This document provides an overview of the GINSU-BULLDOZER malware combo used by the NSA, which consists of both hardware and software components. The hardware component is called BULLDOZER, which is a PCI add-in card that contains the GINSU malware. GINSU is a malicious PCI expansion ROM that provides software persistence. Together, the GINSU-BULLDOZER combo allows the NSA to conduct espionage by implanting BULLDOZER hardware and using GINSU to restore software implants even after system reinstalls or upgrades. The document also discusses the HOWLERMONKEY implant, which is a custom RF transceiver used in conjunction with
Hiren's BootCD is a popular multi-tool bootable disc for repairing and maintaining Windows systems. Version 15.2 was updated on 07-11-2012 and includes utilities like BattStat, BrowsingHistoryView, ClearLock, DRevitalize, and EncFS. It provides tools to view browser histories, lock desktops, repair hard drives, and securely encrypt files in cloud services. The disc aims to help users repair, maintain, and optimize Windows computers.
This document contains the output of configuring interfaces on a Cisco router. It shows:
1. The GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface being configured with IP address 192.168.0.130/26 and being brought up.
2. The GigabitEthernet 0/1 interface being configured with an invalid IP address and mask, then being brought up with no IP address configured.
3. Router interface, IP address, and configuration commands being entered to set up the router interfaces.
This document provides a guide for setting up the basic functions of MikroTik RouterOS V2.6 on a dedicated PC router. It describes downloading and installing the software, obtaining a software license, logging in, adding packages, and navigating the terminal console. It also covers accessing the router remotely using Winbox, configuring basic functions like interfaces and routing, and provides application examples for masquerading, bandwidth management, and NAT.
This chapter discusses installing the motherboard components. It describes safety precautions when handling components and installing the motherboard into the computer case. It also covers checking jumper settings, installing the processor, memory modules, expansion cards, hard drives, and connecting front panel connectors. Ensuring correct jumper settings is important for proper system configuration.
This document provides instructions for installing the SY-D6IBA motherboard. It begins by listing the necessary hardware needed for installation, including the CPU, memory modules, computer case, power supply, drives, and peripherals. It then describes unpacking the motherboard package and checking for all included items. The document proceeds with a step-by-step guide to installing the CPU into the retention module and mounting the module onto the motherboard. Further steps will cover installing memory, drives, and adding expansion cards before final system assembly.
This document summarizes several attacks against platform firmware and secure boot. It describes attacks that modify the platform key in NVRAM to disable secure boot, modify the image verification policies to bypass signature checks, exploit confusion between PE and TE file formats to skip signature verification, and corrupt the "Setup" UEFI variable to potentially brick the system. The attacks demonstrate vulnerabilities in how some firmware implementations store and handle sensitive secure boot configuration data in non-volatile variables.
The document provides instructions for installing RHEL/CentOS 6 on servers and desktops. It outlines 20 steps for installing CentOS 6 including: setting the BIOS to boot from CD/DVD, selecting installation options like language and keyboard, partitioning and formatting disks, setting the hostname and root password, selecting packages to install, and rebooting the system. It also provides examples of basic Linux commands for file management, directory navigation, searching files, and checking disk usage.
Hiren's BootCD is a popular multi-tool bootable disc for repairing and maintaining Windows systems. Version 15.2 was updated on 07-11-2012 and includes utilities like BattStat, BrowsingHistoryView, ClearLock, DRevitalize, and EncFS. It provides tools to view browser histories, lock desktops, repair hard drives, and securely encrypt files in cloud services. The disc aims to help users repair, maintain, and optimize Windows computers.
This document contains the output of configuring interfaces on a Cisco router. It shows:
1. The GigabitEthernet 0/0 interface being configured with IP address 192.168.0.130/26 and being brought up.
2. The GigabitEthernet 0/1 interface being configured with an invalid IP address and mask, then being brought up with no IP address configured.
3. Router interface, IP address, and configuration commands being entered to set up the router interfaces.
This document provides a guide for setting up the basic functions of MikroTik RouterOS V2.6 on a dedicated PC router. It describes downloading and installing the software, obtaining a software license, logging in, adding packages, and navigating the terminal console. It also covers accessing the router remotely using Winbox, configuring basic functions like interfaces and routing, and provides application examples for masquerading, bandwidth management, and NAT.
This chapter discusses installing the motherboard components. It describes safety precautions when handling components and installing the motherboard into the computer case. It also covers checking jumper settings, installing the processor, memory modules, expansion cards, hard drives, and connecting front panel connectors. Ensuring correct jumper settings is important for proper system configuration.
This document provides instructions for installing the SY-D6IBA motherboard. It begins by listing the necessary hardware needed for installation, including the CPU, memory modules, computer case, power supply, drives, and peripherals. It then describes unpacking the motherboard package and checking for all included items. The document proceeds with a step-by-step guide to installing the CPU into the retention module and mounting the module onto the motherboard. Further steps will cover installing memory, drives, and adding expansion cards before final system assembly.
This document summarizes several attacks against platform firmware and secure boot. It describes attacks that modify the platform key in NVRAM to disable secure boot, modify the image verification policies to bypass signature checks, exploit confusion between PE and TE file formats to skip signature verification, and corrupt the "Setup" UEFI variable to potentially brick the system. The attacks demonstrate vulnerabilities in how some firmware implementations store and handle sensitive secure boot configuration data in non-volatile variables.
The document provides instructions for installing RHEL/CentOS 6 on servers and desktops. It outlines 20 steps for installing CentOS 6 including: setting the BIOS to boot from CD/DVD, selecting installation options like language and keyboard, partitioning and formatting disks, setting the hostname and root password, selecting packages to install, and rebooting the system. It also provides examples of basic Linux commands for file management, directory navigation, searching files, and checking disk usage.
