Chapter 5 medicine
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Traditional medicines come from plants and are not chemically processed, but they can still be toxic to the liver or interact with other medicines. Modern medicines are made by scientists in laboratories based on natural substances. They include analgesics for pain relief, antibiotics for bacterial infections, and psychotherapeutic medicines for mental illnesses. Both traditional and modern medicines can have side effects, with modern medicines more likely to cause issues like bleeding, allergies, addiction, or changes in behavior or emotions depending on the type of drug. Correct usage of medicines is important.
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5.3 Medicines
This document summarizes different types of medicines, including traditional medicines derived from plants and animals, and modern medicines made in laboratories. It describes common analgesics like aspirin, paracetamol, and codeine used to relieve pain. Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin are discussed as medicines that treat bacterial infections. Finally, it outlines categories of psychotherapeutic medicines including stimulants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics used to treat mental illnesses.
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This document provides information about various medications including an antibiotic (Amoxil/amoxicillin), an antihistamine (Fexofenadine), and a decongestant (Afrin/oxymetazoline nasal spray). It describes what each medication is used for, how it works, potential side effects, and important safety information.
Antihistamine (Loratadine)
This document discusses antihistamines, which are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine released during allergic reactions. Histamine causes symptoms like runny nose and itching. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine from binding to receptors. Common uses include treating allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives, and insect bites. First generation antihistamines can cause drowsiness while second generation drugs like loratadine are less sedating. Loratadine is prescribed for allergies and hives, with dosages varying based on age. It has the advantage of not causing drowsiness like other antihistamines.
Cetirizine dihydrochloride
Generic name: Cetirizine hydrochloride.
Chemical name: [2- [4- [(4-chlorophenyl) phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid, dihydrochloride.
Cetirizine, a metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine drug. Its main effects are achieved through selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors.
Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration of about 1 hour after oral administration of tablets or syrup formulation in adult volunteers.
Cetirizine hydrochloride syrup is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds.
Cetirizine is a second generation drug.
Second generation antihistamines are developed to avoid or reduce the sedative effects of drug.
Second-generation antihistamines cross the blood–brain barrier to a much lower degree than the first-generation antihistamines. Their main benefit is they primarily affect peripheral histamine receptors and therefore are less sedating.
Antihistamine
This document discusses anti-histamines, which act against the effects of histamine. It describes the different types of anti-histamines, including H1 antagonists, which inhibit histamine binding at the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic reactions. H2 antagonists are described as inhibiting histamine effects at the H2 receptor and being used to treat peptic ulcer disease. Proton pump inhibitors are also summarized as blocking gastric acid secretion.
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This document discusses various methods for controlling pain, including pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches. Pharmacological methods include paracetamol, NSAIDs, opiates, local anesthetics, and nitrous oxide. The WHO pain ladder provides guidance on choosing drugs. Non-pharmacological methods involve physical approaches like rubbing, acupressure, or stabilization, as well as psychological techniques such as distraction or remembering happy memories. The goal is to decide the best approach based on the cause and severity of pain for each individual patient.
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This document discusses antihistamines, which are drugs that reduce or eliminate the effects of histamine released during allergic reactions. Histamine causes symptoms like runny nose and itching. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine from binding to receptors. Common uses include treating allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis, hives, and insect bites. First generation antihistamines can cause drowsiness while second generation drugs like loratadine are less sedating. Loratadine is prescribed for allergies and hives, with dosages varying based on age. It has the advantage of not causing drowsiness like other antihistamines.
Cetirizine dihydrochloride
Generic name: Cetirizine hydrochloride.
Chemical name: [2- [4- [(4-chlorophenyl) phenylmethyl] -1- piperazinyl] ethoxy]acetic acid, dihydrochloride.
Cetirizine, a metabolite of hydroxyzine, is an antihistamine drug. Its main effects are achieved through selective inhibition of peripheral H1 receptors.
Cetirizine was rapidly absorbed with a time to maximum concentration of about 1 hour after oral administration of tablets or syrup formulation in adult volunteers.
Cetirizine hydrochloride syrup is indicated for the relief of symptoms associated with perennial allergic rhinitis due to allergens such as dust mites, animal dander and molds.
Cetirizine is a second generation drug.
Second generation antihistamines are developed to avoid or reduce the sedative effects of drug.
Second-generation antihistamines cross the blood–brain barrier to a much lower degree than the first-generation antihistamines. Their main benefit is they primarily affect peripheral histamine receptors and therefore are less sedating.
