3. 3
Memorization
Designed to increase the capacity to
store and retrieve information.
Assumes that learning task is to
master unfamiliar material.
Applicable to all curriculum areas
where material needs to be
memorized.
4. 4
Memorization (Method)
Link-Word Method (Two Components)
Provide familiar material to link with the
unfamiliar items.
Provide an association to establish the
meaning of the new material.
Teacher’s Tasks
Arrange instruction to make it easy for
students to make associations
Teach students to make their own links
9. 9
Synectics
Designed to increases the creative
capacity by by bringing the creative
process to consciousness and by
developing explicit aids to creativity.
Assumes creative invention is similar
in all fields; Individual and groups
generate ideas and products in much
the same fashion.
10. 10
Synectics (Syntax for Creating
Something New)
Phase 1: Description of the Present
Condition
Phase 2: Direct Analogy
Phase 3: Personal Analogy
Phase 4: Compressed Conflict
Phase 5: Direct Analogy
Phase 6: Reexamination of the
Original Task
11. 11
Synectics (Syntax for Making the
Strange Familiar)
Phase 1: Substantive Input
Phase 2: Direct Analogy
Phase 3: Personal Analogy
Phase 4: Comparing Analogies
Phase 5: Explaining Differences
Phase 6: Exploration
Phase 7: Generating Analogy
15. 15
Advance Organizer
Designed to help teachers organize and
convey large amounts of information
meaningfully and efficiently, and to
strengthen students’ cognitive structures.
Assumes a person’s cognitive structure (the
organization of knowledge in one’s mind) is
critical in acquiring new material and
making them meaningful.
16. 16
Advance Organizer
(Syntax)
Phase 1: Presentation of Advance
Organizer
Clarify the aims of the lesson
Present organizer
Identify defining attributes
Give examples or illustrations where approriate
Provide context
Repeat
Prompt awareness of learner’s relevant
knowledge and experience
17. 17
Advance Organizer
(Syntax)
Phase 2: Presentation of Learning
Task or Material
Present material
Make logical order of learning material explicit
Link material to organizer
18. 18
Advance Organizer
(Syntax)
Phase 3: Strengthening Cognitive
Organization
Use principles of integrative reconciliation
Elicit critical approach to subject matter
Clarify ideas
Apply ideas actively (such as by testing them)
19. 19
Advance Organizer
(Application)
To structure extended curriculum
sequences or courses
To instruct students systematically in the
key ideas of a field
To facilitate learner’s grasp of factual
information linked to and explained by the
key ideas
To teach the skills of effective reception
learning
21. 21
Mastery Learning
Mastery Learning is a framework for
planning instructional sequences.
The idea is based on the view of
aptitude as the amount of time it takes
someone to learn any material, rather
than the capacity to master it.
22. 22
Mastery Learning
(Steps)
1. Mastery of a subject is defined as a set of
objectives
2. Larger substance is divided into sets of smaller
learning units
3. Learning materials are identified and
instructional strategy selected
4. Diagnostic tests are administered after each unit
is learned
5. Data obtained from tests are used to provide
supplementary instruction to student to help
overcome problems
23. 23
Mastery Learning (Individually
Prescribed Instruction)
1. Enable each pupil to work at his/her own rate
through units of study
2. Develop in each pupil a demonstrable degree of
mastery
3. Develop self-initiation and self-direction of
learning
4. Foster the development of problem solving
through processes
5. Encourage self-evaluation and motivation for
learning
24. 24
Learning from Simulation
Simulation is to use software or other system to
approximate realistic conditions to facilitate
students’ learning process.
Students accumulate knowledge and improve
skills by interacting with the simulated
environment.
The approximation should be close to real
conditions as much as possible so that the
concepts learned and solutions generated are
transferable to the real world.
25. 25
Learning from Simulation
(Teacher’s Role)
Explaining: help students understand the rules
sufficiently to carry out most of the activities.
Refereeing: control student participation in the
game to ensure educational benefits are realized.
Coaching: give players advices that enable them
to play better.
Discussing: discuss with students about
difficulties, insights, differences between the
simulation system and real world, etc.
26. 26
Learning from Simulation
(Syntax)
Phase 1: Orientation
Present the broad topic of the simulation
and the concepts to be incorporated into
the simulation activity
Explain simulation and gaming
Provide overview of the simulation
27. 27
Learning from Simulation
(Syntax)
Phase 2: Participant Training
Setup the scenario (rules, roles,
procedures, scoring, goals, etc.)
Assign roles
Hold abbreviated practice session
29. 29
Learning from Simulation
(Syntax)
Phase 4: Participant Debriefing
Summarize events and perceptions
Summarize difficulties and insights
Analyze process
Compare simulation activity to the real
world
Appraise and redesign the simulation