This document discusses the use of massive MIMO in 5G communication networks. Massive MIMO involves using a large number of antennas (e.g. hundreds) at base stations to communicate simultaneously with multiple user equipment. This allows for higher data rates and bandwidth. However, a problem called pilot contamination can occur when pilot sequences from neighboring cells interfere. Techniques like soft combining of pilots are proposed to mitigate this. Massive MIMO combined with millimeter wave frequencies is seen as key to meeting the high data rate demands of 5G.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is known as the "Red Planet". It has two moons called Phobos and Deimos. The document provides an introduction to Mars, discussing its location between Earth and Jupiter. Details are given about its two small moons, including Phobos' high orbital speed. Additional facts mentioned include Mars having a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, being colder than Earth, and its year lasting 685 days on Earth. Sources consulted are listed at the end.
The document discusses the various technologies used during the process of creating a movie. These include:
- Blogger for regularly blogging each stage of the film's creation and research.
- Google for all research related to the film.
- YouTube to view other films for inspiration and later export their own film.
- A digital SLR camera to record footage and learn different camera shots.
- Royalty free music sites for the film's soundtrack to avoid copyright issues.
- Apple Macs which have the Final Cut X Pro editing program needed.
- Final Cut X Pro for editing all the footage into the final production.
The document discusses the layout and design elements of magazine covers and pages. It analyzes the cover of Elle magazine, describing the masthead, main image of singer Lily Allen, and cover lines promoting different articles. It discusses design choices like font sizes and placement of elements. It also examines the content pages, summarizing sections about hairstyles for New Year's Eve with images of models and descriptions of the styles. Throughout, it analyzes how various design and editorial choices could attract the target audience of females aged 18-35.
This document contains a list of names and phone numbers. There are over 100 entries consisting of names followed by 10-digit phone numbers. The names and numbers are listed in no particular order.
Kimberly Lumley presented on ways to connect with students using technology tools like PicMonkey, FotoFlexer, PhotoBucket, Audioboo, iTunes, Voicethread, Animoto, iMovie and YouTube. The most useful tool discussed was YouTube as it allows video clips to be uploaded from an iPhone or iPad and published directly to YouTube. Lumley gained confidence using technology in the classroom and learned about various editing tools. While working within her own technical abilities, she was able to relate the tools to substitute teaching and overcome insecurities.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Let’s just cut to the chase. Facebook in all its glory is by far the single most important space for your small business to market on. You can get insanely specific with the individuals that you are trying to target, as well as communicate in a way that promotes collaboration and discussions. So why what are the differences between Facebook Groups and Pages? Well we use both on a consistent basis to help promote our clients work as well as showcasing our clients as experts in the industry, by answering industry specific questions online. This article will be spent discussing Facebook Groups and is part 1 of 2 in our series on Facebook Groups and Pages.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, over twice as massive as all other planets combined. It has a dense core and gaseous outer layers. Jupiter has 67 moons, the four largest being Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Gravity on Jupiter is much stronger than Earth, and it has been visited by several spacecraft.
La biotecnología se basa en aplicar la tecnología a procesos biológicos para estudiar los mecanismos e interacciones de los seres vivos y así desarrollar procesos científicos que ayuden a la supervivencia humana, por ejemplo acelerando procesos agrícolas o desarrollando medicamentos. La biotecnología se define como el aprovechamiento de procesos tecnológicos para facilitar la vida de las personas, como en la agricultura y ganadería donde se han ido modificando
digipak analysis lorde, lana del rey, charli xcx, team music covers i am only doing this for the dicoverability score. this is getting super annoying man, public team speaking do this at the same time, pull the exmas now this is not working god i will break. my laptop is AMAZING. ahh the struggle
This document provides guidance and sample answers for common interview questions that may be asked during an interview with Alamy, including questions about strengths, reasons for interest in Alamy, knowledge of Alamy, why the applicant should be hired, what the applicant can do for Alamy, salary expectations, and questions for the interviewer. The document advises highlighting relevant skills and experiences, knowledge of Alamy's culture and values, passion and motivation, and examples to support answers. It also includes links to additional interview preparation resources.
Dino Enterprise is a marketing company established in 2012 with 19 employees across four office locations. They specialize in local search engine optimization, social media management, and web design to help local companies gain more online awareness and leads. Their services include optimizing clients' online presence on directories and search engines like Google, managing engaging social media campaigns to build brands, and designing intuitive, optimized websites. They provide monthly reporting and ongoing strategies to keep clients current with online marketing and ahead of competitors.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun located in our solar system. It is made primarily of gas and has invisible rings. Jupiter is also the largest planet in the solar system, over 45 billion years old, and has more than 60 moons orbiting it.
El documento presenta una lista de álbumes de Jimmy Dean lanzados entre 1957 y 1963, incluyendo títulos como "Sings His Television Favorites" y "Everybody's Favorite". También incluye la letra y traducción de la canción religiosa "Sweet Hour of Prayer".
The document summarizes The Breakfast Club, a 1985 comedy-drama film about five high school students from different cliques who spend a Saturday detention together. It describes the genre, characters, and their backgrounds. It then analyzes the mise-en-scene elements of the movie poster, including the classroom setting, stereotypical costumes representing each character's social group, and how editing was used to create the final movie cover image.
This document provides information about open positions on the National Support Team (NST) in AIESEC Thailand for the 2015-2016 term. It describes several available roles, including International Relations Manager, Expansion Manager, Project Quality Manager, Finance Manager, PR Manager, Member Development Coordinator, and Local LEAD Coordinator. For each role, the document outlines the required skills, time commitment expected, key responsibilities, and measures of success. It also provides contact information for the MCVP responsible for each role. The overall purpose is to recruit applicants to fill these important support positions for AIESEC Thailand's operations over the coming year.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is similar in size to Earth. It has no moons and its atmosphere is composed of thick, toxic clouds. Venus was formed around 4.6 billion years ago from dust and gases and has the most circular orbit of any planet in the solar system. It has no natural satellites and was likely named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty due to its brightness.
