This document discusses earthing and bonding. It defines key terms like protective conductor, earthing conductor, and equipotential bonding. It describes different electrical system types like TT, TN-C, TN-S, and IT. It discusses general requirements for earthing arrangements and protective conductors. Protective conductors must provide reliable connection to earth and be suitably protected. Minimum cross-sectional areas for protective conductors depend on line conductor size and prospective fault current calculation factors. The document provides factors and formulas for calculating prospective fault current and sizing protective conductors accordingly.
Cable sizing to withstand short circuit currentLeonardo ENERGY
In a cable a short circuit causes very extreme stresses which are proportional to the square of the current:
• A temperature rise in the conducting components subjected to current flow such as conductor, screen, metal sheath, armour. Indirectly the temperature of adjoining insulation and protective covers also increases,
• electro-magnetic forces between the current-carrying components.
The temperature rise is important for its effect on ageing, heat pressure characteristics etc., and should be limited to a permissible short-circuit temperature. The thermo-mechanical effects of the current shall also be considered.
For a given short-circuit duty therefore the short-circuit capacity of a cable installation is to be investigated with respect to all these parameters. For multi-core cables in most instances the thermal effect - related to the magnitude of fault current and clearance time - is the critical parameter, since the cable will normally have enough mechanical strength. With single-core cables however, in addition, the mechanical effect - related to the magnitude of the peak short-circuit current - is of such significance that, next to the thermal, the mechanical with- stand of both cable and its supports is to be investigated.
Also accessories must be rated with respect to thermal and mechanical short-circuit stresses.
The short-circuit withstand of a cable system is not quantitatively defined with regard to permissible number of repeated short circuits, degree of deformation or destruction or impairment quality. It is expected, however, that a cable installation will remain safe in operation and that any deformation remains within tolerable limits even after several short circuits.
Principles of Cable Sizing; current carrying capacity, voltage drop, short circuit.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
This document provides information on various types of cables based on their construction and use. It discusses cable types for electrical, telecom, fiber optic and other applications. It also describes the construction of different cable types like XLPE and covers aspects of cable installation like laying, jointing, testing and maintenance. Common cable accessories used are also explained.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Underground cable components include copper core cables approximately 150mm in diameter, made up of various insulating layers, housed in groups of three in trenches approximately 1.1m deep. Joints are required every 500-800m and sealing end compounds are needed at each end. Access and preparation requires a 65m working area cleared of vegetation with temporary fencing and trackways. Cables are laid by excavators in trenches reinforced with timber and surrounded by cement bound sand, then covered after jointing. Reinstatement returns the area to its original condition and inspection every 3 years monitors the cables.
This document discusses power cable installation methods. It covers various topics such as:
1. Underground installation methods including direct laying, draw in system, and solid system. Direct laying is the most common but has faults that can be difficult to locate.
2. Overhead installation including considerations for sag and tension based on span length, weight, and temperature as well as ice and wind loading.
3. Installation in conduit including determining appropriate conduit size based on clearance, jamming ratios, and fill percentages.
4. IEC 60364 provides guidance on installation methods for different conductor and cable types including without fixings, clipped direct, and conduit systems.
Cable sizing to withstand short-circuit current - ExampleLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides an example calculation of short circuit current for a power cable network. It first outlines the main design criteria for rating cable withstand for short circuit stresses. It then describes four methods for calculating short circuit current - ohmic, infinite bus, per unit and MVA methods. The example focuses on using the MVA method, providing equations and steps for calculating the equivalent short circuit power at different points in the network and converting this to a symmetrical fault current value. Resistances and reactances of cable sections are also included.
Tutorial on Distance and Over Current ProtectionSARAVANAN A
Contents
• Protection Philosophy of ERPC
• Computation of Distance Relay Setting
• System Study to Understand Distance Relay
Behaviour
• DOC and DEF for EHV system
Cable sizing to withstand short circuit currentLeonardo ENERGY
In a cable a short circuit causes very extreme stresses which are proportional to the square of the current:
• A temperature rise in the conducting components subjected to current flow such as conductor, screen, metal sheath, armour. Indirectly the temperature of adjoining insulation and protective covers also increases,
• electro-magnetic forces between the current-carrying components.
The temperature rise is important for its effect on ageing, heat pressure characteristics etc., and should be limited to a permissible short-circuit temperature. The thermo-mechanical effects of the current shall also be considered.
For a given short-circuit duty therefore the short-circuit capacity of a cable installation is to be investigated with respect to all these parameters. For multi-core cables in most instances the thermal effect - related to the magnitude of fault current and clearance time - is the critical parameter, since the cable will normally have enough mechanical strength. With single-core cables however, in addition, the mechanical effect - related to the magnitude of the peak short-circuit current - is of such significance that, next to the thermal, the mechanical with- stand of both cable and its supports is to be investigated.
Also accessories must be rated with respect to thermal and mechanical short-circuit stresses.
The short-circuit withstand of a cable system is not quantitatively defined with regard to permissible number of repeated short circuits, degree of deformation or destruction or impairment quality. It is expected, however, that a cable installation will remain safe in operation and that any deformation remains within tolerable limits even after several short circuits.
