The document discusses the four stroke cycle theory of internal combustion engines. It describes the four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust. Each stroke involves the piston moving up or down and the opening and closing of the intake and exhaust valves. The timing of the valve openings and closings affects engine performance. It also discusses overhead camshafts, hydraulic lifters, engine lubrication systems, cooling systems, and combustion efficiency.

1. Four stroke cycle theory Intake stroke Piston moving down Intake valve open Exhaust valve closed Copyright 2003 Gary Lewis - Dave Capitolo

2. Four stroke cycle theory Compression stroke Piston moving up Intake valve closed Exhaust valve closed

3. Four stroke cycle theory Power stroke Piston moving down Intake valve closed Exhaust valve closed

4. Four stroke cycle theory Exhaust stroke Piston moving up Intake valve closed Exhaust valve open

5. Four stroke cycle theory Each stroke takes 180 ° of crankshaft rotation to complete All cylinders fire in 720 ° of crankshaft rotation 720 divided by number of cylinders = firing interval Odd fire V-6 engine (90 ° block with 120° rod journals)

6. Four stroke diesel theory Compression ignition Diesel fuel low volatility High compression ratios produce the heat necessary Pre-chamber for vaporization

7. Rotary engine theory

8. Piston dwell time Piston travel is at a minimum. . . TDC and BDC Crank moves horizontally Piston velocity Maximum when rod is 90 ° to crank Acceleration Maximum 30 ° earlier Best VE is obtained by synchronizing valve opening with piston speeds

9. Other engine cycles Overlap Both valves are open End of exhaust & start of intake Low pressure in exhaust port Blowdown Exhaust valve opens before BDC To help evacuate cylinder before piston reverses Pumping losses at end of exhaust stroke

10. Valve events Intake valve opening BTDC Low pressure in cylinder Intake valve closing ABDC Cylinder pressure is effected by timing Exhaust valve opening BBDC Residual pressure helps blowdown Exhaust valve closing ATDC Low pressure in exhaust port draws air in

11. Effects on valve timing Intake valve opening Late – Reduced VE Early – Dilution of intake with exhaust Intake valve closing Late – Reduces cylinder pressure Early – Increases cylinder pressure Exhaust valve opening Late – Pumping losses Early – Power reduction Exhaust valve closing Late – Reduces vacuum Early – Reduces VE

12. Combustion Spark ignition Maximum cylinder pressure 15 ° ATDC Tumble and swirl Motion reduces misfires Excess motion inhibits flow AFR 14.7:1 at part throttle, 12.5:1 under load Compression ignition 18:1 direct injection 23:1 pre-chambers for better starting Cranking heats air to 600 °F Compression heats are to 800-1200 °F

13. Diesel fuels Cetane volatility numbers 50-55 Higher cetane #1 fuel for cold weather Lower cetane #2 fuel for warm weather Paraffin separates from fuel at 20°F

14. Valve trains OHV (overhead valve) Pushrod configuration Many reciprocating parts Higher valve spring pressure required Compact engine size compared to OHC

15. Valve trains OHC (overhead cam) Fewer reciprocating parts Reduced valve spring pressure required Higher RPM capability Cylinder head assemblies are taller

16. Valve trains Cam-in-head No pushrods Use rocker arms

17. Valve lash compensators Solid lifters No internal parts Periodic adjustment

18. Valve lash compensators Hydraulic lifters To maintain zero lash Quieter No periodic adjustment Anti-scuff additives are required in oils

19. Hydraulic lifter operation Valve closed Oil flows through lifter bore, & past check valve Plunger return spring maintains zero lash

20. Hydraulic lifter operation Valve open Check valve seats and limits the slippage Now operates as a solid lifter

21. Hydraulic lifter operation Return to valve closed New oil enters the lifter body This oil replaces oil that has leaked between plunger and body (predetermined leakage)

22. Other lash compensators

23. Metering device Metering valve meters the oil flow to the pushrod

24. Timing sets Gear sets Cam and crank rotate in opposite directions Noisy if not free of burrs Helical and spur cut gears

25. Timing sets Timing chains Single and double roller Tensioners

26. Timing sets Timing belts Require maintenance Quiet

27. Camshaft terminology Cam lift (A-B) Valve lift = Cam lift times rocker ratio Valve lift .300” cam lift times 1.5 rocker ratio = .450” valve opening

28. Engine oiling Lubrication through pressure. . .

29. Engine oiling and spray. . .

30. Engine oiling Oil pan baffles To keep oil in sump during braking, accelerating, and cornering

31. Engine oiling Oil pan windage tray To prevent oil aeration in the sump

32. Engine oiling Oil pumps Driven by distributors, gear on camshaft, or crankshaft

33. Engine oiling Oil pumps with pressure relief valves Gear type pump Rotor type pump

34. Engine oiling Full flow oil filtering system Oil pump output flows through filter first Bypass circuit for restricted filters will allow oil to flow to engine

35. Engine oils API, SAE, and ASTM “ S” - Spark ignition “ C” - Compression ignition

36. Engine oil additives Viscosity index improvers To reduce viscosity change with heat Detergents To dissolve varnish and sludge Dispersants To keep sludge, carbon and other materials from recombining and suspends them in oil to be drained Scuff inhibitors To reduce friction and wear Antifoam and antioxidants To prevent foaming and to slow oxidation in oil

37. Engine measurements Bore Diameter of cylinder Stroke Distance between TDC & BDC

38. Engine measurements Displacement per cylinder  r ² S Displacement for the engine Disp per cylinder times the Number of cylinders

39. Engine measurements Compression ratio D + CV CV To calculate clearance volume D . CR-1

40. Engine measurements Deck clearance Top of piston to top of block deck Measured with dial indicator or depth mic

41. Engine measurements Deck height Center line of crank to block deck

42. Fits and clearances Running fit Clearance between bearing and shaft Clearance for oil Listed as diametral

43. Fits and clearances Interference (press) fit OD is larger than ID Example is piston pin pressed into rod

44. Fits and clearances of pistons Full floating .0003 - .0005 clearance in rod .0001 - .0003 clearance in piston Oscillating .0008 - .0012 interference in rod .0003 - .0005 clearance in piston Rod offset Beam offset to center of cylinder Enlarged chamfers to clear fillets Pin offset Offset to major thrust side Quieter engine, less cylinder wear

45. Cooling system operation Heat energy 1/3 usable power 1/3 released through exhaust system 1/3 released through cooling system Engine temperature Cool enough to prevent part failure Warm enough to maximize engine efficiency

46. Cooling system operation Engine heat is transfered . . . through walls of the combustion chambers through the walls of cylinders Coolant flows . . . to upper radiator hose through radiator to water pump through engine water jackets through thermostat back to radiator

47. Cooling system operation Fans increase air flow through radiator Hydraulic fan clutches Hydraulic fans consume 6 to 8 HP Electric fans Coolant (ethylene glycol) 50/50 mixture increases boiling point to 227 ° F pressurizing system to 15 PSI increases to 265 ° F Coolant (propylene glycol) Less protection at the same temperatures Less toxic

48. Combustion efficiency Under perfect conditions . . . Only byproducts would be carbon dioxide and water Iso-octane fuel is laboratory fuel Because conditions are not perfect . . . Carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are produced Oxides of nitrogen are produced from pressure & temp Emission controls Catalytic converters – Convert CO & HC to carbon dioxide & water O2 sensors – To monitor oxygen content in exhaust EGR – To reduce peak cylinder temperatures