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Chapter One Notes reviewing material from Earth Science and learning about scientists that have contributed greatly to what we know today.
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Natural resources.ppt
This document discusses natural resources and their impacts. It begins by posing an essential question about how different energy sources in North Carolina affect the environment, economy, and region. It then notes that the US uses a disproportionate amount of energy resources compared to its population. Agriculture has a major impact through resource depletion and pollution. Renewable resources can be replenished, while nonrenewables like fossil fuels take millions of years to form and will eventually run out. Conservation aims to sustainably manage resources for future use. The document discusses various natural resources like water, air, land, forests and minerals that humans rely on. It also outlines some impacts of resource extraction and use, as well as policies and practices to reduce pollution and protect the
Astronomy
Our solar system includes the Sun, eight planets and their moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and meteorites. The planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Small solar system bodies include asteroids, most of which lie between Mars and Jupiter, and comets, which are icy bodies that produce tails when near the Sun. Pluto was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006.
Natural resources
The document discusses natural resources and their importance. It describes renewable resources like trees, livestock, and energy from water, wind and sun that can be replenished. Nonrenewable resources like fossil fuels take millions of years to form and will run out. The text also discusses different methods of conserving and protecting resources, such as the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act, soil conservation techniques, and laws regarding hazardous waste.
Ecology notes
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It involves the transfer of energy between trophic levels, with around 10% transferred between each level. Primary producers like plants convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Herbivores consume producers and carnivores consume herbivores or other carnivores. Matter cycles through biotic and abiotic components in ecosystems, with water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements moving through different reservoirs via various processes. Ecological relationships like competition, predation, and symbiosis influence communities, which may undergo succession over time within different global biomes.
Astronomy
The document provides an overview of the solar system, including the sun, eight planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. It describes the characteristics of asteroids as mostly lying between Mars and Jupiter and having irregular shapes. Comets are described as large "dirty snowballs" that produce a glowing head and tail when approaching the sun. Meteoroids are small solid particles that can become meteors when entering Earth's atmosphere or meteorites if reaching the surface. The document also discusses the resolution that established three categories for objects in the solar system: planets, dwarf planets like Pluto, and small solar system bodies.
Earth science skills powerpoint
The document outlines important safety procedures and rules for science laboratories, including wearing proper eye protection, disposing of chemicals correctly, knowing the locations of safety equipment, and following instructions from teachers. Basic safe practices like tying back long hair and avoiding loose clothing or open-to
The human body
The document summarizes the 11 major body systems - nervous, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, endocrine, reproductive, and lymphatic. It provides details on the structures and functions of each system. For example, it states the nervous system controls and coordinates responses through structures like the brain, spinal cord and neurons. The reproductive system produces reproductive cells through structures like ovaries and testes to nurture embryos. Homeostasis and the levels of organization from cells to organ systems are also summarized.
Human heredity
1. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes that determine gender (XX for females and XY for males).
2. A karyotype is created by photographing chromosomes during cell division and pairing them to identify any abnormalities.
3. Pedigrees are family trees that show genetic traits and can help genetic counselors understand genotypes within a family.
4. There are four main human blood types (A, B, AB, and O) determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells, and a person's blood type affects their ability to donate and receive blood.
Genetics
This document provides information on genetics and inheritance. It defines key terms like phenotype, genotype, homozygous, and heterozygous. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and his principles of inheritance, including dominance, segregation, independent assortment, and the concept of true breeding. The document explains different types of genetic crosses like monohybrid, dihybrid, sex-linked and blood types. It provides examples of performing crosses and determining genotypes and phenotypes.
Genetic technology
This document discusses genetic engineering and biotechnology techniques. It describes how genetic engineering allows scientists to directly manipulate DNA. The key steps discussed are DNA extraction, cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis, and making copies of DNA using PCR. Gel electrophoresis is described as a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size through an electric current in a gel matrix. Cloning techniques are also summarized, including the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997. The process of cloning involves fusing the nucleus of a donor adult cell into an egg cell to produce a genetically identical organism.