Principles of Cable Sizing; current carrying capacity, voltage drop, short circuit.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
This document provides information on various types of cables based on their construction and use. It discusses cable types for electrical, telecom, fiber optic and other applications. It also describes the construction of different cable types like XLPE and covers aspects of cable installation like laying, jointing, testing and maintenance. Common cable accessories used are also explained.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Underground cable components include copper core cables approximately 150mm in diameter, made up of various insulating layers, housed in groups of three in trenches approximately 1.1m deep. Joints are required every 500-800m and sealing end compounds are needed at each end. Access and preparation requires a 65m working area cleared of vegetation with temporary fencing and trackways. Cables are laid by excavators in trenches reinforced with timber and surrounded by cement bound sand, then covered after jointing. Reinstatement returns the area to its original condition and inspection every 3 years monitors the cables.
This document discusses power cable installation methods. It covers various topics such as:
1. Underground installation methods including direct laying, draw in system, and solid system. Direct laying is the most common but has faults that can be difficult to locate.
2. Overhead installation including considerations for sag and tension based on span length, weight, and temperature as well as ice and wind loading.
3. Installation in conduit including determining appropriate conduit size based on clearance, jamming ratios, and fill percentages.
4. IEC 60364 provides guidance on installation methods for different conductor and cable types including without fixings, clipped direct, and conduit systems.
Cable sizing to withstand short-circuit current - ExampleLeonardo ENERGY
This document provides an example calculation of short circuit current for a power cable network. It first outlines the main design criteria for rating cable withstand for short circuit stresses. It then describes four methods for calculating short circuit current - ohmic, infinite bus, per unit and MVA methods. The example focuses on using the MVA method, providing equations and steps for calculating the equivalent short circuit power at different points in the network and converting this to a symmetrical fault current value. Resistances and reactances of cable sections are also included.
Tutorial on Distance and Over Current ProtectionSARAVANAN A
Contents
• Protection Philosophy of ERPC
• Computation of Distance Relay Setting
• System Study to Understand Distance Relay
Behaviour
• DOC and DEF for EHV system
This document discusses the history and development of high voltage engineering. It begins with early experiments with static electricity by ancient Greeks. Key figures who contributed include Franklin, Faraday, Tesla, and Edison. Faraday's law established that a magnetic field can induce current in a wire. Advances allowed longer distance power transmission. Challenges included developing high voltage insulation. Numerical methods like finite element analysis are now used to model electric field distributions in complex high voltage components.
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
Chapter 4 mechanical design of transmission linesfiraoltemesgen1
This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are described as the main types of line supports. The document also discusses the effects of wind and ice loading on transmission lines. Sag-tension calculations are explained using catenary curve equations.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes various failures that can occur in transformers such as winding failures, bushing failures, and tap changer failures. It provides statistics on historical transformer failures. It also discusses different types of protection for transformers including electrical protection methods like differential protection, overcurrent protection, overexcitation protection and thermal protection. Internal short circuits, system short circuits, and abnormal conditions are some of the issues addressed by transformer protection schemes.
The document discusses selective coordination in electrical systems and circuit breakers. It begins with definitions of selective coordination from the National Electrical Code. It then outlines requirements for selective coordination in the NEC, including for health care facilities, elevators, emergency systems, and legally required standby systems. The document presents the challenges of achieving selective coordination with circuit breakers due to tolerances in instantaneous trip settings. It describes circuit breaker principles for time-current curves and selective override functions. The goal is to provide guidelines for selectively coordinating circuit breakers to meet NEC requirements.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
The document discusses different types of electrical insulators used in power transmission and distribution systems. It describes pin insulators, which are used for voltages up to 33kV and secure the conductor to cross-arms on poles. For higher voltages, suspension insulators are used, consisting of multiple porcelain discs connected in series. Strain insulators are used where there are sharp turns or high tension, using assemblies of suspension insulators or shackle insulators for lower voltages. Each type of insulator is designed to support and isolate electrical conductors without allowing current flow.
The document discusses underground power cables. It describes the components of underground cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armoring and serving. The main types of underground cables are discussed - solid cables like belted and screened cables used up to 66kV, and pressurized oil and gas cables used at higher voltages. Methods of laying cables underground include direct burying, draw-in systems using ducts, and solid systems within troughs. Underground cables have advantages over overhead lines like better appearance and reliability, but also challenges like higher installation costs and fault localization difficulties.
The document discusses various aspects of power system reliability including adequacy, security, and stability. It defines adequacy as relating to having sufficient generation and transmission facilities to meet customer demand. Security pertains to how the system responds to disturbances like loss of generation or transmission. Stability refers to generators staying synchronized during disturbances. The document also discusses reliability assessment techniques like loss of load probability and expectation indices used to evaluate generation adequacy. Distribution reliability is assessed using indices that consider customer interruptions and outage times.
Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
- Harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency that are produced by non-linear loads such as AC to DC converters. They can cause overheating, overloading, and failures in electrical equipment.
- Common sources of harmonics are computers, electronic ballasts, variable speed drives, UPS systems, and rectifiers. Harmonics can lead to issues like overloading of neutrals, overheating of transformers, and tripping of circuit breakers.
- Solutions to harmonics include passive filters using inductors and capacitors, active harmonic filters that inject compensating currents, and improving power factor using capacitors or active power factor correction.
