This document discusses the design of quasilumped element high-pass filters using microstrip lines. It explains that microstrip short sections and stubs whose length is less than a quarter wavelength can approximate lumped elements. These are called quasilumped elements. It then provides the ABCD matrix for a transmission line and discusses how a high-pass filter can be designed by transforming the element values of a low-pass filter prototype using a frequency mapping equation. An example is given of designing a high-pass filter with specific parameters using a Chebyshev low-pass prototype filter.
Frequency is defined as the number of cycles per unit time and is usually denoted by f. In electrical engineering, frequency is important because it determines how fast alternating current and voltage change direction. The frequency of generated power from a synchronous alternator depends on the speed of its rotor. As electrical load increases, frequency decreases due to opposing electromagnetic forces. Higher frequencies allow for more compact transformers with reduced weight. Resonant circuits have maximum or minimum impedance at specific resonant frequencies, making them important for radio, TV receivers and transmitters.
It contains the introduction of Low Pass Filter and classification of the same in Signals & Systems point of view. It is a brief presentation done by me as a case study of L.P.F. in college.
This document provides an overview of electrical fundamentals including ripple and harmonic fundamentals. It discusses:
- Ripple in DC power supplies caused by incomplete suppression of the AC waveform and defines ripple factor. Smoothing circuits are used to reduce ripple.
- Harmonic distortion adds overtones that are multiples of a sound wave's frequencies. Different types of distortion are discussed like amplitude, harmonic, frequency response, phase, and group delay distortion.
- Harmonics on the power grid are caused by non-linear loads and can increase current and heating in electric systems and motors, potentially shortening their lifetimes. Harmonics can also interfere with telephone lines.
This document discusses different types of filters. It describes high-pass filters, which pass high frequencies and block low frequencies. It also describes low-pass filters, which do the opposite by passing low frequencies and blocking high frequencies. The document provides examples of passive and active low-pass filter circuits and discusses their applications in areas like telephone lines, acoustics, and radio transmitters. The objective is to study the characteristics of passive low-pass filters and measure their cut-off frequency.
This document discusses strategies for eliminating harmonics in inverter AC power supplies. It begins by defining harmonics as frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power system frequency, which are generated by non-linear loads. Several harmonic elimination strategies are described, including passive filters, line reactors, isolation transformers, transformer connections, and pulse width modulation techniques. Pulse width modulation can minimize specific harmonics by controlling the pulse width and number. Higher pulse numbers can eliminate more harmonics. The document concludes that eliminating harmonics is important to protect electronic devices and equipment from failures caused by harmonic distortion.
A band pass filter passes frequencies within a certain bandwidth, created by cascading a low pass filter with a high pass filter. The upper cutoff frequency of the band pass filter is determined by the low pass filter's cutoff frequency, while the lower cutoff frequency is determined by the high pass filter's cutoff frequency. An example calculates the capacitor and resistor values needed for the low and high pass stages to give cutoff frequencies of 1 kHz, creating a band pass filter with a bandwidth centered around 1 kHz. Band pass filters are commonly used to separate signal harmonics and in audio applications.
Band pass filter is defined in informative way so any one get knowledge from it and its basics also the multisim simulation circuit is present in slides if any one want then he/she will contact through mail or linkedin account.
This document discusses the design of quasilumped element high-pass filters using microstrip lines. It explains that microstrip short sections and stubs whose length is less than a quarter wavelength can approximate lumped elements. These are called quasilumped elements. It then provides the ABCD matrix for a transmission line and discusses how a high-pass filter can be designed by transforming the element values of a low-pass filter prototype using a frequency mapping equation. An example is given of designing a high-pass filter with specific parameters using a Chebyshev low-pass prototype filter.
Frequency is defined as the number of cycles per unit time and is usually denoted by f. In electrical engineering, frequency is important because it determines how fast alternating current and voltage change direction. The frequency of generated power from a synchronous alternator depends on the speed of its rotor. As electrical load increases, frequency decreases due to opposing electromagnetic forces. Higher frequencies allow for more compact transformers with reduced weight. Resonant circuits have maximum or minimum impedance at specific resonant frequencies, making them important for radio, TV receivers and transmitters.
It contains the introduction of Low Pass Filter and classification of the same in Signals & Systems point of view. It is a brief presentation done by me as a case study of L.P.F. in college.
