>" ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~-..l: ~ ~ ~..m~1"' •-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Yf~N>m ~ ~ ~ ~t4 ~~l:tdlcll'lll<m~ ~~I . u CulR5 ceso.. Pf (l.OM) ~ ~~ fi;tt.-. ~ '6 ~9ITTf ~~ct~~·~ ~C41~ 9tl¥119flfit ~ ft fWili"I~ ~~ ~ ~~ "1_'1' Zn q ~~~~I ttR ~ 'i'"''"'"' .~ ~~~~~~9'T'M~I ZnSO ~ Zn-·~~ '6 Cu- ~Ct.OM) ---'6fVr:;~IC'A Metlf't M~l'A l;PT i.!l ~~9f15M~~I G4Jlti11& ~f°JR1 8 Zn ----+ Zn2+ + 2e- ~~g Cu2+·+2e- ~Cu ~~ g Zn(s)+Cu2+(aq) ~ Zn2+(aq)+Cu(s) ~ ·~ C!latlVBI~ tl:>fl!IM "'1t1Rf· RR ~ ·~ ~ "51'6, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~'{ ~ C'8t~fifllii ·~~ C8f'l ~~~~~ff~ I lhJ 1 ~ ·IPmf ~···•fiml •tlJtlaR• .~ ~· cmr ~·· ~ ~9f ~ ie fi1'Pt4'A ~ '~9fii"41t I
- 226. 2Na + +2e- ----... 2Na MfJ18411'R )f~4'Sl'1 ~ ~ 1lm Clt, 2 C11TWf l:Cdl~Ci1'R ~ GIJICill& 1 C1'tl'f Cl2 ~ ~~( ~ 2 C11TWf CJ't INitJIii ~ 'Q' I ~ (Electroplating) I ·-Mc~~~~~ w9Af ~ ~~~~~1'4~~ ~1'4fif.~'f~~~ ~~~I .-«IWfi{~ ~~ '8fiU' ~ ·-~ C4t1f ~ Ag~ ~ ~ ~ (.qfitl}efif ~ ~ I • ~ • fftWJ9f -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '111191"'i· ~~·-~~~I fRB.)•I~ ~~ • ~~~9Af~i'f~~~~~~~~I • ~Jlc:-11S ~ "'1't~ ·-MC~ M5f)illi1 ~ ~ ~ I ~ fR 8.)~ 1 'lfilw C"llftiilii (ljjll'lil..Cfi ·~ c18- - Ea - Na ·e- -Cl - Ea - ...Na . e--- (!)_ Cl . __ ..Na _ e e- ~ W~ •-MC:ftlU ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~-.1Tt ~l'lf' (non-spontaneous) 'Al"1141M4 ~~~I ·-~ ~ ~ ~ ~"~ ~i'f ~ ~·1fi1!S ~ ~'OOf ~fif 5dllt>Cdl ~ ~ I ~~ill~ ~ct emf R~ bleff{J •-.rm ~~ ~ ~ I ~ ·-~C:1~J1t ~ i'fAci(C'1 ~ ~ I ~fif ~ ·~ 'Al:>tl41M4 Mfiba41141 ~"-t ~ ~~ ·-~ ~ MC4ilfWt!S (decomposed) ~ e- ~ 'Al"11"M4 ~i'flif ~emf I 9fTC-m ~ (~ ~ s.se) ~~ 9fttiJf ~ C"11Ni411il <JPl'All:C1H ·-MC:1qC1 ~ ~I ~~ ~-.1Tt ·~~~' ~ ·-~ C411f I ~ C"11Ni411il <JPl'All:C&'A ·-MC:twf ~i'f ~ GMJl(!S ~ ~, ~ C"11Ni.411il <JPl'All:& ~ -tt- ~ 1lm I ~ C1lliUJf i1fTt ·~ ~l•l-'O 4Ffo111 ~I ~ !S~~ ~ GIJICill5 <qJlUIRl'A ~ ~ ~~ ·~ ·~ ~ ~ ;q)tfJIA'A ·~ ~ ~~~I GIJICill5 ~ ~ ·-~, NaCl ~ ~i'ffi er ~ GOICi11C5 ~ ~, G1Jlc:-1IC5 ~~ l:cwt~i1 ~ ~ ~ (Cl2) ~ ~ ¥8 ~ I 51JICi11C<s l:C'l~C"l'A '!SJT't ~ Cft'f ~~ ~ ~ ~ I 2c1- ~ c12 +2e- ~Jlc111isfb 'fT'f. ~ "'9f!i ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttl I l'l'lfiU ~ ~1"91.1n - ~Jlc:-11'8 ~ ~I ~ ~ "11Nifllil ~ (Na•) 1:t'l~i1 ~ ~ ~ C:>flNitJlil ~ ~ 'f1t11 Clft't ~I l:Cdl~Cii'SI~ ~ ~ ~~ ~-.1Tt ~~I
- 227. 4JIC~~ 8 Ag+(aq)+e-~Ag (s) ttlfil~ ~ ~ "1141~ l'lfl'(t'i ~I KI (aq) C<IS ·-~ ~ "f)lceilS '(3 ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9ft-em ~? ~·Kl(aq) ~ K+(aq)+r(aq) H20{f) ~ H+(aq)+OH-(aq) "4Jlc•ms ~ s 2r(aq) ~ 12 -ze 0H- ~~~~~ r bl.~I ~~g 2H+(aq)+2e- ~H2(g) ~~Cf, "1UIPB!lil "4IC411Sll:1St4 ·-~ ~ "fJICiilt!6 "flUUNi;:c ~ ~Cft. ~ H2 ~ 91tem 1lm I l'lfl'(t'i ~ I MgBr2 (aq) C<IS •-~ ~ ~ ~ "'~ ~m llftif? ~·MgBr2(aq) ---+ Mg2+(aq)+2Br-(aq) H20 (l) ~ H•(aq)+OH-(aq) GIJIC'11CS ~I 2Br-(aq) ---+ Br2(aq)+2e- ~ Br- GllJJ~<a ~ OH- ~if~~~ I ~~8 2H+(aq)+2e- ---+H2(g) ~~~, MgBr2(aq) ~ ·-Rt:A"t ~ "fJlc;:cltS Br2 ~Cft. ~ H2 "'9tfi~ I 8.)).~ <JIS1fr.f-""1f ~~ (Chtortne-Alkali Manufacture in Industry) C)llN411il <JPl'Slll:CIS'A 'ftv ~ ~ (~ ~) ·-f<tt:i~ct CJtf •1'19tcof f8tt119fl! !RI ~ ~ '(3 ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~' ~ ~ "f)l'JfilM!tlil f1lttp ~ ~--.ml fitn )f<IC5C41 OOi'f ~ ~ ~ I "1~~ I NaCl MC411NJf'!) ~ Na+ '(3 er ~ ~ ~' ~(ft.~~ RC41lf9t! ~ I NaCI(aq)~ Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) H20(/)~ H+(aq) + OH-(aq) ·-R~~~JICi1IC5 er~ ~ Cl2 ~ ~(ft. ~ H2 ~ "'11:f ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ Na+ filetlfi! ~ ~ C:>tlN!!ICii ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fiit-t C:>flN411il-~Jliilif"11il ~ ~ I ~9fit C)flN"lil "f)lilldl"~ ~ ~ MMa411{! C)llN{!lil '<:ll:tilCJlll:S~ ~9fit ~ I ~ ~JIC~IC5 ~ 8 2Cl-(aq)~Cl2(g)+2e- ~~~ 8 2Na•(aq)+2e-~2Na(s) 2Na(s)+Hg(l)---+2Na-Hg(l) 2Na - Hg+ 2H20 ~ 2NaOH + H2 +Hg
- 228. 8.))." ~,..(Corrosion ofmetals) ~ ~ "'tRIC<tCart • ~ ~ (~ ~) '6 G4fil!cen;91<51 "ft.~ ~ ~ ~tlftG ~ 1 l!l"C4 ~,.. (corrosion) 4ftlf I ~ ~ ~ Glfi!C9tC91'51 "ft.~~ "!a "!a ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~· 51JICi115111C-Pf '4m ~ I ~l11~:'Sl't1111-Pf, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I l!l~ ~ ~ 51JICi1l'S '6 ~ Ml1111li1 51~Cet91 (02) ~~~~I Fe-----+Fe2+ -ze: [~] H20+!02 +2e- ~ 20H- [~] Fe2+ + 20H- ~ Fe(OH)2 2Fe(OH)2 + H20 +!02 ~ Fe20.3H20 (= 2Fe(OH)3) ~ ~l!lCf ~ llm, • ~ ~ ~ -~ G41IC911Nrn ·'efmCt ~ 1 ~ •HttlC'Af ctfaMllJt'{f((Methods of prevention of corrosion of metals) I ~ ~ ~ 1IMJ ~ ~ 51f>i'A't '4111 ~ I ~- {i) ~ 51JICi11Ni4l ~ ~ ~ ~ "1l'SIC'11( • ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~9f1Jfil ~~ ~ ~ ~ Cllt~ <Rt'f 1{lt ~ ~ ~ <Rf l1m I {ii) • ~9fit ~"Cllif ~91 ~ ~ ~ '6 G4f'tlCetC91'A ~~ ~ 9frof 'i{f I lPtl'f ~ fJRlt~ ~ l1m I l!l'fit9f ~ 'IJfi11 M'l~b <Rt l1m I •PGiiRl-C+'liiRI ~ I 41Ai91l'R- ~ ~ PtCllfA;'R 51HNSl41'R ~ I ~ ~ ~. ~ 9114~1"' ~ I ~ '2jl5'C'R'R fi{D ~ ~ '6'1Cl1-t ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ :>~ ~C4ldJ'SI fPrc4 ~~ (~ 8.:>C) I "11'Rl1C4 ~ ~ <Rf lfm I 9fWi ~ ~ l!l~ 51JICi1l'S ~~~~~91~~~1)1~~'-L.L.LI.~~ ~~~~~4111'Al~'ef~ ~8.)CI~~~~~~~~~ ~I :>~~~~'6~fi{tef~~~~I ~~ ~ ~ Cllt~ ~ ~-MC:f1ftctit 1'tl'f ~ 51JICi1IC5 ~ '1JPf ~'Pf:f ~ I ~~~~~Na+ 5114lCi1'A~~~~~Na~ ~ ~ "1Wf-51Jlllli1•~ ~ )~ ~ ~ ~ t )~ ~ ~ • NaOH ~11t ~ I 11Wf-GIJl111'1•11Cilta 'fTtll 1'ti ~ C'llNi41111 • ~ RIITIRl41 )~ ~ ~ NaOH ~H2 '1JTt'f ~ Q ~~ ... iill•lft 11"tl'fftl ~ Q I ~ 51Jlt'1lt!HI "'11't ~fJMil41 tfi •t'lc«lJ~11 ~ ~~ 5CCIJll('4S 1Nt! )~ tl.1CC1Sltt'A ~~.~ ytt ~ ~ 1 )~ ~ NaOH l!l'f ~ 40% ~ Jlit ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ 1'11'1PfR! (pellete) NaOH ~ ~ ~ I ~l'lt1Pf ~ ~ Rletl'SM g 2H+ + 2e- -----+ H2 (g)
- 229. --------------------(Zn2+) ~ ~~Cft. Fe2+~ ~ ~0011 '54llti115 ~ g Zn(s)~Zn2+(aq)+2e- ~~ g Fe2+(aq)+2e- ~Fe(s) 8.)).8 ~~ ~ ~tlJJtll~ ~ ~ '111'1•1~• ~ (Two-Chamber Electro chemical cell or Galvanic Cell) ell ~ 151JlilSIM4 ~ ~ ~~ ~ .iil>ilfiM4 ~ I ~~ ~~ i!IC41CBt 'Jft~ ~ ·~ ~ (oxidation) ~~ ~ i!IC41CBii ~ ~ ·~ ~ (reduction) lftG I 1'1t ~ ~ ~ '(3 ~ ~ ~ 'tJl'lSIM• ~fift;qs ~~ ·-<sil"ll41M4 ~ ~I ~' ~ ~ C4Tm i!'1t '2iC4ICB<si ~ ~..tt ~ ~ ~ ~I ~~ l!~ ~ M'iJillii ·~ ~g~ ~ '<3~~~~~9f!f1(lf I .. I ~'il~<si'l'ijiti9f, C5MC41'1 C4A ~~ ~ ~ ~ ·-'Al"ll4'M4 ~ I ~if ~'41't ~ Zn • ..nf (~Witt) ~~ 1"5f9fif ~ Cu .fi(~C41tt) ~ I ~~ C4Tm ~ '6 <15tlf(if~ ~~ G4IC'llf6!S ~ ("'fii, 8.lT.)) I ~~ ~ ~'il~cs:tct ~ <J9ffil ~ ie Pt'l'!Sl<a ~ ~ • ~~ •- 11IJ'!l4JM4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 c•l~ftc;qs ~'Pf ~ ltt111 ~- ~ ~ 9fi(t~ 1f~ ~ '11Pf/9flf4 Mg "-i* ~~~I ~"'1Ji1J~~~ ~ ifPt I ~ "'IJi1J Cft'f <'Rt ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ fj i!g 9ffl.f ~ ~ "9fiU '411Htiiil cm1 ~. ~ 'fl'f ~ _ _ (~ ~ ~ '1Kp"'41'51 ~ ~ .. ~ (__...) '"""""'--___., ~---,..,() ~Mg)~~9Rf~~~~ ~ ~ ~Mg l!l~~~<rnl~~lll _ fM&.)lrl~'911$~~ 'U 1 ·~ ~ MiifJ14li1 ~~~·~'Mg '61JICiil5 '<3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ·-'51IJ114'M• '.,~ ~ CRi I Mg ~ lt61~i1 ~- m ~ ~'Pf ~<Pffi Fe2+ ~~~ 1 ~ Fe2+ ~Fe~~~ 1 ~~1'R Cft'f~ 1 ~t.~~~- '61JIC~l5 ~ g Mg(s)~Mg2+ +2e- ~~ g Fe2+(aq)+2e- ~Fe(s) ~~ Mg~ ii9t~Nst6 Fe2+ ~ ~ Qfell't ~I~ '61IHCi1'51 ~~~I mMg 'llli1l ~~~I ~~~~~(hull) _ ~~~I~~ lfl,ICWRI ==in ~'~ 02,~~~· ~-==-111'1141~. ~ '1fR ~ I ~ 1IFll = == = =_ ~,,,,..__.._.._.... __........,,,,,,.....__....Cltt'R 'lfiU lflf(ICWRI cetTt'f ~ cmJ = = = = = =- - - - - - - - - - - - - ~~ ·-~ q fltt-. °'lt'f C5t11T = = = = == ~!'ffT= z: = .: .: = .; Zn = = = :~ 1 1'twr ~ .. ~ m ~ .. ~ :: :: :: ~z~~_: ~~e--~_2(2H=_(a![)
- 230. Pb02~ Pb~.~ Pb 9l1W s.)~ fi51c-...wt('91W c<»lJttt• " ~~ilii) aol'l1fff 9', •l-'11~ ~ ~ ltfiRt (Destin, Functions and Recharging Techniques of Rechargeable Batteries (Lead Storage and Lithium) rar>ICef<Cl'l ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ${ fit'Cll CIJCl0J'AClJl'1J ~ ~ I ~ ~~ CIJltJlfi'A "6l-ef ~ ~ C'1t'l'r ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ <ISCil ~ w~;n ~ 1lt1l 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ Sl'(Ct4'G ~~I fiolcef;qil ;q1it;1fi<s1 'dllC'llb911" ~flft11 ~ ·c-ra CSUIUlet ~ C1f ~ ~ ~ f.fcv '5'1"116911 '4R I + <4')'91W~°'"l 1915 ~1Pfif ~ ~ ~ .,_~ (self-starter) lfW' ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ "1RlC1(91 ~ "1Abl'191l'A '9f;lfJ ~ <ctJfDIRl'SI ~ ~ ~ I ~~C'JW~~~~~~I (l' I ~ Qq'1)~4 "'~~ ~C'l«ii1 ~ ~I~ 1't~ '(C'1€ii1 ~ ~ 8 I·~~ GIJl()11<s ~' ~ ~-1 '154JIC91ICS ~ 's 4JIC~-~ ~I ~ I ~'41Tt 9fltiJf ~ ·-~ ~ ~ ·$~~' ~ I ~ Mfib-411ft ~ -rn ~~ M~lft ~. ~ ·-11fRJ~11t QI )I ~ ~ 1i"11Wra!S Q I <l' 1 l:t'1~91'dlJIC91lS~4JlttftlC1HI ~ ~ ~I 8 I '51Jl'l!SIM4 ~ <54)1()11S ~ ~~ 4JICYJltS ~ I GiJICi1IC5 ~' ~ ~lfW! " I ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fTtiJI ~ 1lt 1'R't ~Clt·9flft~~~I ~I ~~~MffiRlft~ ~~~ Mftil;fil'A ~ ·-11fRJ"'9f!l~ I ~~ ~~2t ~~ -.9ftf ~~ ~ ~ ~'ift. Ptil!Sl'A Cu(s)I Cu2+(aq)jj Ag+(aq) IAg(s) ~ ~ ~ lft'U I lf'ftt ~C41Cq'A ·- I IiI I ~~~'Cllt't~-.flt~C'fl~ef~~I ~~~ ~~ (111Rf~) (~~) lRl'f Qq'1)~4 ~ 9l_cf~ I .. C'l~Ci1'A ~ ~ ~ ~ -.9ftf ~ fitn1 GIJICi11<s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "-9r:l Q I ~ ~8~ Mffil-{Jl'SI ~ ~ ~ 9ft"e11t ~ (~ ~ "-9f?f ~) !!~ g Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)~ Cu2+(aq)+ 2Ag(s) ~~ GiJICi1l<s ~ ~ (Cu !N,tii4IC'A) 8 Cu(s)~ Cu2+(aq) + ze: ~~ ~~~(Ag !N,"'41C'A) 8 2Ag+ (aq) + ze ~ 2Ag(s) "I•1{$ !~ICM ~ lJ:'itc4 C1ff't ~ ~ •ct1~ ~ST'~~ 9fl"e11t ~ I N~ ~ '4Tm ~ 'l11f(t'f ~ ~ ~ YCPf ~ 11t ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~elfhs'511"1lf&!S ~ I tfJl'1'81~4 -e ·~ C4Tm11t'fJ 'f'1.,lf14 <SCIC'il&.,I ~ >ill~t<! ~llt """11 ~ a.e 1 tt1111•I~• ~ •~ ~l"'ltt
- 231. Pb(s) + SO!-(aq)-----+ PbS04(s) + 2e- 4Jlt~~ I Pb02(s) + 4H+(aq) + so;-(aq) + ze: -----+ PbS04(s) + 2H20(l) '1'~ Ni"11trtk,~ 9t z Pb02(s) + 4H+(aq) + 2SO!-(aq), iTfii 2PbS04(s) + 2H20(t) ~~~~~~~ct~ C91N WI :>tlR"ll'it>ICfil "l~'A5 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Clfi cJllCHt 4Jl~lffce 6 (Q~ "l~ om ~-.r;iJI 19 ~ I ~ ~ ;qJl'rllftt <iSf9b61'14 ~ 12.0 Volt Q I fCIJ"ll(ICH 1PC'1' ,._ ~ lTl(ITJf 9"'1 t '5tf ~ C9ft'f fhTlf (~) WI 1IPU '41~CH ?at'l)f1>• "-"" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '111 ~'lfiU Clfti C~IOSiif CIJl'rllfit• ftilC.. if ~ 'l"iiltMl9fJ ~ ~ I ~~ fhTlf-.tt ~ fPr1' ~ ~ ~ ~ 1"111 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1ft11 '11, "i't~ NM&lflf( ("51Wf ~) fitfiM1111 ·~ ~ ~ "11'1FiP•fi• ~ ~ (consume)·'11 I 1twr "il'lfi.ttfi• ~ ~ (1.28 g/cm') ~ 9fTI I "l'lfiU ~ ~ CIJl'rllftC6 "1l11fip•f1• ~ ~ ~9' ~ Q I G?iC411if~ ~ ~ ~ 9f1fi{ ~ "11'1~ft4 ~ ~ CRi ~ ~ "f5lf "fMt Q I f<tfilMJlfl "'9ffi Clfi "11'1ti#~ ~ ~ t1ftl 1lt1tt " I C'1W ~ C4tC1f Cll~CH ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~mff"1 (~) ~1111-llftlif ~ ~ I ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G?i410Slil f<tbltef<Ctwt ~ I ~ fCIJl~lflt ~ ~ ~ l1ti '11, ~ f<t~l!l ~ ~ 19~I Ns:>f61'6ft ~ ~ ~ 'S1Jlt'11!i llN 4JIC~ 'f1fif '4tl ~~ .tn'~4Jlt"'1W ~ 'SIJIC'115 ~ fi1Ci ~I 101f<161(;ef;q11 M~lllil qJ~IRlC!i ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ Bblcef<Ctwt (~s'btlfc'in'1J) ~-~ <tJrGlfiC!i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '51ttl•<5 CllM, ..n ~!!Iii ~ G4til-!i (LiCo02) ~ ~ 11Jlif1Mlf G4tU""6 (LiMn204) l~illlt ~ ~ ~ 1 ~-~ ~ ~ "'"'~Mil ~9fctJ qatlfPtC!i ~ ~ I ""'~Mtt "" .st 4JICiitl, Cillctl-'1, 11Ul9flt9f, ctt('1Cql"fJ ~Vff ~ ,.,.,~~I <ilitfPtC6 f'rfilllil-~ :ctJtGI~ ~ ~ 1 ~'f ~ ~ft~ -e ~ mr.f ~ 1fTI t ~ ctJl'DIAC!i h llff9 ~ (high energy density) ~ ~ ~ ~ 't(C!i ~ :ctJ;ql{1cH ~ OOi't 1 lfl" G4:ctJti!tf4I ~ ~ ~ <CIJIUIRHI '5T9f ~ <inl '1(111 <Cl~ICi1 LIB (Lithium-ion battery) ~'f C2fCllC'1'f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ;q1~~:a '4ttlt;~ ~ <tl'1<tl(t'1 ~~ att(l4f"1 ~ ~ C'1W ~ C:ctSfm 9fftctc<t ~11' ~~1'~1 ~ ~ <CIJl'Glfit .cmr LIB~~ A~·,~ ~t6 ell·~~"11 ~ ~ ~~ !l C:ctSfm CfiCf '5te9f ~~ ~ I ~ d tqjcqi{1CH ~ f.fft~ (safety) ~ m"1q'Oltct f<ttct6'11 ~ '1(11 I ~ ~ ~ ctJfGlfifTi ifl ~ I ~~ '411 "'1AJ ~ ~ fiffil4llil- CCf1lf ~ (-30° F) ~'-~ h (120° F = 49~C) ~~ !111' 4if-.ii<!>I ~ ·cm. 'iftl'f ~ ~ !111' -ut~ ~ ~ I !! c<ISft1f ~ ~ ~ <:JtJlc-11'5 ~~ ~ ~ ~ (IV) IOltill:5 (Pb02)~~~~~1 ~ ~~ :>t111r.~ra. !!~ ~-f<tc:tcq1<s1~Mllfilr!i~1 !!~ 30% :>t111flt'~RI• ~~!fC"t~~ I~~ Cll~~'!il~ g 51JICi1IC5 ~ g Pb(s) -----+ Pb2+(aq) +ze Pb2+(aq) + so;-(aq) -----+ PbS04(s)
- 232. *-8.~) IMlt'lf-~--.. ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~ GIJICiilS ~ 4Jl~ltlit ~ A"I~! ~ ~ ~ RiJtt>lfett. ~·CRf1(111 ~ - 7fft ~ C'f, GIJIC-,Ni ~ "11•f'-'G ~ ~ 1{I I ~ ctSJIC~ ~ «f~ ~~~1{1- • ~ (layered) Gl'!iijl-CS ..st- finil411il ~ Gi'!iijl~; • ~~ 91M5fJl9114191~ fi1~411il ~ 'P"IC'P'G; • ~ Wf11l:C-.'1 (spinel-~-.ft ~) ~- ~fllil i1Jl9f1Mlf '51'51111:cs 1 ·~ ~ fit~4ilii <atl41C91t ~ c1lt'f ~ ~ 4l;(Ci1t'Gt ~, ~ ~ 4l;(Ci1'G ~ CSl--'11~ ctSl;(c~ ,,-f~ ~ 1{11 ~ "fcpf ~· (non-aqueous) •-MC:fCIU GiJtf:tc;q~ '3')19114191 ..,-;qw:t ~ fit~4ilil Cf(iCIQl'IC'AI '""'"''G (LiPF6)~ ~ I fil~ilii ~.,..... ~ •l-'11~- ...... ~ ft?t&lfif( M~4Uii-~ ~ ~ ctSJltilftW ~ GIJIC-.lt'it 1'00 Li+ ~1f (1'11Wil (migration) ~~ l:"'1<Kli91 ~~~•(charging) ~ NiJtbl'*. (discharging)~~ 1 4'P, ~tff ~ ctSJIC~ ~ ~ fil~'41ii ~ Gl'!iijll:cs (LiCo02) ~ Li+ 1"' "(C41 •~c:tt'IH lf'fl ~ ~ ';qstf ~~ "'t'Ct~4lt4 (separator) Gffq)al91f ~ ~ GiJICi1lt'it cat'8)Wi)'1 ~ (inter layers) ~ c;m 1 Wt"!'dlC411, RiJtolf'tttmJ C'llitilf ~ '3'Jlti1ltS~ '3''5J'<l~'f ~ '1"1t'PT; (LIP), ~ iiJl9flMet GiCJllll:S (LMO) ~~ ~ ~ iiJletlMet ~ GfCJllll:S (NMC) 411J~1Rlt ~ "11~ I ~ ~~ ~ 41.'lpil61 ~~ '3''5Je~'1 f.Rrt9Rit ~ ~~ 5114~'4 cmJ ~I ~ (Construction) Rlo1cef;q'" tit~'41ii-~ ~ '4tmft~~~11f~- :> I GOlt:-11S, ~ I 411~ ~~ e I ·-~ ~~ GtJlt:-11S ~ fifil'41ii-~ cu~IAC! ~ (~) ~ 'Q 1 GIJlt:-11S -.~ !~It I 4JIC~ (~ !~'tilt) ~ ~ 51'§111'$:S ~~ ·-~ ~ ~ ~ M'1Jiil91 ~cpfT; M~fllii ..,-;qw:t ~ ~ I .