Practical handbook-for-relay-protection-engineersSARAVANAN A
The ‘Hand Book’ covers the Code of Practice in Protection Circuitry including standard lead and device numbers, mode of connections at terminal strips, colour codes in multicore cables, Dos and Donts in execution. Also, principles of various protective relays and schemes including special protection schemes like differential,
restricted, directional and distance relays are explained with sketches. The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines & Capacitor Banks are also given.
Underground cables consist of one or more insulated conductors surrounded by protective layers. They are used to transmit electric power underground, which ensures continuous power supply with less maintenance compared to overhead lines. Common types include low, high, and extra high tension cables. Cables have conducting cores insulated and surrounded by a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring and serving for protection. Screened and belted cables are used for 3-phase underground transmission up to 66kV, while pressure cables are used above 66kV.
This document discusses underground cables, including their structure, construction, classification, insulating materials, and comparison to overhead systems. It provides details on the following:
- Underground cables consist of one or more conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering, and are buried directly in the ground or installed in underground ducts.
- Cable construction generally includes cores or conductors, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving.
- Cables are classified based on voltage level as low, high, super, extra high, or extra super voltage cables.
- Important properties of insulating materials include high resistivity, dielectric strength, and ability to withstand high temperatures. Common materials are
Transformers are an essential part of the electricity network: they convert electrical energy from one voltage level to another. This course is introducing the subject of transformers. The intention of the whole series is to promote lifecycle thinking when procuring transformers. Therefore, the focus will be on energy performance, reliability, asset management
Auto-reclosing has been applied throughout the world in order to quickly restore supply
after system faults or incidents.
This report details the information gathered by Cigre Working Group 34.01 (2000) Autoreclosing
and Local System Restoration. In order to appreciate the depth and differences
to which auto-reclose is applied throughout the world the initial chapter of the report
details current practice of auto-reclose. In order to gather information regarding current
practice a survey was conducted to determine worldwide application.
Despite the efforts of those who responded, the survey was not well supported. A request
was issued to some 73 organizations. Japan made an outstanding contribution supplying
ten of the 32 responses. Scandinavia was also well represented. The majority of the other
replies came from countries, organizations or individuals represented on the WG or
strongly active in CIGRE. So in all, just fourteen countries responded. The Working
Group had hoped for a better return of the survey, although the 32 responses did return an
excellent coverage of adverse applications of auto-reclose, the other related topics
provided far less information.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
This document discusses high voltage substation design, applications, and considerations. It provides an overview of substation basics, electrical configurations, physical design, protection and controls, and coordination of design and construction. The presentation covers typical substation voltage levels, configurations such as ring bus and breaker-and-a-half, factors to consider in the design process such as service conditions and studies required, and reliability comparisons of different configurations. Design guidelines for spacing and clearances are also presented.
The document discusses medium voltage (MV) switchgear panels and sub-main distribution boards. It provides details on MV panel components, tests conducted, and protection against short circuits and direct/indirect contact. It also includes dimensional details and breaker information for Mirage sub-main distribution boards in 250A, 400A, and 630A sizes. Single-line diagrams and examples show potential layouts and component selection for MV panel construction.
The document provides details on a schedule of topics to be covered in an electrical distribution course from October 2005 to December 2005. It then provides information on sizing conduits and trunking for electrical installations, including the types of available conduits and trunking, factors to consider when sizing them, and examples of conduit and trunking sizing calculations. Relevant standards for conduits, trunking, and cable selection are also referenced.
This document discusses the history and development of high voltage engineering. It begins with early experiments with static electricity by ancient Greeks. Key figures who contributed include Franklin, Faraday, Tesla, and Edison. Faraday's law established that a magnetic field can induce current in a wire. Advances allowed longer distance power transmission. Challenges included developing high voltage insulation. Numerical methods like finite element analysis are now used to model electric field distributions in complex high voltage components.
1. Overcurrent relays can be classified based on technology and function, and include definite time, inverse time, and IDMT relays.
2. Time-current characteristics of overcurrent relays can be adjusted through settings like current, time multiplier, and plug settings to achieve selective coordination between relays.
3. Common overcurrent protection schemes include time-graded systems using definite time relays, current-graded systems using instantaneous relays, and combinations of both for selective coordination on radial distribution feeders.
Chapter 4 mechanical design of transmission linesfiraoltemesgen1
This chapter discusses the mechanical design of transmission lines. It covers various topics such as types of conductors, line supports, spacing between conductors, and sag-tension calculations. The key conductors mentioned are copper, aluminum, and steel. Wooden poles, steel tubular poles, reinforced concrete poles, and steel towers are described as the main types of line supports. The document also discusses the effects of wind and ice loading on transmission lines. Sag-tension calculations are explained using catenary curve equations.
The document discusses transformer protection. It describes various failures that can occur in transformers such as winding failures, bushing failures, and tap changer failures. It provides statistics on historical transformer failures. It also discusses different types of protection for transformers including electrical protection methods like differential protection, overcurrent protection, overexcitation protection and thermal protection. Internal short circuits, system short circuits, and abnormal conditions are some of the issues addressed by transformer protection schemes.
The document discusses selective coordination in electrical systems and circuit breakers. It begins with definitions of selective coordination from the National Electrical Code. It then outlines requirements for selective coordination in the NEC, including for health care facilities, elevators, emergency systems, and legally required standby systems. The document presents the challenges of achieving selective coordination with circuit breakers due to tolerances in instantaneous trip settings. It describes circuit breaker principles for time-current curves and selective override functions. The goal is to provide guidelines for selectively coordinating circuit breakers to meet NEC requirements.
