This document provides an overview of well completion and stimulation. It defines well completion as installing equipment to allow controlled flow of petroleum from a well. Key aspects of well completion discussed include setting the production casing, installing tubing and a Christmas tree, perforating the well, and different types of well completions. The document also examines factors in completion selection and describes common stimulation methods like acidizing and fracturing to improve flow from low permeability formations.
After drilling is completed, wells undergo completion procedures to prepare them for production. This involves setting production casing and cementing it through the target zone. Tubing is run inside the casing with a packer to isolate the production zone. A Christmas tree is installed to control flow. Completion types include open hole, liners, and perforated casing. Perforating creates holes through casing into the formation. Some formations require stimulation like acidizing to improve permeability or fracturing to create conductive fractures held open by proppant. This increases flow into the wellbore.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 6Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an overview of well completion and stimulation. It discusses the key steps in well completion including setting production casing, installing tubing and a Christmas tree. It also covers types of well completions, factors influencing selection, perforating, and well stimulation techniques like acidizing and fracturing to improve flow from low permeability formations. The overall goal of well completion is to prepare an oil or gas well so it can safely and controllably produce petroleum.
Once a well is drilled and cased, completion engineers optimize production by inserting equipment into the wellbore. Completion involves perforating the casing near productive formations, installing tubing and other equipment like packers and valves, and performing operations like fracturing or sand control to facilitate hydrocarbon flow. The goal is to recover the maximum amount of oil and gas possible at a reasonable cost. Engineers consider formation evaluation data, expected production rates and conditions, and may install equipment like pumps or gas lift systems as needed to optimize each individual well completion.
The document discusses well completion processes. It describes the different types of well casing installed during completion, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production, and liner casing. It also discusses functions of casing like strengthening the wellbore and preventing fluid migration. The document outlines various completion methods like open hole, cemented liners, gravel packs, and describes how zones are produced. It classifies completions based on reservoir interface, production method (natural flow, artificial lift like rod pumps and ESPs), and number of zones. The artificial lift methods support production when natural reservoir pressure declines.
The document discusses coring, casing, cementation, and drilling fluids used in oil and gas well construction. It defines coring as using a special drill bit to extract cylindrical rock samples. Casing is large diameter pipe inserted into drilled sections and cemented in place to protect and isolate different zones. Cementation involves pumping a cement and water slurry to bond and support the casing. Drilling fluids are used to balance pressures, carry cuttings to the surface, and lubricate the drill bit. The types and functions of various drilling fluids are also outlined.
Casing is essential for safely drilling oil and gas wells. It must withstand forces during drilling and through the life of the well. Different casing strings are run to isolate formations with different pressures and seal off problematic zones to allow deeper drilling. Surface casing isolates fresh water and supports blowout preventers. Intermediate casing increases pressure integrity to drill deeper and protects progress. Production casing houses completion equipment and isolates the producing zone. Liners are shorter strings hung from intermediate casing to complete zones economically. Proper casing and cementing is crucial to isolate formations and prevent communication between zones.
1. Well completion is the process of preparing a well for production after drilling and installing permanent casing. This involves preparing the wellbore, running production tubing and downhole tools, and potentially perforating and stimulating the well.
2. Completion equipment includes components like the wellhead, Christmas tree, tubing hanger, production tubing, safety valves, and downhole pumps and gauges. These components allow for controlling flow from the reservoir, protecting the well, and enabling intervention operations.
3. Well completions are designed based on factors like the type of well, number of production zones, and choosing appropriate inflow and outflow systems like open hole completions, gravel packs, or tubingless complet
WELL COMPLETION, WELL INTERVENTION/ STIMULATION, AND WORKOVERAndi Anriansyah
This document discusses various well completion, intervention, and workover topics including:
- Well completion involves preparing the well for production by installing equipment like casing and tubing.
- Open hole and cased hole completions are described, along with advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Well intervention operations like scale removal, acidizing, and sand cleaning are performed during production.
- Formation damage from fluids introduced into the well is also discussed.
- Stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing aim to increase well productivity. The document outlines the processes, equipment, and evaluation of these operations.
- Other topics covered include intelligent well completions, perforating, sand control, squeeze cement
After drilling is completed, wells undergo completion procedures to prepare them for production. This involves setting production casing and cementing it through the target zone. Tubing is run inside the casing with a packer to isolate the production zone. A Christmas tree is installed to control flow. Completion types include open hole, liners, and perforated casing. Perforating creates holes through casing into the formation. Some formations require stimulation like acidizing to improve permeability or fracturing to create conductive fractures held open by proppant. This increases flow into the wellbore.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering Module 6Aijaz Ali Mooro
This document provides an overview of well completion and stimulation. It discusses the key steps in well completion including setting production casing, installing tubing and a Christmas tree. It also covers types of well completions, factors influencing selection, perforating, and well stimulation techniques like acidizing and fracturing to improve flow from low permeability formations. The overall goal of well completion is to prepare an oil or gas well so it can safely and controllably produce petroleum.