- 233. ~ Li+~ ~~-RC~CttHI 11-rJ ~ 'fl1il ~ ~~ ~1Ci""41'A4 Gt~Jiall <ml (cross) ~ ~ ~ "9t'14t ""11 ~.-~WI ~ C1l ~~ffl 'tldi, ffli'16l~tR ~ ~ R9fh~ 'W I ~ ~tif;"l41"'1 _,.,~Cii'A ~ 'fldt ~ ~ C4A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I n Cl1T1'J l:Ci1~C"l'A ~~ 'f-rr C1l 'Sil'1141M4 ~ 'W !'t ~- ~~..rm ~-MRil;411'A "~•:act s L·c 0 ~ ' L. C 0 nl.i" -1 o 2 'Ni f9f<. 11_0 o 2 + 1 + ne "161 ·~ ~~ ~-Mffila41l'A '1~4il'1 s nl.i" - C ~' L' C1 + ne + 'Ni fif( 10 "161 '1114fit~ ~ ~ ~ - LiC002+c .~ Li0C+Li1_0coo2 '151 ~-~ """'1l1" ~. ~~ ~ ~ ~ 11T11 C'f, Li+ ~ ~ '81Jl~l'i ~ ~ ~ ~ ISIJl~IC!HI ~ ail'CSlll'CS -.Cl I ~ ~ 'ftt ~ •~, LiCo02 ~ M"fJlll"l GtCl(NH (transition) ~ ~ ~'I~ Co3• ~ Co4+ ~ ~ 'Q -.m~~cn. l!l ')1111l ~ ~ ~ I Ni'16lf9f<.tn "l1m ~ ~ 'Q, ~ Co4+~ Co3+ ~ ~ I ~JJ'i'( (Characteristics) ~C4tm~=~X~ ~'2tlll' Mfil411Cll'A Dtef = _F_ [MLi = 6.941g/mol] 6.941 = 96500 "f'N = 13.901 ~ 6.941 ~~-~~ ~llfif 3.0V""1, ~~~~ 41.7kJ.~lffi{~ I ~$ •1JIC'1IMCii'SI ~-"1t~ C5tl1 ~ I 1'tlf ~ CIJl'DIRBI - ~ '3 ~ ~ ~ ~ litJl'61Rl'A cm ~~ <CtJ<i(IC'A ~-~ ~~I ~ ~ C1l, ~~ ~-~ <CtJi(;lfil'll ~ ~ ~- 4JlSfii411il <Ct]i(;lf<l'A ~ I '1<:J4'il (Precautions) I fiffil411il-~ ~ C4A litM~JC'SI ~~ 'i<:Sfll 1tMt ~ ~1~firwn- · ) 1h>~9f~<1Ji(;lf'<IC41Mt~~ I 81 ~~~~I ~ 1 ""1-~ (short circuit) ~9R CRt ~ ~ 1 <t I ~ R"1~!S'8ICCI l1tllf ~(C"JIC•t ~ ~ ~ I ~I <etJr'Glfilffl ~ ~ "iffi I ~I~~~~~~~~ I f'l~llat-11111Pf~lllft".ict•ttCWif (Types of Lithium-ion Battery) ~-~ tCIJr'GlfiHI ~ . '3 ~~C~C11HI NsNJC<:J ~ ~ ~ ~ -.tt {formation)~ ~ I ~ ~ ~-~ tCIJ~IRl'A ~41'AC'811 ~ Jtl'SlfCtC<:J ~11t l:C'Yf I
- 234. (~) ti'{A-rt (Disadvantages) •~~ ~ <5il41Ci ~ ~~ ~ I • ~-~if ')11(1f ~ ~ 'Q' I ·~~~~'ill ~- ~~ ~ ~ ·-~ (H2S04) ~ ~ ~ ')11l1f C4l~~C4 ~ (charged) ~ ·~, ~ H2S04-~if :>tfiila41!SI ";{I~~ I 8.)~ CWIW '"'ICtif " fil~flli4 ~ ~cif(lctt ~ " '5t~'it (Advantages and Disadvantagesof Uses of Lead Storageand Lfthtum Batteries) fi(c5 ~-C. ~-C. ~ C~IC119f ~ ~ ~ tlqJC1'1CH·~ ~ <!il;sffeliqt 154IC'115i11 'ff~ I C'IV clllSltt• ~ :qJ:qi(Jttt ~ • '9i~'rt (Advanta1es and Dtsadvanta1es of Uses of Lead Stora1e Batteries) (111) ~ (Advantages) ·~~'QI • ~~ ~ ~ M'8.,1ti!l•tJ I • ~l: ~ ~YictMt(IC'SI ~;:{I~ 'il I • <:sif!A'6''5t9f ~ :>tt('i~ I ·~~~~~~~~~I • ~-~ .. ctJIUIRt<a ~ ~ (shelf life)~ (infinite) I , ·~ ... ~~~~~~~! • ~ ~516141i1'f!S (recycled) -ff~~ 1 fil~ll119~ ~ cucif(ltff1R'41"1f((Advantagesof UsingLithium-ion Battery) ~)~(Advantages) a ~9ft'Jti, Cl(i1t"l'tl l:t'l~Miit :>tl~W> (~) ~-~ ..,...,<iJpfti!IU~IRl"il ~ "191~(14i I ~if ~ct Wft ~$ ~ ~ ~ 'OIPff!il ~ I ~ 15tl4IC'Slii lQ ~ ~ <:sil41CH ~ ~9M 'Rt 1'tll 1 ~ <iJlUIAii ~R-~~Wit- :> I ctJlUl~ffj ~ ~ (~ ~ ~ ~ 'Oll41C'SI~om-~~) I ~ I elf~ iatl41CH ~om- 'Rt~ I ~ I ~ ~ ,~ CIJ<i(IC'Slil !iC4ileti1 ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I 8 I ~~ fim~ <:sif!~'6' ~ -~~ ~ ~I CIJl'nlAft'SI ~ 1ia ~ ~ ~ C1S1r I <l' I ~ ctJITilRt'A '5t9f amT ~ ~I 'OlctJ<q~!S ~ ~$ ~ ~ ~ 5% "5T9f "-'rn ~I "1.. l'8C'A, ~~ ~-4Jl<sfil41111 ~ ~~ ~ 20% '5l'ef '(ttm I ~ I ~41114-~ CIJlUIHC'f ~ llf! ~ ~ 'Rt llt1r I ~ I fitfil41111-~ ctJllJlflm ~ Ni:>tbltf 'il ~ ~ ~~I (~) et~-tt (Disadvantages) I fitfil~lii-~ <iJlUIHil '54Ci140fir ~ ~ ~1' ~~ eij"J.~'fte ~ I ~ • ~ ~ ~"ill1Ci1'R ~ ~O~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "'~ ~~ ~ 1it~ '!St -..V~ ~ I ~I fiffiJ41111 ~Jl9f1Mit <!iiiitll:<s LiMn204 LMO :>tctC5C41 f.m9flif, 1-'----+-....-=---------+--=-------1----------I ~ I ~ ~ lf:>tC"PU LiFeP04 LFP ~' i!l'i<ilt('i, ._..8-----11 _.,..,,,..--___,,,M-C4-.,-ll-Jl-9fl-=-M-et-+--L-i_N_i M_n_C_o_0_2---1--NM-.. -c-----' :>tl~l!S ~ ~ 1 ~ 'Oliitll:5 w ~; Q>li1C.li1,~' 4JICiBll4' ~ ~ I :> I
- 235. 8.)8.~ lt"( ~Cl41tt6if (Typesof Fuel Cells) ~~ YCPf C'IWlt4 i{~'f 1$'f '4'ft "'11 I ~- ) 1 ~'!St~ YCPf ~ (Low temperature fuel cells) clJ~ ~ 1 ff "'6l~ 1lCPf C'fWr (High temperature fuel cells) ~ "'6l~ '!'CPf ~ ~~ ~ "'6l9'1ltiilt ~ tmr 120°c ~~ u '!St~ YCPr ~ iftW 600 C""4 I000°C '!Sl9f1l'trlltl '4t1lf -.ct I "14PIWCi C1f ~ YCPf C'ftlf ·~ ~ •Jt•RI• c1Jm~q ~fir 200°c wr~~'4tl 1 YCPf ~ ~ ·~ GiiJtlCt YCPf ~ ..lit4t"1 4fRt "'11 I 'ftp( C'tt'f ~ ~ ·~ YCPf ~ ~ m-vfim'lct Cit ~elf'4'6 -.ti I~- ~- ~oW• • ff "'6l~ ~l't ~ ~'.Cct"fi1~'1 I ff "'6l~ fitfiltllii-~ ctJl:UIRFA ~ ~ ~ ~ I • ~-~ ct11u1RIC4 ~ Ni:>folef ~ "'6l ~c•;q1c1rl:";fl m ~ 1 · • ~~ fitfit111~-~ ;qJIUIHHI ~«f~ ~ ~ litiIT •• ~11if ~ 4fQ1~~l'A ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~if~~ ctJIUIRHI C5t1l ~ CC1fiit I • trfif ~41li4-~ ~ C4Tif ~ <5141(4451 (fail) ~' ~ 1'!l MC'iPIH!S ~ ~9' ~ ~~(~"!Sl~~)I 8.)8 lfCl"I' ~ ~ 4Q Cl•ttM (Fuel Cell and Its Classtftcatton) 1lCPf ~ ~ f«llH!S Gt1Cifl6i1l'SI "1'4f YCPf QIWJ ~ ~ ~ - "'6l ~ ~ I ~ YCPf C'fWf ~ ~itlfil4 ~ (}flit~ I 8.)8.) 1fCl"I' ~ ~r (What ts fuel cell?) YCPf ~Cit~~~ c'J1lif c'J~ ~(device), llt ~est frJICif11 'AIJtltF-.• ~ ?;qvf-%4 ~ ifi"fl•Rl!S ~ , ~~ C'tt'f '"'"m ~~ 1lffff "'"'1t1't ~ <~- Gtftit•i1 ~ ~ "9tlff) ~ ~ I 1lCPf C'fClf If~ OJ°~Ci1Citi1 ~ ~ ~ I ~ (1Ql41cf .. .n «tPf~4 ~ ~ CRt lltll 1 ca"111c., YCPJ C'tt'f ~ '61Jlift41i(if ~ fil'iil.,.,~ ~ ~I YCPf ~ ~ ~ YCPf ~ ~ C'ftlf ~ ~ I C'tt'f C1f l1f' •ft<•lt ~ '11 ~ YCPf ~ 1'ff9 ~~ llttiltiiC4t ~~~I fCiit'1i 9f1-tt9f1filr C'ltlf dl~Cif., ~ tiil<ilc:>ii clJ~ ~ ~ '1IJ ~ Q C1lif ~f'LMilfb • 9fTCI I clJ~ clJ ~ ~'f ~ ~ ~' YCPf ~ ~ '51~t<itile'4 ~ ~~ 1JtlI 1838 ~ ~ ~5f fi1ifitt1t" N• ~(Christian Friedrich Schonbein) ~ ~cpfrt ~ 1lCPf C'flf '511~4111 'tii'tlif 1 ~-. ~ 9ftl 1839 "1t'f •ti'l"I (Welsh)-~1 9fitltff'1''1 •-fitllif ~ (William Grove) ~~ "l1Wf '!'CPf ~ ~ ~ 1 ~f9tJ4'010tl •"11'51lti4Rl4FSI i4~:141Wf .mctr ~~' NASA i4(141"f"lli1 (Space Capsules) clJ~ -~ (Satellites) ~ Jt'A<qtlt('SI "'~ ~ 1lCPf ~ ~ ff '4tl I ~ ~ YCPf C'flf ~ '4TtWf ~~~'4A'~l ~ 1l'tPf C'fl'f ~ q ~ CRN (switch on) tfllalfil• ?ca'1}f'>• "'~ ~ ~ fil'1}C!S4A ~ ~ tij)l4'5119f (back up) 1lfNJ ~ '51ltijl~4, fiitca Cit :qtf'1filJ4 ctAs81t., ~ "'11 I~' ~, ~ ctt ~ clJ'lfTCmf ~ ?ca'2)1'>• ~~ ~ ~ YCPr ~ ~ 4'ti t<cl'fJ~• ~ 'Pftelft l1m 1 ca<tiilt:-1 "IM:ql(t:-1, ~, '5lt'61c111:qf•:clf, lt'fltt1(1tif, ~' C1ITh "fl•c•clf ~~ >il<iCifRlt:-1 ~~ ~ ~ I
- 236. SOFC 55-60% 900-1000°C')I "1fl!SJl'i11'!S ~~ (rejected heat) ~ ~J<t~HICCll"fl I ~ I ~/ '11c'Qlfiti1Cili51 Gi'O)Wl)cf 1i9ftfi ~I 55% 650°C ) I ~ ~ Gilcq-U-. I ~ I~~~~ llCiltM I 'ftpf DMFC 20-30% o-200°c )I ~~I ~I H2,CH4 ~~ 1/tPf~~~I ~ Cilil(Jlii PEMFC 35-40% 0-200°C ~ C'fWf (Proton Exchange MembraneFuel Cell) C'fWf (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cells) Ytll1'f ~ iilii4P1 ~ ~ 'ftpf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ PEMFC-~ir '{il~Ns Gi-J~lll ~emf I f.fcR ~ 8.' ~ ~ ~ t'55 ~~ Ytll1'f ~ «t•ltce"f ~ wn 1 - 8.C I ltl'f ~ tt•ltc'8if ~ I ~~ (ell~~ 1ltPf ~ ~ ~) ~ I GiJl~I& ~ 4JIC14IC&'il ~ ~ I ~ ·-"'i~<tl~l'il ~ 8 I :>f'il<t'Sll~<if'!S fC4'C'l'SI ~ ~ ~~ Ytll1'f ~~(LT~~) iTtfir ~ ·~ (~) ~ ~ 1 lftwf 'ill:>fl~M4 RfilRt ~~ ~"ft ~ ~ 9ftWfi{ ~ I :>fWH!SI ff ~11111 ~~ ~ co ..nit MqfJl;Jil4' (poisoning) ~ ~C<t"fi1.a;)'1 1 ~UT ~ !t~ ~ ~ 1 "'i""l'&C'il, ~ ~~ ~ Ytll1'f ~ (PAFC Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells) CO-~ir f"<tqfJRI 1-2% 9l'(w ~ (tolerate)~ 9fn I ~ ~ Ytll1'f Qltwf ~lli H2 ~ 'i1t emf !l~letl!S !11~4 '1JPJ (processed natural gas) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells) Ytll1'f C'ltwr ~~ ~ ~ 9ffil1ni ._~~~~I
- 237. ~- ~~ ....ffit5AFC ~ ~ ~ YCPf ~ ~ ~~ ~~ G4IC'llbi11 <Rt ~ I AFC-CCJ ~ '5fi.i. 8.)~~1' ~ G41"'1lbi11 <Rf~ I 8.)8.~.) Clffl;f ~~*HI 9flftltlWf ~ (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells - PEMFC) ~~ ~ ~ QfS:tJilcetii, G4Alcet~, ~ ~ 'Pfift YCPr ~~ff~~- ~ ~ ~-"'iRt<il~ ~~ ~ 9flft (membrane)~~' l!t G4JICi11& '6 ~ ~ ~ 1 PEMFC-~1' G4Jlei1I& ~'t-t G4Jlei11& "1'8l<iC<ii'A '1l Cift1r ~ H2 '1JT'f 9fRRnG (diffuse) ~ 1 ~ ~ MWRl'A 1't'UC1f H+~'<i". "'"'<idici1(e-) ~ ~ 1 ~"'ilf ~fif c1111ca~ ~ <ml ~ ~ ~ ~ I -CiflcQiitJfiJ ~ 'tl~tf;'A ~ 1l~ fift1l "1:ctl~ ~ I lPtwf ~ ~"'ilf ~ I Cllll(A3~ -C'1<i(G91 ~ ~ ~ '-tt I ~ Cllil(3191 ~ ~ ~ "'tf<toqft! ~I ~ 'tl~tD:a '!1tR 11t~ 4Jlt~ ~ -c11.tlti1t ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fln'( catf•Cttii ~ 1.11t1 C1f ~ ~ ..ar ~ 'd1Jlti11CS ~ ~9tfi ~ ~ 19 m ~ ~ -.t:a I Ill 'lif 1(11C't -qfJ ~ 9ftf'f "ftlf ~ ~ ~ 9fTtl I 'iicnlti1 PEMFC-~ -c1•caletti1 ,,,,.,, ~ 1(1-Qtl•I•~ YCPf, (11'n ~) ~ '51Jl'1t41('1 !tPf (.st ~) ~'-~ ~ tl'>Jlilf.t• ~ (...n, 1(1-1-<a ~) ~ ~ I ~~ ~ -qfJ ~ ~ !tPf C'fWf ~ -.r(;f !il~-1-!i ~~ "'i1fif "'9fl q I PEMFC-~ t"illifl.,"t( I (1) (1l:tJi1Clfi1 ~ ~ c~f'R ~ ~lifJllli1 f9a ~ (1-(Jilcetii !tPf '51Jlti1IC& ~~I ~ftt !tPf C'fCIRf ~ ~ G4<i~ I "'i.. llC'A, '9ffff ~ '51~Ceti1~ ~- ~ ~ 9ftt-t G4'CI~ ~ ~ C1llitiJRr C~fitif f'a~ 1'ltflt11 ~~cmfl (2) G4Jleiil& ~~ ?lllUiilll ~ ~ ., l!t H2 -CCJ H + '6 -ort<itfACi1 (e -) ~ ~ (2f'8l'q4~C"'i ~ ~ I tH2(g) Pt )H+(g)+e- (3) ~1Tt ~~ ~ ._~ Cllil'3i1 (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane) I ~it CCJ<iillll"I ~ bl~~ ~ ..n- H+ C4' ~'i 1llU~ ~ ~ c;m ~~ 4JIC11JIC& C~ ~ ~ I ·~ blef<ql~ -Cifl<it1Ji1C4 ~'ft ~ '<Ptf, ~ ~ftt ~ 'tlf.fit°n'A '!1tR 11~ ~ ~~~~~C-llfCWf~~~~~I (4) ~ -tifl<itfAi1 '6 ~ olef<ql~ ~ ~' ~ (H+) Gtfticettii'A ~ 115 C4tm ~ ~ 9f1fi{ ~9tfi ~ I ~1Tt ~ ~ C4t1' ~ ·C<i'i ~ ~ I PEMFC-~'i ~ l00'.11f ~- ) I ~~ C~ ~ I !~t'A e I ~ 8 I Cili1Gfi1 cit 9flft ~~'. <l' I "1C'41et~'4 ~ 'ft1'4, l!T ~ ~ 'ftfCt ~ I ) I ~~ C1f'G'1tl l(f'f, '51ltH'1i'5 ~, ~, ~ .fil'll~'G, ~-~ <PC"'!lfil'G ~·~~I~ I Clll1Gfi1 '6 !""l ..l'A..'4·~ PEMFC-~'i ~~ I ~-.1TI ~ ~ Cilil<Jli1 lf~ ~- G41'&Jl! (catalyst-coated) -.r(;f CPf9ftif ~ '1Jl'9'"'b'A ·~ "'illc<if'! ~ 1 ~ I ?tllUiilJI ~ ~'i ~ Gtt!etl! ~(noble-metals)~ <•~)~ PEMFC- ~~~I 8 I ~-.fit~ 9flft (membrane)~~~ '4T9f '4tf 1
- 238. ~~8 2H2+02----+ 2H20 SOFCPt~Cil l(tl:Qi1Ceti1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ llTlr I ~ ~9fm Mffi1;~1~1~ ~Ur ~ ~ ~' ·~ ~ l(tl:Qileetii ~ ~ I SOFC Plc:>tc11 GlSJ'5~'1SIC<q· l(tl:Qi141(91 'fJtll ~- ~' ~' ~'Pfi; ~ M~t'Gi1 ~'-(reforming) ~ ~ ~, 1lRr ·"11~1<AJ H2 ~ ~~~~I SOFC ~ :qJ<q~IC'A'A ~~ ~· ~ ~~ hi 'Gf~'. ·"i!t~ I ff "i!t~ GIJIV1IC& ~ ~'tfl ~~ ~ I 1lRr lft'f ~ GlSJ'9~'1 ~'- ~ ~ ~ ~ I "i!t ~ SOFC ~ ~ I ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ J{'Mli1 ?ilfti11il 'ftl ~ '4tt ~ ~ I SOFC-~~ 'Sl~'. "i!t~ 700-1000°C ~~ ~~ ~ Gll4IC'A<a ~~ (stack). ~~~ 1kW~2MW~1 SOFC-~~~~~~ 60% ~1lm~~ ~~~Ul~~I 8.)8.~." tffirw •l(,.,'D ~ ~ (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells - MCFC) ~ 414'c:-1t ~ ~ (MCFC) ~~ ff !l~ ~ ~ I ~~ "i~'. ~9fillillt 650° C (1200° F)-~~ SOFC-~~ ~ 1 MCFC-C'5 filfiJ11111 "1Tllf'14ilil 41.fc:-1{; ~ l:Cwt4c:';l'11'-f; 8.)8.~.~ tas'iSMilliiilt ~ c.l' (High Temperature Fuel Cells) h '!t~ (800-1000°C) ~ ~ ~ ~ lft-U ~ ettU~ 1ltllJ ~ (Solid Oxide Fuel Cells)~ SOFC' ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~. ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 '!t ~ ..__~ etl'AC4IM4JI (Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia - YSZ)" 1 ._~ ~ YSZ ~ ~ 1 ~ SOFC ~fir ~cffit9f. ~ f.mr • ~' ~ '5PUt-U ~ ~ ClRli9f "1il6~4l '5Jl.{;t Gll'fNJ'A ~~~fir CJR1i9f ~ ~ ii'll<fNs (~rolled tubes)~ 1 -~'Pf11 ~ Glttll:5 ff '!t~ ~t"11-J:iti9f "'lf<l;ql~I -~ ~ ~1ITTJ SOFC ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ Glttll:5 (02-) ~ '!fVl'CiJPWl billbCWl ~ I SOFC-~~ ~~~ ~C4qlC'Al: ~~ ~ (unique) ~ I ~~ 1't~ bl~f'fl GIHlCetii ~ (02-) ~ (1't~ ·~) ~ GOICi1IC'5 (~ ·~).~~I "'liJPl'IC'A, 'GliU ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~- • H + ~ (l(tl:Qilceti1 Gl~Cet~ ~ ~ CIJfitiJJ) GIJICiil5 ~~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ Gl~Cetii ~ ~ ~ l:CW1~Ci1'A ~ M~4ll4l GlfiitCeti1 ~ ~ ~ I Glttll:& ~ ._ffi~~J'A 11-U ~ ~ ~ ~~ GIJICi1IC& ~~ H + Gll4ltii'A ~ ~ ~ 9flfi{ ~~ ~ I ~~ SOFC-C'5 ~ ytf<l;qct GIJICi1IC& ~ ~ ~~ GIJICiil& ~ ~ ~'Pf?f ~ I ~-- ~ ~ll:Qilcetii Glffteeti1 ~ ~ ~~~ R~ I ~ ~ GIJICi1IC5 ~Jl:CilCeteii<sl Gll4lM4'A'f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ SOFC-~~ GIJltiilC5. ~~~I ~~ (by-products) ~ C02 ~9f:f ~ 11'ttf, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "111 ~ SOFC ~ ~ 414'Ci14A ~ ~ ~ (fossil fuels) ~ '41tlf ~~ ~ filttJ (combustion plant)~ 414'Ci1t "tfiilltctf emf '41f "111 SOFC-~ ~~ 4Al:>tl~M4 Piftil;~lefir~9f t GIJIC91l5~8 2H2+202-----+ 2H20+4e- ~~8 02+4e-----+ 202-
- 239. 8.)1' i(l-QlltiM ~~ ~ 'e ~1111'• RfdHI (Construction of Hydrogen Fuel Cell and the Occured Reactions) f(l~Ui1Ceti1 !t'Pf ~ ~ ~ I ll'llt- ) I (f~Uilceti1 - Cfl1 1lt'Pf ~ ~~ ~ I l(l~Qilceti1 - tii~Ceti1 !t'Pf ~ ) I l(ll:Uilceti1 - Cf11 ~ ~ (llQiltMi1 '6 ~ ~ ~ ~~ q)1qra4 ~~ ·- ~ ~~<Rf~1 ~l:Qlilceti1 - Cf11 <•-~ = NaOH Cft KOH ~) l(ll:QlilC9M - Gl~CGM (·-~ ~ if" en l(l~Qlilteti1 '6 Gl~tMi1 = NaOH Cft KOH acR) ~ "11~&l'R ~ ~·(~,~,~ '1JPl' «itl'fNs4 '1JPT, cntm'1JPT~) GIJl'1C4l(i1 (en PEMFC) • 'dlJICi11&~ g co,': +H2 ____... H20+C02 +2e- ~~ g C02+Yi02+2e- ____... C032- C'fwr~ I H2 +Yi02 ~ H20 ~ ~ C'ftlRr C5tv MCFC-~t ~9A1 ~~I ~ ~ C'l'f hi Cnttwf ~~ '11 I ~tsff <5Ulr;.,lc<i fCtlt;tHI ~ tiilaFi1'1 -.Cl 1lCPf ~ ~..!Pr ~ 9fTCI itt I ~ -.t'ftCt ~ ~ l1fh 'IJPr (~, C4twf 'IJPr) MCFC-~ 1lt'Pf ~~CRT ~ 1 ~ 1lt'Pf ~. ~9ftl;if~ 50%, lit q)1qra4 ~~!CPf ~ 'f'*"<!l'R (37-42%) ~~I 8.)t- ~ ~ 'd(JIC.,lli, .ilt14'~ 'e "ftl'f (Anode, Cathode and Fuels of Fuel Cells) ~~ ~~~ ~ GIJICiil&, ~ '6 ~~Wit I ~ 8.1' I~ ltPf ~ ilJlt.,Ni, •11t~ ~ ltPf ~ ~ ~ ~~ g !l~ ~ ~ '1't'f lfm I ~ '5il1M4 Dtef~ ~ 9fn I ~~ •I(~ (C032-) ~~'4tif1~~~~~1 SOFC-~t ~ MCFC-ie ~ iJl'llMC<P ':iiJlc-11& ~'.t-f (ll:QliltMi1 ~ ~ ili"11'8ij<! ~ 9fn I ~ ~ ~ ~Jl:Qlilteti1 ~ ~~ ~ ~ 'i1t 1 ~ ~ (reforming) rtfiiRl41 C02 ~ ~ ~ I MCFC-C"! '2fl'fNs4 'Wf, <ilt411•~ 111~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ M'TJ~li1 H2 '1TPl cis1(c;:iu G1l4'Ci1'R ~ ~ ~, lit ._~ ~ 9ftiem lfTl1 1 ~ co2, 9ftf.i, l:cil~il ~Cl'.~ ~ct ~ Glill41~ 'Rll111M4 ~'6 ~'9tij ~ 1 ~ llcpf ~ ~ l:"1~9'1 ~ lilfl'tt'R 1Jtfl Nar ~ ~ Gl)lc-11& ~ ~ 4JIC141ti ~ ~ (~ 414c91T; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~)I ~ <il!51Cl1'R Gl~Cetii ~~ Gl)lc-11S ~ ~gt)JlilRJ<! (recycled) co, firtil ~Cil~Ci1'R ·~ MMa4'14' .,.,~{; ~ ~ '4tif, lit ._~C:ftlij ~ <rnf I ~~ ~ ~ ~ '1_c:f ~ ~Cl'. ~ ~~ Gl<iJI~<! ~ I MCFC-~ ~~ ~ li-ft; ~9f 8
- 240. 02 (g). +2H20 (l) + 4 e- -----+ 40H-(aq); E0 =0.40V tll-Qi1Cuti1 ~ ~ "tt.~ >tlilif4 ~ ~- 2H2(g) + 02(g) -----+ 2H20(l); E0 = +l.23V t(1.Qi1Cifi1 ~ C'iCl'f ~ ~ ~ 9ftfif ~'Pf!f ~ I ~ !St "'t~C<Clat ~ ~~ ~ ~ fbT'9f ~ i!iU!leti1 ~ I ~~ t(1l:ti1Ceti1 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Cl1"Clft"l I 'll:ti1Ceti1 ~ ~ C4Clilillijl 9ftf.{ ~ ~~ ~' C02 ~ ~ I ~ 'ttPf C'ftl'f ~ H2 '1JPr _,Cll41i1C'll'1J (renewable)~~~~ •r<ic~cf (electrolysis) ~ffiRl4' 9fT'61lt llt1l ~ ~ 100% C'deflW1f& ~I C"1c:'fil0'1'A ~ ~ H2 '1JPlt4 ll'I ~ llli1C11«i1t ~ ~'-"4 ~ '4itt ~ 1 H2 ~ ~ ~ M'1Jilli1 >tctCbCfi l!ilk~il (abundant) ~ I ~ llli1ctl:w'1 H2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, dl'4 l;Jt'.'4 H2 !t'tWf !ftlT 480 ~ llt'61lt ~I 'HIC"11fi1Ci1'SI (C~) cm H2 11CPf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ C'fWf ~ ~ ~ e.fl'llM<A ~ f.Mt<!>I ~~I ~9Af H2 ~ ~ ~ '411 '!St9f "J1' ~' l1t C'1'1mC4 C'1i11ctl~'A ~ <CtM1'JC'A ~ ~ ~f<ic:1VU'R '!St9f1ftilt 200°c ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ '8ITTfCt '6 ~ ~ ~I ~· f<lfJR14' -.:cil~i1 ~9ijf ~ ~~ '!St· ~ ~ ~ 1lltfltl1 H~ '51)1"115 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ l:C"1~i1 ~ ~ ~ ~ "'~I~ ~~ Gtftietti1 ~~---+--~ ~ ~ l:Ci1~i1C4 "f9Pfm't '4t1f Gtfticetif ~ ~ ~ I ~ '"1~R!C'b ~ ~ tll~'§ll.& ~ ~~,·~~~C'ftSl ~ 'flt'f ~"'i":f OH - ~ ·~C:1CllHI ~ (replenish) ~ I GOlti11C!i ..Cil~i1 "'9fTStif ~~ .. 8.~~ I ..... •t11IM ltl'f C'tlr ~ •c11c4t"1I ~"1111'1 ~ Jtlf, ~ ~ 'fC1?t~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ 8.~~ ~ ~ ""'ilttM • etft1ttta, 1lt11lf C'rtlfl ~ Ot'ttt~f ~I C"1'1~C'I! SCJlta,Ni ~ fQ1"1 (porous) - ~ fifCCPr 911,'iltH ~ 1Vft'1 ~ I ~ GtJltiilS ~ 1iltbi11il (Pt) ~ "1Jl'11NifUCilt (Pd) ~ ~ ~' l1t ~ ~ '411lf ~ di~ t(1•ta1Ceti1 fC4''1C4 H+ '6 e - -di ~ ~ I GtJlq!<sm ~ ~ ~~ 1f'U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Pfrot , "'t•H•c'A, ~ •1:.fce1<s1 ~ dl~ 1Q1m, ~ ,1m911ii (Pt) ~ PtiilSl'SI (Ag) ~ ~ ~ I Gt)ltiil& '6 4JICilllC5 M'1Jilli1.«NSIC14>i'l'Al"114'M4 ~ ~ ~ ~ I !iff1Ci1l°C&'SI ~ ~ 8 2H2(g) + 40H-(aq)-----+ 2H20(l) + 4e-; E0 =-0.83V ~~~8 ~~ .- ~· I tlf~talttti1 -eift1Cili1 ~ ~ 4:1.Qilcetii '6 Gtfticeti1C4 lpftf.i ~ ~~ C>tlNHilil ~ 91'GIPBJlii ,fq'§ll.C&'R ~ ~ ·~~~~-~I