The document provides instructions for getting started with the LotOS framework on a Banana Pi board. It includes a quick start guide for using a provided SD card image with the framework pre-installed. It also describes how to manually build and install the LotOS components, which are based on the Yocto project and include the Mango hypervisor, FreeRTOS, Linux kernel, and demo applications. The Mango hypervisor provides a console interface for managing guest partitions and their resources.
This document discusses the development of an SDK for an ARM-based platform to provide access to peripherals like a printer, VFD display, and barcode reader. It describes setting up the SDK environment, sample applications that were created for each peripheral, and results from testing the applications and measuring network performance. The SDK includes tools for cross-compilation, libraries for the peripherals, and demo apps to interface with the printer, display text on the VFD, and scan barcodes. The document concludes the SDK helps develop new products for ARM platforms and acquire practical applications.
This document discusses the use of massive MIMO in 5G communication networks. Massive MIMO involves using a large number of antennas (e.g. hundreds) at base stations to communicate simultaneously with multiple user equipment. This allows for higher data rates and bandwidth. However, a problem called pilot contamination can occur when pilot sequences from neighboring cells interfere. Techniques like soft combining of pilots are proposed to mitigate this. Massive MIMO combined with millimeter wave frequencies is seen as key to meeting the high data rate demands of 5G.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and is known as the "Red Planet". It has two moons called Phobos and Deimos. The document provides an introduction to Mars, discussing its location between Earth and Jupiter. Details are given about its two small moons, including Phobos' high orbital speed. Additional facts mentioned include Mars having a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere, being colder than Earth, and its year lasting 685 days on Earth. Sources consulted are listed at the end.
The document discusses the various technologies used during the process of creating a movie. These include:
- Blogger for regularly blogging each stage of the film's creation and research.
- Google for all research related to the film.
- YouTube to view other films for inspiration and later export their own film.
- A digital SLR camera to record footage and learn different camera shots.
- Royalty free music sites for the film's soundtrack to avoid copyright issues.
- Apple Macs which have the Final Cut X Pro editing program needed.
- Final Cut X Pro for editing all the footage into the final production.
The document discusses the layout and design elements of magazine covers and pages. It analyzes the cover of Elle magazine, describing the masthead, main image of singer Lily Allen, and cover lines promoting different articles. It discusses design choices like font sizes and placement of elements. It also examines the content pages, summarizing sections about hairstyles for New Year's Eve with images of models and descriptions of the styles. Throughout, it analyzes how various design and editorial choices could attract the target audience of females aged 18-35.
This document contains a list of names and phone numbers. There are over 100 entries consisting of names followed by 10-digit phone numbers. The names and numbers are listed in no particular order.
Kimberly Lumley presented on ways to connect with students using technology tools like PicMonkey, FotoFlexer, PhotoBucket, Audioboo, iTunes, Voicethread, Animoto, iMovie and YouTube. The most useful tool discussed was YouTube as it allows video clips to be uploaded from an iPhone or iPad and published directly to YouTube. Lumley gained confidence using technology in the classroom and learned about various editing tools. While working within her own technical abilities, she was able to relate the tools to substitute teaching and overcome insecurities.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Let’s just cut to the chase. Facebook in all its glory is by far the single most important space for your small business to market on. You can get insanely specific with the individuals that you are trying to target, as well as communicate in a way that promotes collaboration and discussions. So why what are the differences between Facebook Groups and Pages? Well we use both on a consistent basis to help promote our clients work as well as showcasing our clients as experts in the industry, by answering industry specific questions online. This article will be spent discussing Facebook Groups and is part 1 of 2 in our series on Facebook Groups and Pages.
Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system, over twice as massive as all other planets combined. It has a dense core and gaseous outer layers. Jupiter has 67 moons, the four largest being Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Gravity on Jupiter is much stronger than Earth, and it has been visited by several spacecraft.
La biotecnología se basa en aplicar la tecnología a procesos biológicos para estudiar los mecanismos e interacciones de los seres vivos y así desarrollar procesos científicos que ayuden a la supervivencia humana, por ejemplo acelerando procesos agrícolas o desarrollando medicamentos. La biotecnología se define como el aprovechamiento de procesos tecnológicos para facilitar la vida de las personas, como en la agricultura y ganadería donde se han ido modificando
digipak analysis lorde, lana del rey, charli xcx, team music covers i am only doing this for the dicoverability score. this is getting super annoying man, public team speaking do this at the same time, pull the exmas now this is not working god i will break. my laptop is AMAZING. ahh the struggle
This document provides guidance and sample answers for common interview questions that may be asked during an interview with Alamy, including questions about strengths, reasons for interest in Alamy, knowledge of Alamy, why the applicant should be hired, what the applicant can do for Alamy, salary expectations, and questions for the interviewer. The document advises highlighting relevant skills and experiences, knowledge of Alamy's culture and values, passion and motivation, and examples to support answers. It also includes links to additional interview preparation resources.
Dino Enterprise is a marketing company established in 2012 with 19 employees across four office locations. They specialize in local search engine optimization, social media management, and web design to help local companies gain more online awareness and leads. Their services include optimizing clients' online presence on directories and search engines like Google, managing engaging social media campaigns to build brands, and designing intuitive, optimized websites. They provide monthly reporting and ongoing strategies to keep clients current with online marketing and ahead of competitors.