Cables are often the last component considered during system design even if in many situations cables are the true system’s lifeline: if a cable fails, the entire system may stop. Cable reliability is therefore extremely important, then a cable system should be engineered to last the life of the system in the installation environment for the required application. Environments in which cable systems are being used are often challenging, as extreme temperatures, chemicals, abrasion, and extensive flexing. These variables have a direct impact on the materials used for cable insulation and jacketing as well as the construction of the cable. Using a systematic approach will help ensure that designer select the best cable for the required application in the installation environment. This lessons will provide students main guidelines for perform this approach.
The document discusses different types of electrical insulators used in power transmission and distribution systems. It describes pin insulators, which are used for voltages up to 33kV and secure the conductor to cross-arms on poles. For higher voltages, suspension insulators are used, consisting of multiple porcelain discs connected in series. Strain insulators are used where there are sharp turns or high tension, using assemblies of suspension insulators or shackle insulators for lower voltages. Each type of insulator is designed to support and isolate electrical conductors without allowing current flow.
The document discusses underground power cables. It describes the components of underground cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armoring and serving. The main types of underground cables are discussed - solid cables like belted and screened cables used up to 66kV, and pressurized oil and gas cables used at higher voltages. Methods of laying cables underground include direct burying, draw-in systems using ducts, and solid systems within troughs. Underground cables have advantages over overhead lines like better appearance and reliability, but also challenges like higher installation costs and fault localization difficulties.
The document discusses various aspects of power system reliability including adequacy, security, and stability. It defines adequacy as relating to having sufficient generation and transmission facilities to meet customer demand. Security pertains to how the system responds to disturbances like loss of generation or transmission. Stability refers to generators staying synchronized during disturbances. The document also discusses reliability assessment techniques like loss of load probability and expectation indices used to evaluate generation adequacy. Distribution reliability is assessed using indices that consider customer interruptions and outage times.
Transmission lines have four parameters that characterize them: resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance. These distributed parameters determine the power carrying capacity and voltage drop across the line. Short lines only consider the series resistance and inductance, while medium and long lines must also account for the distributed shunt capacitance. The resistance of overhead transmission lines is affected by factors like skin effect, temperature, bundling of conductors, and proximity effect between phases.
- Harmonics are multiples of the supply frequency that are produced by non-linear loads such as AC to DC converters. They can cause overheating, overloading, and failures in electrical equipment.
- Common sources of harmonics are computers, electronic ballasts, variable speed drives, UPS systems, and rectifiers. Harmonics can lead to issues like overloading of neutrals, overheating of transformers, and tripping of circuit breakers.
- Solutions to harmonics include passive filters using inductors and capacitors, active harmonic filters that inject compensating currents, and improving power factor using capacitors or active power factor correction.
Practical handbook-for-relay-protection-engineersSARAVANAN A
The ‘Hand Book’ covers the Code of Practice in Protection Circuitry including standard lead and device numbers, mode of connections at terminal strips, colour codes in multicore cables, Dos and Donts in execution. Also, principles of various protective relays and schemes including special protection schemes like differential,
restricted, directional and distance relays are explained with sketches. The norms of protection of generators, transformers, lines & Capacitor Banks are also given.
Underground cables consist of one or more insulated conductors surrounded by protective layers. They are used to transmit electric power underground, which ensures continuous power supply with less maintenance compared to overhead lines. Common types include low, high, and extra high tension cables. Cables have conducting cores insulated and surrounded by a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring and serving for protection. Screened and belted cables are used for 3-phase underground transmission up to 66kV, while pressure cables are used above 66kV.
This document discusses underground cables, including their structure, construction, classification, insulating materials, and comparison to overhead systems. It provides details on the following:
- Underground cables consist of one or more conductors covered with insulating material and a protective covering, and are buried directly in the ground or installed in underground ducts.
- Cable construction generally includes cores or conductors, insulation, a metallic sheath, bedding, armouring, and serving.
- Cables are classified based on voltage level as low, high, super, extra high, or extra super voltage cables.
- Important properties of insulating materials include high resistivity, dielectric strength, and ability to withstand high temperatures. Common materials are
Transformers are an essential part of the electricity network: they convert electrical energy from one voltage level to another. This course is introducing the subject of transformers. The intention of the whole series is to promote lifecycle thinking when procuring transformers. Therefore, the focus will be on energy performance, reliability, asset management
Auto-reclosing has been applied throughout the world in order to quickly restore supply
after system faults or incidents.
This report details the information gathered by Cigre Working Group 34.01 (2000) Autoreclosing
and Local System Restoration. In order to appreciate the depth and differences
to which auto-reclose is applied throughout the world the initial chapter of the report
details current practice of auto-reclose. In order to gather information regarding current
practice a survey was conducted to determine worldwide application.