- 241. !;.~~l~ pr~ ~J~~c.t~ "···~ ~~ ~ ~~ifil~ I 8.)C pH fil'lltt11 <>tli(ICiU ~!Rt'ff pH~11 ~(Technique of Determination of pH of a solution by pH Meter) ~ ll'I ~ ~ '4M~pH 11t'Pfl ~~pH fii;tt ~ 1 ~, ~~~en pH 11t9ITTI J1<qC6C41 ~ ~ ~ pH~~ I ~ ~ pH 111~ ~ pH fiifJICH 1ft~ ~"<PfTt ·-'Rl"1141M<P ~ ~ ~ I pH fli'lltff ~ I ~~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ lf1t1't 4JIC'11Cil'l !~~ (~ciif'-r. •-.tt)~·"1r~ pH-I~ pH~~·~pH-·~ ~I ~t'i! ~~ '!"If C'Sl.,,fimlii 'f5 ~ ~ C'R4~C'R ~ ~'4t4 91t'n91t=-l411'1 en~ 'iIT ~ f.ilie:qc<P pH ~ ~'Pftfi ~~~'U~~~,~~ pH ~-~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ ~f.tfifl pH ~ (cm Cili4GJ91 (membrane) ~ <m ~11~~ ~ ~ 9Pfi) ~~ 9fltilJ ~ pH 9ffPrl IPf ~ ~if~~ (1 M HCI) Cii11t ~ ~~ ~if llllr 1lttJ fimt .,~ w 1100 ~-~ <JPl<sill:IS (Ag/AgCI(s)) ~ 1IRtW 9f1tf •..m~'Pfi{ '<Pm ~ I ~ ~ ~ fAr 8.~" 14'1' •~It " ~C("I• .ilC'llf)('I•ftwl4'1t ~~H+~~~~I . ~pHf1$Tf f5iJf 8.~~ ~ ~ ~$ -e f.lc;f"RS <PJICillDl'l ·~ ~ • pH ~- ~~ ~ ~ ~I ~ '!>~Iii 91tl .. l"14 ~ ~ ~ ell~ cm-~~ ~'Pf ~'<Pm 1lTlr I ~' Ag/ AgCl(s) I IM HCI, *5/ 91~11Pl'14!CM/411"11'11'1·~ pH 1lt9ftf ~ I pH fi@mt ~ ~ ·~ l(ll:<Ji1Cet91 51l41Ci1ii 'ltt~ ~ (reversible) 1 ~ ·~ ~ 9t~1P'll41 ~ ~ ~ Riiec:q;si ~ ~ ~ ~~'Rf l(ll:Qli1Cet91 '51141Q"51 f!91iil"llii W'Pfif ~ ~ I ~~ ~'4ff; ~ pH Rfi1l ~ pHfirGICH ~~ ~ Cil<PtSl'AC<P ~ <Rl (standardizej aa I~~~~ pH fcIT¥tl ij<ftc:t ~ •$~~ .So .nlif .W 9fill ~-~<mt I H2 'ftPf .~ 'R¥tlc;q'P't J1'9fb'R I ~'t ~ ~ 1lfijf 4C414ffl 100~--t WfTt'5t I (/A;IC'R'f <qJl'Gl~'R CDtl1 t<ll:ti1C'f91 'fCP'I' ~ <Pl4~atl ~ OOilt I llll:tileet91 ~ J1'R<q'Rlet('R lJf91'J ~fC41fit'. ~ (refueling station) ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ Cll9'f<qlfM t<ll:ti1C'f91 'ftPf ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~I ·-f<tc~ 91'4iNiCti H2 ~ ~9ftiM ~~ ~ ~I ~ ~ H2 ~~ !tli4!Sat ~' ~ ~ff;~ ~ ~ ra-t. ~ ~-, ~ crrW9f I ~' ~' (lft9M.'6 M~tl;9'f ~ ~~ 91'4'NiCti H2 ~ 9ft'e~ ~ ~~ ~~ 91'4'Niffl 91~c;q91 ~ "if§ I ~19'f<qlt(Q1'Si <qJrf;l~<si "'tl<Pl<JHi CDtl1 H2 'fCP'I' ~ ~ 'f'1911il<P'dle<q ~I H2 'fCP'I' ~ • ~·~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ 'ftPf ~ ~ ~ ~ (~, ~lffl91lii} ~~~I
- 242. rtl c:iGlttif ~a c:JUIC'Aif ~ "l~ ~ ~ 1 "lN MfliRlt 11l'ITC1r ~ "Jfl Q ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ dlN ~. ~ ~ 11-.n Qr· dl • 9fti ..at:liCJI" ~ ~ lfm I <iM,ICH 9Af dl~ DTGf ~ ~ ~ dl'C<P ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ lft1r I dl'WF6 ~ RlblCef<qij ~ ~ I ~~lt('S1'1i<Ai9f, lflt CJlJIC'Aut ~ ~ ~ lfm I ll'lt, Cl'fti c:>1ilC'Aet ~ dl~ fi1filflli4 ~ C'flf I ltl1tDl'f ~ I ~ ~ ~ Cft fC44Ci1'SI CSllJtli!M<P ~ ?<i'{l~<P ~ 'iiYflwRl'!S 4'ft Q ~ yt'11'f ~ ~ I yt'11'f ~ ~ tfCm I ~' ~'!St~ yt1J'f ~ '<3 ff "!St~ yt'11'f C'flr I ytPf C'ltl'f yt1J'f ~ ~~ 'll:tiltiM '1JT7f ~ ~ Q I ~ (tl:i<Pl(-.'6 (.it '2il<f~4 'Wr) ~ <Rf QI ct"1fle91 yt'11'f C"1'tlf yt'11'f ~ fiMl91'1'6 ~ ~I ~ "!St~ ytPJ ~·-~~KOH dl"f ~~~~~I , ltJ crJRllCfi ~ "lilf 1 ·-~ lPtlf .Mt:1C:ttJ'A ~·~ct~ Cft V5 Q "!St.~ ~ l!t<il~ o$ M'l)C'!S'A 9'RliilC'1'A '1ill-J,9'1~4 I (ti ~ "tfaHi'OI ~ I ell l'll'AfCtt'!S ~ ~~ ~ ~ J1fiil;4NSl'A ~RF1f Gt-J.4lm l9fl ~ ~ ~ ~ "!Stt<iS ~ l'lf'JR'!SI ~ ~ I ~- Ptfic@t<SI ~Yflf wn ~~ ~' PtRIM t9ftf ~ olt'f ~ ~ "4<1~ ~ "i!R cifM ~~~~I (ti •ft<IJlltt ~ ."" ..tt ~ I ~ ~ ~ Cft ~ 11l'flt11 .4Rll114JM4 ~ .. <MIC91t ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ '!S~l'A ~I '!Sfv,t,,.l'SI '6 ·-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~""' Q "!Stt<iS '!S~~ ~'WI I ·-'Sll'114JM4 ~ ~ ·~ ~ 1ltii "!Stt<iS "4JIC91I& dl~ Cl;J ·~ ~ lftl ~ ~~I 1tJ ~IC"tfiit'• ~ 'Pl)' "tft<etl~I I ~ ·-~ ~ 1 cm3 "414J'!SC91 W~ "4141C91ii 9'Rl<il~IC4 ~~ "tRl<il~'!SI ~ I ~ V cm3 !iWt ~ ·-~ ~ 1 ~ l'fJ ~~<rnf ~~~'-~tern ~~~~·~11t'ff ~~ ~ Y!Rt<il~I ~ <rnf !1t<iS 1fl'tJ YfRt<il~I ~ I ~ ·-MC:1~J'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ Yffil<il~I~ 9fm I~~ ~"1Wff ~ ~ ~ 9t~<il~I ~ 9fm I "l'll'l(C..9' ltJ ."tft<etl~ I • "tRl<il(CCf ~ dl~ ~ ·-Y!Rl<il~ ~ I dl~ ~ ~ I ~' .. Cil<AlaM<P YfRl<il~ '<3 ·~ Y!Rl<il~ I ~ '6 ~ ~~ ,.,~M<P "tRl<il~ I cmct dltsff 1f'ff ~ .. t'1~C91'A ~ ~ • "tRt<il~'!S Q I ~9f'A~C4, ·-~ ~ ~ ~ 1flfl ~ ~ ~. YfRt<il~ QI~ dl~, ...nr '<3 ~ ~ ·-~ dl~ ~ dl~, ~ ~ dl~ NH40H, CH3COOH ~~·-~I(ti .f«tl¥1 I •Rt:tt~Oil ~ 1ftfl ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ 'All1141M<i5 Mt4JIUM ~ "!Stt<iS ·-MC:1~'1 ~I ~l'ltA ~8) ~ ~ pH ~ ~ <Rt 'Q I <iJ<i,IRl<P CIJlitil1 ~ '!SNp'(,_m V5 pH ~ ~ <l5iIT ~ -e Jjf<l~let914 I~' ~~41'51 pH~ dl$~~~ Clro!.9fmf I
- 243. oo i, ii.~ iii .- ~ "tiil~H ... f.WI~ ~ " I i1JIW1'5IM4 ~ ~ ·~ "4JICi1lSfiC9f ~ ~ ~ (i) '9tR'f ~ lfW I (ii)~~~I (iii) ~~ 1lt~ l;CW1~91 ~ ~ I ~·,(..) i ~ ii ('f) ij ~ iii ('f) i ~ iii ~~41~~ :> I~ CaC12 ~ 60 g Ca~~ 5 amp.~~~~~? (-.) 27 eo 8.3 ('f) 11 (~) 16 ~ I 1.0 g Al C~ ~ ~ q)l'AICS • 'lftt't? (..) 1.0 (~) 1.5 ('f) 3.0 (lf) 0.111 , ... ~" IP.t ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~ .~~ .. 9ftf ~' ~~ ~ C'5l"filGt'A '<3 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~9f!f ·-'Al'll41M4 C4tm C4llf ~ ~ <RR ~ ~ ·~ ~ ~~ ~ct ~JIOJ:filM411il •..rm~~'Pf ~<Rt W'll ~Cf'- Cel~lfi@ICH ~~~~'Pf~~I (.. )·~~~~? (~)~~~'Pf.~? ~"f ~ ~1 ('f) ~~ ~' Cl2(g)/Ci-(aq) ~Cf'. Fe3+(aq)/Fe2+(aq) •ttff ~ct ~ct ·~ ~ ~ + 1.36 V ~Cf'. - 0.44 V ~ ~9f!f ·-<aF>tl41M4 ~ E~<15111 f.{cfu fl I (~) ~~' ~l'lfilM411il ~ ~~~. ~~ +l.22 v ~CRT~ I ~JIOJ:filM411Cil'A ~ct ~ct ·~ ~ 'tct-n ~ I ~9f!f lffe ·-'Al:>fl41M4 ~ ~141'Ac-1'A ·~ ~ ~ 'Al:>fl41M4 ~~"~~~~fl I ~ I ~ $l 2.0 M iJi11'1Jil'A 0.5 dnr' ~141'A<:-1'A Ni(N03)i ~ ·~ '4Wrt I ~ 3.7 amp ~ ~ 6.0 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 •m:iwt'A ~ ~ ~ ~ 111l•1<:-1Pt411il, ~' .. 'Pfm ~ ~~ ~ ~ M~I!! ~ '5li1'5ICA..,... ~I~ ~filif ~~I (..) qJl'AICS'A ~~ ~~? (~) ~"<pfft ~ l>lill>C4 ~'Af11t'b~ fiRit'Pf ·-~ ~ ~ ~? ('f) ~~ ~' Ni(N03)2 !Fltct1f ~~~~~~fl I (~) ~~ ~' - ~9f J'ffa1i41'61 ~ MC4CW1'51 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I
- 244. 11) -0.27V ~ 1~8~ Rlftb;~ l'Si e.m.f '4"'! ~? ~) 0.27V -.f) 0.01V -o -0.01 V C I ~8~ M~~l'A )j~4'A'® ~? 4') Sn2+ (aq) + Pb2+ (aq) ~Sn4+ (aq) + Pb(s) -.f) Sn2+(aq)+Pb(s)~Sn(s)+Pb2+(aq) tt) Pb2+(aq)+Sn(s)~Pb(s)+Sn2+(aq) 11) Pb(s) + Sn4+ (aq)~ Pb2+ (aq) + Sn2+ (aq) E0 =-0.14V E0 =-0.13V Sn2+(.aq)+2e- ~Sn(s) Pb2+(aq)+2e- ~Pb(s) <ti ~~~~~)j~4'51'1~~9f8 • o RT [~9ftif] (1) E ~ = ~ nF In [Mfiii4] I .. 0 RT [~~] (ii) ECC!Stlf = E ~ - nF In [MraHi4] • • • 0 RT [~9flif] (111) ~ = E ~ + nF In [Mfi414] '4ti$•1 (4) (i) (-.t) (ii) ('t) (iii) ('f) (i) ~ (ii) ~ •<41"5ffi ctt(~(I~ lf?t ~~ $ ~ -e CwtW lc'14d;lcs ~ ~ ~'.-$ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ems~~ C ~'- ~~ lll'61~~, (-.t) (ii) ~ (iii) ('t) (i) ~ (iii) ('T) (i), (ii) ~ (iii)(<IS) (i) ~(ii) ~~ s1•n111ca1f.14~~·~~9f~~~w~1 (i) ~ ~ ~ ~ftt ~Ci'l~i1 ~ct '4t1t I (ii)~~~<mfl (iii)~~~I ~·?
- 245. D ~' ~Jl'J~M~l1','49f°Rt, ~, C9f9f'Rf is ~ ~:>!l..'4'1 ft~~~~ I D :>!l~INt4 '6 "'1flC<i"f ~ ~' ~Jl'l~M4111', '49f'Rt, ~' C9f9f'Rt '6 ~ fl:>tl..C4C'l'SI G~ ~ct~~ I D ~ ~ cnt i[1f't "'1(C<l .. '1 ~ ~R!>C<illfil !t~~~I D ~~~~'fl'S~ ~~~I D ~ 1111Tf4Jl'1 '6 ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I D 9R111t'i, ~ '6 ~ "'111Tf4JIC'l'A ~ ~ ~I D ~ 1lt5IM4 ~ '6 ~ '4'ffit' ~ ~~~~I D filtta ~ 1111Tf4Jl'l <U<i(IC'A'A ~ ~ ~~I D ~'-'11Cl1C"Rf ~l'fR!s4 '1JPr ~' ~ ~~'6~~~~1 D ~'11Cl1C"Rf ~ ~' ~ ~ '6 ~~~~I . D ~ :>f""'ICllf'A ~ ~'-~ fK1$1141Cil'A ~ ~'1 ~~I D ~'.illCllfC"Rf ~'11 ~ ~ "'1~f5R!) ~~~I D ~' ~' Pl'Alfil4, 9ft1r{-C9f91Tif '6 ~ ~~~~~~I D~~~~~~~~I D ~' ~' ~' ,r;._r;l..'1 '6 ~'- fllttp 'rt4:>f>{Ct('A ~ ~ ~ I o ~ l{1f't ~ c*l•!c'l<n (~'51<14'41 ifi9'M, a~hb4'A'1 is ~ ~) 1l"~R!s ~~~I D ~~f9f~-·~(.~,~'6~~)~~~1 ~ ~ 'Al:>!l41M4 4(4j(S ~ '6 ~~~~I ~ 9'1if' .....,..., 'Al:>!l41M4 4(41(5 is ~ :>i""14'C4 '5t~f's• ~ ~ 1 'Al:>!l41M4 (Key words) a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~IC~ ~I ~~ ~ ~'fl ~ ~ :?!li<ff:,<r $TJPr, ~ct, ~~, ~'-net is ~, ~ ~, Pt'Alfil4 ~, ~ ~, ~, ~' f ltilfct, ~ ~ ~'11 I ~~ ~ ~ ~ OOif ~' ~ ~ ~ >t81<ictl, ~~~~I ~ ~ ~~ 9flft~ ~ ~ ~ ~ !l ~ l~f.<1111, <fTo ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ "9fiU ~ ~"4ff; G~~cf ~~I ~' f)iglftt<r, ~"~ ~~ 9Jli1IM'A ~~ ~l'fR!s4 '1JPr '6 ~I ~ ~ 9Jli11M'A :>!M'AI~ ~~~' mTc:ctT WT ~1"1liiti9f ~ ~ ~'-~ ~l'fR!s4 '1TPr is ~ ~ ~ ~ '911f°Sc<rti ------~ OOif ~9fi{ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ 'A:>!l41Cil ~ "'111Tf411'1 ~ ~"4ff; ~ ~IC61lf5'6 ~ I -uMT "'11trf4Jl'1 ~ ~~'- ~ ~ ~ 4(4100 ~~ <IJ<it(l~'A ~ ~ !l ~IC'115ill'A ~~I di ~ 9tti C'lt1f ~
- 246. ~ t-.) I~"llClilf"llft --.. ;i-~-, t'fJPr~ ~ ( "P' 1411l'-'1IC5tt"lt "*_,~~-~o)") t'fJPr Clfilf "'"'1'19'1''5 ~ ~~ ~·~·..,'T C1l1B'"ll1fl ~,~,....... lce111-,c~MJ"ll1fl (1Dfil19' ~) (tllfill9' ~) ~ 5 1701.0 1231.5 ~- 9 3684.0 2633.0 ~~ 6 3610.0 2760.0 ~~ 5 3650.0 2433.0 ~ 1 370.0 318.9 ~ 15 8148.9 6367.0 ~~ 2 369.0 276.8 ~ 1 122.1 69.9 ~ 3 899.6 577.8 ~~ 3 379.9 279.0 etl'll'll;ql'i 4 1491.0 1184.0 -- """ 2 230.7 203.0l"'l~l.,l"'ll"ll"51 ~· 3 553.0 381.0 ...... ~ 4 1053.0 428.0{.~,-,,.,..,_,.,..."~ RM4'1~1 12 7427.0 5754.0 • 4 ~· 1198.0 522.0 ~ 2 677.0 390.0 ~" 1 653.8 317.7 ~~ I 62.2 35.l - .... 161.0""'ITl,~I -- -- t-.) ~t""llCl'Tcaf<A «tllf~• '1JPr ~, ~ "111'119' -e ~ (Natural Gas Fields of Bangladesh, Components of the Gas and tts Uses) ~~ ~ ~ ~ i1~<st!Sl41 fiifl'ft 3ltR 1100 ~ ~ C'1cQlfi141111 ~ ~Yl~'Ol,if ~ ~ ~ h l)lt9f ~ ~ ~Gil4l(c-1<a ell ~ 9ft'e11l llt11 '!Stt4 «U~ t1Jt'f ~ I ~11101~ ~ ~ ~ ~1,-f!>4 ~ ~ GllM•t!) ~I ~ ~"<Pfft ~~91,'1'~~I t-.).) ~""llC'fcwtt «tllf~• '1JPr Clfilf (Natural Gas Fields of Bangladesh) • ~ ~ ~"~ 25ff; ~l'fN54 ~ ~ GllM•t!) ~I ~~ ~~ ~ifJ ~ ~fif~g ~' ~' ~.,~~' ~ ~' ~' ~~' ~' ~ ~' ~' etlill'll;qll'f, cll111~;qletl<a, M411~;qletl<a, ~•, ~, ~, -11~1et~, ~~ '8 MM4'1~1 1 ~"~ ~~~ 1960 "ftCl'J ~ ~ ~ ~ itJPf ~~ ~~ ~ ~~" ~ ~ ~ itJPf C438 ~~I 1962 ~ ~ ~ '41~ ~ itJPf ~ GllM'fil'SI ~I~ itJPf ~ 311Jtlct;ql~'411 ~~~~~I 1968 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ I ;q"1!1C~ ~ itJPf ~ ~'-'llC'TC"Ri itJPf ~ ~~ ~ ~'wt J'f<a;q<al~ ~ ~ I ~~ C~'."i'fl ~ itJPf ~fim ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ '*JJ'flC'SI ;q~IC-=1 ~PfN54 ~ ~ ~ 37,680 ~ ~ ~~'- ~C'dl'li1C~lifJ ~ ~ct 27,038 ~~,~~i!fl1'R!s4~~~'8~~~'t~Wftl
- 247. tfJPf CIPiil ~~ l(t"fif - ·-- ~ "11'1•1•,.,.'-"., . ,___,,, . (%) (%) (%) (9') (%) -~"~ (%) (%) ~ 96.27 1.82 0.43 0.67 0.35 0.45 ~ ~- 97.8 1.5 ~'11 ~ 0.7 0.5 ~ ~fG1'ft 95.7 2.6 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.2 ~ ~~ 98.2 1.2 0.2 0.1 0.25 0.05 ~ ~ 99.05 0.24 ~'11 ~ 0.67 0.04 0.08 . 9fli11'11~1'1 93.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- ~ 94.3 ' 3.32 0.83 0.4 0.42 0.54 ~ !~~~~I 94.41 2.83 0.66 0.3 1.4 0.06 ~ ~ 96.26 1.99 0.14 0.32 0.95 0.54 0.29 ~· 96.67 2.33 0.58 0.26 0.11 0.05 ~ ~ 95.36 3.57 0.47 0.09 -- 0.51 . -- Rl~,~~19fl'A 93.68 3.43 0.83 0.4 0.99 0.12 Ci1l: ~ 94.79 2.49 0.6 ,0.38 0.34 0.6 -- ~~ 96.94 1.7 0.14 0.01 0.86 0.35 ~ ~ 95.15 .2.83 0.6 0.32 0.37 0.53 -- ~ 95.71 3.29 0.65 0.2 -- 0.15 ~ ~'t• 95.3 3.66 0.72 0.34 ~ 0.1 ~ a-.).~ •U1'Ri•~ t911lifl., (Components of Natural Gas) ~l'fNi4 '1Tit'Rf ~a:ftif W~ Wit~ {CH4) I ~ '6 ~~CWT~~ ~Cf '41r Q1filt ~ I ~~~'1'51<;.q l.!I~ ~ 80-90% ~ I !il'f~4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 ~--Qil414ii ~ ~ I ~ ~ (~ 13%), cent~(~ 3%), M~d;i1, ~' i11l"lteti1 l.!l"ift. ~ ~ Afilfi ~llQ1il41.fCiHI ~~~I rof ~~i11C'1C"ti1 !il'f~4 ~ !fm 96- 99% ~ M'1Jilli1 I W'!, ~~'11C'1C"'Ri !il'f~· ~ l.!I~ ~~ ~ ~~ I ~~ 11t'fl .. ~.l'A4 "11'14Pl'A W'Pf'tSfM' !fm ·~·~:'1~!S-- ~ llT1r I l.!ll '1JM N 2 '6 C02 l.!I~ ~Cf'6 ~'11 I l.!ll ~ "l"f W91't'PfR ~ ~'6 ~ ~ ~"11Pllf!S - ,,l:Cil414'ii ~' ~ '1JPT ~~ ~ ~ ~ ,~ ~ 4i1Cii1c:>fG {~ 'RWJ) ~"'~~I ~~i11C'1C"ti1 !il'f~4 ~ 4Jl'1fifip4 ~ 1006 BTU (British Thermal Unit)~ 1062 BTU~ 1 ~a-.~ a 1'1~'11Clifcwtt ~ C'IPtiJll ~ t911lifl., ('P 1 c"lclilatl('llt) "'~1'11~1 -- -- -- ~'f• -- 39.0 21.0 !~~fPr~I 65.0 45.5-- "'~~· -- -- -- ~ -- 1039.0 473.9 ~ -- 71.8 50.3 ~ -- 185.2 125.0 '111' 83 37,680.2 27,038.53
- 248. 1Pf I 'iiilt."lltJ/cwtt-~o)o ct.~ ~"llvtcwta ~ ~' '..nl 1ft-l ~ ~ (Coal Fields of Bangladesh, Quality and Uses of the Coal) ct.~.) ~ 4'tr (What is Coal?) ~ 't(Cl'fl 70% ~~ ~ 519flti141 (carbonaceous)~~• '6 ~~~<Ii ~ ~ ~' lft ~N&l'ietl'! ~ ~ ~ '5t9' '6 ~'PRf Jil(IC~J ,~4<a'1 '6 "1Rl<1'6Ci1<a 11t~ ~ ~ I ,..~ ~NMetl! ~ ~tlltfi14 ~ "9t1lt ~ ~ ~ '1®<si'!l41 ~~ ~ '6 1~4'SIC~ 11t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f9fU (peat) ~ ~~I ~ f9fU ~ ~ ~~ '1®<a'!l41 ~ '5t9' ~ "i!tt9Al ~ 441'114<a'1 (coalification) '2tru,.411<a 11t~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ 441'114<a'1 '2ffdl;4Jl'R 11t~ f9fU 9f~41aiieil ~ ~ ~ (higher rank coal)~ elf~ fif•1i11._& (lignite), '!'Rf~ ~FiliilJi (bituminous) IJl~ Ji<IC~ ~ (anthracite) ~ ~ ~I 441'114<a't '2t~l<a 11t~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~11111 ~ ~ ~'1'!18lt<i '!'Rf ~ ~ ~ 9'tll, ~ (volatile) ~ ~ 9fm ~~ ~ !19' ~~ "'1f!l ~ 4Jl'1Rlfif411tif(calorific value)~ ·"1'm 1 ct.~.~ ..nt ~Ae1'1 (Classification of Coal) ~~llfetl! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~11111 ~ ~ C11 f9fr; "Jfi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "i{f "<IW, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~"'flSRI"! ~ ~ 441i1IJ1>[«4Mjffi1f* ~ ~'1~1lm I ~- ~ I fit.Mtl_f; (Lignite), ~I Jil<IMifiliilJi ~ (Sub-bitwninous coal), "I M~fili11J1 ~ (Bitwninous coal) '6 8 1 ~~(Anthracite coal) 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 (:>) ~'1911-_'6 (Lignite) I fif'1i11.G ~ f9ft'R cmr ~' ~ ~~ !!~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "f("fMC"N ~ ~ I ~~ 4Jli1Rlfif411tif 5500 ~ 7000 BTU~ ~ 1 (~) '>ilct~'lfifiil"t ~ (Sub-bituminous coal) I ~~ ~•1i11._r; '6 ~fili11Ji ~~ ~ 9flftm ~I ~~ <:lli4iiii1, ~ ~~ ~ 't(rn ~ I ~ ~ 4Jl"1rafi>4 ~ 8000 BTU ~ 10,000BTU~ '(t11 ~I~~~~~~~~ I (e) ~!fitiil"t ~(Bituminous coal) I!! '4'PITTt ~ ~'~'~~Cf'. '1TV '4Ttl'lt Cftcfif 't(al ~ I ~~ 4Jl'1Rifif4 11tif . 12,000 BTU ~ 14,000 BTU ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ f<t~fili11Ji ~ ~9f'Jlit ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~Cf~ ~ 441'1lt4 JirAl~il ~ ~ ~ MC<ibiil CRt ~ I ~ ~ ~ '411', ~~ ~ ~ ~~ !!Cf'. ~ ~ ff ~ ~I (8) tiUlilUJt"-'D ~(Anthracite coal) I~~~~~ '6 ~ ~~ ~ '1W '4Ttl'ft ~ ~~ 't(rn ~ I ~ ~ ~ 4l((i11l ~ ~9f'Jlit ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~9f1Jlit '411' ~I~~ ~9' ~9ftliM ~ ~ ~~ 4Jl'1Rifif4 ~ 14,000 BTU~ 15,000 BTU I ~ff; ~~~~~~' ct.).'-' «tl'fR'• '1Jtt'rf~(Uses of Natural Gas) ~l'ff?b4 ~ Mjff'1~ ~ ~ ~ I ~- ~ l~l'fFb4~~~~~~1 ~l~~~~~I "'~~~~~I81 C"itlalC4fil4Jli1~·~~ I <l' I 51to&ICill<lll:i1 ~li1<1lt(Ci1 ~ ~ I