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun located in our solar system. It is made primarily of gas and has invisible rings. Jupiter is also the largest planet in the solar system, over 45 billion years old, and has more than 60 moons orbiting it.
El documento presenta una lista de álbumes de Jimmy Dean lanzados entre 1957 y 1963, incluyendo títulos como "Sings His Television Favorites" y "Everybody's Favorite". También incluye la letra y traducción de la canción religiosa "Sweet Hour of Prayer".
The document summarizes The Breakfast Club, a 1985 comedy-drama film about five high school students from different cliques who spend a Saturday detention together. It describes the genre, characters, and their backgrounds. It then analyzes the mise-en-scene elements of the movie poster, including the classroom setting, stereotypical costumes representing each character's social group, and how editing was used to create the final movie cover image.
This document provides information about open positions on the National Support Team (NST) in AIESEC Thailand for the 2015-2016 term. It describes several available roles, including International Relations Manager, Expansion Manager, Project Quality Manager, Finance Manager, PR Manager, Member Development Coordinator, and Local LEAD Coordinator. For each role, the document outlines the required skills, time commitment expected, key responsibilities, and measures of success. It also provides contact information for the MCVP responsible for each role. The overall purpose is to recruit applicants to fill these important support positions for AIESEC Thailand's operations over the coming year.
Venus is the second planet from the Sun and is similar in size to Earth. It has no moons and its atmosphere is composed of thick, toxic clouds. Venus was formed around 4.6 billion years ago from dust and gases and has the most circular orbit of any planet in the solar system. It has no natural satellites and was likely named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty due to its brightness.
The document provides instructions for getting started with the LotOS framework on a Banana Pi board. It includes a quick start guide for using a provided SD card image with the framework pre-installed. It also describes how to manually build and install the LotOS components, which are based on the Yocto project and include the Mango hypervisor, FreeRTOS, Linux kernel, and demo applications. The Mango hypervisor provides a console interface for managing guest partitions and their resources.
This document discusses the development of an SDK for an ARM-based platform to provide access to peripherals like a printer, VFD display, and barcode reader. It describes setting up the SDK environment, sample applications that were created for each peripheral, and results from testing the applications and measuring network performance. The SDK includes tools for cross-compilation, libraries for the peripherals, and demo apps to interface with the printer, display text on the VFD, and scan barcodes. The document concludes the SDK helps develop new products for ARM platforms and acquire practical applications.
This document provides instructions for porting the Android operating system to embedded platforms. It describes prerequisites like obtaining the Android source code and Linux source code. It then explains the setup needed, including the target platform, a cross development platform, and required patches. The document outlines steps to port Linux first, including adding the new platform to the bootloader and kernel. It then describes porting Android, such as adding platform support and required source code patches. Screenshots confirm the successful booting of Linux and Android on the Marvell PXA 310 evaluation board.
IRJET - Development of Embedded Linux System from Bare BoardIRJET Journal
The document describes how to develop an embedded Linux system from a bare board. Specifically, it discusses formatting an SD card and partitioning it into sections for the boot loader, operating system image, and root file system. It then explains downloading a NOOBs zip file to extract the image file and etch it to the memory card partitions. Once the system software is on the memory card, inserting it into the UDOO NEO board allows it to boot up with the Linux operating system.
IRJET- Design of a Remote Software Distribution for Business UnitsIRJET Journal
This document describes the design of a remote software distribution system for business units. The system uses a client-server architecture to remotely distribute, install, update, and uninstall software applications across various devices in an enterprise. It discusses key aspects of the design including software packages, package attributes, distribution steps, and interfaces for package applicability checking, validation, installation, system state monitoring, and notifications. The goal is to automate software management tasks and reduce the time and resources spent on administration.
Near Field Communication on Raspberry PiIRJET Journal
This document discusses setting up Near Field Communication (NFC) capabilities on a Raspberry Pi using an ITEAD-PN532 NFC reader board. It describes downloading the operating system, setting up the hardware by connecting the NFC board, and installing and configuring the necessary software libraries. The software setup includes configuring the Raspberry Pi for SPI or I2C communication and modifying configuration files. Finally, the document demonstrates reading RFID tags by polling an NFC device and lists some potential future applications of the technology.
Ubuntu Core was ported to the Bubblegum-96 board by building kernel, OS, and gadget snaps. Key steps included porting AppArmor patches to the Linux kernel, building the kernel snap using the board's BSP, and creating an Ubuntu Core image using the ubuntu-image tool along with the kernel, OS, and gadget snaps. A demo of a 3D cloud printing system using multiple Bubblegum-96 boards was also shown.
Ubuntu Core was ported to the Bubblegum-96 board. Key steps included creating a kernel snap with the customized Linux kernel and AppArmor patches, a gadget snap containing boot files, and an OS snap. The ubuntu-image tool was used to build an Ubuntu Core image with these snaps that could be flashed to the board to run Ubuntu Core applications in a secure, remotely upgradeable way. A demo of a 3D printing management system running on multiple Bubblegum-96 boards with Ubuntu Core was shown.
The document provides an overview of the security research performed on the BlackBerry PlayBook operating system. It discusses the QNX microkernel architecture, general security considerations for the operating system, boot sequence, networking services, firmware updates, and interfaces like USB and HDMI. It also examines application security such as development, inter-app communication, payment services, and the embedded browser. Lastly, it covers enterprise data security technologies like BlackBerry Bridge and Balance. The research aimed to understand the PlayBook's attack surface to guide further security analysis.
The document provides an introduction and overview of connecting Intel Edison devices to the DeviceHub IoT platform. It discusses:
1) Setting up a DeviceHub account and adding a project and device.
2) Installing necessary libraries on the Intel Edison like libmraa to control GPIO pins and connect to WiFi/MQTT.