This document provides an overview of electrical fundamentals including ripple and harmonic fundamentals. It discusses:
- Ripple in DC power supplies caused by incomplete suppression of the AC waveform and defines ripple factor. Smoothing circuits are used to reduce ripple.
- Harmonic distortion adds overtones that are multiples of a sound wave's frequencies. Different types of distortion are discussed like amplitude, harmonic, frequency response, phase, and group delay distortion.
- Harmonics on the power grid are caused by non-linear loads and can increase current and heating in electric systems and motors, potentially shortening their lifetimes. Harmonics can also interfere with telephone lines.
This document discusses different types of filters. It describes high-pass filters, which pass high frequencies and block low frequencies. It also describes low-pass filters, which do the opposite by passing low frequencies and blocking high frequencies. The document provides examples of passive and active low-pass filter circuits and discusses their applications in areas like telephone lines, acoustics, and radio transmitters. The objective is to study the characteristics of passive low-pass filters and measure their cut-off frequency.
This document discusses strategies for eliminating harmonics in inverter AC power supplies. It begins by defining harmonics as frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental power system frequency, which are generated by non-linear loads. Several harmonic elimination strategies are described, including passive filters, line reactors, isolation transformers, transformer connections, and pulse width modulation techniques. Pulse width modulation can minimize specific harmonics by controlling the pulse width and number. Higher pulse numbers can eliminate more harmonics. The document concludes that eliminating harmonics is important to protect electronic devices and equipment from failures caused by harmonic distortion.
A band pass filter passes frequencies within a certain bandwidth, created by cascading a low pass filter with a high pass filter. The upper cutoff frequency of the band pass filter is determined by the low pass filter's cutoff frequency, while the lower cutoff frequency is determined by the high pass filter's cutoff frequency. An example calculates the capacitor and resistor values needed for the low and high pass stages to give cutoff frequencies of 1 kHz, creating a band pass filter with a bandwidth centered around 1 kHz. Band pass filters are commonly used to separate signal harmonics and in audio applications.
Band pass filter is defined in informative way so any one get knowledge from it and its basics also the multisim simulation circuit is present in slides if any one want then he/she will contact through mail or linkedin account.
Design and Analysis of Active Bandpass FilterKyla Marino
This document describes the design and testing of passive and active bandpass filters. Components of the passive filter were measured and simulations were run to verify values. The passive filter's frequency response, impulse response, step response, and ramp response were analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. An active bandpass filter was then designed by cascading highpass, lowpass, and inverting filters. SPICE simulations and MATLAB plots were used to analyze the active filter's responses and compare to the passive filter. Testing showed active filters provide better control over bandwidth and gain than passive filters.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on applying a sub-harmonic protection relay. It defines relevant terms like sub-harmonic frequencies and sub-synchronous resonance. It describes loads that can cause sub-harmonic disturbances and the principle of how the protection relay detects sub-harmonics. The relay provides protection for transmission lines and monitors systems for sub-harmonic oscillations. Settings for the relay are determined based on analysis of recorded sub-harmonic current responses during events.
This document discusses low-pass filters, which pass low frequencies and attenuate higher frequencies. It defines key terms like cutoff frequency, pass band, and stop band. It then describes the two basic types of low-pass filters - inductive and capacitive. Inductive low-pass filters use an inductor in series to block high frequencies, while capacitive filters use a capacitor in parallel to short out high frequencies. The response of both falls off with increasing frequency above the cutoff point. Higher order filters provide steeper attenuation above the cutoff frequency.
Harmonics are sinusoidal components of current or voltage waveforms that are integer multiples of the fundamental supply frequency. Non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal currents that can be expressed as the sum of sinusoidal components at harmonic frequencies. This causes both current and voltage distortion that propagates through the electrical system. Common sources of harmonics include adjustable speed drives, electronic power supplies, and arc furnaces. Individual harmonic distortion quantifies each harmonic as a percentage of the fundamental frequency component.