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- Potential allergic reactions to penicillin and cephalosporins.
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This document discusses antihistamine drugs and how they work. It explains that antihistamines treat allergies by blocking the effects of the chemical histamine in the body. There are two major classes of antihistamines - H1-antihistamines which act on histamine H1 receptors, and H2-antihistamines which act on histamine H2 receptors in the stomach. H1-antihistamines are used to treat allergic reactions and conditions like insomnia, while H2-antihistamines are used to treat gastric acid conditions like ulcers. The document also provides classifications of different antihistamine drugs and their common uses.
Antihistamine drugs
Antihistamine drugs
Introduction
Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the effects of histamines.
Histamine is chemical released by your body during an allergic reaction and acts on a specific histamine receptor.
There are four types of histamine receptor: H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors.
The term antihistamine only refers to H1 receptor antagonists.
allergy symptoms:
Congestion, runny nose, sneezing, or itching
Swelling of the nasal passages
Hives and other skin rashes
Itchy, runny eye
Mechanism Of Action
Block action of histamine at H1 receptors.
Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors.
Cannot push histamine off the receptors if already bound.
Types of Antihistamine
1: first-generation drugs
sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but also cross the blood – brain barrier and block central H1 and cholinergic receptors as well.
Ex. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - Dimetindene (fenistil)
2: second-generation drugs
Non-sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but do not cross the blood – brain barrier.
Ex. Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - Loratadine (Alavert, Claritin)
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines
1st generation antihistamine
Has a peripheral and central H1-antagonist action
Sedating antihistamine
Uses
allergic symptoms - insomnia - common cold - Motion sickness
Adverse side effects
Side effects are due to CNS depression :
Sedation - Dizziness - Euphoria - Blurred vision - Tinnitus
Anticholinergic effects
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hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine
this drug should not be used in new-born or premature infants
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Histamine is a chemical released during allergic reactions that causes symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. It works by binding to H1 receptors, especially in the nose, lungs, and skin. Antihistamines block this binding and relieve allergy symptoms. First-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness by crossing the blood-brain barrier, while second-generation drugs like loratadine and fexofenadine mainly work in the periphery and have fewer side effects. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions, nausea, motion sickness, and other issues involving the H1 receptor.
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2) Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of carica papaya leaves showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids.
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Introduction
Antihistamines are drugs that treat allergy symptoms by blocking the effects of histamines.
Histamine is chemical released by your body during an allergic reaction and acts on a specific histamine receptor.
There are four types of histamine receptor: H1, H2, H3 and H4 receptors.
The term antihistamine only refers to H1 receptor antagonists.
allergy symptoms:
Congestion, runny nose, sneezing, or itching
Swelling of the nasal passages
Hives and other skin rashes
Itchy, runny eye
Mechanism Of Action
Block action of histamine at H1 receptors.
Compete with histamine for binding at unoccupied receptors.
Cannot push histamine off the receptors if already bound.
Types of Antihistamine
1: first-generation drugs
sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but also cross the blood – brain barrier and block central H1 and cholinergic receptors as well.
Ex. diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - Dimetindene (fenistil)
2: second-generation drugs
Non-sedating antihistamine drugs block peripheral H1 receptors, but do not cross the blood – brain barrier.
Ex. Cetirizine (Zyrtec) - Loratadine (Alavert, Claritin)
Diphenhydramine
Diphenhydramine is in a class of medications called antihistamines
1st generation antihistamine
Has a peripheral and central H1-antagonist action
Sedating antihistamine
Uses
allergic symptoms - insomnia - common cold - Motion sickness
Adverse side effects
Side effects are due to CNS depression :
Sedation - Dizziness - Euphoria - Blurred vision - Tinnitus
Anticholinergic effects
Contraindication
hypersensitivity to diphenhydramine
this drug should not be used in new-born or premature infants
interaction
Alcohol and other CNS depressants
MAO inhibitors
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This document discusses antihistamines and their classification, mechanisms of action, and effects. It describes first and second generation antihistamines. First generation drugs like dimenhydrinate are highly sedating and act as H1 receptor antagonists to reduce allergic reactions. Second generation drugs like astemizole have less sedation and do not cross the blood brain barrier. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions by blocking the effects of histamine at receptor sites and providing relief from symptoms.
Antihistamine
Histamine is a chemical released during allergic reactions that causes symptoms like sneezing, itching, and runny nose. It works by binding to H1 receptors, especially in the nose, lungs, and skin. Antihistamines block this binding and relieve allergy symptoms. First-generation antihistamines like diphenhydramine can cause drowsiness by crossing the blood-brain barrier, while second-generation drugs like loratadine and fexofenadine mainly work in the periphery and have fewer side effects. Antihistamines are used to treat allergic conditions, nausea, motion sickness, and other issues involving the H1 receptor.