3) Examples of sending sensor data from the Edison to DeviceHub including string, analog, and digital values and viewing the data in real-time graphs on the DeviceHub dashboard.
This document contains a collection of questions and answers about InduSoft and how to use it with ICP DAS products. InduSoft is SCADA software that can be used to build HMI and SCADA systems. It has development and runtime licenses. Projects developed in the development license can be run on ICP DAS controllers with the runtime license. Common questions covered include how to integrate InduSoft with ICP DAS modules, upgrade licenses, run projects via web browsers, and more.
VVDI 2 includes all the VVDI functions, the function of Tango, remote control generation and chip identification is improved, and also the coil’s stability has been enhanced.
More ever, users do no need to connect VVD2 with computer or other devices to identify chip or detect remote frequently.
This document provides instructions for installing software and drivers for the VVDI2 device. It begins with important declarations regarding legal and authorized use. It then outlines the simple process to install the software through the installation wizard. Potential issues installing the driver are addressed, including manually installing the bus driver through the device manager if not detected automatically. Correct driver information is provided to verify successful installation.
The document discusses porting Linux to microcontrollers with low memory and storage. It describes how Linux can leverage the microcontroller development environment and avoid fragmentation by using the device tree to describe hardware instead of coding it directly into the kernel. The document recommends starting with a known Linux configuration like stm32_defconfig and using the Kconfig menuconfig tool to customize it for the specific microcontroller.
This document provides instructions for installing IBM Informix Client Software Development Kit (Client SDK) and IBM Informix Connect on UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows systems. It describes preparing for installation, running the installation program in different modes, and post-installation configuration. The document also covers uninstalling the client products and distributing them with custom applications.
ORION STARTER KIT….a real electronic laboratory (by FASAR ELETTRONICA)Flavio Falcinelli
Fasar Elettronica offers a starter kit designed to allow all users to develop their own application, in a fast and simple way, with the ORION platform: an advanced and "user friendly" system particularly suitable for the realization of complex user interfaces. ORION is a real electronic laboratory which, thanks to the last generation processor Atmel ARM Cortex-A5 SAMA5D34 and the Linux Embedded operating system, allows to effectively control any process that requires graphics processing, networking and management of mass storage.
Refers not only to professionals, but also to students and fans of computer and electronic science , ORION opens new horizons to those who wish to approach the world of programming with the certainty of having a technological vanguard tool, supported by complete and enriched documentation by application notes periodically updated, that registered users can free download from www.fasarelettronica.com.
This document outlines a project proposal for an Android-based PC controller application. The application allows users to control their PC's keyboard functions and mouse from an Android mobile phone over WiFi. The key modules include login, establishing a WiFi connection between the phone and PC, controlling the PC mouse from the phone, and providing an on-screen QWERTY keyboard for typing. The project aims to allow PC interaction from anywhere in a meeting room. Advantages are remote control and flexibility, while requiring an Android device and inability to work over LAN are disadvantages. Potential uses include commercial and education settings for demonstrations.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document provides an overview of IBM's Transaction Security System products and cryptographic capabilities. It describes the IBM 4755 Cryptographic Adapter, IBM Personal Security Card, IBM 4754 Security Interface Unit, and IBM 4753 Network Security Processor. It also discusses cryptographic algorithms like DES and RSA, key management, digital signatures, and application examples like protecting certification authority keys and processing financial PINs. The document is a general reference on IBM's Transaction Security System.
Solution modern digital-& analog-communications-systems-b-p-lathiFawad Masood
The document repeatedly lists the URL "www.free4vn.org oldroad" over 100 times without any other text or context. It provides no other essential information beyond listing this single URL over and over again.
Bp lathi book solution by Fawad Masood Khan khattak@CECOS University By Fawa...Fawad Masood
The document discusses the benefits of a new training program for employees that focuses on effective communication skills. It states that the program will help employees improve their ability to listen, provide clear explanations, and resolve conflicts. The program is expected to boost employee performance and customer satisfaction over the next year.
5. 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1 Extended Concept of Operation…………………………………………….………,…7
Fig 2 PCI Add in Card……………………………………………………………………,,…9
Fig 3 Removing and Installing PCI Add in card………………………………………,,,,.....10
Fig 4 Entire Sundance SMT8096 SDR Development KIT Hardware………,,,,,…………,,.11
Fig 5 SMT 8096 Software defined Radio Development Kit………………………..,,,,,,…,,,11
Fig 6 Types of Howlermonker……………………………………………………………,,,,,16
Fig7 General Network of Howlermonkey………………………………,,,,,,,,,……………,,18
6. 5
NSA ANT CATALOG
GINSU BULLDOZER COMBO
1. INTRODUCTION
Q: What is NSA ANT Catalog this is the 1st
question arises in every individual mind?