Despite the efforts of those who responded, the survey was not well supported. A request
was issued to some 73 organizations. Japan made an outstanding contribution supplying
ten of the 32 responses. Scandinavia was also well represented. The majority of the other
replies came from countries, organizations or individuals represented on the WG or
strongly active in CIGRE. So in all, just fourteen countries responded. The Working
Group had hoped for a better return of the survey, although the 32 responses did return an
excellent coverage of adverse applications of auto-reclose, the other related topics
provided far less information.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
This document discusses high voltage substation design, applications, and considerations. It provides an overview of substation basics, electrical configurations, physical design, protection and controls, and coordination of design and construction. The presentation covers typical substation voltage levels, configurations such as ring bus and breaker-and-a-half, factors to consider in the design process such as service conditions and studies required, and reliability comparisons of different configurations. Design guidelines for spacing and clearances are also presented.
The document discusses medium voltage (MV) switchgear panels and sub-main distribution boards. It provides details on MV panel components, tests conducted, and protection against short circuits and direct/indirect contact. It also includes dimensional details and breaker information for Mirage sub-main distribution boards in 250A, 400A, and 630A sizes. Single-line diagrams and examples show potential layouts and component selection for MV panel construction.
The document provides details on a schedule of topics to be covered in an electrical distribution course from October 2005 to December 2005. It then provides information on sizing conduits and trunking for electrical installations, including the types of available conduits and trunking, factors to consider when sizing them, and examples of conduit and trunking sizing calculations. Relevant standards for conduits, trunking, and cable selection are also referenced.
This document discusses the design methodology and components of extra high voltage transmission lines. It covers:
- The key components of transmission lines including conductors, earth wires, insulators, towers, and hardware.
- The design methodology which involves gathering preliminary data, selecting reliability levels, calculating climatic and other loads, choosing appropriate factors, and designing the components.
- Factors that influence the design such as reliability levels, transmission voltages, tower types, tower structures, heights, widths, clearances, and conductor selection criteria including mechanical and electrical requirements.
This document provides information on best practices for electrical safety and lightning protection. It discusses maintaining copper-bonded grounding rods, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and adopting lightning protection standards. The document recommends specific practices adopted by various state police departments in India, including the Delhi, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra police. It also presents information on earthing products, fail-proof joints, copper-clad wires, lightning arrestors, and surge protection devices for electrical installations and systems.
JMV presented on best practices for electrical safety products including maintenance free earthing using copper bonded rods and earthing enhancement compounds, exothermic welding for joints, copper clad steel wire to replace GI, and external lightning protection using ESE type lightning arrestors. The presentation covered surge protection for power, control, and communication and discussed how various state police departments in India have adopted these electrical safety practices. JMV also discussed their products for solar installations including earthing, lightning protection, and surge protection products and provided an overview of standards for lightning protection.
This document provides information on best practices for electrical safety and lightning protection. It discusses maintaining copper-bonded grounding rods, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and adopting IEC 62305 standards for lightning protection. The document outlines electrical safety measures implemented by various state police departments in India including maintenance-free earthing systems, lightning arrestors, and surge protection of AC and DC power. It also introduces JMV products for electrical safety and lightning protection including earthing rods, joints, surge protection devices, and early streamer emission lightning rods.
Comparision Lightning Protection Systems s per IEC 62305-3 and NFC 17-102(2011)/UNE21-1186 India NBC2016 / Project Building and Infra Projects /MEP ,Architect ,Electrical Consultants
Lightning is Disaster when it's hit to Surface and damage only possible to assess Lost of Human Lives and Assets.
The Agencies who claim Said Protection is from Lightning Product ,Design and Installation is Accordingly EN62305/IEC62305 and NFC17-102 .
Lightning Protection Standard Committee member is from Industries who are having Experience ,Knowledge and they are business man and better know how to safe guard to make more profit from their Business like other Industries.
If we Compare One Area Like Calculation Hight , Lenght and Width as per ZONE 1,2,3&4 Now Threat from Lightning Design as per IEC62305 and Prepare BOQ Considering Reputed Makes from Manufacturer .
According to IEC62305 our Cost will be 3-5 Time High as Compare to NFC17-102.
Now you can understand why IEC do not support NFC .
Latest now CENELEC Given their Acceptance Mentioning IEC 62035 and NFC17-102 not having any Conflict and Claims are Different and Accepted by Countries.
Plz go through presentation.
In India Lightning Documents is adopted under National Disaster and Every State is Declare Documents to offer Awareness Common Public what action they have to do.
NFC17-102 Acceptance in India CERC,SECI,RDSO.CPWD,PWD and Other Industries and Growing because We want to have Protection from Lightning ,
This document provides information on electrical safety products and best practices for electrical installations for police facilities. It discusses maintaining maintenance-free earthing systems, using exothermic welding for joints, surge protection for power and communication ports, and lightning protection. Several Indian state police departments have adopted practices like maintenance-free earthing, lightning arrestors, and surge protection for all incoming power and equipment ports. The document also provides information on earthing products, exothermic welding, copper clad wires, lightning protection systems, and surge protection devices.
The CLMD03 is ABB's capacitor for power factor correction. It offers high performance in a small volume using proven capacitor element technology. The CLMD03 houses 9 capacitor elements in an aluminum case for ventilation and heat dissipation, allowing up to 50kvar in a single case. It is available in single or double capacitor configurations. The CLMD03 utilizes ABB's internally protected elements and a unique sequential protection system to ensure safe disconnection of each element at end of life. It provides power factor correction to reduce energy consumption while using proven dry-type technology to prevent toxic oil leakage.
