This document contains class records and notes from an agricultural power and engine components course. It includes a class attendance record, the results of short quizzes on engine components and cycles, and explanations of key engine parts like the cylinder block and head, valves, pistons, crankshafts, and bearings. It also summarizes the timing of practical four-stroke and two-stroke engine cycles, including valve timing, ignition timing, injection timing, firing intervals, and firing orders. The document provides an overview of internal combustion engine design and operation.
This engine is constructed in such a way that it can produce higher efficiency by emitting zero emission of harmful gases,because of complete burning of fuel.It is light,small and of low cost.It is benificial for the environment.It can solve the problems of over consumption of fuel.It creates a revolution in the field of engine mechanism.It has two strokes more than the four stroke engine.In future it may be used in every technical field due to higher output and low pollution factor.
Fundamentals of Compression Ignition EngineAnand Kumar
The basics of diesel engine like classification, material used, timing diagram, combustion curves, emission control equipments are explained in this presentation.
This engine is constructed in such a way that it can produce higher efficiency by emitting zero emission of harmful gases,because of complete burning of fuel.It is light,small and of low cost.It is benificial for the environment.It can solve the problems of over consumption of fuel.It creates a revolution in the field of engine mechanism.It has two strokes more than the four stroke engine.In future it may be used in every technical field due to higher output and low pollution factor.
Fundamentals of Compression Ignition EngineAnand Kumar
The basics of diesel engine like classification, material used, timing diagram, combustion curves, emission control equipments are explained in this presentation.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
A brief explanation of both two stroke engine and four stroke engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
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This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
2. Class Record
Attendance
Names
Acay, Nollen Grace
Barbo,
Bayan
Borda
Borero
Duran
Eslao
Flores
Gallera
Gomez,
Lampon
Mateo
Omega
Paulino
Pino
Reponte
Salik
Samillano
Travilla
Pavo
Florido
Sasi
Nadala
Garcia
11-18-13
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
11-25-13
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
A
P
P
P
P
12/02/13
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Quize
12/09/13 Absences
Q1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
Q2
30
30
30
14
31
16
30
18
9
13
23
12
26
28 27
15
26
20
20
3
23
31
27
25 -
Q3
46
50
41
66
45
57
43
46
57
57
48
40
42
27
48
33
22
36
30
39
55
42
25
30
14
22
17
23
22
27
20
28
25
15
26
16
20
20
29
24
10
20
28
14
26
15
3. Short Quiz (50 pts)
1. What is the piston speed of an engine having a
revolution of 2100 revolution per minute and a stroke
of 21 cm (15 pts)
2. Given a four-cylinder Otto cycle engine with a 70mm bore, 135-mm stroke, and a clearance volume
of 0.121 L . (Assume n = 1.4).
A) What is the total engine displacement?.
B) What is the compression ratio of the engine?
C) What is the theoretical Cycle efficiency?
(25 pts)
4. Short Quiz (50 pts)
1. The volume of gas in the cylinder when the
piston is at head dead center (HDC) is called
_________. (2 pts)
a. Total Volume
b. Clearance Volume
c. Displacement Volume
d. Head Dead Volume
5. Short Quiz (50 pts)
2. What is the volume fo
the air-fuel mixture in the
figure (2 pts)
a. Total Volume
b. Displacement Volume
c. Clearance Volume
d. Exhaust Volume
6. Short Quiz (50 pts)
3. At point 0 the intake
valve is ___________ .