A: The answer is very simple that these are technologies used by NSA (National Security Agen-
cy) Most Devices are available to USA national and members of five eyes alliance Now question
arises why is five eyes alliance? Five eyes (FVEY) includes some powerful Countries namely
Australia New Zealand Canada UK These all are bound by UKUSA agreement [1]
The latest Snowden disclosure of the NSA's ANT exploitation catalog will be studied by every
IT security professional in the world [1]The digital catalogue of NSA‘s tools of digital espio-
nage, which was exposed in Der Spiegel, the German weekly reveal the amount of sophisticated
digital tools used by the US to conduct its espionage operations around the world.1 The 49 tools
which got exposed belong to the same family called ‗ANGRYNEIGHBOUR‘ and can be sorted
into many categories according to their operating devices/ platforms (see Part I for the categori-
zation). In these, both hardware and software tools serve their purpose in collecting data from
inaccessible devices around the world through unconventional technological means. These tools
are designed specifically to function on particular devices ranging from keyboards, USBs, VGAs
(see Part 2) to a whole computer/CPU to firewalls, LANs, Servers, Routers, and Mobile Phones
and to even act as radars to transfer data to their local data collection centers[1]
Among the various NSA ANT tools, the specific tools for computers/CPU comprise both hard-
ware and software implants which make it more vulnerable to espionage. Therefore, the tools of
espionage on a computer or in other terms a CPU (Central Processing Unit) will be the topic of
discussion for this part. The exposed catalogue reveals 9 tools dedicated to computers out of
which 5 are software based implants and the remaining 4 are hardware implants. The software
based implants are GINSU, IRATEMONK, SWAP, WISTFULTOLL, and SOMBERKNAVE
and the hardware based implants are HOWLERMONKEY, JUNIORMINT, MAESTRO – II and
TRINITY. ―The software implants hide themselves in the master boot record or even in the BI-
7. 6
OS of the computer while the hardware implants are implanted by intercepting the computer dur-
ing the delivery in a process called by the agency as NSA ‗Interdiction [2].
2. GINSU
GINSU is a type of Computer and it provide software application persistence on the target sys-
tem with the PCI Bus hardware implant [2] It is use for restoring a software implant that has
been removed during and operating system upgrade or re install. We have all focus on Bulldozer
and Ginsu how it work? And how its architecture developed first we are focusing on Bulldozer
the part of computer then we will come to GINSU [2]
3. BULLDOZER
A hardware implant acting as malware dropper and wireless communication ―hub‖ .Despite that
BULLDOZER is hardware, I still use the word ―malware‖ when referring to it because it‘s a ma-
licious hardware perhaps the term ―malware‖ should refer to both malicious software and mali-
cious hardware BULLDOZER as a GOD MODE: BULLDOZER provides capabilities similar to
―god mode‖ cheat in video games which make the player using it close to being invincible
BULLDOZER is very hard to detect[3]. As for GINSU, we will look into GINSU in detail in the
next installment of this series
3.1Bulldozer based on
1. BIOS
2. Hardware Technology
4. Introduction to ginsu-bulldozer malware combo
BULLDOZER doesn‘t work in isolation. It has to be paired with the GINSU malware to be able
to work. , GINSU is a malicious PCI expansion ROM. Therefore, at this point, let‘s just assume
that GINSU is indeed a malicious PCI expansion ROM and BULLDOZER is the hardware
where GINSU runs. This means that both work with each other while bulldozer is hardware
malware and GINSU software malware so we can say now BULLDOZER is a PCI add-in card.
8. 7
GINSU and BULLDOZER is a software and hardware combo that must be present at the same
time to work. We need to look at the context where GINSU and BULLDOZER operate in order
to understand their inner working. Figure 1 shows the deployment of GINSU and BULLDOZER
in the target network [2].
Figure 1 (Extended Concept)
BULLDOZER hardware implanted in one of the machines in the target network
The NSA Remote Operation Center (ROC) communicates via OMNIGAT with the exploited
machine through an unspecified wireless network
This implies the GINSU-BULLDOZER malware combo targets machines in air-gapped net-
works or machines located in a network that is hard but not impossible to penetrate.
9. 8
The NSA ANT server product data document mentions
GINSU provides software application persistence for the Computer Network Exploitation (CNE)
(FACT TREATING UNFAIRLY) implant—codenamed KONGUR—on systems with the PCI
bus hardware implant, BULLDOZER.
5. System support
This technique supports any desktop PC system that contains at least one PCI connector (slot)
and uses Microsoft Windows 9x, 2000, 2003 server, XP, or Vista. The PCI slot is required for
the BULLDOZER hardware implant [2]
BULLDOZER is installed in the target system as a PCI hardware implant through ―interdiction‖
(Destroying enemy Forces)—fancy words for installing additional hardware in the target system
while being shipped to its destination.
4After fielding, if KONGUR is removed from the system as a result of operating system upgrade
or reinstallation, GINSU can be set to trigger on the next reboot of the system to restore the
software implant[2].
PCI add-in cards are installed on PCI expansion slots on the motherboard. Figure 2 shows a PCI
add-in card sample. This PCI add-in card is a PCI WLAN card. Figure 2 highlights the PCI ―con-
troller‖ chip from Relink—a WLAN controller—and the PCI slot connector in the add-in card.
The term ―controller‖ is a generic name given to a chip that implements the core function in a
PCI add-in card. PCI hardware development documentation typically uses this term, as do PCI-
related
So there are 3 components in the GINSU-BULLDOZER combo
6. GINSU (General points)
(1980‘S 1990‘S Very popular knife)
It is malicious PCI Expansion (Option) Rom
Ginsu Runs in PCI Add in card
10. 9
Add in card codename (Bulldozer)
Ginsu Rom is higher than Diet bounce
So Ginsu Do a lot more functions the Dietybounce
NSA Control the size of Flash Rom on PCI Add in Card
1. Bulldozer chip very possibly uses a PCI wireless controller class code
2. Bulldozer hardware contain GINSU probably is not a PCI mass storage
3. Bulldozer provide wireless communication and it require Antenna
4. Large Antenna Boost wireless signal Strength
7. Kongur
Is a Window Malware that target Windows 9x, 2000, XP, server, 2003, Vista[2]
8. PCI add in card It is installed in PCI expansion slot in Motherboard of Computer[2]
Fig 2: Show Flash memory Rom
11. 10
8.Pci card in desktop
Fig 3: Removing and Installing
9. Bulldozer hardware “simulation” with sundance smt8096 sdr development
kit
There are usually more than one FPGA in a typical PCI SDR development board. We are going
to look into one of Sundance products which were available in the market before 2008—the year
the GINSU-BULLDOZER malware combo was operational. I picked Sundance SMT8096 SDR
development kit as the example in this article. This kit was available in the market circa 2005.