Dna and rna
The document summarizes key concepts about DNA and protein synthesis. It explains that James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953. DNA is made up of deoxyribose, phosphate, and 4 nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G). DNA replicates in S phase using enzymes like helicase, polymerase and ligase. Mutations can occur from changes to DNA. RNA is similar to DNA but contains ribose, uracil instead of thymine, and is single stranded. There are 3 types of RNA involved in protein synthesis - messenger RNA carries DNA's message to ribosomes, transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and ribosomal RNA makes up the ribosome.
Cell cycle notes
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. I don't have chromosomes since I'm an AI assistant and not a living organism. Humans have 46 chromosomes.
2. If a cell with 8 chromosomes goes through mitosis, the two daughter cells will each have 8 chromosomes, since mitosis produces genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
3. If a cell with 24 chromosomes goes through meiosis, the daughter cells would each have 12 chromosomes. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half in the daughter cells compared to the parent cell. So a cell with 24 chromosomes undergoing meiosis would produce gametes (sex cells) with 12 chromosomes each.
Photo&cr notes
This document summarizes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen through a two-stage process in chloroplasts. The glucose produced can be broken down through cellular respiration in mitochondria to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP energy. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration work in a constant cycle to provide energy for plants and animals. Key compounds involved include glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ATP, and ADP.
Cell notes
This document provides an overview of cell biology concepts. It defines key word parts related to cells and discusses some early scientists who studied cells, including van Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Brown, Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow. It also summarizes the cell theory developed by these scientists. The document then describes the two main types of cells - prokaryotes and eukaryotes - and compares some of their characteristics. Finally, it discusses various cell transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and concentration gradients.
Microscopes
Rules for using microscopes include standing during labs, carrying the microscope base and arm with both hands, cleaning the microscope to prevent eye disease, starting on the lowest magnification objective (4x), centering the image before increasing magnification, drawing and coloring what is observed, and cleaning up when finished. The microscope has objectives that provide magnifications of 40x (red), 100x (yellow), and 400x (blue) and procedures for slide preparation include placing the specimen in the center of a slide, adding a drop of water, and lowering a cover slip at a 45 degree angle to avoid bubbles.
Classification notes2
This document provides information on taxonomy and classification. It discusses the eight major taxonomic categories, from domain to species. Key figures in the development of classification systems, like Aristotle and Linnaeus, are mentioned. Details are provided on the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Characteristics and examples are outlined for major groups within these kingdoms.
Evolution notes
This document defines key word parts related to evolution and biology. It then summarizes Jean Baptiste Lamarck's early theory of evolution from the 18th century, which proposed that acquired traits could be inherited. Next, it outlines Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection from the 19th century, including his voyage on the HMS Beagle and book The Origin of Species. It describes natural selection and how organisms vary, struggle for existence, and undergo descent with modification over generations. Evidence for evolution such as fossils, biogeography, and homologous and vestigial structures is also summarized.
Ecology notes
Ecology is the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It examines how energy flows through trophic levels from producers to consumers. Producers like plants convert sunlight to chemical energy, while consumers rely on other organisms for food. Ecology also studies the relationships between biotic and abiotic factors within ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere. Maintaining biodiversity through conservation efforts is important for sustaining life on Earth.
Chapter one notes
This document discusses key terms related to biology and the scientific method. It defines biology as the study of living things, called organisms. It explains important word parts like "bio" meaning life, "ology" meaning study of, and prefixes like "micro" meaning small. It also summarizes the history of experiments disproving spontaneous generation and establishing that all life comes from existing life through reproduction. The scientific method is outlined as a process of asking questions, forming testable hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, analyzing results, and publishing conclusions. Lastly, it distinguishes characteristics shared by all living things and defines biotic vs abiotic factors that shape ecosystems.
Chapter two notes
1) The document discusses key terms related to word parts, the parts of an atom, elements, compounds, water properties, the pH scale, and the four main macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins.