Lightning and surge transfer to systems presentation by jmv lpsMahesh Chandra Manav
Lightning and Surge Strike and Protection Information from JMV LPS Architect/Electrical Consultants/MEP Consultants/EPC Companies/CEA/REC/PGCIL/Wapcos/Electrical Contractor
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Concept of energy transmission & distribution ZunAib Ali
Downlaod is NOW Allowed (08/06/2016)
for more help: email me at zunaib_91@yahoo.com
Purpose of Electrical Transmission System
Main Parts of Power System
One-Line Diagram of Generating Station
Main Parts of Generating Station
Components of a Transmission Line
Fertilizer and Chemical Process Plant ,Food and Pharma , PDIL,EIL,Development Consultant India Pvt Ltd Tata Consulting Engineers;MECON;HURL,PLC and DCS Manufacturer /System Intergrators/EPC Companies Handling Electrical and C&I Projects.
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1. Outgoing VCB panels and power transformers from major manufacturers.
2. An LT distribution panel with incomers, feeders and a bus coupler.
3. Copper bus duct sets and HT and LT cables to be supplied.
4. Additional works like earthing pits are also specified. The scope of work, terms, project schedule and responsibilities of both parties are defined.
Similar to Earthing and bonding - Power cables (20)
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7. Definitions
MAIN EARTHING TERMINAL
(main earthing busbar)
terminal or busbar which is part
of the earthing arrangement of
an installation enabling the
electric connection of a number
of conductors for earthing
purposes
[IEV 195-02-33]
8. Definitions
EARTHING CONDUCTOR
conductor which provides a
conductive path, or part of the
conductive path, between a
given point in a system or in
an installation or in equipment
and an earth electrode
[IEV 195-02-03]
9. Definitions
EARTHING CONDUCTOR
For the purposes of this
course, an earthing conductor
is the conductor which
connects the earth electrode
to a point in the equipotential
bonding system, usually the
main earthing terminal.
19. Earthing arrangements
General requirements
Intendendent to provide a connection to earth:
• Reliable
• Suitable to carry earth fault currents and protective
conductors currents to earth without danger from thermal,
thermo-mechanical, chemical and electromechanical
stresses and from electric shock arising from these
currents
• With an appropriate robustness against corrosion and
mechanical stresses
• suitable for functional requirements
IEC60364-5-54art.542.1
22. Types of protective conductors
OK
• conductors in multicore cables
• insulated or bare conductors in a
common enclosure with live conductors
• fixed installed bare or insulated
conductors
• metallic cable sheath, cable screen,
cable armour, wirebraid, concentric
conductor, metallic conduit
KO
• metallic water pipes
• pipes containing flammable gases or
liquids;
• constructional parts subject to
mechanical stresses in normal service
• flexible or pliable metal conduits, unless
designed for that purpose
• flexible metal parts
• support wires
• cable trays and cable ladders
23. Protective conductors
Electrical continuity
IEC60364-5-54art.543.3
• suitably protected against mechanical damage, chemical or
electrochemical deterioration, electrodynamic forces and
thermodynamic forces
• No switching device except joints which can be disconnected
for test purposes by use of a tool may be provided
• Joints in protective conductors shall be accessible for
inspection and testing except for
• –compound-filled joints,
• –encapsulated joints,
• joints in metal conduits, and in busbar trunking systems,
• joints forming part of equipment, complying with equipment
standards.
24. Protective conductors
Minimum cross-sectional areas
IEC60364-5-54art.543.1
Shall:
• Satisfy the conditions for automatic disconnection of supply
• be capable of withstanding the prospective fault current
either be calculated or selected.
25. Protective conductors
Selection of the Minimum cross-sectional areas
IEC60364-5-54art.543.1
Minimum cross-sectional area of protective conductors (mm²)
Cross-sectional area
of line conductor S
If the protective conductor is of
the same material
as the line conductor
If the protective conductor (k2)
is not of the same material
as the line conductor (k1)
S ≤ 16 mm² S
16 mm² < S ≤ 35 mm² 16 a
S > 35 mm² a
a For a PEN conductor, the reduction of the cross-sectional area is permitted only in accordance with the rules for
sizing of the neutral conductor
S
k
k
×
2
1
16
2
1 ×
k
k
2
S
22
1 S
k
k
×
K = factor dependent on the material of the protective conductor, the insulation and other parts
and the initial and the final temperatures
26. Factor k
Qc = volumetric heat capacity of conductor material (J/°C mm3) at 20 °C,
β = reciprocal of temperature coefficient of resistivity at 0 °C for the conductor (°C)
ρ20 = electrical resistivity of conductor material at 20 °C (Ω mm)
Θi = initial temperature of conductor (°C)
θf = final temperature of conductor (°C)
( )
+
+
°+
=
−
i
if
20
c
1ln
C20
θβ
θθ
ρ
βQ
k
(IEC60354,IEC60724andIEC60949)
aValuestakenfromTable1ofIEC60287-1-1,
bValuestakenfromTableE2ofIEC60853-2.