The kit consists of several connected boards with a ―PCI carrier‖ board acting as the host of all
of the connected boards. The PCI carrier board connects the entire kit to the PCI slot in the de-
velopment PC. Figure 4 shows the entire Sundance SMT8096 SDR development kit hardware[4]
12. 11
Fig 4 entire Sundance SMT8096 SDR development kit hardware.
Figure 5 shows the block diagram of the entire SDR development kit. It helps to understand in-
teractions between the SDR development kit components.
13. 12
Let‘s look into SMT310Q PCI carrier board, because this board is the visible one from the moth-
erboard BIOS perspective. We‘ll focus on the technology required to communicate with the host
PC instead of the technology required for the wireless communication, because we have no fur-
ther clues on the latter. Moreover, I‘m not an expert in radio communication technology in any-
way [4]
The SMT310Q PCI carrier board has a QuickLogic V363EPC PCI bridge chip, which conforms
to PCI 2.1 specifications. This chip was developed by V3 Semiconductor, before the company
was bought by QuickLogic. The V363EPC PCI Bridge connects the devices on the SMT8096
development kit to the host PC motherboard—both logically and electrically—via the PCI slot
connector. This PCI bridge chip is not a PCI-to-PCI bridge, rather it‘s a bridge between the cus-
tom bus used in the SMT8096 development kit and the PCI bus in the host PC. The correct term
is Local Bus to PCI Bridge. Local bus in this context refers to the custom bus in the SMT8096
development kit—used for communication between the chips in the development kit boards[2]
10. Pci wireless Communication add in card Hardware and software co De-
velopment
From a cost point of view, using a Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) approach in creating
BULLDOZER hardware would be more cost-effective, i.e. using tools already in the market cost
much less than custom tools. COTS benefited from economic of scale and competition in the
market compared to custom tools.[5]
10.1 High-level design This step involves the high-level decision on what kind of PCI controller
chip would be created for the PCI add-in card and what features the chip would implement and
what auxiliary support chip(s) are required. For example, in the case of a PCI wireless communi-
cation add-in card, typically you will need a separate Digital Signal Processor (DSP) chip, or you
need to buy the DSP logic design from a DSP vendor and incorporate that design into your PCI
Field Programmable Gate-Array (FPGA)[5]
14. 13
10.2 Software (device driver) development
This step involves creating a prototype device driver for the PCI add-in card for the target Oper-
ating System (OS). For example, if the device would be marketed for mostly Windows users,
then creating a Windows device driver would take priority. As for other target OS, it would be
developed later or probably not at all if market demands on the alternative OS don‘t justify the
cost involved in developing the driver [5]
10.3 CHIP Fabrication In this step, the first design revision of the chip is finished and the de-
sign is sent to chip fabrication plant for fabrication,
10.4 Compatibility test on the PCI hardware-software “combo‖. The chip vendor carries out
the compatibility testing first. If the target OS is Windows, Microsoft also carries out additional
compatibility testing [5]
11. “Simulating” BULLDOZER Hardware
Now, let‘s look into the process of developing a specific PCI add-in card, i.e. a PCI add-in card
with wireless communication as its primary function. We focus on this kind of PCI add-in card
because BULLDOZER connects to the outside world—to OMNIGAT in Figure 1—via an un-
specified wireless connection. For this purpose, we look into the hardware prototyping step in
more detail. Let‘s start with some important design decisions in order to emulate BULLDOZER
capabilities, as follows:
The prototype must have the required hardware to develop a custom wireless communication
protocol. The reason is because the wireless communication protocol used by BULLDOZER to
communicate with OMNIGAT must be as stealthy as possible, despite probably using the same
physical antenna as a PCI WLAN card [5]
The prototype must have an implemented PCI expansion ROM hardware. The reason is because
GINSU is a malicious PCI expansion ROM code that must be stored in a functional PCI expan-
sion ROM chip to work.
GINSU is configurable, or at the very least it can be optionally triggered—based on the NSA
ANT server document. This means there must be some sort of non-volatile memory in the proto-
15. 14
type to store GINSU parameters. It could be in the form of a Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM)
chip, like in the DEITYBOUNCE case. Storing the configuration data in a flash ROM or other
kinds of ROM is quite unlikely, given the nature of flash ROM which requires a rather compli-
cated procedure to rewrite [3].
12. Closing Thoughts: BULLDOZER Evolution
Given that BULLDOZER was fielded almost six years ago, the present day BULLDOZER
cranking out of the NSA‘s fab must have evolved. Perhaps into a PCI Express add-in card. It‘s
quite trivial to migrate the BULLDOZER design explained in this article into PCI Express
(PCIe) though. Therefore, the NSA shouldn‘t have any difficulty to carry out the protocol con-
version. PCIe is compatible to PCI in the logical level of the protocol. Therefore, most of the
non-physical design can be carried over from the PCI version of BULLDOZER design explained
here. We should look into the ―evolved‖ BULLDOZER in the future[2]
16. 15
HOWLERMONKEY
13. DEFINITION
HOWLERMONKEY is a custom Short to Medium range implant RF Transceiver. It is used in
conjunction with a digital core to provide a complete implant[5].
14. INTRODUCTION
Listing hardware and software (called implants in NSA technology) which can penetrate sys-
tems to monitor modify and extract information .these include modified cables allowing ‗tao per-
sonal to see what is displayed on the targeted monitor[5].