Once a well is drilled and cased, completion engineers optimize production by inserting equipment into the wellbore. Completion involves perforating the casing near productive formations, installing tubing and other equipment like packers and valves, and performing operations like fracturing or sand control to facilitate hydrocarbon flow. The goal is to recover the maximum amount of oil and gas possible at a reasonable cost. Engineers consider formation evaluation data, expected production rates and conditions, and may install equipment like pumps or gas lift systems as needed to optimize each individual well completion.
The document discusses well completion processes. It describes the different types of well casing installed during completion, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production, and liner casing. It also discusses functions of casing like strengthening the wellbore and preventing fluid migration. The document outlines various completion methods like open hole, cemented liners, gravel packs, and describes how zones are produced. It classifies completions based on reservoir interface, production method (natural flow, artificial lift like rod pumps and ESPs), and number of zones. The artificial lift methods support production when natural reservoir pressure declines.
The document discusses coring, casing, cementation, and drilling fluids used in oil and gas well construction. It defines coring as using a special drill bit to extract cylindrical rock samples. Casing is large diameter pipe inserted into drilled sections and cemented in place to protect and isolate different zones. Cementation involves pumping a cement and water slurry to bond and support the casing. Drilling fluids are used to balance pressures, carry cuttings to the surface, and lubricate the drill bit. The types and functions of various drilling fluids are also outlined.
Casing is essential for safely drilling oil and gas wells. It must withstand forces during drilling and through the life of the well. Different casing strings are run to isolate formations with different pressures and seal off problematic zones to allow deeper drilling. Surface casing isolates fresh water and supports blowout preventers. Intermediate casing increases pressure integrity to drill deeper and protects progress. Production casing houses completion equipment and isolates the producing zone. Liners are shorter strings hung from intermediate casing to complete zones economically. Proper casing and cementing is crucial to isolate formations and prevent communication between zones.
1. Well completion is the process of preparing a well for production after drilling and installing permanent casing. This involves preparing the wellbore, running production tubing and downhole tools, and potentially perforating and stimulating the well.
2. Completion equipment includes components like the wellhead, Christmas tree, tubing hanger, production tubing, safety valves, and downhole pumps and gauges. These components allow for controlling flow from the reservoir, protecting the well, and enabling intervention operations.
3. Well completions are designed based on factors like the type of well, number of production zones, and choosing appropriate inflow and outflow systems like open hole completions, gravel packs, or tubingless complet
WELL COMPLETION, WELL INTERVENTION/ STIMULATION, AND WORKOVERAndi Anriansyah
This document discusses various well completion, intervention, and workover topics including:
- Well completion involves preparing the well for production by installing equipment like casing and tubing.
- Open hole and cased hole completions are described, along with advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Well intervention operations like scale removal, acidizing, and sand cleaning are performed during production.
- Formation damage from fluids introduced into the well is also discussed.
- Stimulation techniques like acidizing and hydraulic fracturing aim to increase well productivity. The document outlines the processes, equipment, and evaluation of these operations.
- Other topics covered include intelligent well completions, perforating, sand control, squeeze cement
The document outlines the life cycle of oil and gas wells, including planning, drilling, completion, production, and abandonment phases. It describes the planning process including well classification and formation pressure considerations. Key aspects of drilling are discussed such as rig types, crews, casing, and use of drilling mud to remove cuttings from the wellbore.
Cementing is the process of pumping cement slurry through the inside of casing and into the annulus to isolate hydrocarbon zones and support the casing. It requires specialized equipment like cementing plugs, centralizers, and casing accessories. The procedure involves preparing the hole, injecting the slurry using plugs, and allowing the cement to set before proceeding. There are nine API classes of cement suitable for different well depths and conditions. Cement functions include restricting fluid flow, supporting the casing, protecting from corrosion, and supporting the wellbore.
There are four main types of well completions: conventional single zone, conventional multiple zone, tubingless, and horizontal/multilateral. Conventional single zone can be open hole or cased hole. Open hole completions have casing set above the pay zone and the pay zone is drilled without casing. Cased hole completions run casing through the pay zone and then perforate. Conventional multiple zone completions isolate multiple pay zones using a dual packer and separate tubing strings. Tubingless completions perforate zones without running production tubing. Horizontal/multilateral wells extend the wellbore horizontally or in multiple directions within the pay zone.
The document discusses oil and gas production and surface facilities. It begins with an introduction to the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry. It then covers well types at the production phase, including oil, gas, and water injection wells. It describes key wellhead components like the casing head, tubing head, Christmas tree, and safety control subsurface safety valve. It provides details on various artificial lift methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It concludes with descriptions of hook-up and flow line components used to transport oil and gas from wells.
This document discusses well completion, which involves all post-drilling operations necessary for hydrocarbon production. It describes how completion planning must consider reservoir characteristics, fluid properties, and production forecasts to optimize equipment selection and well design. The document outlines different types of completions, including open hole, cased hole, tubingless, packerless, single string, selective, and multiple string configurations. Factors that influence completion design are also summarized such as reservoir pressure, permeability, fluid chemistry, temperature, and long-term production.