RLC circuits can be used as filters to selectively pass or block ranges of frequencies. There are four main types of filters: low-pass filters which allow low frequencies to pass and block high frequencies, high-pass filters which do the opposite, band-pass filters which allow a band of frequencies to pass while blocking those outside the band, and band-stop filters which block a band of frequencies while passing others. Each type of filter can be made by different combinations of resistors, inductors and capacitors in series or parallel configurations, with the center frequency and bandwidth determined by the component values. Filters have many applications including use in audio systems, wireless transmitters and receivers, and imaging processing.
Solution modern digital-& analog-communications-systems-b-p-lathiFawad Masood
The document repeatedly lists the URL "www.free4vn.org oldroad" over 100 times without any other text or context. It provides no other essential information beyond listing this single URL over and over again.
This document discusses blended learning and provides advice for implementing blended learning activities and environments. It provides tips for educators such as starting small with blended activities, being flexible, preparing properly, and revising activities that do not work well. Student feedback on participating in blended learning is positive, noting that it allows for sharing book recommendations and feedback anonymously. The author reflects on how participating in blended learning has changed their approach to teaching and looking for ways to enhance learning with technology.
Alan baxter & associates interview questions and answersvictoriamartin968
This document provides materials and tips for interviewing at Alan Baxter & Associates, including:
- Sample answers to common interview questions like "Why should we hire you?" and "What can you do for this company?" with advice on highlighting relevant skills and experience.
- A list of free resources on Alan Baxter & Associates' website for researching the company and preparing for different types of interviews.
- Additional general job interview tips like practicing different interview styles, sending thank you letters, preparing questions to ask, and researching common interview questions for different roles.
The document discusses the various technologies used during the process of creating a movie. These include:
- Blogger for regularly blogging each stage of the film's creation and research.
- Google for all research related to the film.
- YouTube to view other films for inspiration and later export their own film.
- A digital SLR camera to record footage and learn different camera shots.
- Royalty free music sites for the film's soundtrack to avoid copyright issues.
- Apple Macs which have the Final Cut X Pro editing program needed.
- Final Cut X Pro for editing all the footage into the final production.
Trafico de organos ( Wilson Barrera, Cristopher Allaica, Ángel Castillo y Dar...Wilson Barrera
El documento trata sobre el tráfico de órganos. Menciona los nombres de cuatro personas involucradas: Wilson Barrera, Ángel Castillo, Darinka Alcivar y Christopher Allaica.
Competition report (nett scores) help for heroes 2013 - 26 march 2014arseneknows
This document summarizes the results of a golf competition played on March 26, 2014 to benefit Help For Heroes. Chrisd won the overall competition with a net score of -6. Mashleyr7 and GeneralStore finished second and third, respectively. Handicaps were adjusted for several players based on their performance. No twos (holes-in-one) were recorded. The competition was a singles stableford format with full handicap allowance among 69 participating golfers.
All premier's reading challenge books at the library are marked with colored dots to indicate their reading level, making them easy for children to find on the shelves. The teacher-librarian enjoys sharing shortlisted books from the Children's Book Council of Australia to model her appreciation for quality writing and illustrations. She combines enthusiasm and ingenuity to maximize learning opportunities by asking questions about stories and authors, then drawing on students' curiosity to research more using an interactive whiteboard. For example, when introducing the book The Little Refugee, she showed a comedy video by the author, read the book, and researched Vietnamese food to provide context, engaging students and encouraging enthusiasm for similar texts.
Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun. It is the third largest planet in size, but smaller than both Jupiter and Saturn. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 165 Earth years, and in 2011 it completed its first orbit since being discovered in 1846. Neptune has 14 moons, with Triton being the largest at over 1,350 kilometers in diameter.
This document provides a profile for a presentation consulting service from 2014. It focuses on their specialization in presentation skills training and coaching for clients. Their services help improve clients' abilities to effectively deliver presentations and communicate their messages.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. It has a diameter of 88,700 miles and is located about 483 million miles from the sun. Notable features include its 64 moons, four of which are large enough to be observed with a small telescope, and that it was Galileo who first discovered and observed Jupiter's moons.
And when it comes to your marketing, it’s best to hire someone out of house, and here are 3 reasons why…
1. outsourcing your marketing is going to save you money, bottom line.
2. Hiring out of house marketing is more efficient.
3. An out of house marketing team is going to produce better work.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, over twice as massive as all other planets combined. It has a dense core and gaseous outer layers. Jupiter has 67 moons, the four largest being Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Gravity on Jupiter is much stronger than Earth, and it has been visited by several spacecraft.