The digital catalogue of NSA‘s tools of digital espionage, which was exposed in Der Spiegel, the
German weekly reveal the amount of sophisticated digital tools used by the US to conduct its
espionage operations around the world.1 The 49 tools which got exposed belong to the same
family called ‗ANGRYNEIGHBOUR‘ and can be sorted into many categories according to their
operating devices/ platforms (see Part I for the categorisation). In these, both hardware and soft-
ware tools serve their purpose in collecting data from inaccessible devices around the world
through unconventional technological means. These tools are designed specifically to function
on particular devices ranging from keyboards, USBs, VGAs (see Part 2), to a whole comput-
er/CPU to firewalls, LANs, Servers, Routers, and Mobile Phones and to even act as radars to
transfer data to their local data collection centers[5]
Among the various NSA ANT tools, the specific tools for computers/CPU comprise both hard-
ware and software implants which make it more vulnerable to espionage. Therefore, the tools of
espionage on a computer or in other terms a CPU (Central Processing Unit) will be the topic of
discussion for this part. The exposed catalogue reveals 9 tools dedicated to computers out of
which 5 are software based implants and the remaining 4 are hardware implants. The software
based implants are GINSU, IRATEMONK, SWAP, WISTFULTOLL, and SOMBERKNAVE
and the hardware based implants are HOWLERMONKEY, JUNIORMINT, MAESTRO – II and
TRINITY. ―The software implants hide themselves in the master boot record or even in the BI-
OS of the computer while the hardware implants are implanted by intercepting the computer dur-
17. 16
ing the delivery in a process called by the agency as NSA ‗Interdiction‘.‖ 2 In order to under-
stand the functions of these tools in dept, it is essential to study them individually[5].
15. HOWLERMONKEY
A Transceiver that makes it possible (in conjunction) with digital processors and various im-
planting methods) to extract data from systems or allow them to be controlled remotely. It is Ex-
traction Device [6]
The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) layouts of the HOWLERMONKEY implants are tailored ac-
cording to individual implant space requirements and differ in form factor. These PCBs are de-
signed to be compatible with CONJECTURE/SPECULATION networks and STRIKEZONE
devices that run on HOWLERMONKEY personality [6].
It Covert short to medium range RF Transceiver. Designed to be integrated with a larger device.
Communicates over SPECULATION and CONJECTURE protocols. Known products that in-
clude HOWLERMONKEY are: CM-I, CM-II, FIREWALK, SUTURESAILOR, and YEL-
LOWPIN [6]
FIG 6: Types of Howler monkey
18. 17
15.1 HOWLERMONKEY-YELLOWPIN
Yellow pin appears to have a printed circuit loop around it's periphery of a total length of around
110mm, so possibly it is made for a range of frequencies. Higher frequency/shorter wavelength
would certainly have the best chance of escaping from a metal server case. Now this might just
be an artifact of the layout or it might be a loop antenna. There‘s no easy way to tell, and as it
does not appear on the other photos it would tend to suggest artifact not antenna, but it has a sep-
arate product name which could be because it is different to the others with the difference being
it has the antenna on board. So flip a coin and make your choice Now this is where I take a real
leap in the dark and say this is more likely to be a CLI system for CC than a bulk data
ex/infiltrator. And that the RF power is going to be down in the mill watt or less range as there is
no apparent "heat sinking", thus the working range unit to unit being in the low tens of meters.
The top left photo also has two similar length thick tracks (albeit much shorter than YELLOWP-
IN) so possibly it is made for a range of frequencies. Higher frequency/shorter wavelength would
certainly have the best chance of escaping from a metal server case. Wifi devices may not be the
best choice if all that is intended is CLI access or exfiltration of small files - people like Texas
Instruments make low power transmitters for remote control (think wireless car keys) and in-
strumentation applications [7]
15.2 FIREWALK-HOWLERMONKEY
FIREWALK is a bidirectional network implant, capable of passively collecting Gigabit Ethernet
network traffic, and actively injecting Ethernet packets onto the same target network
FIREWALK is a bi-directional 10/100/1000bT (Gigabit) Ethernet network implant residing
within a dual stacked RJ45 / USB connector FIREWALK is capable of filtering and egressing
network traffic over a custom RF link and injecting traffic as commanded; this allows a Ethernet
tunnel (VPN) to be created between target network and the ROC (or an intermediate redirector
node such as DNT's DANDERSPRITZ tool.) FIREWALK allows active exploitation of a target
network with a firewall or air gap protection. FIREWALK uses the HOWLERMONKEY trans-
ceiver for back-end communications. It can communicate with an LP or other compati-
ble.HOWLERMONKEY increase RF range through multiple hops [7].
20. 19
References:
[1] Applebaum, Jacob and Stöcker, Christian (December 29, 2013). "Shopping for Spy Gear:
Catalog Advertises NSA Toolbox". Der Spiegel. Retrieved January 1, 2014.
[2] “Malware analysis‖ Meta on February14, 2014‖http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/nsa-
bios-backdoor-aka-god-mode-malware-part-2-bulldozer/
[3]Darlene Storm, January 3, 2014 http://www.computerworld.com/article/2474275/cybercrime-
hacking/17-exploits-the-nsa-uses-to-hack-pcs--routers-and-servers-for-surveillance.html
[4] “5th
February 2014 by greg ferro‖, http://etherealmind.com/snowden-nsa-exploit-kits-and-
commercial-espionage/
[5]‖NSA Codename ―Wed 1st
January 2014‖,http://cryptome.org/2014/01/nsa-codenames.htm
[6] https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2014/01/howlermonkey_ns.html
[7] https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/assets/nsas_spy_catalogue_0.pdf
[8] http://www.telefoniert-nach-hause.de/index.php/NSA/HOWLERMONKEY, accessed on
June 04, 2014
[9] Appelbaum, Jacob. ―NSA ANT Rechner‖, Der Spiegel, 30C3, 30 December 2013.