1. Open-hole completions, also called 'barefoot' completions, involve setting casing above the productive interval and drilling into and through the reservoir, leaving it uncased and exposed to the wellbore.
2. For a simple open-hole well completion, the process involves setting production casing above the zone of interest before drilling into it, leaving it open to the wellbore, and then installing wellhead equipment to control flow.
3. Key steps include drilling into the formation, installing wellhead valves and pipes to direct and burn off initial flow, and cleaning the well until the flow stabilizes before testing and starting production.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
Primary cementing involves pumping a cement slurry down the casing or drill pipe to isolate formations and support the casing. It is critical to well integrity. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Cementing is done after lowering casing to isolate formations and support the casing.
- Primary cementing techniques can include single-stage, multi-stage, or liner cementation depending on well conditions.
- Secondary cementing techniques like squeeze cementing are used to remedy issues with prior cement jobs or isolate specific formations.
- Cementing is a critical operation that requires careful planning and execution to achieve well integrity on the first attempt, as there are no second chances.
Drilling fluids, also called drilling muds, are circulated during rotary drilling operations to perform critical functions such as cooling the drill bit, removing drill cuttings from the wellbore, maintaining well pressure, and providing information to geologists. The key types of drilling fluids are water-based mud, oil-based mud, and air/foam. Drilling fluid properties like density, viscosity, gel strength, and filtration must be carefully controlled to prevent problems during drilling like blowouts, stuck pipe, and hole instability.
This document summarizes information about ground hydrology and well completion. It discusses the different types of wells, including shallow and deep wells. It also describes various well construction methods, such as digging, boring, and drilling. Additionally, it covers topics like well casing, cementing, gravel packing, and screen placement. Proper well completion is emphasized as being important for maximizing well yield and longevity.
The stern tube is a hollow tube running through the bottom of a ship that contains the propeller shaft. It connects the main engine to the propeller and supports the large weight of the propeller. Stern tubes are designed to keep water from leaking into the ship while allowing the propeller shaft to rotate freely. They contain bearings lubricated with oil or water to reduce friction and prevent leakage between the stern tube and propeller shaft. Modern systems aim to improve lubrication and reduce contamination of lubricants with water for more efficient propulsion.
Cementing involves pumping cement slurry down the casing string to isolate formations and support the casing. Key steps include:
1. Pumping cement slurry down the casing string after displacing drilling mud with a spacer fluid.
2. Releasing cement plugs to separate the cement from other fluids and indicate when cement displacement is complete.
3. Allowing the cement to set and harden before testing the zonal isolation provided by the cement sheath.
Proper additives, testing, calculations and centralization of the casing are important to achieve a good cement bond between the casing and formation.
Stress analysis of storage tank piping - Jeba AnandJeba Anand Nadar
1. The document discusses stress analysis of storage tank piping. It covers classification of tanks based on fluid type and construction, modeling of tanks in Caesar software, API 650 calculations, and nozzle checks as per API 650 standards.
2. Key points include classification of tanks as fixed roof, floating roof, horizontal pressure, and Horton sphere types. Modeling of tanks in Caesar involves defining displacements for tank settlement and bulging. Nozzle checks involve verifying loads do not exceed allowable limits given tank dimensions and properties.
3. Piping connected to tanks must be properly routed and supported, accounting for tank behavior due to settlement, thermal growth, and bulging under liquid head pressure. Spring supports may
This document discusses casing and cementing in oil and gas wells. It describes the five types of casing used: surface, conductor, intermediate, and production casing. It also discusses cement composition, slurry design, when cementing is required, and well cementing techniques. The primary functions of casing and cementing are to prevent fluid migration and provide zonal isolation between geological formations in the wellbore. Cementing the casing strings helps achieve these functions and is an important part of well construction.
This document provides information about drilling fluids used in oil and gas drilling operations. It discusses the key components and functions of drilling fluids, including bringing cuttings to the surface, controlling subsurface pressures, lubricating and cooling the drill bit. It also describes various types of drilling fluids like water-based muds, calcium muds, lignosulphonate muds, and KCl/polymer muds. The document discusses the role of clays and colloid chemistry in drilling fluids and outlines the properties and uses of different clay minerals.
my presentation about kick tolerance and contain 3 videos
the reference (well drilling & construction) Hussain Rabia
and weatherford essay & videos from youtube
The document discusses various drilling problems that can occur such as pipe sticking, loss of circulation, hole deviation, and more. It describes the causes and solutions for different types of pipe sticking problems including differential pressure sticking and mechanical sticking due to cuttings accumulation, borehole instability, or key seating. The document also covers loss of circulation issues and explains common lost circulation zones and causes. Planning and understanding potential problems is key to successfully reaching the target zone.
This document outlines the key considerations for developing an effective casing program. It discusses the different types of casings used, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production casing, and liners. The functions of each casing type are described. Important factors to determine casing setting depths are mentioned, such as formation pressures and stability, as well as factors for the production casing like completion method and expected production. The advantages of smaller hole sizes for cost reduction are balanced with the need for sufficient diameter for completion and production.