This document provides information about Ass. Prof. Ibrar Ullah who teaches communication systems at CECos University. It includes his educational background and contact information. The rest of the document is a chapter on sampling and pulse code modulation that is divided into sections covering topics like sampling, signal interpolation, and pulse code modulation. It also includes sections on noise, noise power, noise figure, and Friis' formula for amplifier cascades.
Design and Analysis of Active Bandpass FilterKyla Marino
This document describes the design and testing of passive and active bandpass filters. Components of the passive filter were measured and simulations were run to verify values. The passive filter's frequency response, impulse response, step response, and ramp response were analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. An active bandpass filter was then designed by cascading highpass, lowpass, and inverting filters. SPICE simulations and MATLAB plots were used to analyze the active filter's responses and compare to the passive filter. Testing showed active filters provide better control over bandwidth and gain than passive filters.
This document summarizes a technical seminar on applying a sub-harmonic protection relay. It defines relevant terms like sub-harmonic frequencies and sub-synchronous resonance. It describes loads that can cause sub-harmonic disturbances and the principle of how the protection relay detects sub-harmonics. The relay provides protection for transmission lines and monitors systems for sub-harmonic oscillations. Settings for the relay are determined based on analysis of recorded sub-harmonic current responses during events.
This document discusses low-pass filters, which pass low frequencies and attenuate higher frequencies. It defines key terms like cutoff frequency, pass band, and stop band. It then describes the two basic types of low-pass filters - inductive and capacitive. Inductive low-pass filters use an inductor in series to block high frequencies, while capacitive filters use a capacitor in parallel to short out high frequencies. The response of both falls off with increasing frequency above the cutoff point. Higher order filters provide steeper attenuation above the cutoff frequency.
Harmonics are sinusoidal components of current or voltage waveforms that are integer multiples of the fundamental supply frequency. Non-linear loads draw non-sinusoidal currents that can be expressed as the sum of sinusoidal components at harmonic frequencies. This causes both current and voltage distortion that propagates through the electrical system. Common sources of harmonics include adjustable speed drives, electronic power supplies, and arc furnaces. Individual harmonic distortion quantifies each harmonic as a percentage of the fundamental frequency component.
RLC circuits can be used as filters to selectively pass or block ranges of frequencies. There are four main types of filters: low-pass filters which allow low frequencies to pass and block high frequencies, high-pass filters which do the opposite, band-pass filters which allow a band of frequencies to pass while blocking those outside the band, and band-stop filters which block a band of frequencies while passing others. Each type of filter can be made by different combinations of resistors, inductors and capacitors in series or parallel configurations, with the center frequency and bandwidth determined by the component values. Filters have many applications including use in audio systems, wireless transmitters and receivers, and imaging processing.
Solution modern digital-& analog-communications-systems-b-p-lathiFawad Masood
The document repeatedly lists the URL "www.free4vn.org oldroad" over 100 times without any other text or context. It provides no other essential information beyond listing this single URL over and over again.
This document discusses blended learning and provides advice for implementing blended learning activities and environments. It provides tips for educators such as starting small with blended activities, being flexible, preparing properly, and revising activities that do not work well. Student feedback on participating in blended learning is positive, noting that it allows for sharing book recommendations and feedback anonymously. The author reflects on how participating in blended learning has changed their approach to teaching and looking for ways to enhance learning with technology.
Alan baxter & associates interview questions and answersvictoriamartin968
This document provides materials and tips for interviewing at Alan Baxter & Associates, including:
- Sample answers to common interview questions like "Why should we hire you?" and "What can you do for this company?" with advice on highlighting relevant skills and experience.
- A list of free resources on Alan Baxter & Associates' website for researching the company and preparing for different types of interviews.
- Additional general job interview tips like practicing different interview styles, sending thank you letters, preparing questions to ask, and researching common interview questions for different roles.
The document discusses the various technologies used during the process of creating a movie. These include:
- Blogger for regularly blogging each stage of the film's creation and research.
- Google for all research related to the film.
- YouTube to view other films for inspiration and later export their own film.
- A digital SLR camera to record footage and learn different camera shots.
- Royalty free music sites for the film's soundtrack to avoid copyright issues.