- 249. ~·1r ~~·· <t.i." ~1'1ifMt•fittlii• (Factors Determining the Quality of Coal) ()) ~ ~~ "llfi1l1t (Heating power) ~ "!St9f ~9fliM 'iliii!Sll ~ ~ tif~ lJR ~~I ~ "!St9f ~~ ~ ~ 4Jl'1fifi>4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ BTU ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1811 ~ 9f1h ~ C'*ll'flt*1 ~ ~ ~ "'9'11ifw ~ ~. ~ •1twt~r..1IM I ~ BTU ~ ~ 9lft1r1't ~ ~ ~ 9f1h ~ ~91iililll ) *it •ltti4~'G .,.1Rt'1 ~ ~ ~ +.Jl'1fifq4 ~ 5000 BTU ~ 15000 BTU ~ -~ 'Pfmf I (i) ~(Moisture) I~~~ 9f ~ ~~h ~ ~ 9f ~ ~I ~~'1'8lt:Ci flM~l--f; ~ ~ ~ 43% 9f ~~~ ~ ~ $l 4% 9f "lf1llf CRf 1Jnt I (") ~ 9flf1'( (Volatile matter) 1 ~ ~'11 9fraim;~ ~ Sl.. 51CJll._S -e-~ ilCiilCJll..5 ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~Jl:c.il41(91 ~~'. ~lltilCill~ '1Jl"f ~ I ~~ ~ "!St9f "-91tiM 1"11!>ICCP ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~fiMl:>f ~ ~9f ~9ftiM ~ ~l--QlilCill91 'e ~--Qlil41(i1 ~ ~ W'Pf~Rti'SI <mftct ~ ~ cml'e OOi't ~ ~ I (8) ~•(Fixed carbon) I ell~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~I~ 4l(Ci1'SI 9flt~ct '10~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm I ff~~ ~ ~ 414Ci1'A ~ ~ ef11l 96% ~~ ~ ~ fit'1~1-.:r; ~ ~ 41(Ci1'SI ~ct ~ ~ 38%-~ 9fltit I (<t) - (Ash) I~ (."'fl!ll<ql'SI 9fit Cl1 ~ 51<ci~isf ~~~"!St~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q 1 ~ ~ (clay), C41111~et (quartz), ~' ~ ~~ "11'1111'51 ~~-Clll~ll 'e ..Rt41'514 ~~~~~~~I (~) :111*1•111(Sulphur) I "fl'111l'Si ~'1 ~ ~9f11tit 'ilif?!s4l'S14 W~ I ~ ~~ t~ f<lc"1**elt:C1 ~9f -e f<lc;qb~I CRt ~ 1 ~ C'0'9 "11'1111'51 ~~ 9fll:'Si1"-'G (pyrite) -e ilHl<Pl"ft"-'G (marcasite) ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~Met:>f>{~ ~ '9fl!llC~l'A ~ 51~eetC91'SI ~ fCtfttHlll 11l~ :>fl'llPlii Sl~till:5 '1Jl"f ~~'lit "1HiC<I~ ~~~I ~ ~ ~'fCJ J11'1•1'Sli'8 ~ ~ ~-~~~~I~ "fl'111ICH ~~ W9fit ~~ ~ ~ "fl'111l'A ~ (0 ~ 1% :>fl'l'Jil'SI), 1r~ "11'1'11'51 ~ (1-3% "fl'l'Jil'S1) ~~"ff "flil'Jil'Si ~ (3% ~~ ~ Jilil'Jil'SI) ~ '1'1J <Rf lJnt I <t.~.8 ~*llC•tcwtt ~ ~ (CoalFields or Minesof Bansladesh) ~'.111Cl1Catf ~'d'Sll~ ')f1l'!S'lf ~ ~ ~ "4141CH '4ll'ift :>fa:IPfCl1'51 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 't!S~l1'511 ~ <mfil I 1959 ~ GilCiiHi4l'SI ~ bJlflllii ~ '41~ ~~ CPf GiiJttli1 ~ ~'4fft ~ '9{"f51'l-) ~~~•IC'l ,,. ~ $11 2,380 ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ 91111I1962 ~ etlillil•ttl ~~ ~~ 'f'1~1i[f14bl<A ~ •1®'51!Slll (1.91th~ 640 ~ ~ 1, 158 fiiGICH 1Jt'3) ~ ~-1'¥f 5llM*T!S ~ I '4'Pm1 ~~ ~ ~ 5llM9'tl'S1 "1.!S~f<i'ftl1'A Gi'P'tlM! '4tl C!Sltlf I 1985 ~ ~~ "*~(;!) ~, ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ 118-500 f#fJICH 1Jttfl 'f~ ~-;qsftt ~ ~ ~ Qllf<i•T!S ~ I 1989 ~ 't!SI~ Wf9f ~ 11'-~ ~ ~9fnf ~ ~ ~ ~ "411lft ~ 5llf<i9'tl'SI ~I ~~ '4Plt ~ ~ ·•1®<si!Sl41 (1.91th ~ 257 ~ ~ 400 firfilCH 1Jttfl) 5llf<i•'f!> ~ I 1995 ~ ~ 9f'181J '4'PJt ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ,_,. ~ $11 250 ~ •1il<s1!Slt1 511Pt•1'" 1811 ~'-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, etlillil•ta, ~ ~, ~lill-1~ ~Cf'-~~ ~~ ~ ~'11~~1811 'f51ll 'e 9tliilW1•tt• 5111'<1•'f!S ~ WtR •1~'51!SI ~ ~ ~~ 41Hi•~ ~ ~ ~ "411lft :>f'Sll"ff<l'el<A ~ ~ iceli19'C~il'fl 9m' I ~
- 250. ~ ~ ~~' ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ <PIH•~ ~ ~ '<Pll'1'ft ~l~'A'f'ttni'fl ~q'. ~iiR!i<P'!Slc<i i11'!59fii<P Mc<if6"5 ~ I ~) ~ iffill CRIWft ~ I ~ ~ '<P1li1l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 30 f4tillfiml'A ~ ~~ ~ ~ I "iR1'ft C'INift'A ~ 5.25 ~ f4t'llfiml'A I ~ Ml!ff°%'A ~ 1 ~ 1.5 :q•~t'llfilUl'A ~'l'fRSm ~"A'~~~ I~~~~ 1985 ~ ~t.~ '61Ri<P ~9f ~ ~ Nf ~ ~~ 38 (GDH-38) C(C9f 5llRl•'f!J ~ I ~ ~~ ~ •1i'A"5141 '®~•fJ "1•C~'A ~ ~ •1t"l411iil fi1'11ittA'A (Gondwana rock) ~ 9ft'611t ~ I 511Mlf'l'A ~ ~ ~l~<P ~11 ~R!Cllb<P "1'Sll11C-f'A ~ ~ ~ "1'fH41141 l!l~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'1 ~ct ~I 1994 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 <PIH•~ ~ ~ ~Ii.~~ ~ ~9fti«f ~ ""A'~ ~q'- ~"A' "1'61!1if°%C"5 :qii!ICii ~ "1'fH41141 ~ 'C'dl'lii ~ ~ I ~ ~ '<P1Ji1t & flt~ ~Filiil"I (high volatile bituminous) ~ ~ 1 ~"A' <PJl'lHriP<P ~ 10.450 BTU/~ 1 ~"A'~ "llil"l'lt'A'SI ~ct ~ ~ ~~ ~ <PfiillC<P e ~ ~ ~ '1ctJ <Rt "Q I ~Ftican; ~C:11f't (proximate analysis)~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 46.4%, ~ 16.2%, ~ ~ 27.6% ~~ C11$ "llWl"l'l'A 0.57% ~ ('6fil'AC5ii ~'. 1991) 1 ~~ ~ ~ Ric~ct (ultimate analysis)~ ~"A'~~ 80% ~ 86% ~ 83%, ~l~Qlilt@Tii 4.8% ~ 5.6% ~ 5.2%, ii-l~t:'Gltetii 1.5% ~ 2.2% ~ 1.7% ~q" '51ftiC8fii 4.4% ~ 12.4% ~ 9.4% ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ 6~ '<P1l1Pft ~ ~ ~ ~ 303 ~~I 6~ ~ ~ 1fOO ~~ ~ '6? 3300 ~ ~ ~ ~ !fm 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9ftiM ~ ~I ~~ ~ 80% ~ ~ lill'fRSm ~~ ~~. ~~ C<Pt"8 "l'Aci'AI~~ ~ ~~ ~ 20% ~ ~ ~R!B1ii '6 ~ "<PTtlf ~~~I ~~ ~~ ~ ~- ~91Cet'll'A ~~ ~ 51i"lt1Cii'A '9fiU C~t.~ ~~ 51ciJI~ ~ I (~) ttliil'1'1W CRIWft ~I lfliili1'19 ~~~~~~I 1962~ ~~ "t'lbl~ ~9f ~ ~ 51i"!tlii ~ ~ ~w, ~~' ~lft.cetill"li[C~ ~ ~ ~9f ~ ~ etliilil•t•-111~1"541'~~ ~ ~ C(C9f 640fWm ~ 1158fWm •1i'A"5l'Si 11'C~ ~ <PC41<Pft ~ tmf ~ ~ ~, ~ etl111'1•19 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ etliili1•19- '9m-')l'(Cqli1<Plll ~-~ ~ ~ C'A'lill~c-:t'A ~ ~ etliil'l•ta ~~ ~ 11.66 ;q•ff4t'11~Ul'A (4.5 :q•fill~) ~~ ~ ~I ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ft '6 ~ CCIPtCiBI ~ ~ !fm 37.76 ~ f4till~UHI (16 ;q•fill~) ~~ ~ ~ ~ "lfMt l;fRl I etliili1•19 ~ ~ ~ ~ "<Plll'ft ft 9ft'Sllt l;fRl I.~~ tl11"1){~ ;~ ~ 640 fifGnf ~ 1258 ~ •1eli1"5141 ~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ 64 ~I lfliil'l•t• "iR1'ft bi ~ Ri~Filiil"I ~ ~-<Pl(i1Rl~ii (noncoking) ~ ~ C<Pt<P- <Pl(i19 (slightly coking) "iR1'ft I ~"A' <PJIW1HriP<P ~ ~ 11780 BTU/~ I ~ ~ 5lli111M<P (proximate) f.illc~t 519fllil ~ ~ ~ ~ 33% ~ 54%, ~ 10% ~ 60% ~~ ~ ~ 30% ~ 42% ~I ~- ~ "llil"l'ICH ~ 0.6% I lfliili1•t9 ~ ~ 11.7 ;q•~Cillfil'Gl'SI ~~ ~ ~ ll'{C!J'SI ~ct $1 1053~ ~I ~~ ~ ~ """-~ ~' lftC5ff ~'<P ~'<Pfh ~ !fm 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ 46 ~ I ~ ~ H"li[CAil ~ ~9ft'!5Cs; ~ ~liit<OC'i '®~~ ~ I ~'<P ~ ~ 9fliili1if9 ~ c-.tiJf ~ 1053~~~~~I
- 251. ct.~.ct ~ •1lwtftr..~ (Calorific Value of Coal) ~ ~~~~~~~~I~~~~ C~ ~~~'Pf ~9f:J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ctt 4Jl'l~fi141ltif I ~~~~BTU~~~~ I 1 BTU = 252 Cal ct.~.~~~ (Uses of Coal) ~~ :>i!J!I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e~~cf I!!~~~~~~ ~lfm~~~~~ I~- ~ l~~~~~I ~Ol~~~~ctl~~~~ ~1'SllJ1l~M4!CU~~~1 ~'~~-e-~~~ ~l~~~~~I ~~~~I 8 1 C4RS~~~~~ I ~~ 1~1FQ,~J1l'SI ~(producer gas, CO+N2) ctl~~'S~filttl~~I ~~~~I ~ 1 l'.rJ<s~l'SI ~~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ 1G11Cillf4!4'A"f ~ (illuminating gas) CIM'Alfil4!CU~~~I ~~~~~I~~~ 'er I~ (anthracite) '4l1l'if ~ ~ ~ 'S 4'14l<si'tffMT 511"1lf4! ~ I 'S~~~~~~ I :>~I 'S~ ~ (CO+H2) ~ °4lf1'ft ~I ''rJfi1c~ICi1~~~1 ~~I e.e ~ ~wttitt ~fiilic• ~"1IC5'C81 t-!11t1c.,t ~ (Probabtltty of Industrialization in Bangladeshin Terms of Fuel) ~ ~' ~ ctt ~ ~ 51PfNs4Al: ~ ~ f1lftp "9fiIT 9Jli1IM'R ttc"leM ~ 1 9Jli11M4A ~ ~ ~ ~ 1~Slc<I ~ ~ 'Pfmf I ~' ~ ~ ~ f1lm i'l"fi1<5IC~ ~~ ~ lint itt ctt ~~~~lint itt I ~" ~ ~ Q;t-t f1lftp ~ 'S ~ ~ ~ iJli1IM4A ~ ilSJ!)14'1 W9Rt I t-l$1141t:-'1'SI ~ wrt filtJ ~~ 'S ~ ~ 1Mt f~Nh¥l4'A'1 I ~~ ~ ~' ctl'.~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~'t~~filta~~~·~itt~~~~I ~ ctl'.~ ~ ~ til'fl!4 ~~~~~I~~~ ~'1 37,680~ • ~~ ~C'dl'19'1Cql•tJ ~ ttrn 27,000 ~~I ~~ ctl'.~ 4C414ffl ~ ~ ~ ~ GllM*t! ~I~~~~~ ~C'dlfil! ~ ~ ~'S ~ ~ -rn I ctl'.~ <l~lti'l ~ ~ f1lm ~ ~ 1ft~ crf ~ ~ 9fm '8 C'Pf9fm fiita, ~ filtw, ~ filtw (~), f3l<s11fil4 fiita, ~ fiita, f5f.f filtw, ~ ~~ fiita, "1$ film ~ ~CtJ"-tt~ifJ I ~~ ~ ~ '6 ~ 5ll41CH ~ fi'tw I ~ ~ ~ ctl'.i1fC11C-tit t!lltF!>4 ifJPr 'S OOi't.:~~~~~~ I ctl'.~ ~ ~ )IU91Cl1'A ~ ~ ctl ~ ~ ~ ~ -m I ~ fittJM ~ ~ -m I ctl'.'1IC11•ft4 ~ ~'.~cf ~ ~ ~~ ~ W~ ~"ffe' ~ CRl'6 ~~ <ll~<IJJf"il! -m I ctti~ f1'ftp ~ ~ ~frt ~~~I ~ ClfT-r cqs$ ~ ~~~I 511111C'1<si Qft-t ~ )IU91Cl1'A ~ ~ GllM*"!'! ~ f'11141ti'l'R 9ftij ~ ~ ~- ~ ~ ~~ ~<RT~~~' e.a Cfk.,le5teilft lct14'ICCll'1J ~ ~ 91ftf6~ (An Introduction to Noteable Chemical Industries in Bangladesh) ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'Sll)ll41M4 ~ ~ 'S ~~ ~ !IC'14AC4 ~ ~ ~I ~ ~ filtta 4AIJ1141M4 MWHl<si ~tflt1f 4Al)ll41M4 'Pftcmt fitcll"~ ~ 'U I ~~ 'AIJJf 141M4 ~"fl
- 252. (t ,~'tr ,ooo GIJ1Cll lM411 'l'Ji'l'H4 '1il~JICiilM41111 'l'JiC'l't; •11'fdll-etl'SI C<Pt'. firs )o ),00,000 ),o~,ooo 2'>Q',ooo 8,Co,ooo a-,~'tr ,ooo <1',~),ooo <1',~),ooo ~)0880 ~'~ ·~ 'e J9tii•tt'A ~IC~~ C~l4JI~{; ~ (~~ 8 Clll'lltJ'M, ~~'~) Cil 1'1ItJiJi (fWTe~) ) f5fi{~ ~ ~ ~"5 C<Ptt. (~) firs ~ ~"~ firs 'Sil9tlfif411, ~ 8 ~ C<Ptt. fif g !Sl'Sil<PI~, ~9J' (t ~· ~"5 C4fit4Jl'1 '4tt. firs,~•, 31"1'1<11~441 ~ ~ firg Ctll'fl~, ~~ C 9'WfM~ fif1, 9f'ln1't, ~~ 'tr ii)lbl'Ali1 '1JPi fif1,~•,~ ~ 1t~~ '411tff firs, ~ ~ ~ 1'11( ~ 91-tJ . "'9ftltif ~ •lblifl'I ~ ~) ('11.~) ~ 'e YiRlOCl»f ~ ~~~~~~I ~ ~ crrfCl~4<elCA YiHbl'liil ~ ~ lfl~ <2tt4419fii ·~ 1 lfl~ ~ ~~ ~•~ct~~·(materials of construction) ~~~·I 41bl1'1C'l 'i1'~'i1il'i14 ~ ~~ ~~ ~9ijf ~ <2tlC4ilif:;,41 ~~ ~ ~ ~ Yi~UKll ~if ~"Rf~~ ~I "'9ijf ~ ~ 'e <rtf'lf9u4'8ICA ~ ~ '9fiiJ "ffeql9fii4 9IWQ «it!llifii ~I t-illl<tetf Cfl1 Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ "fYiJil'Sltct'SI ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I fi'rtP ~ 'ifiU ~~ ~~~~l~~~fi'rtP~~~~e~~cf I. <t4'ifltii Glllll()f'SI c;ft»f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ f5f.f 'e ~ ~ CRt~ (BSFIC) ~if~ <l~ltii 15 $ f5f.f ~ ~ I ~~ f5f4-fiittp ~~ ~ ''Gal$i'f 'Sllif•trll, llm,.,~,•11'l-ciltl, 9flill'1~, 1'.9J', ~' ~' ~,~~Cf'- 'if1ltctl'4'BCW'il "t1hf, ~' ~ )411519"1 ~~~Cf'- MPt511...Pt'SI (BCIC, Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation)~ 13$~1-m~ 1f.G~~<Rt~ (~a-.~) I ~ e.e I ~~'11C"fC"t11 ~~ "lfi~ ,_ .~"Pf~'e ~f.iteil~
- 253. C02 + NH3 150-200 atm) NH COONH4 ('!Slt~~ ~) 160-180°C 2 "CJICillM!llil 4lcflcaro (ii) ~~41!S, h '!Slt~~ PlfJl;411'51 ~ ~~ MQ19411'51 "CJICillMillil 4lcf!CiltG'SI MCilletCett ~ ~9f:J~ I • NH2COONH~ ~ H2NCONH2 + H20 (~~ ~) (i) ~ ~ !fm ~ ~ I ~9ft'IP, (ii) M~l'SI ~ ~ff~ I ~ ~ "CM~!S C02 '6 NH3 ~~ "CMCillfVt!S 41:.flcaro "'J:ett••l'51 ~ ~~<Rt~ I ~ ~ "'ltGl<JPCS (~ ~) '11Rl;q'4''5IC;q ~ fJtfi1~1CH 1100 ~ C02 '6 ~ NH3 ~ ~ "'IJICillM4ilil 4lcflcaro ~~ <RT ~ I Yf<a;q~C!) ~ 4l:cflci@c4 130 -135°C ~~ !Slfit4141 ~ ~ ~ ~'6 ~~ ~ ~af4 '61~ 41'51~ I ~ ~ C"tc;'Glfitillil ~ c-tt~'fm ~I °4ft'.~ 4U141t ~ -e NiGl'51'8fiG ~ ~ (~ 411161'51 ~~ ~' ~ ~ C41~i~ C4fil4Jl'1 ~) I ~~ ~ 4C4141t ~ff '6 ~'. ~ I t-.ct ~' w, Pttlfil•, 9f19r't-C'19"f -e ~ ~l'fCiffl *l~f'5 (Principle of Manufacture of Urea, Glass, Ceramics, Pulp-Paper and Cement) f.its ~"t4 ~"t<IS ~' ~' .Pt'51lfil4, ~9f-C9f9JR '6 ~~~ ~ GllC'115ettl <R!Wtf I t-.t-.) ~t..'*tl'fCiffl *l~f'5 (Principle of Manufacture of Urea) ~ ~~ ettl-c;'GICetett ~ '511'114JM4 ~I ~~~~~~~~I ~~ ~~~- H2N-CO-NH2,~N46%ifl-W1Cetett~1 'l~f'J (Principle) I~ Mffi1a41141 ~ ~~ ~ 1 (i) !f~, m~ ~ ~· Sl~ttl-5 (C02) -e "'l11c111f.1tJ1<s1 (NH3) Pl~l41 "'l11c111f.1t1111 4lcf!C~ ~<Rt~ I ~00 ~800 ~Boo ),~o.ooo eo.coc )1Jl~lll~ ~ctW'51, Rt11til CJ'INW"IJI)f 5Ci1lill._'G '*,.~Dilftf'6 '41411Tfet ~ ~ ~"~ l>J:cwro'SI ~"5 '51"1'tr.i~ ~~fifg ~~,.~~ ~ C9f9f'Rf ~ fjrg 5t1Cillettl, 'Sil'flillfG )8
- 254. 1Q~.) ·---""*tliftifit ~fA tt.tt.~~~911'1C~t tt~~ (Principle of Manufacture of Glass) ~ ~~ ~ ~ (transparent), ~, ~ '6 G4M4J<!l<Pl'SI -q 1 ~~ g ~ ~ 1 ~ ~'-~ ~-1 ~ ~~ ~ 90 imt.--t ~ (lime), <nfif (silica ~ sand) '6 ~ C'tt4 ~~ ~ I ~ (.q'l)Ns<P '6 ~9f ytij~l~I "41f I *I~~ (Principle) I ~ W9ftif1'il ~ ~-~-~ (Lime-Soda-glass) ~9ftl1if ~"4$ ~-~l:>tl4JM<P ~ g ~~ ~ I Si02, Na2C03 '6 Cao (~ ~' ~ '6 ~) ~~~'~~(charge) ~ ~ ~ ~~ i{'l~Ns ~ ~ CR°t Wft I (i) ~ ~ 416li11'1C<P (charge) ~'Pf ~ ~'4Jt11 !fcttlr ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~ 400°C ~~ ~ 'G4lM (Na2C03) '6 fJtfi1491 'il·54~1--C'H (Si02) 11t-a ~ t1f ~ I ~ Mffi1;4Jl4J C:>tlffl,4Jlil Ptfi1C4U '6 ~ 'il·54~1-& ~"fif ~ I Na2C03 + Si02 ---+> ~a2Si03 + C02 (tt~ ~) (ii) ~9f1mlft ~ ~ ~ ~:stlM<! ~ ~4tt 620° c ~~ ~ -e ~ 'G4lM ~ ~ N- ~ ~~"f?f~1 CaO + C02 ~ CaC03 CaC03 + Na2C03 ---+> Na2Ca(C03)2 'il.C:>tl~4Jl1' <PJl'1Pt4Jlil <Plcfc;ff; (iii) li!'~e:>tlffl,ffij 4)1'1Pt4Jlil <PlcfCiiU Si02 ~'f ~~~I Na2Ca(CQ3)2+2Si02----+ CaSi03 + Na2Si03+2C02 (~~~) 1000°c ~~ c:>tlNstJlil, •1111Pt1JIJ1 -e ~ Pifi1C<Pt'G:s1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~ C"ftll 1200°C- ~ C~fil!rct~ '6 ~~I~~~~ 9flfnr I~ ~~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'f 'lit~~~ "ff"ff l{it~~ ~~ ~~ 1450- 15000C ~ ~ I~~~~~~ "Q ~4tt ~·"ff "ff i{f "Q I~~~ 9ft1r I ~ ~ ~ ~ '<!'Pf (~ ~) ~ ~ l!~ ~ 1!MJ ~~ ~ 1050-1250°C ~~ 11t-a ~"QI~~~~~~~ CWf "'~ ~ <P1<.flc11u ~ ~~l·r:= I-·- I ij<:51Jll<s1 • ,___('54_,_~l_CiP_"5_)~ r ~NH3 ~.1'ttr-f ~te ~~ ~ emf 35 atm '5tt9f ~ ~ <Rf ~ I ~ij4Jl4J ~911'8t:5B~ $ 40% I ~ ~~~~~ ~'61tt~ (f5ijr~.~) I
- 255. fiaf ct.~ ••~911Sftiff ~ fiil "51"ef (4lbl~IC"1'A • ~"11C"l'A ~) -e 4IC'1W'A (cullet-~ ~ ~) ~ ~-~ ~~l~~~~~~~~~~'e~~~fif~CRf~I e.e.e f7ttlfll• "'"11ifCi1t "l~f1 (Principle of Manufacture of Ceramics) Ceramic~~~ Keramos (~~pottery) ~ ~~ 1 pottery~,~ 1 ~ i.....:if'lr"2'1'Al+infil~4 W'Jt ~ ~ "Q I Clay ~ "'9fjf ~ Pl'Alfil4 ~ I Pl'Alfil4 fil11J1etl!S ~ ~~ ~ '4tt9f ~ ~ I ~ ) I ~'Pfijf "'~ ~ I ~ '11etlCi1l'A ~ ~ ~ I ~ f.fific"fit ~ -e ~ ~ 8 1 ~ "'~ ~ I '1Jlf.1t'G~ ~I ~ filtca ~ (insulator)~ I ,c;lolatl'l (Raw materials) I Pl'Alfil'4'A ~~ ~ 4lblilli1 ~ I ()) ~ -;n 41l11illfD (clay) (~) ~9fl1t (feldspar)~~ 4l'A~li114l SPAR~~(~)~~~~~~ ~I <J1S-~Mcet'A 1100 e~~cf ~ ~ (kaolinite) Ah03 2Si02 2H20, cci-.os1111-.'G (beidelite), Al203 3Si02 H20; ili1'GCi1l~Cilli11._fJ (montonorilonite), Al203 2Si02 3H20 1 ~'Pfm ~~I~~ 9t1iM ClPWPT9fl1t, K20 Al203 6Si02; ~ ~'Pfm, Na20. Al203 6Si02 ~~ ~ ~'Pfm, Cao Al203 6Si02 I "l~f1 (Principle) I Pl'Alfil<P "'~ f.1~fi1f* tfl9fefif "li'1*1 <Rt~ I ) 1 •u~latl'l 1.'f'4'lt (Grinding of raw material) a filac'11""1t't~4lblill'1C<P ~ fe:t<ol<A "rf°4'At ~ I 41bl~1"1 "rf~ C1J1lfttlf ~ ~ ~ °4'At ~ I ~I fllf!t•+A'i -e ~ cte•+A't (Mixing and preparation of bodies) I 4lblill'1 "rf -e ~~ ~ 9Rt (~ d1C~leti1 ~ ~~ ~ ~) 4161~1'1'4 ~ ~~ C~"'llCi11 ~, ~ ~~ C"11{f1Ci1l'A '9fiU ~C~let~~ e~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ 1IMJ'(3 ~fft 1iRRt I ~I~ (Filtration) I 4lbli41Cil'A ~'1'4 'f:9f (slip)~ I ~ 9flftt1i f:'Pft<P ~ ~ ~ ~ Cife'ID ~ I ~N 4lbl~IC'l'A GIN5~'8 9f1f.f ~ ~ I ~ ~ -e~ f:'Pft<P (water slip) ~~~~-1~~~~0ff(filtercake)~1 8 I 1Plt ?eft+A'i (Knealing) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fl'f ~ (psgmill) c;;fe'fil ~I I!!~~ CCJ4 ~ -;n ~tfl ~~~~I t' 1 ~C."f+A'i (Throwing) I I!! "1'4iN5C<! ~ ~ ~ ~- ~m ~ 1 ~ ~'- ~ CJSC4 ~, ~ ~ -;n ~ ~ ~ 1'ft~illi1 CfJllCH m ~ ~ o;1lt ~ I ~I ~~-W?eft+A'i I ~W~ Gil<PICH ~~"<P'At~ I C I O•+A'i (Drying) I ~ ~ ~~ ~ GIPff:lj'A ijCfJ ~if ~ ~~ ~ I ~~ ~ 'SIC"ll'Sl<A ~<Rt~ I ~ ~ 'SIC'll'SIC<t -tt ~~ C"11{f1Ci1l'A ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fltif I ~~ ~I ~ ~ !jf~ ~ <mf ~ '~ ~ ~ ~ 9f'4if:ljC!S -~~...-1 (cooling) ~ 1 ~ "'~ °9tiU ~ ~~~<Rf~ I .sf- ()) ~~~ Ret (tank furnace) '6 (~) ~~(pot furnace) I f.m;~'-~~~~~~~f5ii1 ~~ (~~.~) 1' ~(ch~ge) (~ ~~~~ ~4lbl~l'1)