This document outlines the key considerations for developing an effective casing program. It discusses the different types of casings used, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production casing, and liners. The functions of each casing type are described. Important factors to determine casing setting depths are mentioned, such as formation pressures and stability, as well as factors for the production casing like completion method and expected production. The advantages of smaller hole sizes for cost reduction are balanced with enabling a suitable hole for completion and production.
The document outlines the life cycle of oil and gas wells, including planning, drilling, completion, production, and abandonment phases. It describes the planning process including well classification and formation pressure considerations. Key aspects of drilling are discussed such as rig types, crews, casing, and use of drilling mud to remove cuttings from the wellbore.
Cementing is the process of pumping cement slurry through the inside of casing and into the annulus to isolate hydrocarbon zones and support the casing. It requires specialized equipment like cementing plugs, centralizers, and casing accessories. The procedure involves preparing the hole, injecting the slurry using plugs, and allowing the cement to set before proceeding. There are nine API classes of cement suitable for different well depths and conditions. Cement functions include restricting fluid flow, supporting the casing, protecting from corrosion, and supporting the wellbore.
There are four main types of well completions: conventional single zone, conventional multiple zone, tubingless, and horizontal/multilateral. Conventional single zone can be open hole or cased hole. Open hole completions have casing set above the pay zone and the pay zone is drilled without casing. Cased hole completions run casing through the pay zone and then perforate. Conventional multiple zone completions isolate multiple pay zones using a dual packer and separate tubing strings. Tubingless completions perforate zones without running production tubing. Horizontal/multilateral wells extend the wellbore horizontally or in multiple directions within the pay zone.
The document discusses oil and gas production and surface facilities. It begins with an introduction to the upstream, midstream, and downstream sectors of the oil and gas industry. It then covers well types at the production phase, including oil, gas, and water injection wells. It describes key wellhead components like the casing head, tubing head, Christmas tree, and safety control subsurface safety valve. It provides details on various artificial lift methods and their relative advantages and disadvantages. It concludes with descriptions of hook-up and flow line components used to transport oil and gas from wells.
This document discusses well completion, which involves all post-drilling operations necessary for hydrocarbon production. It describes how completion planning must consider reservoir characteristics, fluid properties, and production forecasts to optimize equipment selection and well design. The document outlines different types of completions, including open hole, cased hole, tubingless, packerless, single string, selective, and multiple string configurations. Factors that influence completion design are also summarized such as reservoir pressure, permeability, fluid chemistry, temperature, and long-term production.
1. Open-hole completions, also called 'barefoot' completions, involve setting casing above the productive interval and drilling into and through the reservoir, leaving it uncased and exposed to the wellbore.
2. For a simple open-hole well completion, the process involves setting production casing above the zone of interest before drilling into it, leaving it open to the wellbore, and then installing wellhead equipment to control flow.
3. Key steps include drilling into the formation, installing wellhead valves and pipes to direct and burn off initial flow, and cleaning the well until the flow stabilizes before testing and starting production.
This document provides an overview of the oil and gas production and shipping industry, including exploration, upstream production facilities, midstream facilities, and transportation. It describes the key stages and facilities involved, from exploration and drilling to separation, processing, storage, pipelines and export. The upstream section involves wellheads, manifolds, separation and processing facilities. Midstream includes gas plants for processing, pipelines for transportation, and LNG facilities for liquefaction and regasification. Various offshore and onshore production structures are also outlined.
Primary cementing involves pumping a cement slurry down the casing or drill pipe to isolate formations and support the casing. It is critical to well integrity. Some key points covered in the document include:
- Cementing is done after lowering casing to isolate formations and support the casing.
- Primary cementing techniques can include single-stage, multi-stage, or liner cementation depending on well conditions.
- Secondary cementing techniques like squeeze cementing are used to remedy issues with prior cement jobs or isolate specific formations.
- Cementing is a critical operation that requires careful planning and execution to achieve well integrity on the first attempt, as there are no second chances.
Drilling fluids, also called drilling muds, are circulated during rotary drilling operations to perform critical functions such as cooling the drill bit, removing drill cuttings from the wellbore, maintaining well pressure, and providing information to geologists. The key types of drilling fluids are water-based mud, oil-based mud, and air/foam. Drilling fluid properties like density, viscosity, gel strength, and filtration must be carefully controlled to prevent problems during drilling like blowouts, stuck pipe, and hole instability.
This document summarizes information about ground hydrology and well completion. It discusses the different types of wells, including shallow and deep wells. It also describes various well construction methods, such as digging, boring, and drilling. Additionally, it covers topics like well casing, cementing, gravel packing, and screen placement. Proper well completion is emphasized as being important for maximizing well yield and longevity.
The stern tube is a hollow tube running through the bottom of a ship that contains the propeller shaft. It connects the main engine to the propeller and supports the large weight of the propeller. Stern tubes are designed to keep water from leaking into the ship while allowing the propeller shaft to rotate freely. They contain bearings lubricated with oil or water to reduce friction and prevent leakage between the stern tube and propeller shaft. Modern systems aim to improve lubrication and reduce contamination of lubricants with water for more efficient propulsion.