- Apple Macs which have the Final Cut X Pro editing program needed.
- Final Cut X Pro for editing all the footage into the final production.
Trafico de organos ( Wilson Barrera, Cristopher Allaica, Ángel Castillo y Dar...Wilson Barrera
El documento trata sobre el tráfico de órganos. Menciona los nombres de cuatro personas involucradas: Wilson Barrera, Ángel Castillo, Darinka Alcivar y Christopher Allaica.
Competition report (nett scores) help for heroes 2013 - 26 march 2014arseneknows
This document summarizes the results of a golf competition played on March 26, 2014 to benefit Help For Heroes. Chrisd won the overall competition with a net score of -6. Mashleyr7 and GeneralStore finished second and third, respectively. Handicaps were adjusted for several players based on their performance. No twos (holes-in-one) were recorded. The competition was a singles stableford format with full handicap allowance among 69 participating golfers.
All premier's reading challenge books at the library are marked with colored dots to indicate their reading level, making them easy for children to find on the shelves. The teacher-librarian enjoys sharing shortlisted books from the Children's Book Council of Australia to model her appreciation for quality writing and illustrations. She combines enthusiasm and ingenuity to maximize learning opportunities by asking questions about stories and authors, then drawing on students' curiosity to research more using an interactive whiteboard. For example, when introducing the book The Little Refugee, she showed a comedy video by the author, read the book, and researched Vietnamese food to provide context, engaging students and encouraging enthusiasm for similar texts.
Neptune is the eighth and farthest planet from the Sun. It is the third largest planet in size, but smaller than both Jupiter and Saturn. Neptune orbits the Sun once every 165 Earth years, and in 2011 it completed its first orbit since being discovered in 1846. Neptune has 14 moons, with Triton being the largest at over 1,350 kilometers in diameter.
This document provides a profile for a presentation consulting service from 2014. It focuses on their specialization in presentation skills training and coaching for clients. Their services help improve clients' abilities to effectively deliver presentations and communicate their messages.
Jupiter is the largest planet in the solar system, composed primarily of hydrogen and helium. It has a diameter of 88,700 miles and is located about 483 million miles from the sun. Notable features include its 64 moons, four of which are large enough to be observed with a small telescope, and that it was Galileo who first discovered and observed Jupiter's moons.
And when it comes to your marketing, it’s best to hire someone out of house, and here are 3 reasons why…
1. outsourcing your marketing is going to save you money, bottom line.
2. Hiring out of house marketing is more efficient.
3. An out of house marketing team is going to produce better work.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, over twice as massive as all other planets combined. It has a dense core and gaseous outer layers. Jupiter has 67 moons, the four largest being Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Gravity on Jupiter is much stronger than Earth, and it has been visited by several spacecraft.
This document provides information about Ass. Prof. Ibrar Ullah who teaches communication systems at CECos University. It includes his educational background and contact information. The rest of the document is a chapter on sampling and pulse code modulation that is divided into sections covering topics like sampling, signal interpolation, and pulse code modulation. It also includes sections on noise, noise power, noise figure, and Friis' formula for amplifier cascades.
This document discusses techniques for enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio in analytical measurements. It describes what the signal-to-noise ratio is and explains common sources of noise like thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise. It then discusses various hardware and software methods for improving the SNR, such as shielding, grounding, difference amplifiers, filtering (low-pass, high-pass, band-pass), ensemble averaging, and moving averages. Modulation and lock-in amplifiers are also covered as techniques to extract low-level signals from noise.
This document discusses noise pollution and its measurement. It defines sound as pressure variations that propagate as waves. Frequency, amplitude, wavelength, and period are characteristics of sound waves. Sound is measured in decibels, with higher decibel levels indicating louder sounds. Common instruments for noise measurement include sound level meters, which can measure noise across different frequencies. Methods for noise control include reducing noise at the source, blocking its transmission, and protecting receivers with equipment.
This document provides an overview of Doppler ultrasound and the Doppler effect. It discusses:
- The physics behind how the Doppler effect causes changes in frequency and wavelength for sound waves emitted from a moving source.
- Two main types of Doppler ultrasound - continuous wave Doppler and pulsed wave Doppler. Continuous wave Doppler is better for deep vessels while pulsed wave Doppler provides velocity and depth information.