Material
β a
°C
Qc
b
J/°C mm3
ρ20
Ω mm
Copper
Aluminium
Lead
Steel
234,5
228
230
202
3,45 × 10–3
2,5 × 10–3
1,45 × 10–3
3,8 × 10–3
17,241 × 10–6
28,264 × 10–6
214 × 10–6
138 × 10–6
226
148
41
78
20
)C20(
ρ
β °+Qc
( )
²mm
sA
27. Factor k
for protective conductors as a core incorporated
in a cable or bunched with other cables or insulated conductors
( )
+
+
°+
=
−
i
if
20
c
1ln
C20
θβ
θθ
ρ
βQ
k
(IEC60354,IEC60724andIEC60949)
Conductor insulation
Temperature
°C b
Material of conductor
Copper Aluminium Steel
Initial Final Values for k
70 °C PVC
90 °C PVC
90 °C thermosetting (XLPE, EPR)
60 °C rubber
85 °C rubber
Silicone rubber
70
90
90
60
85
180
160/140 a
160/140 a
250
200
220
350
115/103 a
100/86 a
143
141
134
132
76/68 a
66/57 a
94
93
89
87
42/37 a
36/31 a
52
51
48
47
a The lower value applies to PVC insulated conductors of cross-sectional area greater than 300 mm2.
b Temperature limits for various types of insulation are given in IEC 60724.
28. Factor k
for protective conductors as a metallic layer of a cable
e.g. armour, metallic sheath, concentric conductor, etc.
( )
+
+
°+
=
−
i
if
20
c
1ln
C20
θβ
θθ
ρ
βQ
k
(IEC60354,IEC60724andIEC60949)
Cable insulation
Temperature
°C a
Material of conductor
Copper Aluminium Lead Steel
Initial Final Values for k
70 °C PVC
90 °C PVC
90 °C thermosetting (XLPE, EPR)
60 °C rubber
85 °C rubber
Mineral PVC covered b
Mineral bare sheath
60
80
80
55
75
70
105
200
200
200
200
220
200
250
141
128
128
144
140
135
135
93
85
85
95
93
–
–
26
23
23
26
26
–
–
51
46
46
52
51
–
–
a Temperature limits for various types of insulation are given in IEC 60724.
b This value shall also be used for bare conductors exposed to touch or in contact with combustible material.
29. Factor k
for insulated protective conductors not incorporated
in cables and not bunched with other cables
( )
+
+
°+
=
−
i
if
20
c
1ln
C20
θβ
θθ
ρ
βQ
k
(IEC60354,IEC60724andIEC60949)
Conductor insulation
Temperature
°C b
Material of conductor
Copper Aluminium Steel
Initial Final Values for k
70 °C PVC
90 °C PVC
90 °C thermosetting (XLPE, EPR)
60 °C rubber
85 °C rubber
Silicone rubber
30
30
30
30
30
30
160/140 a
160/140 a
250
200
220
350
143/133 a
143/133 a
176
159
166
201
95/88 a
95/88 a
116
105
110
133
52/49 a
52/49 a
64
58
60
73
a The lower value applies to PVC insulated conductors of cross-sectional area greater than 300 mm2.
b Temperature limits for various types of insulation are given in IEC 60724.
30. Factor k
for bare protective conductors in contact
with cable covering but not bunched with other cables
( )
+
+
°+
=
−
i
if
20
c
1ln
C20
θβ
θθ
ρ
βQ
k
(IEC60354,IEC60724andIEC60949)
Conductor insulation
Temperature
°C b
Material of conductor
Copper Aluminium Steel
Initial Final Values for k
PVC
Polyethylene
CSP (oil resistant rubber)
30
30
30
200
150
220
159
138
166
105
91
110
58
50
60
b Temperature limits for various types of insulation are given in IEC 60724.
31. Protective conductors
Calculation of the Minimum cross-sectional areas
where
• S = cross-sectional area (mm2)
• I = r.m.s value (A) of prospective fault current for a fault of negligible
impedance taking into account the current-limiting effect of the circuit
impedances and the limitation of the protective device
• t = operating time of the protective device for automatic disconnection (s)
• k = factor dependent on the material of the protective conductor, the insulation
and other parts and the initial and the final temperatures
k
tI
S
2
≥
32. Prospective fault current calculation
Sequence component methods
If = 3 I0
Earth fault current just in case of:
• 2 lines to ground fault
• Line to ground fault
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐸𝐸
3𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗(𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋)
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼 =
(𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝐽𝐽 𝐽𝐽𝐽)𝐸𝐸
(𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗)(𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 3𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗(𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋)(𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 3𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 + 𝑗𝑗 𝑗𝑗𝑗)
33. Prospective fault current calculation
2 lines to ground fault <??> Line to ground fault
Additionally
1,1 E for voltage variations
1,2 for transient current components
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐸𝐸
(𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋)
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼 =
𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝑋𝑋𝑋 𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐸𝐸
(2𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋𝑋)
𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝐼 =
𝐸𝐸
2𝑋𝑋𝑋 + 𝑋𝑋
X <? ? > 𝑿𝑿𝑿𝑿
34. Prospective fault current calculation
The fault current (If) can flow back through:
• Only earth
• Only conductors
• Earth, conductors and other
Depending on:
• Fault location
• Type of systems
• Types of cables and other equipement
I = r If
37. Prospective fault current calculation
I = r If
Z0S
Z0E
Z0C
CONDUCTOR
SCREEN OR ARMOUR OR ETC:
EARTHING COMPONENT:
𝑟𝑟 =
𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍
𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍 + 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍
38. Protective conductors
Other requirements for the Minimum cross-sectional areas
In TT systems
the cross-sectional area of protective conductors may be limited to
– 25 mm² copper,
– 35 mm² aluminium
provided that the earth electrodes of the supply neutral and of the exposed-
conductive-parts are electrically independent.