- 256. fiil (t_D I~fffil• ?wfR~ fRr e.e.s ~ -e C"f9ltlt..911ift-.t wt~~ (Principle of Manufacture of Pulp and Paper) "ftWt9t -e C9t9fttff 4161111., (Raw materials of pulp and paper) I 9ftlt9f -e C9f"'lttR 4151111'1 ~ ~ I ~- ) I "4T"1f81 '<' ~ I "4i"1~~~ I 9'l"I+ 416110., I~' ~' ~' ~ ~' '4t~ ~' 9ffU, ip'li '<' ~ "41~ I 9'l~~.. 415111I., ) I~~ I 802, NaOH, Na2C03, Ca(OH)2, Na2S04, Na2S, CaC03, MgC03 ~ I ~ -e ~ ~ I Cll, '64, ~~ Gliill<s, ?;1lt'GFH'llil ciit'11 ~'li'lbl, ~ -e ""'Gl~1~,_..'!>-I ~ ~ ~m ~ ~ I 0 I~~ I~' 4Jl'1Pt4Jlil ~"'llC*lilf~'G,~ ~' H202. ~ ~9fl<s14 ~ S02 I 81'1ff~l~~"'~~'4t~~~~I · 9f1'l9t ~ wt~~ (Principle of pulp preparation) 9ft'f9f ~ ~ ~ ~fdi 41t>lill'1 ~ ~ ,~ ~ I ~ ,QJ44'SIC'~ ~ ~ ~9fttll ~ 1lm I ~- ) I ~ ~ (Mechanical process) I ~"'1!4'NlCb ~ '11(1C<IJ ~ ~ <rnf i~ ~ ~I~ "'1'41Nl,% !ftG ~9f 41t>lillC'1 ~~ 'Al"ll~M4 ~ ~ ~"'lfil~~!) ~I ~I 'iilJtlll~• ~(Chemical method) I~ 91'41N5Cb ~(fibre)~ 4151111"1 Clf~ (~l~IC'll ~)~'bl~~~~,~~ I ~ '*l•f'ic• 9f19rt «fW•fl'f 1 ~ ~ ~ 415111111, ~ ~ e~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~G~~~~~~~'"f~9"Wf9f~~'QI ~ ~~CR'Cb f.«:5'f ~9tefif GliJ:>flaef ~ ~ I ) I~ (Grinding) I~ 'llfilt4 "["llC41CCf ~i~ifl14 ~ "llillC'U ff m9f ~~ l'fi4Jlll~ ~ ~ (grinding stone) ~~ ~ 'Q 1 ~ 1'tl'r ~ lP1fiJ l,'f ~ ~ 9ftWfe9f ~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ 1't-r ~9f:J 'bt9f ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ 9"Wf9f ~ ~ ~"llHb ~"It~~~~ I ~ ~ ~ e~ "'IR~c61IM 'INt ~ 9f1Wf9f 9ft61lt 1lm I ~ I ~ (Filtering) I ~ ~ !ftG "'IT'f9f ~~ ~ ~ Pl'l<el<a/CJli~C'l)I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~N ~ Gll41CH ~ "!9l)llRb ~ I '° I ttltl...-1 (Concentration) I ~~ "ftvPf ~ ~ ~ 1't~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ Cl1 ~ -e ~ 9fT'IPrt ~ 9ft61lt ~ !tt4 '1W <rnf GIN5fil<&. ~ ~ <Rt ~ I 9f1f.f ~ ~ 9Rf C1f 9ftlf9f 9ft61lt 1lm 'bl <rtfC11'l)4 ~ "'IT'f9f I 8 I~' c-11i+l't 'ct 9J.itlttl"fl'1 I '1W 9ftWfe9Rf 1l'61Pf4 'ft~ <IStl ~<Rt~ I ~~ C~~~'fW"41t~I . t" I vif..-1, l:flfl'1 ~ ~t.t¥1 I ~g•11J11'"' 9ftlf~ "1fi41<51CcP<sl "llt'fl 9f1fmi ~~ ~ ~ I ~ ~t4 ~ <rnf 'c:if9f <Rt~ ~~ C9f9'11f ~ ~ ~ ~~ CRt 'Q I 111 C9ll'flC-.t (Firing) I ~~ ~~Cl' (blank).~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ C"ll~IC~HI ~ C~ Oif'<'1lt ~ I 51ft(<Pl~11f ~ Jl~~ ijCU C~ ~ I ~ fJBllfil4 ~"'ll'Tc~<s1 ~ ~ cs;-em ~(rout a-.~) 1 I 4161111C'1"R fil?rct I >I ~ I >I ~?:>Mfl'1 .._, ->I ~"I I
- 257. tl:lfll~· "f..-fWce ~....... (:lflwtwt ~) I "!$ "14111ilh ~ 1 ~~ GiiatM~i1 Pt.~ 'CfR$ <Rt ~ I ~~ ~ ~"if& 4161111., ~ ~ '6 ~ l[f 'Q I !ft• 9"1'19ftiil5 ~ 9"Wf9t (Kraft pulp)~ I 9f1IT't ~ C9t4111·~ ll1Ci4t 'I~~ (Principle of manufacture of paper from pulp) I 9fT'f9f ~ C9f9f'm ~ ~"f'G~ ~9f g ) I~'~ I~' ~I '11"4'Act, 8 I mtR, ct I Rlifl~t. ~I~ (filling), C I~, b' I ~' ~ I 'Pftlf9ft4 filttS ~<Rt, )o I 4JIC'1'51Rk ~ ~~ °41"19fC4 il31'14'A't I fira>9ft'f9f (~) ~ C9f9fm~~~~~ (~<t.8) I ~~I •11"•'Act I ~I mtR H-ra-.,--M-lt H ~ I I~~ I· . I'l'JIC0016lfi11t 1--4 ~~PIW11i"I ~ I~~ i I fQct.81~~(919fR~~fA{ ~ ~ ~ ~"f'G~ ~ f.ra> '5f'611t ~ I ) I~ (Mixing) I ~C.Jltt~41 ~ -e ~ ~ C1St~ "'"115'Ci1il llfiU ~ ~"1ml ~·C!S4fC!S ~ '1'A4l'All!S ~~ ~ ~ ~ I ~I ~ (Filtering) I ~~ ~ ~ 1f'5 ~ ~9f'll'l4fC!S ~ ~ '6 ~11!CU ~ ~ ~ I ~... ~ '{'ftilllM (~ ~ 4""111191) ~ W9Rt ~~ ~ 'ftt4 I "I '11".. '1 (Thickening) I~ ... 'flt9f ~ ~ -ffl• 1f'5 -e ~ w~rv.1$-CR""" lcsfa1'51'8l•t 9fTf.f ~ <Rt~ 1 ~'t4 9f1f.f MC!Sl'fi1 (dewatering) ~ 'Pftf.f~t>l4'Slct (slashing) Cfi1T 'QI 8 I ~Ff (Bleaching) I ~... ~~l'A 1't~ 1fC'R' ft l[f <Rt~ ~~ ~N 1f'5 ~~ '-rtift ~ I ~fft ~~ 'Al)llJIM4 ~' ~ ~ ~ Mefl'AC~ 11t~ ~JJR11t ~ ~ I ~~fit~ "9tlff -e Mer1<acia ~ ~ m~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~- ~>~ "fSt1'f111GIPtiilll 9fl'AiiJl9flC~(KMnO 4), ll1l:Qi1CUM 'Pflf"I~ (H202), ~ (Cl2) (~) ~ttlt• ~I )llilifl'A !ill:G4itll:& (S02), C)llNi41lii <qll:>tliliff~& (NaHS03) I ~'11'At('11'Ai9f, ~mtR~ llt1l ~1Pf >tl11•11.lJ 1ftO '9fi6 ~ 3% (w/v) ~ ~~ ~ rortR'4'Atllt1f ~ ~'il'i{ 'lldl~ll:& ~ ~ 10% (w/v) ~'CfR$~~ I t- I ft•I-~~(Refining) I ~fft ~~ llTfff ~' lttf ~ 1•'8104 C9flf't ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"4ilt~ I~ ~~lf~~~ I ~ I ~ (Filling) I "'~ "41•tCefA !ft 1ltt<qt C4R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Al'1141fi14 ~ 00'1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~~ ~' CaC03, CaS04, ~' Ti02, ~ ZnS 00'1 ~~I~ .11ftiRf 4"'1cetil ~ 10-40% '*' ~' CaC03 ~ CaS04;5-20%~ Ti02 ~ ZnS ~~ 1 C I ~(Sizing) a "41•1cet'A 9ftf.f c:at~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Pftf.f Cilt~ ~ ~ ~ 00"1 <Rf ~ I ~ 'C"fC"1J ~ ~ ~- ~ ~9f, ~~(animal glue)~~ (K2S04• Al2(S04)3• 24H20) I lr I ~ .. '1 (Colouring) I ~~ ~ "'~ '9fi6 ~ ~ irft ~ ~ I ~ ~*'1Cet'A !!<IS'~~~·~ ~Ciileti1 'Q ~ ~ ~ 9Rt ~ 1fCP 11t~ ~ '4'At ~ I ~ I 1f'5t4 ~~ ~ 9Rt ~ °41"1cet'A ~ ~ '4'At ~ I ~ ~C"fcal) cql<s1fiai1l'A ~ ~ Ptfit'51'A ~ 'CfR$ CRT ~ I ~if 9Rt ~WC!S4fC!S C1St'1C9RI ~ (~ 60 - 70% 9f1f.f 'fRct ~)
- 258. % G4JllJ:fili11 (Ah03)= 2·5 - 4 C91ftJ'91JliS~"''*tllffC..t 91~~ I C"11Tf'1Jl'5 ~ ~~~ ~ G49jJiif'i ~~I~- (~) ~~ ~ 'S (~).~I iffe ~ ~ ~ 41611114'1 '2tfilRl4'SIC't I ~~ 91'4iNsC!S 4Jl'1C4~41M -e G4l'Slf9ttd1Pt411>t ~ ~ ~ ~· t'1' ~ 1'tlJ: (inclined) '{'ftilllM f3tfi1tslC'A ~ ~ I ~it9Rf ~ Gl4i'!l~W ~~ ~~ ~net ~ ~ I dl ~tfttf ~ W fimJ • G4i'*f lC!S Clf"tlt:-11 ~ I ~it9Rf fifetct~C<i' W9f'f8~ Jil~JCCJJ ~~ 'J:'*IN!5lc<I lcf'fRl ~ 1fro! 100 ~ ~ ~ (sieve) 1J~ ~ 90 ~~'at~ G4f?&ilFil ~ 9fmf 1 ~~ Ndt't~ ~1111i1Gfif ~'dSf~CPf ~ °U I ~~ ~ ~ ~ (kiln) 'Yf l~lt:-11~ t~ ~ I q Yf'R!>C!S 4lbl11lc!BI ~~fif ~ ~91fj:~"6 t'1'~ ~ ~ ~Cf~ ~ ~<t(JC!Sl: e~ ~ m(slurry) ~ ~ I ~l: ~ 35-40% 9flR ~ I ~~ ~~ ~~ °4m ~ I ~ "1'4i~C!S ~ w9l1'i1c91<s1 ~~ • ~ ~ , ~l: m ~ ~ c[j141c;q1 ~ , ~ ~tfi4~C~ Gl~Rr:ea ~ cclts ~I tt.tVt~"''*tlifCiit 91~~ (Principle of Manufacture of Cement) ~ ~ 'fl'~ "l"lf ~ 'f ~ ~ 9flifM, ~ ~ Clr'ftCfr 5lt'ffC1¥61C<q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - cWf ~~~~I~~ ~CllCoG'A "4~fim lfttfJ ~ifV~~~~~~~~l~~~~~I~- ~ 1 qli{11'5~4' ~(atmospheric cement), lit~~~'~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ll:Cilfi14~ (hydraulic cement), ~ ~ -e 9flR ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~-~~(acid-resistant cement),~~~~~~~~~~~ ~<ft~C5rn I (ll:Cilfi14 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ .(ll:Ciifil~ ~' ~ ~' C~ ~ ~~~I c"1rli1Jl'5 ~ ~914'5ICq ~ ~ I ~ f3tc11c:t<A 4C{l4ffi ~ ~ I ~- ~ I "'1~ C9ti'ff'1Jl'5 ~ 8 I ~~~9f C~ ~ ~ 111tfllr ~9f ~~-em~ Q' 1 'ililcqt ~~ c911Tf'1JltS ~ ~ I ~f%&!S ~ ~1ft ~ ~m 1fOO ~'ITTl't c"1rl11JltS ~ ~ct ~ ~~ ~ ~ 1 C1f ~ •1lii1f7il4lat eolwffeic.,1 '<I f7tfilc•cltt "l"lf f'fw ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ c'*tl~le ~Wfl . c"1rl11Jlt5 Ptc11c-t'A ~~ ~9f g Cao (60-70%), Si02 (20-28%), MgO (IA%), Al203 (3.8%), Si02 (3.11%) tfl6litlii1 (Raw materials) I ~ I 4Jl'14Jl~411'1 (Calcareous) ~ (~ ~' ~, ~ ~) 1 ~ 1 "'41:atwn•.,Pt4'1>t <n •1111si1~ ~ 'q' (~, rJJ, ~, ~, ql6Jlk~il ~ ~); ~ I ~ff 8 ~'ft '61l'Af91C'1Pt41i>t ~ ~ ~' l1Rf 1ft~ 65-68% CaC03 ~ I C"1rlf1Jl'5~~~~~~~~~~ I ---=-=-~--~--~--- = 1.9- 2.15 % ~ + % Fe203 +A}i03 %~(Si02) ~~ ~ C'Sllilltit'A ~9Rf ~ ~~~I ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ CJll'llt'JBI 1J~ ~ '61R!>~11 ~~I "5T9f 'S ~9Rf ~ ~11StC4 4JlC61'51~ ~~I 4Jll'ii~!~ ~'4T~~~~~~~~~~I.
- 259. ~__..I 9f1f.m ~"1~Rti~~ 11----' i ~~1~~~~1 >-[!!] fii.~.~ ··~~~ ...~~.~ ct.~~* dl'f wt~~ (Principle of Leather Tanning) ~ ~ ~ !j-.fl; ~~~tof ~I !j~ 91'4tf!it! ~ OCftO't ~ '6 ~<Rf~ I ~' bliliilC4 "'1tcJt <Rf ~ ~ <:54liilC"f'A t!tC!Jlet~!J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~CRT~ I ~ '*f•IWc• ~ 4'l5t 6111lilt• ~ ttrft'4"" 9f14"t ~ -. ""'1tl (leather) ~ CRt ~ ._. '6t1l'1I ~ CftWr 1 .~ ~ ~ 011llfte<sB1 ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Fcic1ufi't!) (decomposed)~~ I C<eflttrJ<qil ~ !:1~141 ~ "11<Pl+A<:>1 ~ ~ "6 '!STt<P ~~I ~~ Wft ~"4fit ~ ClJM' I 11JJl911~C!S (tannery)' 9f'ff "415f l>lii'flC<P t!t~lifl!S "+Al~ I ~' ~ ~ ~ ~'iii{ ~"<Pfft ~ ~ 1A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Yf~;q6ii ~ 1 ccefirtt6;q11{vegeteble) ~ ~ (mineral) ~ ~ Unfift. "+Al ~ I ~t111 9[t<if blil'flC<P C611il$, ~ ~~ :>f<qC_,~ "f<q'1ft' CRl ~I ~'lfi1J 1t<q'118i blil'flC<P ~ 6 ~ ~.2 fife{ ':>flfl 'ftl ~ l'Mt ~ I C'OttlCill ~ ~ fciUUIM .~ <qJl<Pt'6ft41FSI ~ t!tNsC'SilC'f ~<ql'l-.1~ ~ ~ "6 I ~ ~ '5f~1(flC411<Pl:.f1CilU ~ 00'1 "+Al ~ I ~~14911-t<P ~ TCMBT, [2- 1(f1Ull:>tl411Ci11~'41~ ~ C<ii1cstl'ilJl4ilcetldl) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ !:IC411C'1'51 ~ ~ 'ft~fif ~ - ~t. (curing) ~ m ~ ·~~ ~ {i) ~ Pl'et+ACf (soaking of water), (ii) kill+ACf (liming); (iii) ~ ~ ~~ (removal of extraneous tissues), (iv) ~ ~~ (deliming),. (vi) ~ (bating) -;qt ~~ ~ ~ i1'51il+ACf, (vii) f9r<Pfif'. (pickling) -;qt '51111141MC+A ~ Pi"11'1 1 ~l'AMCd1Pt411'1 ;q (Ci', c-fWJ, Si02) 4Jlif1C4~411'1 • (Ft ~,ff,F{) ~& ~~··· "~ -e q ~ "'1,Nic! "!'*1'5l<A ~ fil?J~ .,-fi~iilil ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 41(41f<Ns1 ~ ~t-t ~ I ef~ ~'t-m '4m ~cf '6 "~ I ~ ~'t-1 4Jlwt~Ci1"M ~ (900- 12000C) I~ ~11f W'l'T ~~UIH~ ~11f (1200.1450°C) I ~~ '6 q "'1'4tf!iC'!S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 01'61Jl ~ (~ (l'.<l' '6 (l'.~) I 4Jld1C4~411'1 ~ (F« . ~l~filC'1Pt411'1 "Q (Ci', ~, ff, F) c-fWJ, Si02)
- 260. ~f'• 1Plttll ~ct2- e,'1t.)~"'',..'((Techniques of ·Tanning) I~ 4C4141t "'f'lflR!sC! ~ "1141+a'1 ~ ~'.'flt~~- ) I ~~(chrome tanningj.A I C'SflltG<Ctit ~(vegetable tanningj.ve I qif111~(1l5 ~ (formaldehyde- tanning), 1 ~ ~ Unf.ft. '3 C'bfitt&ctiil ~t. ~ ~ GllCillbi11 ~~I tt.tt.).) -~ ~ CiiF11f~ (Mineral Tanning or Chrome Tanning) iTt'IJ ~ ~ ~ pH ~~ ~ ~ C"l91fil41111 (III) >tl61cq6 ~ ~ CRT ~ 1 pH Cl51l ~1llll ~ ~ cal-1fil411c11<s1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 'tal41'SI ~, ~ ~$ ~ '" (fibres) '3 ~ C4lii11CMCi1'SI (~ W~ ~) lf~ ~ ~ ~ "'fmJ I 1.!1$ ~ 9fl pH l.!l'f 1lM" ~ "'fl11 ~ ~ 11'4iR!sC4 ~ ~ I ~ ~9ft4 ·,.1lh1+a'1 (basification)' ~ 1 ~ ~ (mineral tanning) ~ ~ct ~ ~ ~ ~ 9ff blllfl.C<P ~ ~ (C>tl~41111 CiPl'Sill5) '3 $il6111Pi~cp 1.£1~ ~~~I ~"t<tS ~~I 1.!1$ ~ ~ ~ C41i11CifCi1'SI pH ~ ~ ~ bliilflC!> ~ ~~~~~~~(penetrate) ~ 9fn I~~~~ crnr~~~ ~~ l.!l~t.pH ~ C~~ Cll~ ~-~~~' . ~ ~ ~ (~ ~ "'flhRt) ~ C1l1't ~ 1 ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ I l.!l'f~ 11Jf'i'jC91fit41111 ~ (MgO) C1l1't ~ ~ ~ ~ blllflC<P ~'4 'ffii1 ~ ~ pH l.!l'f 1fM 3.6 - 4.0 ~ 6Miililll 45°C ~ 1 "'fif ~ ~ ~~ C1l Dl1rtJpT 9ft<3'Vt 1fRl ~~·~~(wet blue)' ~ 1 ~ ~l~CH °ff~~ iff~ ~ ~ I CdfilCG<Ctiil ~IMxcH 001 GiR1f ~~ ~ I CJMWJli1f! ~~~-1.£11G-!J)11'Sl'1~1·tJ M~~<fS(Ot~~ ~~~~~I . CiiF11f lSJt~CtHI 1Plt1Pf (Chemistry of chrome tanning) a CA'9111GIJlfC411 caFlfil411il (III) $il'lcq6 ([Cr(H20)6]2(S04)3)'11MtG~ ~ ~~if11f '3 ~~ l.!I~ I WFlfil~lil (III) ~ Mlll'65!I cJF1fil41111 (VI) ~" crnr ~ (l5lJ 1 c11Flfil4lli1 (III) >tliilc•6 ~ ~ ~ CA:'9111GIJlfC411CJFlfil411il (III) cpJIUl4M,[Cr(H20)6]3+~ '<Pef, ~~pH~'~ (elation)' ~ "l'.11f Cim I '3~ Wft 1"1fite4lfil4ilii ~ Cllt'f I ~$ CiJFt1l ~t.tn ~ W~ (ingredient) I C41'11cetCi1'SI "?a 1fij_ lif.1t6'SI ~ ~-~t.~ (cross-linking) ~9M '4tf ~ ~ C4lillceti1C4 "1"1>tl'Slct '4tf 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ [Cr(H20)6]3+ ~'f PITTJi{ ~ ~'f 11$il41Ci1'SI crnr ~ ~ ~11.!!'f~~~~Cr(IIl)~Cll~ ~~~~~~~~- >tliilCiJ'G G1Jli1141i1 (SO!-), C4lii11CifCi1'SI <Pl<iffitiil ~"'f, ~~'Pf l.!l"Cft. ~'-~'Pf (masking agent)~ ~ I C41'1lcwtCi1'A 41~*1 ~ caFlfil411il (III) C4t'!ff ~ ~ ~ I GJIM(CH ~ C4liillcetCi1'A ~ ~ ~ ~ lfl1r 1.0 C'«4 l.7nm'PfW I~ C4lii11CltCi1'A ~ "1fl1CJFlfil411il ~ ~ ~ ~Cft. '3~ ~' GIC'9111Cii1~ (oxolation) ·~ 1 OiM~411il (III) $ili1CiJ'G ~ '1f1it ~ "'f'f ~ Na2C03 ~ pH 4.0 - 4.3 'ff~ 1 l.!l'f lR'f CiJFl~4Uif '3 C<Plii11CitCi1'A 1100 ~ ~ ~ ~ I '!l"'lil)"ll 40° C 1.£1 C~ I Cr3+ ""1tiff ~~(bridged bonds)~ )tf{lf)tl-.J!l'A ~~~Cr3+~~~ I~ ~~Cr2(S04)3C4~ ~ ~ W~ ~'<Pit~ I CJFtii'UJli1'f! ~ ~ 4- 5% CJM~41111 ~ I '41'11CIM c~ ~~ ~ 51Jlfiiti11 ~ ~ 1 ~'f ~ CJJalfii41li! ~ "'1Gc:q-t CqletJ!I ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ C41"11CGM ~ ~~ 41ftfit:qs ~'Pf t(tt4 I l.!ll' ~ Cr~ ~ CqletJ!I ~~ ~~ ~"<q't. ~~~I ~'Pf~~~~I (-NH; ······ OOC~)n+ [Cr-0-Cr) ~ (-NH2 -Cr-OOC-)n
- 261. e,' ~' -lfitl,~' "Gttl,_'1 1 • f3lttp 'r*+'t''61 ~ (Description of Pollutants of Cement, Urea, Leather, Textile and Dyeing Industries) ~~~~~~~emf "1Rltt<iC'1 ~ ~ l!I~ YiRIC<i~ ~emf I fit(~ ~l!l~cmf~~~~~I .. ~ '(i ~ Yil11C~ ~~~~~emf~ ~9f:f ~ I ~ ~ ~Prs '(i ~ ~--11'19141~ '<3 <IM(llSl41~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'1 ~' ...m '<3 ~ 'Sll:>tl!JM<P ~ ~' ~ ~ etill"'IUI ~ l!I~ V5 ~ I.~l11('A'1 ...iii'Pf, ~ ~ '<15t'1'9f ~ ~ ~'f ~~ '(i ...m ~ <Rf ~, lit ~ ~ fiit1't "Pflf.ttf ~ ~ 'Pl~4" ~ OOf I • '(i ~ 9ftf.ttf ~ ~ ~' ~ '(i 5fiU '6lif9t ~~ (<Bl4t'GRl"I '(i ~<11'.t:Jf~) ~ R9f:f ~ I ~~ 9flf.f ~ <IJ<l~C'A'A ~~;;t I ...... ,~I f.{cri. ~C4C'fj~ GCIC111'4 ~' 416 '<3 M~lfii4 ~. 'f'l-11 ~ I ~~· I (CJ) cPlb.1111'1 (~) ~~ ~ ('t)flR ~ (~)etttlif~fi !l~. ~ (~) ~ "'····... Cr - -."Cr~- 0 ~ -.--COOH ~~~ l!I ~ ~ ~ ~ l!I~ ~ c~ ~ ~ ~ l!I~ l!I~ ~ -Cr-0-Cr-~ qym ~~I l!I~ Cr~'J. ~ ·~ ~lt°GC~it ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~I ~rstt<l~~~~~~I ~ 'GJl~(CH ~tqlJ!ff( (Advantages of chrome tanning) I ~ 1 ~ '6 ~ ~ l!l<f~ ~ 1.£1~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~ I Cill91ilUJli'i'f'b ~ ~9Rf ~ ~ 9flf.i ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~~ (retanning) '6 ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 iRP1 'G ~ ~ ~ ~li141'1IS14 ~ 1 8 I ~.~~CRT~ I Cl: I Cill9lfi1Silil (III) l11ii1C¥U l1~6tiil5J 1 WFlilUJlii'f'b ~ ~ ~ ~l~l~~~~'Gl!l~~I ~ 'GJl~(CJFA !l~tql"1( (Disadvantages of chrome tanning) I ~ 1 ~ ~~ "'l~e<ic•Rf ~ 'Jfif?b41'Sl<P 1 ~ 1 blilflc<P ~l'ff?b<P (natural) ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ '6 ~~ ~ ~ 1 <t.~.).~ cefitclJ~'1 ~ (Vege~ble Tanning) c:sftt,l;;q111 Unf.{'. l!I ~ (~ <P1t)' ~ ~': ~ I ~9A7 ~ ~ '6 9fT6m ~11fb,'5lt4 ~~~ ~ ~ Unfir-f 1 1!1$ ~ 1!1"4 ~ "'tfitc•e:ti'I "1~•1'A4 'All11SIM4 ~ 1 UJlfir-f ~ ~ C41iillcetii ~llUCii'A ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a2tlfUi1C4 ~ ~ 1.£1~ b'ff'f'4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.£1~ -q ~ ~ ~.1 ~ ,~ C41ii11Cifii <qJl4t'Bl~Sil'SI ~"f ~tf (resistant) ~ I ~ ~ 'iSl'f~ ~ ~I l!I lfftittt. ~ ~ ~ (luggage) ~ 'G 1,il~IC'A'A ~~~I C1J ~ ~ ~ ~.Unfir-f,~ ~ ~ ~ ~- <Pla<ql'11il (chestnut), '6~ (oak), ~ (redoul), ~ (tanoak), ~ (hemlock), !Cfi31Cbl (quebracho), 11Jli1~ (mangrove}, '6~ (wattle)-1!1"4 ~ l!I~ ~ (acacia) l!I~ illl:C'Al<tleiilii (myrobalan) 1 1!1"4fft ~ ~ Dl11fl'4 ~ ltM ~ ~ "4tV4 ~~ h ~91111141'51 ~ ~ c'5flt,6ctiif~ ~ ~-CRt ~ 1 , .· ······· ... Cr ---- -, l!I~ ~~· Ci1!ilfi4!411' ~ ~ ~ ~~ l!I~ ~~~~~~I 1!1 ~ ~ ~~ Cr~l!l~~9fm~'<:Sl~C6li11!11f1Jf~~~~~~~~~ I~ ~
- 262. ) I '6~~S1llll~• ~ ~~I ~I~~~~~' !) 1~'6~~~'4~~'6 ~ ~~·~1 8 I ~ filttn ~ 9fJ"lt~ICiilM4 <111•,r;™"' ~ ~ 'Pfmf, l1l ~ ifl'AI~• 1 Cl' I C~lfil4'1il ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I ~I~ '6 ~~ 1 '4flllfMl~C'6 ~ ~~I ) ,~·~·'Pftf.f·~ NH3 '6 C02 ~~~1 NH2 CONH2 + H20 ~ NH3 + CO ~9f:f NH3 ~ :CSJl4tG~ll<A·~ HN03 ~~¥I'm~ I HN03 ~ ...rn ~ ~~~9fm~l~~~'t ~ <R1"f 9Rte· ~ 'Sl:CSJ<lijj'! ~ ~ ~,llt~~~I ~l~~~~~c:t.~~ ~ ~IQilMtii'A ~ ~ i(3 blue baby syndrome~ C1ftst ~· 1 e I "l"f. lP'ti'l' ~ ~ ~ I ) I ~ "'l~CiilCii'A_ ~ '4t1J lTl'ellllr ~ 2flfGt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~' ~l~~~~·~~'I ~l~~~ll'ta'f~~~t."'f'~I 81 ~'6f:>ffCJHr~~I. ) ! pH .~"f 'iJli{ ~lltll t ~1~~~'6 . ~ 91f11:CS'6i1 ~ I e1~~~1 8.1~ "'lfilCutCii'A (DO) . ~~.lfAll Cl'1BOD~ .; ~lmf I ~1~NaCl '6 Wl4fil4'111,..~ 9fR~;{i~1 ~~I 8 I ..,._·~"'.llC•BS '4Jt9RS • 'tfW ~l:Jitfin;4-r.1) I '!Sl<si'!Si0"14"!S't~ ~~~I. e I "'!1911Ttiilt~ lftWf.~~~ ~ 91111("1i['{ ~ :>tlfllii~5, ~~ MqffiRI ~ 9ftll.1 H2S ~ ~I co2,'NOX, so, !)I~~' '6~C'!SetfiFI ~I )I~~~ ~ "'IF"ilC9tCii'A ~ ~I~~ ~lft'fl !)l~<nl:>tl4'M4 ~·,~~~ ~<Rl'6 ~91Hf'6~ ~ 'AIJtlW14 4Jbllllcrt '6 ~cifm~I 81~~ ) I ~"fff ,t;,.l;~ ~~~ ) 1 NaCl ~ I "51) li1ifilii e I "(!1:CSztl 4' C~ 8 I "f ldj"5l~5, Fl a- I ~aC03 ~ I CWft1r '6 ~')f' C I :>tl'lil'~5 '6 :>fl:>fC9iCW~-q b- l Cal'lfilfllil ~ ~I ~"fff ~ "ftilfCtt;ti ~, ~, ~, er;~'~"' '6 ~~ filtm 'f~<P>t~,~~ ~ 01'6m wtt , ~ e.s I~ fi'ltll '[w:>tf(