(2 pts)
a. Open
b. Closed
c. Semi Open
d. Semi Closed
7. Short Quiz (50 pts)
4. The process that occurs
between point 1 and 2 is
______________. (2 pts)
a. polytropic compression stroke
b. polytropic expansion stroke
c. Power stroke
d. Exhaust Stroke
8. Short Quiz (50 pts)
5. It is the theoritical cycle for
spark ignition system?
a. Diesel Cycle
b. Carnot Cycle
c. Gasoline Cycle
d. Otto Cycle
9. ANSWERS
1. What is the piston speed of an engine having a
revolution of 2100 revolution per minute and a stroke
of 21 cm (15 pts)
S =2LN
S =2∗21∗2100
S =88200 cm/ min
S =1470 cm/ sec
10. ANSWERS
2. Given a four-cylinder Otto cycle engine with a 70mm. bore, 135-mm stroke, and a clearance volume
of 0.121 L (7.386 in.3). (Assume n = 1.4).
A) What is the total engine displacement?.
V e=nV d
π D2
V d=
L
4
2
π7
V d=
13.5
4
V d =519.5 cc
V e =4∗519.5
V e =2078 cc
11. ANSWERS
2. Given a four-cylinder Otto cycle engine with a 70mm. bore, 135-mm stroke, and a clearance volume
of 0.121 L (7.386 in.3). (Assume n = 1.4).
B) What is the compression ratio of the engine?
V T V D +V C
CR= =
VC VC
V T 519.5+121
CR= =
V C 121
CR=5.294
Probably a Gasoline Engine
12. ANSWERS
2. Given a four-cylinder Otto cycle engine with a 70mm. bore, 135-mm stroke, and a clearance volume
of 0.121 L (7.386 in.3). (Assume n = 1.4).
C) What is the theoretical Cycle efficiency?
1
Otto cycle efficiency=1− n−1
r
1
Otto cycle efficiency=1−
1.4−1
5.294
Otto cycle efficiency=0.4866
Probably
Not Yet
INVENTED
13. ANSWERS
1. The volume of gas in the cylinder when the
piston is at head dead center (HDC) is called
_________. (2 pts)
a. Total Volume
b. Clearance Volume
c. Displacement Volume
d. Head Dead Volume
14. ANSWERS
2. What is the volume fo
the air-fuel mixture in the
figure (2 pts)
a. Total Volume
b. Displacement Volume
c. Clearance Volume
d. Exhaust Volume
15. ANSWERS
3. At point 0 the intake
valve is ___________ .
(2 pts)
a. Open
b. Closed
c. Semi Open
d. Semi Closed
16. ANSWERS
4. The process that occurs
between point 1 and 2 is
______________. (2 pts)
a. polytropic compression
stroke
b. polytropic expansion stroke
c. Power stroke
d. Exhaust Stroke
17. ANSWERS
5. It is the theoritical cycle for
spark ignition system?
a. Diesel Cycle
b. Carnot Cycle
c. Gasoline Cycle
d. Otto Cycle
18. A cutaway view of an internal combustion
engine. (Courtesy of Deere & Company.)
19. THE CYLINDER BLOCK
●
●
The cylinder block is the
backbone of the engine. It
supports most of the other
engine parts and holds them in
proper relationship to each
other.
The block also may act as part of
the framework of some tractors
and support the front wheels
(Figure 3.2).
20. Types of Cylinder Liner
●
Enbloc – cylinders are cast directly into the block
●
Dry liner – the liner does not come into contact with the engine coolant
●
Wet sleeve – serves as the only wall between the piston and coolant.
21. THE CYLINDER HEAD
●
The open ends are sealed by means of a cylinder head
In addition to
sealing the
combustion
chambers, the
head contains the
valves and
passages, or
ports, to the
intake and
exhaust
manifolds
22. THE CYLINDER HEAD
●
●
●
A special cylinder head gasket is
used between the head and
block .
Typically, such gaskets are made
of asbestos and include metallic
rings around each cylinder to aid
in sealing in combustion gases.
The head is fastened to the block
with high-strength head bolts,
which must be tightened down
gradually and uniformly to
ensure good sealing.
23. THE VALVE TRAIN
●
●
The valves control the
inflow of unburn fuel
and the outflow of the
burned fuel.
The valve actuation
begins with the
camshaft, to the tappet,
push rod and soon.
29. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
In either type of
engine, it is essential
that certain events
are timed correctly
with the movement
of the piston, or the
engine will not run.
30. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
FOUR-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Valve Timing
–
Cam lobes to camshaft lift
the tappets. Each rocker arm
translates upward movement
of a tappet and push rod into
downward movement of a
valve, thereby compressing
the valve spring and opening
the valve.
31. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
FOUR-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Ignition Timing
–
Ideally, nearly all of the fuel energy
would be released when the piston
was at HDC and ready to begin the
power stroke.
–
Spark advance refers to the
number of crankshaft degrees
before HDC at which the spark
plug fires.
32. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
FOUR-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Injection Timing
–
Injector nozzles are used to inject fuel into
diesel engines. The fuel does not ignite
instantaneously when it is injected into the
hot combustion chamber.
–
ignition delay, injection must start before
HDC if a high percentage of the fuel is to be
consumed before the piston is well past
HDC. Timing of the start of injection is
selected to optimize performance of each
model of engine, but is typically in the range
from 15° to 30° before HDC.
33. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
FOUR-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Firing Intervals
–
The firing intervals refer to the number
of degrees of crankshaft rotation between
successive power strokes.
–
Cylinders must be numbered in a
multicylinder engine for purposes of
identification. Numbering begins at the
front of the engine.
34. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
FOUR-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Firing Interval for a 4 cylinder
35. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
FOUR-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Firing Orders
–
There are two possible firing
orders for the engine of 4
cylinders. The firing order given
in the figure is as follows:
1-3-4-2
or
1-2-4–3
Most Common for 6 cylinder
1-5-3-6-2-4
36. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
TWO-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
Two-Cycle Spark-Ignition Engines
●
–
While the piston is moving
upward on a compression
stroke, a vacuum is created in
the crankcase, and the check
valve opens to admit the air fuel
mixture. The check valve
closes, and the mixture in the
crankcase is compressed as
the piston moves downward on
the power stroke.
37. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
TWO-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
Two-Cycle Spark-Ignition Engines
●
–
Two-cycle engines have the
advantage of a high power-tosize ratio. By producing a
power stroke during every
revolution of the crankshaft, a
two-cycle engine can produce
much more power than a
four-stroke-cycle engine of the
same size.
38. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
TWO-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Timing in the Two-Cycle Engine
●
–
There is no valve train in
two-cycle spark-ignition
engines because the moving
piston covers and uncovers the
intake and exhaust ports in the
cylinder wall and thus the timing
is set when the engine is built.
●
The exhaust valve begins to
open at 97.5° before CDC,
begins closing at 43° after CDC,
and is fully closed at 63° after
CDC.
The intake port is uncovered
after the exhaust valve is
closing on the downstroke and
before the exhaust valve closes
on the upstroke. Thus,
approximately 55% of the cycle
is used for compression and
power; the remaining 45% is
used for scavenging exhaust
gases and intake of fresh air.
39. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
TWO-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
●
●
●
Timing in the Two-Cycle Engine
The spark plug is timed to fire
approximately 6° to 8° before HDC
in two-cycle spark-ignition engines.
Typically, these engines run at
full speed when doing work, and no
ignition advance system is needed.
●
Diesel injection begins at
23.5° before HDC in a typical
two-cycle diesel engine and
ends at 6° before HDC when
the engine is running at full
load. Thus, injection ends
much earlier than in fourcycle diesels, where injection
can continue well past HDC at
full load.
Extending fuel injection into the
power stroke of two-cycle diesel
engines would not be
satisfactory
40. PRACTICAL ENGINE CYCLES ANG TIMING
TWO-STROKE-CYCLE ENGINES
●
Firing Intervals and Orders
●
●
Firing Intervals and Orders
The firing interval of a
two-cycle engine is half
that of a comparable
four-cycle engine as
indicated by Equation