Cementing involves pumping cement slurry down the casing string to isolate formations and support the casing. Key steps include:
1. Pumping cement slurry down the casing string after displacing drilling mud with a spacer fluid.
2. Releasing cement plugs to separate the cement from other fluids and indicate when cement displacement is complete.
3. Allowing the cement to set and harden before testing the zonal isolation provided by the cement sheath.
Proper additives, testing, calculations and centralization of the casing are important to achieve a good cement bond between the casing and formation.
Stress analysis of storage tank piping - Jeba AnandJeba Anand Nadar
1. The document discusses stress analysis of storage tank piping. It covers classification of tanks based on fluid type and construction, modeling of tanks in Caesar software, API 650 calculations, and nozzle checks as per API 650 standards.
2. Key points include classification of tanks as fixed roof, floating roof, horizontal pressure, and Horton sphere types. Modeling of tanks in Caesar involves defining displacements for tank settlement and bulging. Nozzle checks involve verifying loads do not exceed allowable limits given tank dimensions and properties.
3. Piping connected to tanks must be properly routed and supported, accounting for tank behavior due to settlement, thermal growth, and bulging under liquid head pressure. Spring supports may
This document discusses casing and cementing in oil and gas wells. It describes the five types of casing used: surface, conductor, intermediate, and production casing. It also discusses cement composition, slurry design, when cementing is required, and well cementing techniques. The primary functions of casing and cementing are to prevent fluid migration and provide zonal isolation between geological formations in the wellbore. Cementing the casing strings helps achieve these functions and is an important part of well construction.
This document provides information about drilling fluids used in oil and gas drilling operations. It discusses the key components and functions of drilling fluids, including bringing cuttings to the surface, controlling subsurface pressures, lubricating and cooling the drill bit. It also describes various types of drilling fluids like water-based muds, calcium muds, lignosulphonate muds, and KCl/polymer muds. The document discusses the role of clays and colloid chemistry in drilling fluids and outlines the properties and uses of different clay minerals.
my presentation about kick tolerance and contain 3 videos
the reference (well drilling & construction) Hussain Rabia
and weatherford essay & videos from youtube
The document discusses various drilling problems that can occur such as pipe sticking, loss of circulation, hole deviation, and more. It describes the causes and solutions for different types of pipe sticking problems including differential pressure sticking and mechanical sticking due to cuttings accumulation, borehole instability, or key seating. The document also covers loss of circulation issues and explains common lost circulation zones and causes. Planning and understanding potential problems is key to successfully reaching the target zone.
This document outlines the key considerations for developing an effective casing program. It discusses the different types of casings used, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production casing, and liners. The functions of each casing type are described. Important factors to determine casing setting depths are mentioned, such as formation pressures and stability, as well as factors for the production casing like completion method and expected production. The advantages of smaller hole sizes for cost reduction are balanced with the need for sufficient diameter for completion and production.
This document outlines the key considerations for developing an effective casing program. It discusses the different types of casings used, including conductor, surface, intermediate, production casing, and liners. The functions of each casing type are described. Important factors to determine casing setting depths are mentioned, such as formation pressures and stability, as well as factors for the production casing like completion method and expected production. The advantages of smaller hole sizes for cost reduction are balanced with enabling a suitable hole for completion and production.
This document summarizes a blowout that occurred during fracturing operations on a well in South Texas. Wild Well Control responded and was able to install a new wellhead and secure the well within 5 days. They removed equipment from the site and controlled water flow before excavating to remove the damaged wellhead. A diamond wire saw was used instead of an abrasive jet cutter to remove the wellhead faster. A slip lock wellhead was then installed and the well was capped by installing a tubing head and closing manual gate valves.
Hydraulics Summary to optimization of drill bit hydraulicsJalal Neshat
This document contains a table with specifications for water wells at different depths, including metrics like depth, mud weight, nozzle configuration, total flow area, flow rate, sand production potential, and hole-cleaning index. The table shows these metrics for wells ranging from 1966 to 2618 meters deep, with 140 to 144 pounds per cubic foot mud weight, and various nozzle configurations between 13/16 and 16 inches. It concludes by noting the ideal range for hole-cleaning index is 2 to 8 for a 12 1/4 inch hole.
This report provides design and hydraulic analysis details for Well AZ-534, Wellbore WB1, Design D-1, and Case C-1. It includes general well information, fluid properties, hole geometry, drill string design, well path, pore pressure and fracture gradient profiles, schematics, hydraulics setup, and plots of hydraulic parameters like circulating pressure, minimum flow rate, cuttings bed height, and bit power. The report was generated by Saeed Zamanian on July 5, 2023 for Exxon Dena Co.'s Ahvaz Project Site FATH-27 well.
This document discusses the dynamic simulation of preformed aqueous foam stability for enhanced oil recovery applications. It summarizes the results of simulations examining factors that affect foam drainage and coalescence, including surface tension, salt concentration, and gas type. The simulations show that foam stability is reduced by drainage and coalescence over time. Lower surface tension, nitrogen gas compared to carbon dioxide or methane, and absence of salt all increase foam stability by reducing drainage rates. Understanding these phenomena is important for optimizing foam-assisted enhanced oil recovery.