- 263. =::::::{ -I T 1 iT"1 1..r~•! : I I I I I I I I I I I I !I : I I II ! i I I I I I I I I ~I I I I II ! I I I I i I i I I I I ! . ! I I I I I I i I I i I II I I II I I I I I I I I: I I : I I II I . i I I I I ' I I I I I1 I I·I I I I . I l I I I I I I I I ! ! I I I I I I I ! I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I I I .! I ... I ' , ' , ' , ' fir..ntfJ11f "Y" Y' ,,.. (t.b' 1ftt~ ~lltcft ~(Techniques of Controlof Air Pollution) «f<pNiWS ~ ~ Ill~~~~ I~ Cft1 ~ '6 ~ ~ htff ~ 1'Ni+A I~ ~ "{1ft f.mrct CJit <C1"'1ll@ '511illtl'HI 1IRl4f ~ ~ 41~ctn:• I ffi:f ~9fml ~ ~ f.mrct ~ l1tll I .st- «i<el;q~41 ~' !1~'1:'64*1 Cft ~ ~ 1't~ I ~ ~9ftn1if lllt<IS ~ GilCillbiil ~ ~r- ) I 11•1'4.,I 1i9f1Q (Catalytic conversion) I ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ c~ 1"Ni4lt4 NO, CO -e (l..Qil4l<(i1 •1Jl:>t:>tt«4 '511"R!>4li4 Cft csnr 1"Ns4lt4 ~ ~ ~ ..m~ ~ ~ camn liffl ~9AJ Giifi'Uii "ffi;q"ciit 1f'U ~ «i4141~ ~~-I ~ ~ I~ ~~<elt<CI f'j<elfis1'6. Pt GiiflJ4 NOx ~ J"jtflR6 <rnr N 2 Ill~~ NH3 CCI' ~ <ISCf 1 Gi~ii ~ ~m ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~af4 "ffi111cct NH3 ~9e ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ ,1..t.il4l<(i1 ---+-Pt-H+ NO---+-Pt-+N2 + NH3- (C x Hy) If~ frft11 (~ CIS1ili) + ~ ait:iil'dltil..!i (CO) Pt'o+{C"H>'--,.-+Pt-H+{C02 + CO H20 - ~ 'dltll..16 NO) fi~1Hft11 {Oct-..) N 2, c~2, H20 fR ct.C I '""'.c4hn1 ~ "ifiiiij*"t fRf . M1f ~ I <aii11JlJC4t t"f~fi>c<! 11"11 ~9AJ '1Jtt'f 'dl~ft• Cft1 firritc11 CO ~~ c.s, CCI' . . ~emf C02 '8 H20~ .no 1'1ft 1(11 -.....r.-.-11-4 NOX, co, ex Hy~~~"" este11t 1(11 Ji ~ ~'4ft 'dl•>jJ~atrt ~ '1J4tll.. Pt-et1JtilSC4t +144lfilSI '9Tft ~ filt1faRlt1 ifl QI~ emf.~~ 11t C.. ~ ~ TEL, Pb(C2H5)4 ~ 1it9f ~Cltim ~ ~ ~ C11f't 1'1ft 1(1 I ~I ~~~~iil41'.,.(Bag filter process) ~~~~~~ .,.,..~ ~ v, 1"I ff - filrJ 4111~ ~~,~~¥11"1I(~ 'CRtllAl I ~~~"f( ft~ ~'ft.~~~ CJtl etl~i I ~~-~~~ ~'Cft.ti ~-(Jtl~~,~~~ fi1lJtl Q~ ~ 7-10 ~ (fQ t I b') I fi{cR '51• ~ 1(91TtR 1f'U fiitt'1 ~ ~ C.mrt ~ ~ Q I ~ ~ .rt jijrlJ41r;.,141 ~ ~,,. 77% I d ..n.fif 1f1'fJl4(tef'A ~ lftlll ~I !I ~~ ~I djtq)'qiijb l1'fl ~ ~I BOD~ 9f1l1 emf~~~~ I ~I 8 I~ d1Ai!Cifi1 ~I (DO) C15t1r l1t'611l11 """9 ~ ~Cli1a:r1Pt (DO)cror~ 1 ~~ 1
- 264. <t.2D -~f9t'l-.11f ~,..,~~ (Working Principle of E T P) !f~ ~ 11RS, ~ff; f9f ~? ~ft; f9f-"f 11_~9f ~ Effluent Treatment Plant I C~ ~ '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ell crefJ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1lt'fl ~ 'f41f ~ ~ ('Sll"iltJf.14 ~) Qflt4, 11t "IRltAC"'1 ~'C'l 91RlC<l"'1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ '6 ~NsCilf'SI ~ ~91af4J4'SI 91Rl~R!'SI ~ ~ I c~ ~ ie 4'14l<si~l~l<si f.ic,sl;:q~ ~ ~ eti11-tt11 ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6·'"et11l"1CH 111'511"14 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ fi'fm 11't'fl ~ 11"5 '6 ~film, ,.hijbl~,~~' ~film '(3 ~ <s11"11tJf.i• ~ 1 c'ni ~ ~ ~ •tt..r-n ~ ~ ~ ¥tfic:ct"I ~ ~ ~ ~C"lliiiC..t ~ C'10r COit~t ~ Cillt~~-1tffl~ I ~~'llf.~4kr.ilill<si ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~I GlllllQHI W_,~41~~'1 ~ ~- ~ ~ J1fq,J41'11 d ~~I~~~ ~HJ~tt'l ~I •rt~ '<3 ~ ~~ ~ 9f1f.f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t:11JMl1c• ~ 'f1t9f~ ~ llt111 .n- (-.) ~ ~ ct1•111" ~ell_,,~~ (Primarytreatment or process) (-.t) C"1C•t!ill ~ca1-lJ ~ ~ (Secondary treatment or process) ('f) lJFaf'itJI" ~cai_,, ~ ~ (Tertiary treatment or process) ~ ~ ~l'e:111I ~c11C'lJ ~ t~ ~ (suspended) • -.ti, 'ff,-.t~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~91"11'ACf -.lit~ I . ~ !lfalitJltJ ~ 9f1fiff ~ ~ WI ~ "'1f'tt1l ~ Gil4ICH .. ~fif 9J~ -.lit Q I ~ 9fl lftC ~ ~~9fct '1f~t4 ~ ~ ~ ~fif ~~ "ftf~ -.lit~ I - ~ CPf, ~ ~ !m'Glf'~ "lfilllt'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~'i'llt'f cp1ft "'1 I tl'1141~4 ~ ~ ~ CPr ~ ~ 't1f '4tt ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ t:11•111" lrJc11c-t:st ~ fQ ~~ 1 I CflfJ ~ I • I ~ I ·I "lllrt'l"ICI I ,1,,1afit• C"ltlA I ~ ~ ~tftim C'l'4'51" ~ '?SltFJlil" 4'1ltA'l"if1'4 ~ 4C414JI ~ '9t'f ~.11tr 11l'IT- VfC•elt Ul'IC118' I ~ 1 tR ~ (Biotechnology) ~ ~ tl'llt1r..• ~ (Biochemical process)~ 1 ~~~(Trickling filter process) lS111itt1ll l'ICii• I ~ I 't:t'lcllt•ltJIWI·~ ~ .'"" (Electrocoagulation) 8 I _,,,. ~ (Photocatalysis)t 1 ~ 'di'ltiilPt'I (Reverse osmosis) i& 11Uftin ~(Nano filtration) ~ ~-~ (Ultrafiltration)C 1 'ifitwn.t (Adsorption)b- 1 ~~(Ion exchange) ) '<3 ~ ~ ~ C"1t:4'51t ~c~"J ~~ ~ ~ b- ~ ~ lJ1tf'i11t lrJc11c-l;:a eie~ 1 W 1 ('•).~··~ ~ C1f .'11 ~···~ "Jf'-'U~ ~-.fft ~«In '41 I oo~~CflfJ ~ 'ific~-tc• ~-9f ~ ~, ·~ ~ 1 ' ('f) ca~~~~ ~J:q"~~~' .("1)-~~ <refJ 9tlf~ 'lft'fl '41'1@ f1>tl•t••tc~l•tJ~ ~ ~ 4'i I (pore) 11't'fl ~ ~~ ~ m "ta ~'11"1~ ~ "fm1~1lm I~~~~~ (1/3 m/min) ~~--t •ctr ~ l1m 1 e I d~'9..-1 (Dissolution) I~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11't'fl "11'1.,.1'51 '<3 ~l-'1Jlt@ft~'51 Gli!il...5"1~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -n ~ ~ 41'51~ ~ ~ f.l•fiit~'SI ~~'Gil~·~ ~9f¥" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~I ~N ~ •1Jl"1"1~ 9ftfi{ ~ ~~~~I ~"f 1'tl'f ~ ~ ~ ~•filt~'SI ~ ~'.twf ~ I
- 265. fAr t-.2' a•~~'tlt9'tfA'qf9 '~"ltift ~fAr l!I~ 9flf.f ~ ~·W'f J1RJ-rnb crefJ ~GlJl4G<Jl'A ·~ ~ ~ ~ <RfCin ~ 1 9flf4- '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '~ ~ ~ C'lM' ·(Dissolved Organic Compound, DOC) ~ ~ ~ ~ etf11ctte-.t (DO) '1~141!>141 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1!1~ 1!1~ cift~ ~~ Sl~~CJ!lll:5 ~·~~~~I ~l:. ~ t>l11<PICG1 . ~ '~ ~ ~· 9ffiRfit9f 1lt11l ~ l!I~ ~ ciiff;IJJJU'!Sl<A ~~ ~ I ~~@RS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9flf4" ~~ OJtt4 I ~~ 1tt• CiilTJlfiJ<elC<I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Yfl<JPl1il'(G ..rtf· ~ <R°t ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ t>lql<11Cl1 ~ ~ ~ I )fra,@!) qefJ f<J'dlJli'SI ~ Jj}llC'Slet Yflf.fRt-ft~ MC"lat<elC<I ~ I ~ I~~.,. (Trickling filter process) a ~· Yf'41NsC! ~ ~ ~ ~~l<l<P (filter). C!Sll~!>l<Pl'Sl ~ ~-~ I l!ll: ~~ ~' ~, . ~'~'~~~.~~CR!~ l!I~ l!I~ ~ ~ ~ 1-3 ~I~~'~ ~~~~40-150mm~~ I ~ "'f~IJPl{'J l!ll: "1H2tl<l<P ~ '9Rt ~~ ~~ ~ ~~l'olc<i (uniformly) ~ 9flf.ttf ~ ~ ~ (~ <t.~o aFu) I ~ICH ~ ~ 1!11''1'0IC<I J'11'8flC~I ~ ~ l!lif '9Rt ~ 9flf4- • ~ ~ f.fcR ~ ~ (filtered) ~ ~ l!lcn. <ni f.fcR ~ ~ ~~ ~ '6~ I ~ '6 ~ l!I~ ~"Pl~!)~ ~ ~ ~ Yflf.f ~ 'ft.~~ I PMilCH ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ 'fl-t ~ ~ ~~.~ '6 ~ 61JIC'Al~4 fAl~.)o ••~'1flc"l~~Mtt.rw <fl <tl{(<tl~ ~<IC41at "Jft ~ 1ll zooglea ~ ~ 1 )I.~··~I l!ll: ~ ~ ~ ~' !I ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ .(~ cftl1m~1~, ~ ~) ~ ~ 9flf.ttf ~ C9M ~'ff Pfc411.~ ~ ~ 1 l!ll: ~ J1kc@'!> ~ Ri'dlJl4G'SI (activated sludge reactor)~ 'fft ~ 1 ~~ kt«:5CJl4G<Jl ~·~~~~5Qil~'t'!)~~~-q~"flt~I~~~~~ 1!14 CJ'INJDJC.ij~ ~"c<1S (sedinientation tank) ~ ~' ~ ~(Cfl ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~I~~ 'tif(~!) ~~~ '6 'dlJl~Millll ~~~~~I ~~ctmt~~ 1· ~-=~~<Rlll 1 ~ N ~NO) + NH3 . ""1-l, 7111.. 'R .....~I'( • ~ P ~Po!-
- 266. tt.)o ~' '501effei~fllil,~' 4'tw, ~ -e ill~C+A ~)11-.C+'l ~ (Recycle Processes of Iron, Aluminum, Copper, Glass, Paper ind Plastics) ~ C'1i1f4ti1 ~ ~ f'i;etl!5 'Pf'tl ~ ~ I ~~ 9ft'"'IRf ~~ ~' ~ f'i;etl!S a-cu, <:so1'lfilf.i41111 fi1;etl!5 a-cu, (IS~ Cft ~a-cu,~, <fit~~ ~ acu 1 l.!l~ a-cu .<1J<1~lf3l'IA ~~(IS~~~~~~~' ~ fiftp ~~ 'PfctJ (ljctl{IC~l'SI ~ '91Hl!5Jl'6t ~ ~ ~ ~ MC~ffl!) ~ I ~~ qefJ '91~11'C4 ~8«1ffiRl4'1Act (recycle) <ml ~ -~ W~ ~ ~R!MJIC4 ftJJt~+'l ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ HlJ11l:C4"1 (fl ~8~ :1~ ~1Ci'1'1A ~~ ~(IS ~ ~ '91Hc<l"1 ~ Gn~ ~ ~; Gli1JMC4 ~ Gn~ <Pm ~<1 r ~ ~ ~' C'9f'PfKJ '<3 ?llfJGC4'51 Hl"fll:C4'1 ff~ GflCi'116i11 ~ ~ I ct.)o.) •l'tCIHI fit>tl..C+'t ~ (Recycle Process of Paper) I <r'6~1Ci1 ~ ~ct ~ ir-{; ~ fiJ'fll:fJs'. ~ ~3.!fMt4ll<Pi1'1 <Rf~ I ~ kl>tll:C<PG'i ~ ~- ~ ~'Pf 51iJ!fil'f "4m ~ I lJQtt- . ~' ~' ~' ~~f;f~9f, ~'-, ~ t-q ~ ~l>tl!Jf..4 ~~-~I ·c.fl -~ t-q ~ "f"ll<t81J<f4l ii~~ 9ftfi{ I ~-~ -~ Jf~ ~ ~--.~ -.m· I~ 'Pf'fJ ~~ "4tti'f etr·~ 9ftf.{ ~·--~---!t ~' ~ -e ~<tt<tt5carHr~ ~~ fi4lif4 1 ~--.-~ ~ ~ 91f1c;qc"'1 "1f1qsjlc'~ ~~~~ ~~~--~~ 1 ) I ~-.fiftp·-~ 9"f.ff.•·"(*14J'fil_'l·~•~ I . ~ I ·'9·· TSCts>fiJ'l ~9tJflifC'tf ~- ~'t1JR9f -~--~ ~~ «tf?!C<tlif~ ~ <R ··c.fl~ ~--·. f'11fPC<P~ ~ "9'1ft·lft'6 I ~ 9f1f.{ ~ mR ~~ ~ ~'.tif ~ ~ w9Rf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ +...;;,~"""""''1J.....11-li1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ '91HlC"1t~!) ~ ~~ ~-'IAIJ'll~M4 «1FJH1~ ~ ~ I ~ mR ~9Rf~'l_fi'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 'Olt~il., SltJtt ~ ctfilHlll elf~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ wrt- ~-~~' G41Ci114·-~, ~ ~ Cft ~-~, YiRlc·t~ct, ~ ~ ~ R~ GfJ1pUf.>tJ1 I '9l1f.m CJ1C4~1~ mut11c-l;<1A 9Rt ~~ ~ «lraRI~ ell ~ Cft ~~'f<li ~ ~ <Rt ~ I ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1:~'1f{J ~I CJ1C4~1~ fflijc11CeU'IA ~ ~1G ~ ~ ~ ~ T;lfi'f{!I~ ~&c11if; '4m ~ I ~ tRt'l 't~4'1A'ct~ 1lfiU <JPIRlti1.-H, ~ ~IJ1l$1M4 ~ 't~4'1AC~ 1lfiU ~ ~ 9fR!t"'fN'1 ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1lfiU l:C'lt:il<sl$llf'1f.>tJ1~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I GINsiJ4i1 Cft ~ ~ ~ ~ (~ 2 - 10,000 run~~~~~ ~)~~fir~~ I c.fll: 9flfm ~~~~~~if~~~~ I ~~ Gf)'!C11lf>IJ1 ~ ~ ~~~ ~ (semipermeable membrane ) ~ ~ ~ ~ (0.04-600 nm) I ~- '91'41NsC!5 ~'~'<fit~~~'~ ~fu1;4Jl4~'1 ~ ~ 'Pf1fi{ RC1'1t~ ~~I . •·~ct~ I~~~ l:CG1'91'11~& ~ (~~ ~- ~.~ ~ 'Pf1fi{ C~lfil~lll ~ ~) ~ 9fTf.f ~~ ~l: ~ ~ 41~4~ I ~-~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~I
- 267. ~-1 I CWltftl~ ""'J °4' fPltnt ~ I -~ I ~" ~-21'1'1~~~ 4lf1fifl ~I ~ I ; ~-3 I~ ~ ~ •41"-"'14 •.,,..,.. I ~-4 I~.~~~. ffif I ~-5 I~ • .,..,,~~ I ! .,ft.111111111 + + + + + ~-1 ~·-2 ~-3 ~-4 ~-S + + + I.,.,tfm9f ~ ~ ~ ++ (!Jf't-1 --2 C!lfit-3 IZJ!il-4 QSfit-5 ('llt"tlf1W) (~) (1ft'n1n) (1ft'n11TW) ~) + + + 1~ .. + +~ .. CW'f•~ CIR"' .,,,.., ~ ~.~ ~ GlfT'nlt~ ~ fi;Jr ~.))' • •ltttttiifi"ll~., .., ~fi;Jr (t.)o.~ -~ fi"1l-t+'1 ~ (Recycle process of plastic) 'l~C4i f1t>O...CCP'1 ~ •t1•tl "i4'tftst!S ~ ~ I ) I 'Cllfi'C¥1 ~-fa>ll+aetfl ~ I ~ -. .. ~ ~-.ti ~ ~ ~ 18ttt ~ ~ I "l'f~ G'9fiJ ~ 91~ ~ -.ti ~ ~ ~ 9l411Wlttti ~ 1{111 "tftt"M ~ ,l~•CCP .~. ~ 11T'Ut111ffflm~ ~ ~ I ~I 'Cllfi'C+li fti"lfillflt~•81" atfa>ilt ~ I IS~ ~ ~ ~ -.ti ~ ~ ~ 18ttt ~ ~ I G~ G'9fif ~ ~ ~-.Ct ~ ~ iF'ilii~. ~ «itiilt•tl 11t'Ut11 ~{i,iilil-it9 -.ti ilti1liili ~ ~ "111 IQ~ "'9f!f iiti1liili'1'{i(QCP 1ffflT1l 11{i,ir1t1•t1ct -.ti ~.~ 11't'Ut11 ~~~I I fl>tT le · I "'1fil~ le91l'il51'911f~!i/f{f..til"l'l I ~ ~ I ~1 tJn I ~1-"l'T'5ft_fih_~___,1 ~ ~ I ~<lit~~~ ~ CllfiJ4"SIC;q ~ ~ ~ I 1'tWf "I~~ q· ~~ 'Q"9f '~ 91't'S11t lftl1 I ~ ~ I~ ~"11"fl~iSI ~ fdi4'AC~ '9f'iU NaOH 'S Na2C03 OO't ~ ~ I ~N ~ ~~' T'M~ I 1JP ~91'tlf ~ '9f'iU Ni'Gl'ACet~ ~'1 CRi ~ I ~ ~ W9ftl ~ ~ ~ I ""'~ I ~ ~ -eit '41fif ~~<RT~ I 9f1'AJ ~ I ell Rl>il...'4.,1!S ~ 9fl'<3ll1 ~ ~ ~ ~ am ~~ C1ft'1 ~ ~ I ~ fl5 CRt Rl>11-.c<tS.,<s ~ 91't-em ~ 1 -Q ~I fl5~R>ill:@.,S~1ffflm-.l~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I :II.I =v--1 ~~'lll'Q~ II ~:I 1-- -__...~ ...... :_..,"_.,{.~~.__..~ ~/Na,co, ~f.lh~ I~~ I
- 268. ~.)) ,,,.,,,... "lftt<ii"I~'lftRlf, i(jl~~ilii, 1'19111, w, ~.-. ft1t-t«ift ... (Importance of Recycltng of Iron, Alumtntum, Copper, Glass, Paper and Plastic tn Soctety and.Envtronment) ffi"ll.fil( (recycling) l!l1f ~ ~ ~ 1 • C11 91•~C<!S cqJcq(ttH. ~ ~ ~ · ~ 11faMlifl<! ~ ~ ~~ 'tqStf ~ '<!SttCIS ft1t"'fis( 1ft'f 1 ftJt1•c•c111 lf'ftil '9f•IFl<!I ~' ~ 91ftcetilf 1rll't11 ~ ~ I ftJtl.t411 '4lt'r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <ailCillfits ~ I 11if91 'it1$ (Savtng Energy) 1 fatt~tlii ~ 4101111'1 ~ 9f'1J ~~ C11 ~ ..,. 1{1f ffi"ll.t»iitCJl•fJ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 9f'1J ~~ T! ~ ~ '-iftJ 1'ITttt I ffi"11.C4'1 f'iQ ~ 'ft"f 51i"fi"1'4tl9f'1J~9f1fiR ~ 11'tlct ~ 41i>liJl'1~~~9f'1J ~~ ~~fif ~~ tiCtJlif'I ~I "1ftt*i81 'w.t (Protectf n1 Environment) 1 ~ 9fctJ ~~ •11>1ai111 M•I~, ~tfeif ~~ llflit411ifl<!4iC1t '<aif~ 91ftil1Cef ~ 'O ~ ~ ~ I ~ fiJtl'IJPt.tR C'lll'CiJ1 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1{1f ~ ~ - '1J'tt'ft ~ <inf " I 1't"f 91fic:qc•~ 1f'llli "'1' I ..,_. wf¥'wlf ~ (RedlJctn1 Land Ftlltng) i~ @1uf'1I ~ ~ l[t' ~~ ~ ~ '9f 1'tl ~ "JI' I Gililtllf'11 'lft1r ~11'f ~ ~ "JI' I Gililtltf'11 ~ ft"11•C•"1'ii ~ ~ I ~ ~ I~~·I(:·::)I..,__..,.,I ~ ~1.....----.i·I 'l1W ~. fR1 ct.). I~• b fiJt~+'i ~~~fR <f'.)o.'-' 'f1'f ~ ~ fiJtl-t+'l ~ (Re~ycle process of metal and glass) ~ fiJfl~'. ~ ~ ~ atffil;4Jletl!S ~ ~ :qJ<l(FSIC(llifJ ~ ~ ~ ~ I l!l'lfiU ~~~~~~ct~~~~~ I~~~~ !SIC'T'51C4 ~ .Gl'JJfl(JI ~ ~ ~ I 1111' ~ ~ ~JOl~'--m 9f@<3 ~ ~ ~ 1Jrn 1' 'lf~ ~ ~' ~ '6 ~~ ~ ~ ,~ CR't ~' '4T5 ~ l!l~ ·~~cf''"~I -.met ~ '6 fiiQ ~ ~ l!ICIStiJJ h5 ~ '<3 ~ ~9f ~ ~ I fil~MPt9fJTlf 1£1~ Gll(Rl'! •ls;qcefJ'51 llt-U ~ ~' ~ cssltR ~' Qcl'1)1%4 ~ ~ 9fl'61Jt 11tlr 1 ~ f°iJtllJ"1mRr emf ~ ~ ~~ <inf ~I ~· f11Jfl~~ ~ ~I ~ ~ ~ (1000 kg) ~ ftJf l-t4'1 CR'tl'f 315 kg C02 ~ ~a:r ~ I itil'fJt( (Fe, Al, Cu) -e ~ ~ • <t'ff>t( ~9f ~ ~ ~ 111Jfl.._t4., cmr ~ ~~~~I itil'fJfi( '6 ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ CJtl itiT'f Milil~ ~~~fir 'tc '6 ~ 1'1i''4il'ii ~ l111r I lfilt9~ .... ~.·~ ':llPrJC'CfS'A ~ Gflllftt'T~IM'!JfP/Ci1'il ~ ~~'*t t 1't'Rf 1Pr, ~ ~' ~ '<3 CWff 9f1iiJ ~ ?ll~C4i ~ ~~ ~· I l!l'lfCIS'f· ~l'fJa~J <CIJ:ct(f'tH .m ':llfSttW ~fir ~ ·~ 9fRNSJ'dt ~ I l!I~ ~ 154141CH ~· ~· d<ClllfPi'il ~ C:ctf'!Ciii ~' ~' "tJlt.ritt. ~' ~' c~, -.t'Pf, ~ -e ~·f4'41CH ~ Giliflf)BI"'ffic:qc"f ~·~lft lfm 1 •~ ~ 9iRHAC"f 1111591 ~ ~ ~ ~· ·~ ~ ~ "ff11· ~ CR? ':llfSDt<Pi HJi.l~filt~ Gl'J"Bitctt ~ ~ l!lill'+l:ctl~c.. ~ ~ ·~· ~.1!1-.ft fife~~ CR. I RM~...,~~ ~f~f~~ Q? ~·CR I
- 269. ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~Cf~~~~ 111~ ~ ~ I ~9fft, 5llqel9il ~9Rf ~ 'PftD ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ff; ~~ ~ ~ ~ I~'. fiiJ11l:C<PC'l'il ~ -~ '!Stl<ieliil ~9f ~ ~ ~ 9fHH•<i"f'6 ~ ~ 'i{f Jl~ ~ ~'PfWe '4lJ ~ I ~~, ... ~ (Stimulates the Economy) 1 RJJtl'tGP~tn 1'tif cPft-t ~ ~ "lfi ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~··4~1~~ ~~ '4Nt 9fl111 ~ ~ ~~ ~ Miif"14~, ~OifJl'&I, !1'41~, ~ ~){l{l~M"T RIJJtl~'. ~ ~ <mfi{ I RJ11~~ !lra,.!JHI ~ ~ • 51-pi'Sl'l <ml~~~~ (sources)~l'lt'Sfm 1 lftl'f·~~~~ I ct.)).) ·"'1nif ftJt~fis(cH ff'l (Importance of Recycling of Iron) -~IC"!S'SI ~ ~ ~ RJ1rl:fjl'. <Rt~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ fiiJ11l:GJ~ ~ I ~ -~IC'!>'S1 RJ11l:C4'1Clll'tl ~fif ~ 9ffijf, ~' • lll'~, ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'1 ~I 2008 ~ ~ Rt1 97% ~~~~~~~~~~Cf'- 106% ~ ~"llf RJJtll:<AWt .~ I '1! 150~ ~ ~ '6 ~ "fa1ail"SIC<i RJJtll:C411 ~ I ~ "'1ftif ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fillf~C.-1 "'f"fl~t "'~ etCiif's•ett<q '1l'RM• I 5llHC~'SI '5114R4 ~ ~ M'l'l'1C~'SI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ RIJJtll:C4i1 ~ ~9flifi{.~ ·~~ J1!let'!>'SI ~I ~J11l:C4i1 ~~l{J ~ '6 IOlliliH•ii'A 51'<1M~ ~ ~~;qf'1il ~ 91fil;qc;£~ ~ 'i{f I m-, ~ ~ 5llJJ'SIC~<s1 RIJ1l~C4vt ~ ~ ~ 'e ~'IMi!lt if' ~ I ~'9fiij' RIJ1l~<JP1 ~R!la4Jl{J ~ 4~C'1'S1 ~ ~ ~' ~ ~ '6 ~ <lil9fj ~ ~ I ~ Olfl RIJJtl..C<Pi1 «lffiRlil-~~ ·~ ~ CPIT~ (respirator)~~~ I ~ ~fis<cn ~ Jtlat~ -e ·Pfff<w•t~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ M'iil-tc:-1 !ill4fil<P ~ - ~·~ ~~~~~~I~~ '5114fil~C4 '1tv ~ ~ I l!lit ~ ~ "1f1siil,'f ~ ~ '91RIC<1c•r ~~I ~ I ~ Rl:>jll:C4'1 ~ '6114fil<P ~ ~ ~ ~~l<a * ~~I ~ JJtliil~4 -e· '91~C<l·f'f"5 ~ ~'6 ~~I ~ I ~ M'iil-tc:-1 5ll<Pfil<P ~ ~ ~ ~~~~I~ cr-u ~~~~~I «$lcpf!4 ~~~~I ~'iffil ~ ~ ~ f.l'lil"IC91'1 "1fict"4' fiJt-C+'t ~ ~ ~ C$l'q I 8 I ~ RIJ.tl~4it l!iWHl4' .. ~<Pl<a<P ~ ~ '91Rliil,'1 ~ ~ ~ I·~, '51l<Pfil4 ~ ~ M'iil~ C<Pt4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ilC~l911-'S ~~~I ~ 11C~l9'1~ ~~ ~ ~ '1JPJ, ~ ~ ~ Ml4~1 ~ I fiiJJtt-C411 ~ffiHllil '<PW{ ilC~l519'~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I <? I ':51IHC~'A 5114fil<P ~ ffi:J ~ )j($'fi1'8j -rn I ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ '51IHC~il ~ ~ ~I ~ I RIJJt~C4'1 ~ffiRJl44 ~ ~~~~·~, ~~~ ~~~ '6 ~ ~~Cfrn ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~-'~"' .. '<qi1(~I C I RIJ1rl:C4'1 l!iffiRl4l (f9ff ~ ~ ~ I lPCif ~ <qjq~Yf~l'SI ~ '4lJ ~ ~~~~~~~I b" I ~ ':51IHC~'S1 't9f (landfills) ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '6 ~ ~ "<ltS I~~.~~~~RJ11-C441 ~~141 ~"<PWf ~ ~~ 9fm I • ct.)).~ 'dOl'lfil~tlat ftJt~6km ~ (lmporatance of Recycling of Aluminium) 51Jl'lfilM4llii RJJtll:Qa~ ~ C<P;q11111ai ~~~(remelting) ~~I'S! 11t~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ·~ Yl~Nic" <a4Jl'lfi!M{Jlil Mlfil~ ~ • ~ ~ Rl:>t~~-~ ~ ~ 5% ~C4llet~ ~ J ~ '501'Jfil~fllit fiJt.. ~ *llW •• fllla I ~ ~ cqlcilfil<Pl41 ~~ '=ijl~M411DBI 31%-~ raJJt~C<Pi'l '1'l~lil 9fl'e1n ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~ 51JliJfilM441Cii~ 20%-~ HlJ11~C<Pi14f'! 51JIOJfilM4llil 1 '6tl'<tetfl%4 51Jl'lfilM4llil ~~f]Ut'G~u (International Aluminium Institute, ILU) 51Mt