- Key applications of Doppler ultrasound include detecting and characterizing blood flow, detecting fetal heartbeats, and locating vessel occlusions.
This document provides an overview of Doppler ultrasound, including:
- The physics of the Doppler effect as it relates to ultrasound imaging. Changes in frequency due to relative motion between a sound source and receiver.
- Two main types of Doppler imaging - pulsed wave Doppler which allows measurement of velocity and depth, and continuous wave Doppler which is better for measuring fast flow.
- Additional Doppler modes like color Doppler, power Doppler, and spectral Doppler which display Doppler information in different ways.
- Applications of Doppler ultrasound include evaluating blood flow, detecting fetal heartbeats, and more.
1) The document discusses different types of noise that can affect optical fiber communication systems, including thermal noise, dark current noise, and quantum noise.
2) It provides equations to calculate the mean square value of thermal noise current in a resistor, as well as expressions for shot noise due to dark current and quantum noise on the photocurrent.
3) The document examines noise sources in different components of an optical receiver, such as the photodetector and amplifier. It provides equations to calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for different receiver configurations, including those using p-i-n photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes.
This document provides an overview of wireless channel and radio propagation concepts. It discusses topics like electromagnetic spectrum, frequency and wavelength, decibels, gain and attenuation, wireless communication systems, signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth, Shannon capacity, Nyquist bandwidth, radio propagation models including path loss, shadowing, multipath fading, and specific models like two-ray ground model, Okumura-Hata model, and COST-231 model. Examples are provided to illustrate key concepts and formulas around Shannon capacity, Nyquist bandwidth, and radio propagation models.
This document discusses noise in communication systems. It defines noise as unwanted signal energy and describes different types of noise including thermal, shot, impulse, and crosstalk noise. Thermal noise is due to random transitions of electrons in materials and is proportional to temperature. The document provides models for characterizing noise as random processes with Gaussian distributions and explores how noise behaves when passed through systems like filters and amplifiers. It introduces concepts like noise figure, noise temperature, and their implications in limiting the performance of analog communication systems.
This document provides an overview of noise impact assessment for environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It discusses how virtually all development projects have noise impacts during construction and operation. It defines key noise terms and concepts, and outlines the legislative background for noise regulation. It describes the process for scoping and conducting baseline noise studies, predicting project noise impacts, identifying mitigation measures, and developing noise monitoring plans. The goal of noise assessment in EIAs is to quantify and objectively assess potential noise effects on people from projects.
This document discusses different types of noise that can affect communication systems. It describes two main categories of noise: external noise and internal noise. External noise comes from sources outside the system, such as atmospheric effects, extra-terrestrial sources like the sun, and man-made industrial sources. Internal noise is generated within the system itself and includes thermal noise, shot noise, transit time noise, and other minor sources. The document provides detailed explanations and examples of different noise types in communication systems.
Here are the key steps:
- Security alarm produces 1000 Hz when car is parked
- Observer passes parked car and observes frequency change of 100 Hz
- As observer approaches, frequency increases (Doppler effect for moving source)
- As observer drives away, frequency decreases
- Use the Doppler effect equations:
Approaching:
fo = 1000(1 + v/343)
1100 = 1000(1 + v/343)
v/343 = 0.1
v = 34.3 m/s
Therefore, the speed of the observer is 34.3 m/s.
Ultrasound is produced by piezoelectric crystals in transducers that convert electrical pulses into sound waves and received echoes into electrical signals. Transducers operate in shock, burst, or continuous excitation modes. The piezoelectric crystals resonate at specific frequencies determined by their thickness and composition. Damping materials in transducers shorten pulse duration to improve image resolution by reducing echo overlap. Transducers use the pulse-echo principle to transmit sound pulses into the body and receive returning echoes to create ultrasound images.
1. The document describes experiments measuring noise in a preamplifier and transistor in the frequency domain as the cutoff frequency and temperature are varied.
2. Observations show that the thermal noise from the preamplifier is constant but thermal noise from the input varies with cutoff frequency. The plateaus need adjustment to analyze noise sources.
3. Measurements at different temperatures from 73F to 93F show that noise depends strongly on temperature at low frequencies and is independent at high frequencies, suggesting the noise comes from the channel at low frequencies and the resistor at high frequencies.