2) It also explains that enzymes speed up chemical reactions, work by binding to substrates and releasing products, and must fit substrates like puzzle pieces to function properly.
3) Enzyme activity can be affected by pH and temperature as they can become denatured and change shape if exposed to excessive pH or heat.
More from miller4075 (20)
Recently uploaded
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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seed production, Nursery & Gardening.pdf
This presentation offers a general idea of the structure of seed, seed production, management of seeds and its allied technologies. It also offers the concept of gene erosion and the practices used to control it. Nursery and gardening have been widely explored along with their importance in the related domain.
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
I am the PhD scholar of FND department, Assam down town University
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Presentation given at the official farewell of Prof Ken Gillet at Wageningen on 13 June 2024
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
Recently uploaded (20)
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
Synopsis presentation VDR gene polymorphism and anemia (2).pptx
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
Clinical periodontology and implant dentistry 2003.pdf
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
Farming systems analysis: what have we learnt?.pptx
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Chapter one notes
- 1. Word PartsBio – life or living things -ology – the study of A or An – not Anti – against itis – inflammation/swelling Ist – a person who studies Genesis - creation Micro – small or tiny Uni - one Bi/Di – two Multi – many
- 2. 22 Chapter OneChapter One copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale
- 3. 33 What is Biology?What is Biology? Biology-Biology-study of all livingstudy of all living thingsthings Living things are calledLiving things are called organismsorganisms copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale
- 4. What is Science? Science is a way of knowing and it’s an ongoing ever- changing process
- 5. Have all Science Questions been Answered? Skeptical – its good not to always have a definite explanation because the world is always changing.
- 6. Do flies come from old meat? In 1668, Francesco Redi disproved the Spontaneous Generation hypothesis with a controlled experiment. Spontaneous Generation – life arises from nonliving matter. Animalcules - Microorganisms
- 7. Lazzaro Spallanzani stated, “New organisms are produced only by existing ones” using a gravy experiment Still debated because everyone knows living things need air. Finally, in 1864, Louis Pasteur settled the debate. The “S” shaped flask: Draw
- 9. Scientific Method 1. Ask a Question - not opinionated 2. Form a Hypothesis – a proposed scientific explanation not “Educated Guess” *Must be Testable* 3. Conduct a Controlled Experiment – using a single manipulated variable
- 10. SM Cont. 4. Record and Analyze results – collect data (information) 5. Prepare a Conclusion – summarize data 6. Publish – let others review or reproduce your work
- 11. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Biotic factors – interaction of living things: 1. Plants 2. Animals 3. Fungi 4. Bacteria 5. Protist
- 12. Abiotic - physical or nonliving factors that shape an ecosystem: temperature precipitation humidity wind nutrients soil sunlight
- 13. Biotic vs. Abiotic Drawing
- 14. 1414 All Living Things ShareAll Living Things Share Common CharacteristicsCommon Characteristics 1.1. Basic Unit is theBasic Unit is the CellCell 2.2. TheyThey ReproduceReproduce 3.3. All Based On UniversalAll Based On Universal Genetic CodeGenetic Code (DNA)(DNA) 4.4. Grow & DevelopGrow & Develop copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale
- 15. 1515 5.5. Obtain & Use Materials &Obtain & Use Materials & EnergyEnergy 6.6. RespondRespond To Their EnvironmentTo Their Environment 7.7. Maintain AMaintain A Stable InternalStable Internal Environment -Environment - HomeostasisHomeostasis 8.8. AS A GROUPAS A GROUP, Living Things, Living Things EvolveEvolve, That Is Why They, That Is Why They Change Over TimeChange Over Time copyright cmassengalecopyright cmassengale
- 16. Versus Hypothesis vs. Theory – Proposed scientific explanation vs. Well-tested explanation *Not A Fact* Manipulated (Independent) vs. Responding (Dependent) Variables – Deliberately Changed vs. Observed Change Biotic vs. Abiotic – Living or Dead vs. Not Living (Char. Of Life) – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aLesk8fujH8