- 270. . <t.))." ~ ~111l:fls(m~ (.Importance of Recyclint of ~opper) ~ ~ ~ '<qS9ITTf '6 <iS9"il ~'4il HlJtl~C4'1 ~ ~ I ~9"mt ~ 9f~ Rt"ll1't4'1 ~ I ~~ ~ ~ fPrwff ~ ~ emG ..,S9fl'il ~ «iC"lif~fJ·~flT1f ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~~~~··~~I ..,S9f'Rf '6 ~ 'ltt.Cff fi'ftn 51~Nl4 ~ ~ ~(surplus)~~ t~ f.1'8'i1~ 1 ~9t ..,S9fttff bl~'fl'R 24% ~ HJ:Jil~C4il'f!S<iS9ftil I <iS9f'Rf HlJil~Qs'.'CRt"141Rl!S1 ~ ~ '4i1t ~I ) I 91fi,;q'1 t1lft (Saving Environment) l<iS9ftm 5114H4 ~ -e ~t'!tlftct ~'fl c.!I~ ~ ~ ~ Jil'l(l'l'A ill:51itll:5 ~ ~ ~ ~ lJt1i I c.!I~ ytfilc;qc~ '9fiU lll'SU~4 1"Ns4'A I ~ <iS9f'Rf "'911'Ti!41~<511 J11'1(1'1<51 Sl~itl~5 "f'.~ '4tl 'fl'11'iP~fil4 c.!I~ ~~ ~ ~ I "11"IWC'A, ~9f'Rf RIJtl~C4"1 «tffil;4Jl41 c.!I~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ DCi'f I ~ ctl{i1'5Cii ~ ~ Sl~51i!ll~5 ~ ~'1~ '9irn I ,. ~I .. CU<q~919'111 "<qJ1f (Waste Management Cost) I <iS~ ~ ~9Mm ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I RIJtl~C4'1 «tFJl;"'~ ~ <iS9ftil ~ Wt "1Rlll1Cct ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~~"i{fI ~~~9fttif~ I "I ~"ft$ (Energy Saving) I ~ C~ ~' <iS9ftil 51t~4 ~ ~ ~·<iS9fRf ~~. Cq'{J~• ~ «iCSlletil ~ 100 OJ (fit'1t ¥)I c.!llit ~ bs -.tNJ I ~ RIJtl'~C4'1 «tMa~ISI c.!I ~ ~ 10% ~ ~ I c.!I ~ ~ ~ ~ <."1c'Qlf'141111 C'Pf, ~ 4'f ~ ~ ~ I 8 I ~ en.rte.- ~'1¥4 (Conservation of Copper Ores) I ~ <iS91N ~ 12% ~C(31'1il '4i1t ~I c.!I~ c.£1'4ff; ~ 9tHl~IC'til~"f I c.!l<iS ~ ~ ~l'fNs4 <iS~ ~oolf'1!S ~I R!Jtll:C4"1 ~ ~9flm ~ "f~~ ~ I ~ '11, 2020 ~ ~ ~Jil~C4i'l'f'!S 51Jl"Jfilf.HHDB1 ~ 50% ~ ~ I eo11J:fil~1t11 •rtJ11•cn 'tliftfiMa ~ 91ftc;q+tt .... 1 :> I. 5IJl~f.rn111 Hl)ll~~~ ~~ qrn ~ ~. 9fm I GIJl41filf.rnlil ~ • ~ 'Pf1ilJ ~ ~ "Sfrn~ ~ 5ll'ql&f~I '9f (landfills) ~ ~ ~ ~'1ic<l1'C'1 ~ ~~ ~ zji I R!Jtl-'461 ~ 5ll<q6f~t~ q_9f~ 9fm c.!I~ c.!1'9MJ .~'6 ~ llm I ~ I ell ~ ~ 5IJl41filM!Jlll ~~ ~ -.rr, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~Jl'JfilM4Jill ""'51.......l~..,..+.. IM~~ I ~ ~ ~ '51J141filM{Jlll ~la!Ji)[~ RlJtl~C4"1 ~ ~~~~~I :) I 51Ji6l.filM{Jli! ~ 51j;q6f~1 ''9f ~ ~ ~ 1.11'141~ ~ ~ ~ 9fmf I 'lfJl41filMllli! R!Jtl~Qs'-~ ~ 5IJl41filMllli! ~~ 5% ~ Sl~itl~5 ~ ~ "Q' I ~ ~ ~ctoo'tl c.!lil <mt't ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "1Rlc;qat ~'til ~ c.!lil cm ~ ~ct ~ I c.!I~ ~'trn ~ '~ ~' ~ c.!l<iS ~ 51Jl'JfiiMtJlil R!Jtf~t4'1 <Rt~~~ 12 u-., ~ 51~51~1'$:5 ~ ~ ~~ ~ I ~ 51ll'lfilM"lil R!Jtl~(ASG'j ~ ~ - ~ ~~9fml 8 l 5IJl41fitM"lil <ISJR ~ ~ ~ '51l'6~ ~ ~tfr-l '4Rf't ~ c.!lil RIJtl~'- I c.!lil ~ 5IJl41filM411C11<51 ~~ ~ ~ ~ 11m I ct I 5{Jtwffet~1lif rt11• 91fft<qcwtf ~'"'•Ill I ~ ~' 5IJl41fitf.1"111.~ 51JllJ:filM!Jlil ~(can)~~~'- (casting) ~9f c.!l<iS $ ~ ~~ 3,500 L ft «iCllletil ~I c.!I~ 51ll'J.filf-'441lii fi'ftn ~ JillJt)lil c.!1"4ftt I c.!IN~ C'114iteil'A 1ltiU 9flfif ~~.~ ~ ~ I m~ 51JliJ.filM"lll 9ftijJ ~ ~ R!Jtl~C4'1 '4Wr ~ ~ c.£1C4<ql~ ~. lITTl 1 ~ ~~'9trnl
- 271. PVC ~l<qlCH {l, Cill~C4~/~~ ~ ~~~; 001lM, fiiiilC~il ~~ '(3 ~ ~ ~-~C! ~ ccs91fJtffl 1~ -e 91ra.1:a• ~ ~•~'!) ~ HDPE ~~- ~ . ~·~~ ~<l ~ ~-~C!PET ~CO ~~lf .. ~ I '5tCiiRl+olC"4 'INNM• (Economy) I 5114R4 ~ ·'49f'Rt ~C'dlilii -e Miilil*'1tii'A cml Rl'fil:C4dl ~ ~ I Rll'f ll:C4i1 tifuRI 41 ~9e ~91'Af 9ft'1R '{i1J '411 ~ I ~.)).8 C9f11R ftJlfl-fal<CH ... (Importance of Paper. Recycltng) Cf9t1' C9f9ITTJ ~ ~ C9f9ITTJ ~91MiiC4 ·~ ftJlf~fiic.• ~I ~ "9tTt'fi cretf C9f91'Af · :>jf<l~iil'!> ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1el'1 ~ ~~ tiffila'4141 C9f9ITTJ ~ C9f9il'Retl! B<fJ ~~ ~CRT~ I ~ ~ 70% C9f9ITTJ ~ (pulp) ~~~<Rf~ I •1r;<qtt'tt1J ~ ~ ~, ~.. ~ ~ ifG <15'f~ f<ll'fll:t4'1 CRt'f ~.. ~ ~ ~ 9fm I~~ .. ~~~ f<ll'f l..'411 CRt'f ~ ~ oo-t ~ ~ 9fm I 1'tlT ~ ~~ ~ ~~ "iRCqC-t'R ~ ~ ~ I JlfliilfWMs '3 '*tftc:qcllfi C'lftilr C9f4111 ftJlfl-c•c..t ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'llSef914 ~~~I ~;f ~- ~- ~ I ~ Rll'fl..'4'1 ~ ~~ ~ ~ I ~ I C9f9'1f ftJlft~ '*tftC"481 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~/C9f9ITTf ~~ ti~l!J ~fir tfl9f 51il'f'R'1 ~ ~ ~ 9if<lt<qC-t'R ~ ~ I fq ~ ~· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ tn~fir '51-J:l'f'RC'Rf tit411etii ~ I ~ ~ RIJ'!l~C4'1 ~Qa!Jl41 '411 ~' 9f1f.f ~q'. 'Rll'f 141M4 ~ 'lfM I ~ ~ '(3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I C9f9fm Rl'f l~~'t1f ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ '6 <15'f~ ~ 415lijli1 ~ )fijj~<slr;<q l'f~i'l"OJ I ~ ~ ~ ~~ c.q-'11~• ~ -e ·~ ~ qJq~lt'A ~ ~ ~ Rll'fl~'- ~~ cmi ~ '411 ~ I ~ ~ effiJRlt~ ~ _. I 8 I 5flqlfi11 ~~ (landfills) 80% ~ ~ C9f'Pllt I ~ '5114'etiil ~ ~ ~ <1if~ ~ ~ m llm 1 <1if~ Rl<>tl~C4., ~ ~ ~ ~~ "'';qefi11 ~ '9ITTf'1t/~ (landfills)~~ llm I ~ ~ ~ ~ "i1t I ct I 5il~efi1l'R '(t9f ~ ~ 1it~ ~~~ct oo-t wr ~ ~ f.<tt411Nt! (decompose) m ~ ~ (~~ ~ - ~)~~~I ~ ~ ~9f ~~ ~ 51~'9111~C'if cm 21 ect oo-t I ~~'1alltii.~~1'1CWHI ~~~I~ <15'f~ Rl"fl~t4'1 <Rtl'f ~ - ~ ~-~ ~ 1 ~ • ~ ~~ c~ ~ ~ 9fm 1 ~ ~~ltJ 91Rlc;q-t ~ ~t-'GIOBftii'R G4,_l-.'i"1){( NOx ~ ~ ~ I ~ I C9191R fifWf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I f<l:rtl~C4'1 d!if'fMrl41 ~ ~ 1'fte't. I 1'tlT cretf 9ftfi{ fi ~ 9flfif ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~.)).~ ~ ftJlf•CR ~(Importance ofRecYcling of Plastics) ~ Rl>tl~GP~ ~..n; ~ ~film ~I 5iliilt"f'A ~ ~ ~-Gll"fl'l!, ~' ~" 1ftWf, ~ ~~e1Cii·, .,,~.. ,·~ ~ ~ ~~-;qr ql.,~'51 ~ ~ 9f1ijf 1m"lfl ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ttlfSGC4~ ~ I ~~ 5ili!IC"f~ ~ ~ ~ ~ tilfSGC4* ~I ttlfJ;iC4'R f<l:rtl~'. ~~ ~ ~ ~q'- ~ ~ff; ~ ~ ~ ~I ~~ ~9il"fii4l"'AI ~9111 ~-;qr~~~,, ~ ~-~ I ~tstcl!A'Rll~~ tlPlcw ~ ~4'i(ICH ~
- 272. ~ -e 91Hc<ic•t~ H:>tl.. Ql'.tmf ~~ f.{ts ~Wit 1 ) 1 - ~~ (Reduction of Carbon Footprint) 1 ~ ~ H>tl..C+rl ~ fi'1$1C'i?Wl ~~ ~~91_'1' ~ I • ~ ~ ~ll<l<ft'Si ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ (lumber) '<ai~ ~ llm I~~~, ~ ~ <a'i1'141~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 9fmf I ~ ~~ Qft(JICYJ: I~~~~~~-~ (foot print),,J?T ~I ~ 1 ~~(Saving Costs) 2009 ~ 479 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~'lit 2007 ~·crnr 47%~I ~~fir~~~~~~ I 2010 ~ ~ ~ 940~ Si'fle'Si'A Cf9IT ~~~~I ~~ lfC'f ~ ~ <Plt>llllil ~ ~ ~ ~~ q-rn 80-90%~'~I~"~ H>tl~~ ~~ 'll'!etii4 ~ I :) 1 ·~ ~ (Reducing Waste) 1 ~ ~ ~'f~C! ~ ~ ~ 'PfW 'i1'T (durable) 1 ~rs ~ -e ~ ~ ~'6~ ~rs ~ <11<1~1:acaJl'1l~ 1 ~ ~'f~C! "ll<1eft11l((C9f (landfill) ~rs ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ 1 ~~ ~ ~ "<It ~ ~ ~ ~fS MC411Nw! ~ -n 1 ~rs 4!ft'1Mt4ilet91CaJl'1l (biodegradable) ~ 1 <iJl4tGH411 .~~ "llaFitct ~ 'Pfml-n I ~~l~<a'11ifi9f, ~ ":tlf1iit4'Si ~~~ff; M«llNw!~ ~'4 ~~~I ~ ~11· crnl ifV ~ ':tlPGC4'A ~'1MC41IM! (biodegraded) ~om 111!l~<a llC41lttii ~ I ~ ~ ~' ~ H>tl..'4'1 ~ 91HC<IC-ft~ ~~ ~~ lfC'f ~ ~~ ~ I s 1 "'"lfiHilii ~ ~ ~ (Reduction of Oil Consumption) ~ ~ C91c°Glf'l41111 "<It !ll'f~4 '1JTt'Rf ~91l~IC91'Si 'Sil>tlfJM4 "1Rl<1<t91 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~~ "liioqlMCCJlitJ (non-renewable)~~~~ I ~ ~' ~~ ~ C<ll!Cdl<a ~'4 ~'.'-t ~'-t ~ <.91c;'Dlfi1411~ C!1'f 11'4U•M ~ 1 s611~ca,14' W.M~Jl'l(Jl<a Rl>tl~'. C4"fi ~ •1C<lq'fll1 ~ ~' ~'4 ~ H>tl..C461'f! ~ 16.3 ~ C'Pf w.t ~I ~ H>tl..C4'1 !IWRlfJ C91c'Glf'l411~ C!tl'Rf. ~ !IC411eti1 ~ ~ I ~ ~ fl>t~i'f '4Wf ~ 'Jl'llM'Si ~ ~~~~I t- 1 1ftif ~ (Saving Energy) ~ ~ ~"lfi~ <."lcDlfiltJI~ CPlt4 ~ ~ (derivatives) ~ ~ ~ I ~~ ~,... ctfa~ 11fitat111...-f (free radical polymeriz.at:ion) '4'Sit ~ 1 ~ i!ifflRltJ 100 atm Dt9f -e 100°c '!!~ i!itJHVM ~ 1 ~ ~ F4'filkltJ ~ct111ttAl'fJ ~ ~'<Im~ I H>tl-fMH ~--tNJ'<lrn~ I~~~~~~~~'~ ~~,~~~~~~·~~~l~~fflRlfJ~~~~C!!liM~I ~ C11T-CSiiPlft ~~~~,..,.,_~11~ LDPE ~ ~ ~!~'Si ~ llWR!st! & pp 9ffir~~ .,,_,~ .. 1 ~' ~'(3~ ~ ~ ~~~t! & "1f'IJG1~ .. lC411•t$ ~' ~ ~~ (l, (.~-c""' ·~i'H PS ~' ~~ cP~9f, ":tlf1ii'4'Si 1r:tT ~; -.:Ci'l~Mii ~; -~ .. <l~l<l'Si"f ll•~C! ~'Pfm~fir~ Cll'lllll.. C..'Si ~ C~ '<3 ~9f dq~C! & ~ ~ <IJ<l~qf~ ~I
- 273. <t.)~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ " '5f1Rtrt (Advantages antjj Disadvantages of Coal- Dependent Electricity Generation Plant) .. ~ ~~ llMJ ~~I Qtl: ~ ~' '2il'ft!>4 '1JPl ~ ~~ ~~ ~ 9frof I "fmt ~ 'll"<r ~- ~ ~ "4ti1 ~ ~~ ~ I ~~ ~ <IJ<it(ICH-~ '<3 ~ ~-l: ~I~ <ISPft ~ ~- ~ ~ '6 ~ ~IC'llf6'6 ~I ~lqt)ff( (Advantages) I ) I ~ ~ ~ ~I f.q{ ~~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~-~ <i{lill'A~fif ~ '<3 'J1'ltmfct ~ ~ I ·~~f~ ~ lif1fir '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~I~~~~~~~-~~~~~ I~~ ~l'&~Ns4W~~ ~I~ I ;-, ~ ~7.., -.1W I~~ ~ll1f.t i1(,'t'+'f 1RIltfWtil'f.. ·et'hPf -~·~~ c~l!SIOct4 «1f'!cci51-. ar'f1f.t~~c4:a ~-.'Jl1~ 1 ~I ) J ...~~!~Iii ~t_'(Jt '6 ~ :("1.:4fil! ~1'ft4t ~ ~ ~) ~ I •'Gt•Ufll!J ~ ~- (~, ~' '1JPT)·~ I ~ ~- ~ "'9r!l ~··~· (CO,C02,NOX,sox ~) t 8 I ilfRttAC'Ui ~~ ~ (1"$, ~ ~· ~ .911.~) ct I ..... - ~ '6 '11Pf) ~-1.~ ~'Jfi{~+A'1(~ f6~f4)f~~ ~) C I ~··is-~ ~C~ 'Pt1Ff ~'I·ct.)).~ w ft)f~il(tR ~a (Importance of Glas$ Recycling) ~ ffJ11'"*'- ~~ ~ ~ (sustainable) 1 ~ 1'4J1il:f*c41<s1 >11111f9t4 '<3 Y1Rlc<1Wf~ ~~ f.fo> li'-VJfit~ -~ WfT I ) 1 "t~Ctq*'I ~ (Saving Environment) ~ AlJ'lll:fili'. ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm ~~ ~~ ~'<3~ 9frn 111fNR ~ct~ C~ ~ - '1J1li ~ ~ l1m I~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ RIJ11'$:C40'f ~ C02 ~~~~CRT~~ I ~ 1 ~ ~ (Saving Energy) a ~~ '4iD filfCI 50% ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~91 I ~ ~' ~~ '<3 >tltfql'SI ~ ~ ~ ~~ '2iC"l9M ~I~~ ~~~~~~~1~11fNR~~1~~(fumace)~~~~ '2il'ff?b4 'Wt'~~~~'-~~~~~ 1lfNR '2ialletii ~I~ efl (cullet) ~'f ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ 9fm I ~ 41t:WltG'S1 'f'i'r-n~"4 ~ I ~~ '>tltITTt't ~ ~ 10% ~f!>AlSi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ 2.5 ~ 3o/~ 9fm I ~I ciJ11 ~ (Saving Costs) I ~ cm ~' (cullets) ~ AlJ11'$:fi,'- '4Wf cm ~~ ~~ 9frn I 41CG"ltG'SI ~ct ~~ ~ ~ ~~ '2iC4llet~41 ~ ~ ~ct ~ 9frn I '>tl~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ cm ~~ f'lfi141'SI ~ 18% ~ ~ ~'f ~~I ~ ~ ~~ ~ !frn (10 GJ/ ~ (f't~~) I ~ 11J11'$:'4'1'f6 ~ 10% ~NsRI'& ~ ~ ~ (1.0 GJ/ ~ ~f!>RI'& ~ ~ 1lfTt'f I ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ,1 ~cm Ri:>11l:'4CG"I qrn~ '9frn , a 1 'dfl;q.-.,1 ~ ttlll•ttt ~111fSt (Saving landfills) a "41511J1ll:t4i1 ~ qeij~ ~ ~ ·9fm I ~~ cm ~ ~ ~ ~'ft ~ 9frn I ~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (landfill) ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~'® ~ ~l<llJ191 ~ ~ ~ I ~91 ~cm~ ~~~~~~'Sfif~I <t 1 -.1f ~ (Employment) ~- ~~' ~-CCf5m ~ ~ "4lf ~~ ~ 1 ~ifi91 fiiJ'lll:fipt,. Jilill~4 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ 1 ~~~(Reduction of Water Pollution) ~"415 "111•1<a4<acct ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~-~, <P1t>lilltf ~ ~ ~~~~~~-~cm 50% ~ ,. "6ll: "4fDfilfCI Al>tll:C4"1 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I
- 274. ~ ~ ~"1~.,'81 I ~ ~ ~ fC410il'A cm ~ ~ ~ (~) !frn ~ stl41'1rn 9ft'(31fl ~ I 8 I ~~'.--f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~OOli191 .~ ~ I ~1f ~C'ClilCil ~ ~ ~ ~I tt I~-~~~~~ -m-1 ~ ~ 5fl<PICH ~ ~-~ ~ ~~ ~ ~9M ~~I ~I ~~ ~-~ ~ ~ C<P1'if ~ ~ ~9M ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ :>t'A<q'AI~ ~ ~I $ ~ ~-~ ~ ~ ~ iill~til'A ~"Clll~ ~' ~ ~ '1'A<q'AI~ ~ 9fte1IT ~ I ·et1Raql'1f( (Disadvaatages) I ~I ~ ~~ ~"1Mi1CCll'1J ~ (non-reproduceable) ~~'- ~ ~ (fast depleting) 1 ~ 1 ~~~(energy density)~ fC41Cil'A cm~' ~it ~ ~ ~ ~~ 5fl4J§Ci1 ~9f:f ~ ~~ 5414J§Ci1'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~9fW ~ rnl1 ~ ~ I Ct(1Jif t!ll"ff'!s<P ~ ~ ~ ~ cm ~ I ~ I ~ "1Ri<q~Cf fU11 ~ ~ I ClJ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C'f ~ ~ ~ 5fl11'1IM'A ~ ·~ ~ f.rmct ~ ~ I ~ ~~· '9fiU ~ ~ f.ro! ~I 8 I~~ ~9f'!f ~ O~ (coal dust) lll'Al~<P MC-.l'A'1 ~ I ~" ~ _"1f<i<q~'f ~ ~~ ~ )1§4'fl Fro! ~ I (t I ~ ~"net qJ1J ~ h, ~ ~ ~ 2/3 ~ '9fiU ~ 1l1ft ~ ~ ~ ~~ "f<ciJI~ ~ ~I ~I~ 11! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Sl~Giiil~5 'fJlll ~ ~' ~ ~~ ~ ~ '1JPf I ~1f ~ ~ ~nr-; ~ I ~ I ~ ~ ...Ns<Pl'A<P W~ ~ ~ I ~~ti{~~ (air borne) Cf?~-~~ 9fmf I 1't'f ~ 1JlijJf ~ ~~I ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~'!l ~~~~~I~~~~~~ 'scrubber'~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ "ftG<Pltill ~ ~ 1 scrubber (~) ~9M ~ fU11 ~ om 1 :O- 1 '<PlJl'fT:~ ~~ ~ "5m9fTC-Rf ~ ifl'Al~<P::Sle<q ...~ ~ I t'.)" ~ "tltJ.Jl'1 ~ ~ ct~ ct1'4fit• ~ (Primary Concept on Nanoparticles and Nanotechnology) · ~ "11tt'4JI., ~ ~ ~ 'f!il<Pl'A "4'f't I ~ "11ft'<P:J1'1 ""-~ ~ M•lti1'A '2t~f9C<P ~ ·-~ I~ • ~ M&IC91'A ~~M4§JI • I 1996 ~ fl1f ._ (Robert Curl, 1933), ~ CilFftlJt (Harold Kroto, 1919-) ~<ft. fb1' ~ (Richard Smalley, 1943-2005) ~ fW'IA., (fullerenes) "flMitilCH ~ '~' ~Harry Kroto.Curt ~~Richard Smalley 1995 "'l'TCil' .:i1qsfilf.u;Jl;iif'llRl91 5llH~ICU "tfiU ~ 'PfR 1 "!'f t"'IRl91 ~ ~~ ~ C6o ~ ~ ~ 9fy;, 1 C60, ~ ~ ~ ~ )l'f~44 fAf t-.)~ 1 ~, c60 (hexagonal) ~<ft. ~tflt~41 (pentagonal)'~~~ ;q{'1141'A (sphere) <Pl~IC~I ~~I ~ GllMitilCH ~ 1000 ~it CrnT'6 ~ ~ ~ "flM·'f® ~I~~ ~ ~' .st •ulC~lll f'llfltil'R ~ ~ ~ I ~9AJ ~ ~ ~ 11! ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9fttit 1 ~O'f'RC<P ·-u1c-.1t1.-...· ~ 1 ~"Ri9f i1111flCct'R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CUPf (diameter)~ ~I ~it~ 1 nm~ (lxl0-9m) I~·~~~~~'~ ~911'51~1'1M4 '6 ~'1M<P ~~~I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~C441Sf~41. ~' ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~9f ~<Rt~,~~~ yt~c;qc-t<sf W9Rf ~1f ~ ~~ ~- ~efif ~ ~ ~ 1 M•lti1'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ w ~ 1 !11f