Noise is any unwanted signal that interferes with the desired signal. There are two main categories of noise - interference from human-made sources and naturally occurring random noise. Naturally occurring noise comes from atmospheric disturbances, solar noise, cosmic noise, and thermal noise within electronic components. Thermal noise arises from the random movement of electrons in conductors and follows Johnson's and Nyquist's laws. Shot noise results from the random arrival of charge carriers. Flicker noise is a low frequency noise that follows a 1/f relationship. Receiver noise comes from internal components and includes thermal noise, shot noise, partition noise, and avalanche noise. The signal-to-noise ratio is a measure of the desired signal strength relative to the
1) The document is a lesson on acoustics that discusses sound fundamentals like frequency, wavelength, decibels and the human range of hearing.
2) It then covers acoustic concepts such as power, intensity, impedance and how they relate to a vibrating surface like a panel.
3) The document focuses on calculating the radiated acoustic power from a panel using Rayleigh's integral formulation and defines terms like transmission loss and radiation efficiency.
This thesis addresses noise sources in marine towed active electromagnetic data. It examines motionally-induced noise from a streamer moving in the Earth's magnetic field according to Faraday's law of induction. Expressions are derived showing noise is sensitive to streamer shape and motion. Experiments with a prototype streamer in a wave tank identified two noise sources: flow noise increasing with flow rate up to 0.5 m/s, and wave motion noise 12 dB higher than flow noise. Wave motion noise results from streamer motion in response to waves. Reducing wave motion noise may involve rigid telluric cables, deeper towing, and increased cable/telluric cable tension.
Noise is unwanted sound that varies air pressure in ways detectable by human ears. Common sources of noise pollution include traffic, industrial equipment, construction, and crowds. Noise is measured in decibels and standards set maximum levels for different land uses and times of day. Noise can be mitigated by modifying sources, transmission paths, or protecting receivers.
This document provides an overview of noise analysis in operational amplifier circuits. It discusses the main types of noise sources, including shot noise, thermal noise, flicker noise, burst noise and avalanche noise. It describes how to characterize noise using spectral density and equivalent input noise voltage. The document presents models for analyzing noise in inverting, noninverting and differential op amp circuits. It provides calculations for determining total output noise in different circuit configurations.
This document provides an overview of the GINSU-BULLDOZER malware combo used by the NSA, which consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware component is called BULLDOZER, which is a PCI add-in card that contains the GINSU malware. GINSU is a malicious PCI expansion ROM that provides software persistence. Together, the GINSU-BULLDOZER combo allows the NSA to conduct espionage by implanting BULLDOZER hardware and using GINSU to restore software implants even after system reinstalls or upgrades. The document also discusses the HOWLERMONKEY implant, which is a custom RF transceiver used in conjunction with
This document discusses the use of massive MIMO in 5G communication networks. Massive MIMO involves using a large number of antennas (e.g. hundreds) at base stations to communicate simultaneously with multiple user equipment. This allows for higher data rates and bandwidth. However, a problem called pilot contamination can occur when pilot sequences from neighboring cells interfere. Techniques like soft combining of pilots are proposed to mitigate this. Massive MIMO combined with millimeter wave frequencies is seen as key to meeting the high data rate demands of 5G.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
Bp lathi book solution by Fawad Masood Khan khattak@CECOS University By Fawa...Fawad Masood
The document discusses the benefits of a new training program for employees that focuses on effective communication skills. It states that the program will help employees improve their ability to listen, provide clear explanations, and resolve conflicts. The program is expected to boost employee performance and customer satisfaction over the next year.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
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1. 4/17/2014
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Communication Systems
Instructor: Engr. Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
Assistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department
CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences
Sarmad@cecos.edu.pk
Chapter 6
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
Sampling and Analog to Digital
Conversion
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2. 4/17/2014
2
Outlines
• Sampling Theorem
P l C d M d l ti (PCM)
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Noise
3
Outlines
• Sampling Theorem
P l C d M d l ti (PCM)
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Noise
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3. 4/17/2014
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Sampling Theorem
• A signal g(t) whose spectrum is band limited to B
Hz can be represented as
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
Hz can be represented as
G(f) = 0 if |f| > B
• Signal reconstruction requires that sampling rate
should beshould be
R > 2B
Sampling frequency = fs > 2B Hz
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Sampling Theorem
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
6
10. 4/17/2014
10
Outlines
• Sampling Theorem
P l C d M d l ti (PCM)
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
• Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• Noise
19
Noise
• In any real physical system, when the signal voltage
arise at the demodulator it will be accompanied by
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
arise at the demodulator, it will be accompanied by
a voltage waveform which varies with time in an
entirely unpredictable manner. This unpredictable
voltage wave form is a random process called noise
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11. 4/17/2014
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Noise
• Types of Noise
Most man made electro magnetic noise occurs at
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
Most man made electro-magnetic noise occurs at
frequencies below 500 MHz. The most significant of
these include:
• Hydro lines
• Ignition systems
• Fluorescent lightsFluorescent lights
• Electric motors
Therefore deep space networks are placed out in the
desert, far from these sources of interference.