This document provides a comprehensive review of foam-enhanced oil recovery (foam-EOR) techniques. It discusses the problems with conventional gas-EOR methods, such as gravity override and poor sweep efficiency. Foam-EOR aims to improve sweep efficiency by generating foam to restrict gas mobility and create a uniform displacement front. The review covers foam characterization, factors impacting foam stability and oil recovery, and mechanisms of foam generation. It analyzes laboratory and field implementations of foam-EOR and highlights recent developments to improve foam generation and stability under reservoir conditions.
This study examines the mechanism of improved oil recovery from bottom water reservoirs through nitrogen foam flooding. Laboratory experiments are conducted using core tube and plate models to analyze fluid migration characteristics during nitrogen foam injection. Results show that foam has higher resistance in water layers, increasing displacement in oil layers by diverting subsequent foam into the oil. Foam also enters the oil layer, defoams and forms a secondary gas cap, improving sweep efficiency and displacing residual oil. The research reveals that nitrogen foam flooding improves oil recovery in bottom water reservoirs by plugging the water layer and enhancing displacement in the oil layer.
The document reports on the Drilling Technology Research Program at Sandia Laboratories, which includes four projects: high performance bit development focusing on improving bonding of diamond cutters, development of high temperature drilling fluids instrumentation, testing materials for increased service life in high temperature environments, and research into measuring formation and mud pressures while drilling. The program has made progress in developing strong and erosion-resistant diffusion bonds for attaching diamond cutters, characterizing effects of high temperatures on drilling fluids, and designing field tests of new drilling technologies.
This document provides an introduction and overview to the Landmark OpenWells software. It outlines the objectives of the OpenWells Basics training course, describes key concepts and terminology used in OpenWells such as the Engineer's Desktop, EDM database, and data migration. It also provides an overview of the system's capabilities including customization, integration, value of data, security, modernization, and ease of use. Finally, it begins describing how to get started with OpenWells, including logging in and entering different types of data.
This document contains technical formulas, charts, and tables related to well control. It includes common formulas for calculating capacities and volumes, pump outputs and rates, equivalent circulating density, trip calculations, pressures and gradients, kick-related calculations, lubricate and bleed calculations, bullheading calculations, stripping/snubbing calculations, subsea formulas, accumulator sizing, mud and cement formulas, and hydraulic formulas. It also contains estimates and rules of thumb for tripping, stuck pipe, free point and stretch, temperature drop across chokes, bit nozzle pressure loss, gas well flow rates, and other topics. Finally, it includes data tables for drillpipe, drill collars, casing, hole capacity, pumps, mud weights, B
This document discusses mud volcanoes in the South Caspian Basin. It notes that the basin contains over 160 mud volcanoes offshore and a quarter of the world's 900 known onshore mud volcanoes. Mud volcanoes annually erupt over 109 cubic meters of gases like methane. The document examines the geology of mud volcanoes in the basin, their relationship to seismic activity, Caspian Sea level fluctuations, and hydrocarbon generation. It provides examples of the scale of individual mud volcanoes and estimates total eruptions and gas potential. Correlations are also discussed between mud volcano activity and solar cycles, tidal forces, and earthquakes in the region.
This document presents a new technique for predicting equivalent circulating density (ECD) values while drilling without using downhole tools. The technique uses artificial intelligence (AI) models to evaluate ECD based on surface drilling parameters. Two AI techniques were used: artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). Both models achieved high accuracy in predicting ECD values compared to actual measurements, with errors less than 0.22%. The models provide a cost-effective and real-time method to evaluate ECD without needing expensive downhole sensors. Implementing these AI models could improve wellbore pressure control and drilling operations management.
This document provides information on rig equipment and drilling sites. It discusses the preparation required for onshore and offshore drilling sites, including constructing access roads, camps, and foundations to support the rig equipment. It also covers environmental and safety requirements for drilling sites such as drainage systems, oil traps, and re-instating the site after drilling is complete. The document then describes the major components of a typical drilling rig and factors to consider when selecting a rig, such as its mechanical rating and suitability for the planned wells.
SPE171748 Surface Safety System for ZADCO (4).pdfJalal Neshat
The document describes a Lift Gas Safety System (LGSS) implemented on gas lift production wells on artificial islands to enhance safety and optimize surface infrastructure during simultaneous drilling and production operations (SIMOPS). The LGSS contains downhole check valves and surface hydraulic safety valves to contain lift gas within the wellbore in an emergency shutdown. It also allows annular pressure monitoring to maintain well integrity. This system lowers the risk of a catastrophic gas release and allows for optimization of surface facilities by removing unnecessary piping and valves. Initial installations are planned for Q4 2014 with wireless monitoring and battery power, transitioning to wired systems for full field development. The LGSS addresses well integrity issues and reduces risks associated with SIMOPS on the islands.