- 275. ~ ~ ~1'~ ~, ~ ~, ~~ ~ ~9ftitt1 ~ ~C4'1et~4' '9fm'ft'6 "11 ~C4'1etil ~ I ~~' ~CilcMaMit '8 ~;qf<ll'TJl4' ~~~·~~I<t.)".) 'iUftitt "ftftf'+'t ~'iUttitt.rt (Nanoparticles) ~ • ~ ~~·~ Wft ~ ~ ~' ~ ~~ 1,cf ~~ (a whole unit) ~ ~ ~' ~ ~<IS ~ ~ 5TilJ ~ 9fA<q~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I <IS~~ !TOOf ~(diameter) G4'f'llC'A ~f'Clf"Ctic1.-r ~ ~ 1 ~- ~) 1i('fr.tt ~I (Coarse particles) 8 10,000 ~ 2,500 nm G4141~'R 4'11C4 t('fl•hi ~~~· - (~)~...rt I (Fine particles) g 2500 ~ 100 nm G414IC'A'A <IS'1TC4~...rt~ I (tt) 'iUttitt ~ I (Nano particles) 8 ~ ~ 'ift ~ ~ <IS'1'11' (ultrafine particles) ~ ~ 1~lOOnm1 ~<1Scttt4~~~W9Rf~~~~~'1~.~ I~ ~) 'iUttitt ell{ (Nano clusters) I ~ ~~ l:Cl'ft ~~ G4'11'11'11'A (amorphous) 'ift ~- C4'11Jtl4l'A (semi-crystalline)~ '1~i!f"Ctfaft (non-structure) <IS'11>t~ft I ~t"Rf ~<IS~~ 1 ~ 10 nm ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~(narrow size distribution) M'1J1'1'1 I (~) 'iUttitt 9't (Nano powder) I ~$ "1'1li!l'11'A (non-crystalline) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~(agglomeration) 1 ~~ ~~~~ 100 nm ~1' a>t11~~ I on 'iUttitt ~(Nano crystals) I~ '>t;q5l'f eutci1t ~~~(dimension)~ 100 nm~~ a>tll~~ ~Cft. ·~c4"11>tl41'A (single-crystalline)' '1~'1Mfifl !>I01'AC4~~~ 1 <t.)".~'iU1titt~(Nano Technology) ~ • ~ ~~ ~~ .; o$ 1-100 nm G414IC'A'A Clflt~ ~ ~I ~ f<l•IC"li ~ ~ ~~ ~' ~ is ~ ~ G4141C<A<A lfPt ~ ~'11 ~ ~ ~ 1lft'6 <Rf ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fill~"! '8 "IJIC"llffl~<I I ~ «t~'1Jl<A "'1ffi ~ ~ 1 ~- ~ 1 RD ~ W9ftif ~ (Bottom-up approach) '8 ~ 1 W9Rf ~ ~ lfl1ctt (Top-down approach) 1 ~ ~t"Rf ~ "41"115111 ~ WTt 1 ) I f.W ~ t"ftf ~ (Bottom-up approach) 8 ~ ~ >tl(IC':O "fa ~'1, ~ 'ift t911'11'1>t){t( ~ ~ ~ Cit ~ G4141C<A<A ~ ~ '4<ATt ~ ie ~ 'ift 1fl GCIM-r;l:a '41ft ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ;q'6'~1C'1 ~ ~~1,cf t~ ill>tl41M4 ~' ~ ~~ ~ ;qff'tfirr14 91f'1~1CH ~9ftl'M ~ ~ I ~ I '911~ f.W ~ (Top-down approach) 8 ~ • ~ t9ftR ~ R~ ~ I 1~141<A ~~~<PCtf ~·~I~~~~~~C"ftif ~ ~. '6 ~tBJ'SI ~ ifi~ ~ I~~ C41'{,Cifl~9JCIS I ~~ ~9Al cm~(~~' !<l'l)Ns4, ~ ~ ~) 1~141'A (~ 1l'elM4 ~ ~) '6 ~ <ISctR ~ ~ ~ I . ~~ ~'11('51'1 ~- ~ ~ ~ <IS'1'11' ~ '~ ~ <IS'flfh C'ifiiJl(!S'l Qll41!>C"l'A ~ ~ 'Pfm 1 ~ <iS'tlfh ~, ~9fm ~"<I'~ ~ce1;q<f41 ~ 91ra;qRt«!> ~ ~ 91JIC'111'1iill4' <!SctR/~ ~~ ie MffiRl>tt(, ~ ~ RfiltW ~ ~~ ~ 1fl~ ~ 1flff ~ ~ ~ ~ 11ra;qJ~!> ~- ~ >t4"1C4- ~~'Gill~•~ (nonoionics) "<l'twf 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ c41"1C•BI '5114~ ~I~~~~~~ I~ ~ '2fl'1'Sll>tl~M4 ~ ~ ~~ ~~ R~ ~ 9fttif I t-.)"·"'iU1titt41·t19t «11•1' ~ ~ (SomeStudy-Fields of Nanotechnology) ~ • ~J<q(IC'A ~9f:f ~ <ISctR ~ '8 ~ ~ ~I ~ M•lc-1'SI !Im ~ 0~"!.'1'llft4lm ~~ '1mctt ~ I ~ii 1fCl(f ~"1~'elC<q ~Cti~'1J ~-
- 276. ~,..~ ~Ca- • ~g~(interface) '<3 <Pi1C4lS (colloids)~~~ e~9!_cf ~ ~ 9frof I g~l~'51'1~~9f, ~ '1JICiilfUg;q '(3 ~ fi11HM ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ '(3 ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ct ~ ~ ~ 1'1JIC'1IGfl4lM<P '(3 '1JIC'11l:Ci1~MCJI' ~~ Rl'l{ltq'I I • ;q'6illC'1 ~ ~f@rJ<P ~~~~~~~I • ~~ CIJfiUJf ~ CilNPl'1~~~~1 • P1fil<P'1 ~ ~ (silicon solar cells) ~~ "1fil_.qct "1l"!Set'1<P ~ ~ C4A g1,11;qc11 ~ ·~~I ,• ~ "tqS9°nl C>tfil<P~ll'A>ti[:( ~ ~efti'A ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~?!. ~~~C!i, GllC111<P ~'~~~~~~(biological imaging)~~~~~ I e.se.s f'llft91 (Fullerenes) <Pl4C'1'A ~ "'Ai"1C"!SC~'A 'lltau ~' -m'(3 fi1lra'1 ~ I ~~ ~au ~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~ <rc'f ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 t111ra11 ~~ ~ -;qsctt 1 ~~ ~~ C60, 6ofS ~ ~'1 ~~~I ~~ ~ tiff; 9f~ 'C 2off; ~~I ~~ ~ ~ ~'.f. ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ >ii!C(ll~ ~ ~ ~ I fl'llraeii<a ~ 1.27 g I cm? I fi'llra'1>ti[:( l:tl'1~'1 ~ct ~ -.~ ~ ~ ~ I ~it 1lau ~ ~ ~~ '<3 "lf~ "5tt9f l:c11<irat'1'A 1J1Ns~i1!il ~ ~ 1 ~ ~flt ~~ ~9f"1~<ql~ (semiconductor]~~ ~ 9fror 1 ~flt ~ CRcR C411l>tl<Pl<a ~, c;qiifettii ~, ~tfi14lltii<a ~ RIMa{ll~ ~~ ~ C411l>tl<Pl'A ~ ~ ~I fi11rai1 ~ ~1>ii[:( ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l:t11<iraf.1<Pm, ~ '2t'I~'!) -c 41(3c<PiG ~ ~~~~ 1 ct.)~.ct~~ (NanoTubes) '1JIC'1l<s1:>fl4IC'1 ~ ~ ~ 'C ~it ~ Gl-J:>i'hl'1 ~~ gC'det"il<P'SI ~ I fi'llraeii<a ~ '1JIC'11fUg;q~ ~~ ~~~·~I~~~'<39f~~ • I 91ifHlCef'A ~ ~'<Pftt ~ ~ emf ~ I ~~ ~ ~~ ~-;qs~ ~"tqSff~ ~·~~I~~~ Gll,~'51 Gll<Pl'31'51 '9fiU ~~~~CfClf I ~ ~ ~ ell, ~ "tqS'ft ·~ fi11Rleii'A ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~"11!tG ~ ~ ~ 9fm 1 ~ ~"At ~ ~ (efficient) ~~ ~b'1'1<P (selective)~~~~~ ~ 9fror I ~ fflgc;q<s1 Gl'OJ'5C'51 ~ ~' ~ GICJ!lll:'5 ~~ ~~ '!!f ~ ~ ~ ~ ~"C'ttl ~ ')j'~t-ft~ ~ ~ I "'1JTCitt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (tensile strength) ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ Clt, ~ ~ (e~ "'1JTCitt~ ~ ~ ~ l:"'"'11C'!'A ~ 50 .r cCffilt~ I ~ l:c'l~~fi '<3 ~ ~. I ;q'5i11c11 ~ ~' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1'1MJU'A (transistors) '<3 ~ ~ "flRliiil'A ~ ~ ~~ '!iTf ~ P1fi1<P'1 ~9f (silicon chips)~~ l1tn cml ~ 'f!il'~'A ~ I ~~ ~"tqS-~ f.ij1lfi ~ ~ ~ Pl11"Sl'A t-Oliill:'5 (AgX) ~ ~ ~ P,c4llf9l! CRtl'f ell Pll'l"!Sl'A ~9f:J ~ ~ ~ Pl'l"!Sl'A '!iTf ~<Rt~ 1 ~it~ (diameter) ~ '!!I (2.0x10-8m) I ~ ~ ;qiilleii ~ ~ "'6lm ~au >t<CtC5C~ ~I "flCilA<Pl'R Rl•l~'AI Sll~'RC"i'R o~ (~) ~9fit ~11111'4 MC!llm! ~ ~-;qs$ ~~-C'14ll'1Mfafi (single- walled) ~ ~ ~ 'aflM•HSI ~' ~ ~ ~ 4 nm I
- 277. <t.)<t 41titltAt 4'1>el~•~ -e ~ '4'111 c8tw 'Ct1fl ~ (Comparison between Bulk and Nanoparticles) . • 'iffltitt <ii'11:>f>!CA'A ~ 100 nm ~'f. ~ '41l ~ 1 ~ Wl,M<i5 ~ ..-tti ~ '8 C5tV ~ ~1 ~~ (10-6m) ~~.~~~11l<slM<i5'4'11i~~~~~~~~ ~- ~ ~ ~- ~ "'1~1~ G4141CH ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G4141tH ~ ~ "1fi<i~" ~I "1-.l'&t'SI, ~ 11'5IM<i5 ~ (bulk particles) ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ Qtl41CH ~ ~ ~ <Ptf ~ 1 ~ <al:rtl41M<i5 ~ ~"1'51111~~· iOICiiliiliJll41 c9ntac11 ~ ~ "1HlC1'61 ll'di ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G4141CH ~ ~ Met~il -m, ~ ~ ~ "1'51111~ ~ ~ ~'1' ~ ~ 9ftlr t lfCi1' ~ ~ ~ "1fi<1ti1 "ifdi I G4iOMC4, Wl'8IM4 ~ ~ ~-. il~taMfil~ICH ~ ~ ~I ~ "1<siiil".t'A ~ ~ ~ '41l ~I ~ "tl'8IM4 ~ -.(1<1fit'SI ~ "'ira<1t91 Y1ra11f'fa!S ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ C'llQlql'l (surface area) '5i11'8IM4 "1Rliilt'1 ~ 9ft1f I ~ ~ 11'8IM<i5~ C5Cl1 ~ >tffiMl<:>I, ?ct'J)fq,;qs '6 ~ (visual) ~ N5:f~ 1 ~ '4ctnf ~-~~fit~- ~ 1 C:>ffil<ii'5ll'Si '4ctm! C4IWUIJI G4l<tifi4'il'1 (quantum confinement) ~ 1 C<i5lti1't C<i5lti1't ~ 'Utt'll ~ "'J:B<!>C'l ~ Gli'A~ (surface plasma resonapce) "'~ ~ 1 G4Nst~"i"'41 ~ (supermagnetic properties) ~ ~fir ~~ iiJICiillllail'SI ~ ~ "1Hlttfiitt!S ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 11'8IM4. "<iA'ft ~·~ ~ I '"'l~'A'11'Sli9f, 1l<slPl4 '49fm '<i5'tl (~, ~ ~) ~ ~ 50 nm~ 41'1•11': c~ ~ l ~ ~9flif ~ '4'ttC<i5 ~(bending) W'f 50.nm ~'f C5tl "fa '4'Slt ~ "Q, ~ 'tltilM4 ~9flif ~ ~ "41!S:rt~!SI (ductility) ~ 9111~41!SI (malleability) ~ '<i5Ct' -tt I ~ 30-300 pm < 100 nm 1-100 nm I I 9R111t'l I '!ll'l I 'Utt'll '1ltt'<PJI., ~~~ 'Plflif q_'I .. <t.)8 ~ "'f1 'G -.i1c..l9tltr.11c..t ~(Comparison between Atom, Molecule and Nanoparticle) ~ "'i'SIJJl$f '"'il<siiil'1M<i5 ~( (atomic radius)' "'i'Sl~l".{11 ~ ~ ~ 1 "1l<siiil'1M<i5 ~( ~ M~Q$4ll>t ~ l:CW1~i1 ~·~~~I ~~ ~~ ~ '6 Ffft9f111i "1'Aiil".t<si IQll<PIC'R'Si ~ 30 ~ 300 pm ~· (1 f9tc41fil~l<s1 (pm) =10-12 m) ~ 0.3 ~ 3 A (lA= 10-10m) I~~~ ~'4$ "1'51111~ ~ ~~ M'1*41ICJt'SI 10,000 ~~I 'llfl~'Sl'11<sii9f, ~ f.mt~ -e. 91~ H, Li, Be, B "1<siJJI~ -~ 25, 145, 105, 85 f9tt4l~liii (pm)~ I ~ qt ~~ ~'J. ~ ~'4$ ~ • ~ I ~'J:'tC~'A 'iit'fl :>f~t'41fl ~ -nt4 I ~ 1t>tl4leill'SI ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A~ '4tl14 ~ A~ I ~~ H "1'Aiil'lf "11'Aiil'1A• ~( 25 pm I~ l.!lqsff; H2 ~ CU'Pr 74 pm~ 0.74 A~ I >t<iCbC4l ~ ~ ~ P,~41'A ~ 1000 A qt 100 run~ I "i1Jttin ~ctm ~ 1 ~ 100 run ~ ~ 1 1 run am~ ~~ 9f'S111l'J.if "4141CH ~ ~ ~ I ~ >t<iCbC4l ~ ~'J. ~ll:Qilcetei1'SI CU'Pr ~ 0.25 run ~ I ~ ~ 'Sl>tl41Ci1'SI ~ ~(device) ~'1. qt~~~~ I ff~ 100 run~~ I <m1"t ~'f. rnll 1tl'Tl<i5l'SI ~ctl~l.!l~~~~~~~.~I ~ ~ <pMllU ~~9fi{ CR1' ~ I
- 278. tt.)~ ~~..-l'R "41411-.itttJNl"4.,I (Prospect of Ustn1 Nanopartic.les in Industries) 2008 'lltWf ~ l1fPtt ~ Clf, 800 "''f ~ 91Jlt:-11t~4 ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ I ~ ~ ~"'il'ft>ffl ..Ntil~ etifi1"1'A ~ C~ ~~I ~"1 .. l'Cf! ~~(passive) ~ ~~ "i~iilCCf ~ff~ I~ ) I~·~~ et1"1ctlct9'biRI ~~I lJllt~Millii G191ll'5 (Ti02) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~· 9Pfttl (sunscreen) ~ ~'fif (cosmetics) 1'cl, -~ !ftif9f (surface coating) ~ 1!1Nfil4'8ICICI ~ ~ I ~9f1r ~ "'"1WN3 ~ ~ ~ I ~'4 '4fi!tl...S ~~~~~~~~~'fif~"'~;~~~,'f'-~ ~~ ~~·~ '4tl<>ttCll<iii9ftie~~~ ~~I . ' ~I 't'(~fit· ff -~'" I 414'Ci1'A 1i~fif "1t4f' <)91 (gecko tape) l!IWN5C'b, ~ c41TJl9fl'64'AC'1, ~ ~~ -e ?ICl'J)N54 ~(home appliances)~ '(C5ll. I " I~~ I Mfiillii Gl'§lll'5 (CeO) ~ ~ ~'4ftt ~ ~ ~ ~ I 81~~1 ~·~'ICl1't',~~~"'~~~Ict I ~ ~ I iGl~etl'A '<3 ~ ~ ~ '4ctl ~ ~ "'6t ~ ~ "'~ ~ ~ ~ '4ilt llt1l I ~ "'~fif 9Aftl'f ~ ~ 'Q I . ~ I "11~ftt• I MWf!l'A ~ '4ctl'~ '4Ci "'9f!f ICl)lt&et .. !'(1(}1 ~ "'6t ~~-·I C I ccla,tiil(.. ~ I Clll°n'A•~-~ ~ ~ ~ ~I 1'ttr ~~ '411 ~ • 1!1Cilltti1 ~ ~~ 9Jl'11M'A ~~ ~ I 1" I ~ta,l"fa, ~ I ~ C'11f ~ ~ "'~ 4fDPl'lJl'A ~~ 'Jt'lt, ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ C11t11Tft' ~ '41lt ~ I ~ ·~ "tif"1Jl"t "1ifl'f11f~ 9fTCi I~ )1~"'~$~; ~ I ~ ~'f, "'t(CiCl..'1 "'~ ~; " I ~ "e '1ftt11"'1•t ~ ~ ~ 4"tt ~ ~ I 8 I ~ ~ Clf, ~ • ~ ~ :!Jfitc+SI ~ '411 ~ '<3 '411 ~ 'if1tit I ~~~ fi't9 ~9PQ ~ '4t1I' lftlr I ~I~- ~- (4') CJtfil4&ll'Si ~ '4141tolJl1i GlltC1'4i4'SICf (~) ~ ~ 9l8'6Cdt ~ <41-J'SI~ ('1) GIN5C6i4i4'141 ~ ~I ~ I 1l!IM4 ~ iill!"l~I ~ ~ I ~ iiil!Jt(!I 1ltSIM4 "11fW4JIC•Bi '5tll ~ I ~ cm1 '41l I ~ ~ "' "1fi<iil,.. ~ ~ ~ iff1 I ~ ~ -.Alt ~ ''PC'il...Cwt4fl4 ~ ~ 10 run "'if cmr - '41141C'A'A ~ I ~"fro --tNJ ICIM(lt'i'A ~ '41lli '!t~ ~if 11t~ CS14i~41 ~ ~ 9f!1f I~ ~'lltff Ciftllitl'ttff~ dl1t~ efiJ:t"ltCC~ ~I ~ ~ '"'l(<a'1 '(Cl'ft, ~ ~ ~ "ti ~ ~ ,.!Oll'A ~ lftlti!lt4'SI ~ ~ -tNJ~ 'Q.I ~llfiU ~ '4Ctt ~- ~ ~ ~ "il"it~ ~ ~ 9ftti I 1ltSIM4 v "4'tff "'1i9f ~ ~ lfm -n I fiit5 ~ ... ~ ~ 1l!IM4 ~ '(3 ~ "1llW4JIC'1'A ~ ~estellt~I
- 279. JtltJt(("'9t Iii ftlffW• '1J1'fI,_,..~~ •1~'51<6141~m9ffiltti't~11t'U ~ ~ ~ (ll:til4l(C"1'R firdctC4 ~14ff?!s4 ~ ~-I ~"f ~~ W~ ~ (CH4) I !I~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~~~ 25th ~ ~ C'lfiil GllR•4f<6 ~ I ~.,ltMCiif"f ~l'f~4 ~ ~1Jlif~.I ltlCRflrt I ~ ~ "'19fl<a1141 (carbonaceous) '6 ~ ~ !IC,~ filtwtt I ~ 't9Jtft ~ 'q' •1"1<a!l'Si -~ 'e ~ ~ ~~~ ~ 'S g Dt9f 'S !tt9f ~ ~ 9ft'f. ~ 1'tlf "J1' ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~I ~- fit'1"111JJ, '>tlcif<l,fil"11Jif ~' ~fil"11Jif ~ '6 GIJli!il'>tl...G "4Prt I ~~,,. ~~'I·~ ~ ~ '!1~"1~., ~ ~ 'S ~41Qi'R ~ 411IC"11'R ~ ~ ~ ~ W~ I (t.)C ,._ -e "'tftt<etc-Ri ~~~~(Health and Environmental Concernsof Nanoparticles) · et"1'1l'(J 'S Yf~CqC*kf ~ ~ 4'ctnf ~~I •1cqqcfm ~ ~ Cli, ~ ~ ~ WYfftif?!C!5 ~ ~-~ Wf ~ ~ ~fir ~ 11~ 'S ,.,.,,,.,., ~ ~ I 1'tl'f ~ ~ 'S ~ ~ l1Tll I ~ ~~ Cli ~ct ~ 'lit~ ~ ~ ~ 9fm I ~-Ull:tfJM41111 "'liill:5 4'en ~ ~ '2tCqC-Af lFt'T ~DNA 'S CJFICiflcetlll ~"1J Yf~111C'1 '1'~ ~I ~ ~ ~ lltll, 1111~'51 ~ ~ lfWt ~ ~' 1'Ri1't, ~141~. Cl1tt 'e ~ ~ ~ "f11f I ~ ~ctt ;qiq~JC<sl ~ t>1'!ifll ~ ~· 1 '4Rct ~- ~ct'Rf ~ "fa ~'S'4l'm ~ fWa ~~~~~~Yfmtl ~ ~ ~en ~ ~ Cltt'tl at'1'tfil• ~ ~ ~ lltll 1 ~ ~en ~ ~lfi1<6 ~ ~~~~~~~I~~~~~ (Raman scattering) ~ M~'i1''1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'Yffiif?!'SI iR1"t '11"5IRC4<sl ~ ~ f3f•MJl'1 9ft'611l ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ "4t1t Cltt'ti ~fil• 9f'(tm fiRw?tl Cifflt~ ~ I 'iffitirt ~ ~ 'Cfitl filC1fliil ~ ~ C1l'Cf C1Plt ~ I ~ ~~ ~ ~ctt ~ HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) '41.,~'Sl'l ~ ~ I ~ ~"f C4'Cti Ci'fTt19 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ dl ~ ~ ~~ fi1C11'1111 (lymphoma) C4tm ~ ~ ~ ~ ~fG ~ ~ ~ HDL C41'1dfi<sl., ~-~ ~~ ~~ orn I !1"'5ttCf '4J11JfT"f .'4T1f ~ l1't1r I ~ C~, C~iflfiJ:'SI m~ ~ctnf ~ 19~ til..'SllJif ~ctnf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I 1'tl'f "5ll:'S11Jif 1tmt lltll 1 ~~ ~ ~ ~~~·~~~~~I (t.)lr "'tftt<et-1 -e ~ ~ (Environment and Nanoparticles) ~ ~ filt;etl6 ~~ ~ ~ 'S Yf~CqC"'kf ~ "4t1t I ~ ~ ~ qJl4tGra41IC<sililt Pti1"5l'SI ~ ~ctt ~ ~ ~ ~ ~If ~ c~ C11T9Tt Camm1 ~ f°Jt11"51:a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~- 1 ~ ~ ~ctt Yf~cqc-t f<l'1111M t~ ;q114tGra411c4 ~ ~ 1 ~ t~ ~ ~fft ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ Yfrac;qc~ ~':>ft~~~ Pit~ ~ ~oti~•tJ ~~I~ ) 1•~4"1'111"ft I 11Jl9f1Mvt G191ll:CS'R 't>ftt'lf ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ R'1)111"1 ~ ~ ~ (pollutants) f<luUf'l<6 ~ I 1'tl'f ~ m~ ~ 9fl111 ~I ~ ~ ~ ~ cilllCIPl'Sil..i WRHl'1 I ~ ~ ~ctt ~ 9ttf.f ~ ~ 'Glal<JPl'Rf~SC4 ~ ~ I ~ I .,'11.(9ft ~ tiilC~. ~"tl'Sl't I ~ Gliill'5 ~ ~en ~9Rt ~ W~ 511~4'4 ~~ ~ 9imt I
- 280. 'JiM~'I~ ~ I IRl"ll~'. I 1~ "iltt'+.11"1 I A B W'Pfm ~~ ~ ~ ~fiRl ~ "1t(3 I (~) ~ filt9 ~ f.J ~7 (~)~~~ ~~~~"tar7 ('1) ~~ A ~~ e'fAl1 GilC!fI1>'11 <Rt I (lf) "1Rlt<IC-t'A W9RJ ~~A '6 B ·~if~ 'f"liil"14 GilC'lll>iil ~ I ~ ...~;fl~~ ~ I ~l'fNs4 '1Jtt'Rf ~'fR W~ ~- (~) ~ (~) ~ ('1) Mgt'Gii (ll) C!ftt~ ~~~-e~~mn~~~Q'~~~~Q~fir ~ ~I ~efif ~- ~'Pf ~~ ~, ~' ~ ~' ~ ~' ~ '6 "11"111l'A I ctt'.~ ~ ~ 4-5 it~ ~ GilM•'fb ~ 1 :>t<1c..ai ~ ~~ "li1"1'5IC<1 ~ c;qfilt ~ gC'dl'1'1 ':>ffl~~I Cft'."11C'1C"ki ~ ~ CCM·~ I ~~~~,~~~~~~~~~'<1Jt'Pf'CJ1 (ti~~ I~~~ '6 ~ CRm 'Ml ~if W9Rl ~ ~1"1141M4 ~~<Rt~ '!Tt4 ~ ~ Cftl'f f ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~I ~- ~ ~' C'!fVtt~<l*l ~' CbWf ~ '6 11~'1Ni~l"'S ~ I ~nfrlO°-·~ ~ ~if~ "14qC6C41 c;qfilt I ltf - $ f9t I ~it ~ ~ '6 C~ ~~ ~ 9flf.f C-1t~ ~4 l1tfir4 ~ I ~ filtl ~ ~ l!l'tt ~~~I~~~~~~ 'Al"ll41M4 8'CfJ ~ ~' l1t Ylf'<lt<IC"f (~ ~' ~).~'Di "if<lc;q•t ~ ~ Q I - fft f9f 41(JK11'A ~ ~'Pf ~I ~- ~ 9ftf.Rt ~ t°ij&Cil~, CJfC4~1~ mr;cil~ '6 ~lfJ!f4JI~ mTtc11~ I ~ 'Pf1f.f C-1t~ ~ ~ ~ filtta '6 blql<llC'1 ~ ~ llt1r I ltf ftJt~+'l ~ I Ot'1~'1 ~ ~ ~ ijCU ~ ~ Cft CIM(IC'A'A ~'11 ~ ~ ~ ~~I I!! ~ "if<lbJ'dl ~·~ ~f?na41l'A ~ ~ CIJCl(l'AClll'1J ~ llt1r I "irabJ'dl l!llfif ~ ~ ~ ~ CIJ<ll(l'AClll'fl ~ "1'41NsCb f<IJfl~C4'1 !tctt1'l ~I f<l"lll:C4'1'fb 8'Cfj ~ '6 e"t"t ~ ~ ~~~~~I !'t<I' ~ ~~~~~·"tar I ~ clll>li!ICil'A '2tfJ>4114'A'1 ~ I!!~ ~ ~ I f<IJtll:C4C'l'A 1'C'J "if<lc;q"f ~· ~ ~'.t-f '4tl1 llt1r I '<l"6fJ ~'Pf-mt~~ I I!! ~ ~ 'f_~4'AC~ ~'ft c;qfilt ~ ~ I ltJ ~ 9tltf¥Jl"I I ~911ft'4Jl"1 Wft ~ ~4 "'f!i ~' ~ ~ 1-100 nm I ~"ilft'+.11'1 ~~~~~~I~- ~ut, ~~ '6 ~~I f"llf<l'1 '1(tlft ~Yllft'4JIC'l'A ~~ GilMitil'A I 'Gj'Rf ~ 'Ml ~ ~ ~ ~ ~" q "'"~ii 1995 ~ I ~ f'llf<IC"i'A ~~ C60 I ~~~~~~1~'6~~~if~ff~I~ 9111W~IC'l'A W9191RICll!)~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ I lfif ~ MCCll>"illl ~. ~ ~ I
- 281. ~¥4J"5RFf ~;fl~ IP.f ~"",,.. ~ b' '6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ift'6- l ~I b' I ~,,..~~~fir Wfl- (i) ~"4ff1 ~~!SetlC'!>'A ~ ~ Wit M~fi4911"1 ~ (ii) ~ ~ 11ft~-t ~ ~ !i"iU Wit "11.,'ll'A (iii)~~~~~~~~(ASR'11Pf~~~ ~.~.,(.. ) i'6 ii (~) ii '6 iii ('t) i '6 iii (lf) i, ii ~ iii ~,~,,..~~~~·? (CJ) ~~VllC"fC"ft 1~~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ (~) ~~ ~ fiittalf8t" '4'Pft ~. ~"ftifif "1t ~ ('1) fi!•ti11~lJ ~ 41.f<:-1'51 ~ ~ ~0% ~ ~ ('ff) ~N C4R ~ "f"'f1'( ~ ~ (lf) i, ii '6 iii('f) i'6 iii(~)ii '6 iii.(-.)i'6 ii ~""'~" ~4~ ~ CI~~~~- . (i) ~ <ql{~4 "'l'Tl"C4 MC4iltilt<6~ (ii) 91fic;qc"'f M"f)if191 w~ cOl4tOfitfllC4 Q1Ci ~ (iii)~ ftNst<ql'f -.ti f.{cff~•1 ('f) 5-50 run oo 1-1000 run . a- I ;q);qt<l(J ~ R"11..C4., ~ ~- (.. ) ~ ~9fn ~ I ~ 1'!l "fRC~-1 ~ ~ ~ I (~) ~ ~ ~~ 1'!l "ific;q"f ~ I ('f) ~ ~ ~ ~~ 'il'(J~M4'A I oo ~ OOi'f ~ ~ ~~ "iAl~"'f ~ I ~ I ~ '4ctnf Gtl4IC'A'A ~Wit- (.,) 10-200run (~) 1-100run 81~~~1'~~- (.. ) iff1r ~ (~) ""f9~ ('1) 9ft4t~~~~~9ft1't'1t~ oo C41i1'Gl--m I . "'~~~~~~- (.. ) ~~' ~~ (~) ~' ~ ('f) ~~' 'Sllet"fl~ (~) ~, if~~, clft.,il;qletl'A (lf)~,~~~ ~lro ~I ~~~lftl1'~4 'fJPt'~- (4)~' ~'~ ('f) MM411i11, ~, ~'Al;ql"f
- 282. ~"11'111 ~t.,-~"'ft ~~- c-r.~. ti•~am ~.~ I o)tt>'88~8>:<> ~"fM!I l'<'IM~.~~ 01'!1-Ho~. 'lt'llm ~1·~~8 ~ "11"111 ee. f'f.C<li.ill1I cmi. ~~~ (<lli~J;i<lllT() ar•t ~)oo.1'1~ ~I o)!i)8·*)~ ~'11'1~1 ,&-)~Ir. ~~:;~~ ~ (*wll) (~ ' . S'f(blJ~~) ~ ... <ff1~ ~~)~oq Clll'llo~-~ ~ 1 o))~-«o)e.l., o)o)~-'lle)~ ISBN 978-984-90587 -3-1 r9 789843 305237 ·~·