Where the earth electrodes of the supply neutral and of the exposed-
conductive-parts are electrically independent, the cross-sectional area of
protective conductors need not exceed
– 25 mm² copper,
– 35 mm² aluminium
Not mentioned
40. Protective conductors
Other requirements for the Minimum cross-sectional areas
• 2,5 mm2 Cu or 16 mm2 Al if protection against mechanical damage is provided
• 4 mm2 Cu or 16 mm2 Al if protection against mechanical damage is not provided
part of the cable
in a common enclosure
with the line conductor
OR
NOT
ADDITIONALLY When overcurrent protective devices are used for protection against
electric shock, the protective conductor shall be incorporated in the same wiring system
as the live conductors or be located in their immediate proximity.
41. Protective conductors
Other requirements for the Minimum cross-sectional areas
The protective conductor is common to two or more circuits
• calculated for the most onerous prospective fault current and operating time
encountered in these circuits
or
• selected in accordance so as to correspond to the cross-sectional area of the
largest line conductor of the circuit.
43. Earthing conductors
IEC60364-5-54art.542.3
Minimum cross-sectional area of buried earthing conductor
Earthing conductor
Protected against mechanical
damage*
Not protected against mechanical
damage
Copper Steel Copper Steel
Protected against corrosion 2,5 mm² 10 mm² 16 mm² 16 mm²
Not protected against corrosion 25 mm² 50 mm² 25 mm² 50 mm²
NOTE * Where the mechanical protection against impact is not withstanding 5 J of impact energy or equivalent (e.
g. a heavy degree of protection for conduits according to EN 61386-1), the earthing conductor is considered to be
mechanically unprotected.
k
tI
S
2
≥
45. Protective bonding conductors
Minimum cross-sectional areas
for the connection to the main earthing terminal
NOT less than:
• 6 mm² copper, or
• 16 mm² aluminium, or
• 50 mm² steel
PB
53. Standard requirements
IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Earthing requirements for
the installation of data processing equipments
Leakage current > 3,5 mA (EN 60950)
Also non data processing equipments
Safety clause 707.4
Low noise clause 707.5
54. IEC 60364 - 7 - 707 requirements
Leakage currents < 10 mA
• particular requirements of reliability of protective conductor
Leakage currents > 10 mA
• additional requirements of reliability of protective conductor i.e.
• High integrity connection
• Earth continuity monitoring
• Use of transformers
Additional requirements for TT and IT systems
Single earthing system
• simultaneously accessible exposed conductive parts
55. IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Requirements < 10 mA TN(-S)
Equipment shall be:
• stationary and
• either permanently connected to the building wiring installation or
connected via industrial plugs and sockets (IEC Pubblication
309-1)
Clause 707.471.3.2
56. IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Requirements > 10mA
High integrity protective circuits
• High integrity connection
• Earth continuity monitoring
Use of transformers
57. IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Requirements > 10mA
High integrity protective circuits (Clause 707.471.3.3.1)
• One conductor with cross-sectional area of not less
than 10 mm2
• Two conductors with independent terminations, each
having a cross-sectional area of not less than 4 mm2
• Multicore cable: the sum total cross-sectional area of
all the conductors shall be not less than 10mm2, so
that protective conductor cross-sectional area will be
not less than 2,5 mm2
• To the main earthing terminal
58. IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Requirements > 10mA
Earth continuity monitoring
(Clause 707.471.3.3.2)
• A device or devices shall be provided which will disconnect the
equipment in the event of a discontinuity occurring in the
protective conductor
59. Use of transformers (Clause 707.471.3.3.3)
IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Requirements > 10mA
60. Use of transformers (Clause 707.471.3.3.3)
• Autotransformers not allowed
• Secondary circuit should be connected as TN-S
• Integrity of protective conductor
IEC 60364 - 7 - 707
Requirements > 10mA
61. Low noise equipotential bonding
IEC 60364 Comments on Clause 707.5
• Requirements related to
protective measures shall
prevail
• Independent earthing systems
for exposed conductive parts not
contemporaneously accessible
62. IEC 60364 - 7 – 707 requirements
• Separation of sensitive and disturbing
circuits
• Avoid parallelisms
• Line balance
• Shields and double shields
• Differentiated conductors
Low noise equipotential bonding
(comments on Clause 707.5)
63. IEC 60364 - 7 – 707 requirements
Low noise equipotential bonding
(comments on Clause 707.5)
Different conductors
up to the main earthing terminal
64. Earthing and bonding
1. Definitions
2. Electrical system types
3. Earthing and Bonding arrangements
4. General requirements
• Protective conductor
• Earthing conductor
• Equipotential bonding
5. Earthing and bonding of electronic devices
• Safety
• Low noise
65. Thank you
| Presentation title and date
For more information please contact
Angelo Baggini
Università di Bergamo
Dipartimento di Ingegneria
Viale Marconi 5,
24044 Dalmine (BG) Italy
email: angelo.baggini@unibg.it
ECD Engineering Consulting and Design
Via Maffi 21 27100 PAVIA Italy