The document discusses mud volcanoes in the South Caspian basin and estimates the depth of origin of their products. It finds that gases have the deepest roots between 7-15 km, which drive the formation and activity of mud volcanoes. Liquid products like oil are sourced from depths up to 5 km from destroyed petroleum accumulations. Solid products like mud are estimated to originate from depths between 3-4 km based on rock compaction criteria. The majority of mud volcanoes are associated with petroleum structures in the basin.
This document provides instructions for backing off stuck pipe using either a top drive or rotary table to apply left hand torque. It describes determining the maximum safe overpull and torque limits, running a free point indicator tool, locating the joint to back off, setting slips and applying left hand torque to transmit it down the string until the stuck point is reached. Once the required torque is achieved, a back-off charge is detonated in hopes of releasing the stuck section of pipe.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
Chapter_6-OCW.pdf
1. 1
Fundamentals Of Petroleum Engineering
WELL COMPLETION AND STIMULATION
Mohd Fauzi Hamid
Wan Rosli Wan Sulaiman
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Faculty of Petroleum & Renewable Engineering
Universiti Technologi Malaysia
2. COURSE CONTENTS
What is Well Completion.
Setting Production Casing.
Installing the Tubing.
Installing the Christmas Tree
Types of Well Completion
Factors Influencing Well Completion Selection
Type of Flow
Completion and Workover Fluids
Perforating
Well Stimulation
3. What is Well Completion?
After careful interpretation and consideration on well test
data (coring, logging etc), a decision is made whether to set
production casing and complete the well or to plug and
abandon it.
Decision to abandon is made when the well is not capable to
produce oil or gas in commercial quantities.
However, sometimes wells that were plugged and
abandoned at one time in the past may be reopened and
produced if the price of oil or gas has become more
favorable.
“Completing a well” means installing equipment in the well
to allow a safe and controlled flow of petroleum from the
well.
4. A series of activities to prepare an oil well or a gas well, so
that the well can be flowed in a controlled manner. All wells
have to be completed.
In addition to the casing that lines the wellbore (recall
Chapter 4), tubing and a system of flow valves must be
installed.
Cannot operate alone - must joint effort with other sub-
disciplines such as production engineering and reservoir
engineering.
5. Setting Production Casing
Production casing is the final casing in a well.
The hole is drilled beyond the producing interval.
Production casing is set and cemented through the pay
zone.
The casing and cement actually seal off the producing zone
7. Installing the Tubing
Tubing is run into the well (smaller diameter compared to
production casing and removable) to serve as a way for oil
or gas to flow to the surface.
Packer is attached to it just near the bottom.
Packer is placed at a depth just above the producing
interval.
When the packer is expanded, it grips the wall of the
production casing and forms a seal between outside of
tubing and inside of casing
8. Installing the Christmas Tree
A collection of valves called a Christmas
tree is installed on the surface at the top
of the casing hanger.
As the well’s production flows up the
tubing, it enters the christmas tree.
So, the production can be controlled by
opening or closing valves on the christmas
tree.
9. Type of Well Completions
Open Hole Completions.
Production casing to be set
above the zone of interests.
Production casing
Tubing
Packer
Production
zone
Open hole
10. Type of Well Completions
Production casing
Screen and
liner assembly
Liner Completions.
A liner is install across the pay
zone.
Can be divided into two: Screen
Liner and Perforated Liner.
Screen Liner: Casing is set above
the producing zone, and an
uncemented screen and liner
assembly is installed across the
pay zone
Tubing
Packer
Production
zone
11. Type of Well Completions
Perforated Liner Completion:
Casing is set above the
producing zone, and a liner
assembly is installed across the
pay zone and cemented in
place. The liner is then
perforated selectively for
production.
Production casing
Perforation
Liner
Production
zone
Tubing
Packer
12. Type of Well Completions
Perforated Casing Completions.
Production casing is cemented
through the producing zone and
the pay section is selectively
perforated. Production casing
Tubing
Packer
Production
zone
Perforation
13. Type of Well Completions
Tubingless or Reduced Diameter
Completions.
Production tubing is cemented
and perforated for production. Production tubing
Production
zone
Perforation
14. Factors Influencing Well Completion Selection
Natural occurrences of the field, i.e. does it have a big reserve
to justify development?
Potential of oil production and the planning of tertiary
recovery, i.e. do we need any artificial lift in the future?
Limitations within the operation and the field, i.e. is the oil
field located at a remote area?
15. Type of Flow
Three types of flow, namely casing flow, tubing and annulus
flow, and tubing flow.
Casing Flow: Large flowrate. No tubing is required. Used in
Middle East.
Tubing and Annulus Flow: Large flowrate. Flow segregation.
Tubing Flow: Used widely especially in Malaysia. Due to safety.
May use one tubing string or more.
Our future discussion will be based on the tubing flow only in
a perforated cased hole completion.
16. Single Tubing Completion
Single string sequential completions.
It is the simplest way of completing the well.
In this method well is completed for single zone with single tubing.
Single string commingle completions.
All the reservoirs available in a well are produced simultaneously
through single string.
Should be avoided if possible to eliminate cross-flow phenomena.
Monitoring of reservoir performance is extremely difficult.
Single string selective zone completion.
Permits selective production, injection, testing, stimulation, and
isolation of various zones.