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Noise
• There are also a wide range of natural noise sources
which cannot be so easily avoided, namely:
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
y , y
• Atmospheric noise - lighting < 20 MHz
• Solar noise - sun - 11 year sunspot cycle
• Cosmic noise - 8 MHz to 1.5 GHz
• Thermal or Johnson noise. Due to free electrons
striking vibrating ions.
• White noise white noise has a constant spectral• White noise - white noise has a constant spectral
density over a specified range of frequencies.
Johnson noise is an example of white noise.
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12. 4/17/2014
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Noise
• Gaussian noise - Gaussian noise is completely
random in nature however, the probability of
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
, p y
any particular amplitude value follows the
normal distribution curve. Johnson noise is
Gaussian in nature.
• Shot noise - bipolar transistors (caused by
random variations in the arrival of electrons or
holes at the output electrodes of an amplifying
device)device)
• Transit time noise - occurs when the electron
transit time across a junction is the same period
as the signal.
23
Noise
• The noise power is given by:
P kTB
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
Pn = kTB
• Where:
• k = Boltzman's constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
• T = temperature in degrees Kelvin
• B = bandwidth in Hz
• If the two signals are completely random with respect
to each other, such as Johnson noise sources, the total
power is the sum of all of the individual powers:
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13. 4/17/2014
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Noise
• A Johnson noise of power P = kTB, can be thought of
as a noise voltage applied through a resistor
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
as a noise voltage applied through a resistor,
Thevenin equivalent.
• An example of such a noise source may be a cable or
transmission line. The amount of noise power
transferred from the source to a load, such as an
amplifier input is a function of the source and loadamplifier input, is a function of the source and load
impedances
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Noise
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
• The rms noise voltage at maximum power transfer is
• Observe what happens if the noise resistance is
resolved into two components
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14. 4/17/2014
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Noise
• The terms used to quantify noise :
Si l t i ti I i i h i l
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
• Signal to noise ratio: It is either unit-less or
specified in dB. The S/N ratio may be specified
anywhere within a system.
• Noise Factor (or Noise Ratio):
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Noise
• This parameter (i.e. Noise Figure ) is specified in all
high performance amplifiers and is measure of how
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
high performance amplifiers and is measure of how
much noise the amplifier itself contributes to the total
noise. In a perfect amplifier or system, NF = 0 dB.
This discussion does not take into account any noise
reduction techniques such as filtering or dynamic
emphasisp
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15. 4/17/2014
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Noise
• Friiss' Formula & Amplifier Cascades
It i i t ti t i lifi d t h
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
– It is interesting to examine an amplifier cascade to see how
noise builds up in a large communication system
– Amplifier gain can be defined asp g
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Noise
• Friiss' Formula & Amplifier Cascades
A d th i f t ( ti ) b itt
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
– And the noise factor (ratio) can be rewritten as
– The output noise power can now be written
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16. 4/17/2014
16
Noise
• Friiss' Formula & Amplifier Cascades
F thi b th t th i t i i i d b
Dr. Sarmad Ullah Khan
– From this we observe that the input noise is increased by
the noise ratio and amplifier gain as it passes through the
amplifier. A noiseless amplifier would have a noise ratio
(factor) of 1 or noise figure of 0 dB. In this case, the input
noise would only be amplified by the gain since the
amplifier would not contribute noise
31
Friiss' Formula