Selectivity after completion is accomplished by opening and closing
sliding sleeves between the packers.
17. Multilateral Completion
In these completions, multiple branches are drilled from a
single hole.
It is used to improve productivity from closely spaced target
zones.
18. Completion and Workover Fluids
Is a fluid that placed against the producing formation while
conducting operations such as well killing, cleaning out,
hardware replacement, gravel packing, etc.
Workover fluid is used when a workover job is done on a well.
In this discussion, it refers to the same completion fluid.
Workover fluid does not include well stimulation fluid,
fracturing fluid, cement slurry, etc.
19. Packer Fluids
Placed above the topmost packer.
Avoid using WBM as packer fluid.
Must be chemically stable. Acceptable upper limit of
corrosivity is 5 mils per year. If possible, about 1 mil per year.
Two major criteria must be met by packer fluid:
– Limit settling of solids.
– Provide protection for corrosion or embrittlement.
20. Perforation
Since the pay zone is sealed off by the production casing and
cement, perforations must be made in order for oil or gas to
flow into the wellbore.
Hole made in the casing, cement, and formation, through
which formation fluids enter a wellbore. Usually several
perforation are made at a time.
Perforating incorporates shaped-charge explosives which
creating a jet of high-pressure, high-velocity liquid – jet
perforation.
It can be overbalance or underbalance perforation, and
wireline conveyed perforation (WCP) or tubing conveyed
perforation (TCP).
21. Perforation
Perforating gun (WCP type) is lowered into the hole at the
depth where the oil or gas formation is found (A).
After the gun is lined up properly, powerful explosive charges
are fired (B) from the control panel at the surface. These
explosives blast a hole in the steel casing and cement, up to
several feet out into the rock.
Finally, the oil and gas fluids flow into the holes and up the
well to the surface (C).
22. Perforating Fluid
Is a fluid that placed against the producing formation during
perforation.
Ideally, fluid with no solids.
Fluids to be considered:
Salt water: Clean water poses no problem. When
overbalanced, may push charge debris into formation.
Acetic acid: Excellent perforating fluid under most
conditions. The presence of H2S may magnify corrosion
problems.
Nitrogen: Useful in low pressure formations, or when
associated with high rig time or swabbing costs, or when a
special test requires formation to be free from
contamination.
23. Wellhead Assembly
Comprise x-mas tree, casing head, and tubing head.
Wellhead is referred to casing head and tubing head.
X-mas tree is installed on top of the wellhead.
Tubing head in located above the casing head.
24. Well Stimulation
Sometime, petroleum exists in a formation but is unable to
flow readily into the well because the formation has very low
permeability.
– Natural low permeability formation.
– Formation damage around the wellbore caused by invasion of
perforation fluid and charge debris.
Acidizing or fracturing is a methods used to increase the
permeability near the wellbore.
25. Acidizing
If the formation is composed of rocks that dissolve upon
being contacted by acid, such as limestone or dolomite, then
a technique known as acidizing may be required.
Acidizing operation basically consists of pumping from fifty
to thousands of gallons of acid down the well.
The acid travels down the tubing, enters the perforations,
and contacts the formation.
26. Acidizing
Continued pumping forces the acid into the formation where
it produces channels.
Channels will provide a way for the formation’s oil or gas to
enter the well through the perforations.
The most common acid systems in use are:
Hydrochloric Acid: This is the most widely used acid in
treatments, with concentrations ranging between 7.5% and
28%, the most common is 15%. It will dissolves Calcium
Carbonate (CaCO3), Dolomite (CaMgCO3), Siderite (FeCO3),
and Iron Oxide (Fe2O3).
27. Acidizing
Mud Acid: This is a mixture of HCl and HF (hydrofluoric acid) and
is generally 12% HCl and 3% HF. It will dissolve clay materials in
the formation, along with feldspars and quartz. The HF will react
with Na, K, Ca and Si in the clays to form insoluble precipitates,
so it is advisable to always preflush with HCl.
Organic Acids: These are Acetic and Formic Acids. They are
slower acting than HCl, and are generally used in high
temperature wells and wells with high alloy tubing to reduce
corrosion rates.
EDTA: This is Ethylene Diamine Tetra-Acetic Acid. It dissolves
carbonates and sulphates by chelating them. It is more
expensive than the other acids and the reaction is slower.
28. Fracturing
Fracturing is a process to increase the permeability of reservoir
rocks (eg sandstone) by pumping a special blended fluid down
the well and into the formation under great pressure.
Pumping continues until the downhole pressure exceeding
fracture pressure of the rocks, formation literally cracks open
(with opening between 0.25 – 0.5 inch).
Meanwhile, sand or aluminum pellets are mixed into the
fracturing fluid. These materials are called proppants.
The proppant enters the fractures in the formation, and, when
pumping is stopped and the pressure decreased, the proppant
remains in the fractures
29. Fracturing
Since the fractures try to close back together after the pressure
on the well is released, the proppant is needed to hold
fractures open.
These propped-open fractures is permeable enough to provide
passages for oil or gas to flow into the well.