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This document discusses histamine and its role in inflammatory and allergic reactions. Histamine is an endogenous chemical released during inflammation from mast cells. It is involved in conditions like tissue injury, allergic reactions caused by antigens, and reactions to certain drugs. Histamine causes effects like decreased vascular resistance, increased vascular permeability and edema, stimulation of nerve endings causing pain, and bronchiole constriction in asthmatics. Anaphylaxis is a type 1 allergic reaction mediated by IgE antibodies binding to mast cells and basophils and causing massive histamine release. Common causes include foods, venoms, and exercise. Treatment involves epinephrine to counteract histamine's effects along with antihistamines that
Premedication
This document defines and compares various terms related to sedation, analgesia, and premedication in veterinary anesthesia. It discusses the goals and components of premedication, and describes several classes of premedicants commonly used, including anticholinergics, tranquilizers, and sedatives. Specific drugs from each class are explained in detail, covering their mechanisms of action, properties, dosages, and clinical uses. Reversal agents are also mentioned. The document aims to provide a comprehensive overview of concepts and agents for sedation and pain management prior to anesthesia procedures in veterinary patients.
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The document provides information about upcoming exams covering medication administration, the nervous system, and the respiratory system. It includes a review of topics like medication classifications, drug calculations, respiratory drug classes, and antimicrobial agents. Nursing students are instructed to review learning objectives and prepare for multiple choice and matching questions on topics like medication orders, drug interactions, and specific respiratory conditions and treatments.
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Tannins drugs
Catechu and tannic acid are plant-derived tannins. Catechu comes from the leaves of Uncaria gambier and consists of dried aqueous extract containing tannins like catechins. Black catechu comes from the heartwood of Acacia catechu and Acacia chundra. Tannic acid is obtained from nutgalls, which are outgrowths on oak tree twigs, and yields gallic acid and glucose upon hydrolysis. Both catechu and tannic acid are used as astringents.
SPLEEN AND RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
The document discusses the spleen and reticuloendothelial system (RES). It describes the spleen's structure as being divided into red and white pulp. Red pulp contains sinusoids and cords that filter blood, while white pulp contains lymphatic nodules. The spleen plays roles in filtering blood, forming red blood cells, mounting an immune response, and storing iron. The RES consists of tissue-based macrophages that phagocytose pathogens and debris. It is a generalized innate defense system located throughout the body.
Tropane alkaloids notes
This document discusses tropane alkaloids, specifically atropine alkaloid. It summarizes that atropine alkaloid is mainly found in plants from the solanaceae family, like Atropa belladona and Datura stromonium. It then describes the isolation, biosynthesis, identification tests, chemistry and properties, structure-activity relationships, uses, and mechanism of action of atropine alkaloid.
Spleen
The spleen filters blood, removes old red blood cells and platelets, stores blood, and plays an important role in the immune system. It lies in the left upper abdomen. The spleen can be damaged by trauma, which ranges from superficial bruising to complete rupture. Rupture presents with shock, abdominal pain, and swelling. Treatment is splenectomy for adults but splenic preservation is attempted for children. The spleen can also enlarge in diseases like portal hypertension, leading to a condition called hypersplenism with low blood counts.
Naturally extracted drugs used in modern pharmaceuticals.ppt
This document discusses naturally extracted drugs used in modern pharmaceuticals. It describes the natural product drug discovery process, including traditional and modern approaches. The traditional approach involves bioassay-guided isolation of active compounds from plant and animal extracts. The modern approach uses high-throughput screening of natural product libraries, which requires dereplication of extracts using techniques like LC-MS and LC-NMR. Many modern drugs are derived from natural products discovered through these processes.
Poison plants - forensic medicine and toxicology
This document summarizes common poisonous plants found in Sri Lanka, including their botanical names, toxic parts, toxins, circumstances of poisoning, and signs and symptoms. It discusses 12 poisonous plants - Datura stramonium (thorn apple), Pagiyantha dicotoma (Eve's apple), Strychnos nux vomica (bitter nut), Cerbera manghas (sea mango), Thevetia peruviana (yellow oleander), Gloriosa superba (glory lily), Jatropha curcas (Barbados nut), Ricinus communis (castor plant), Adenia palmata (hondala), Abrus precatorius (ros
Occurance and classification of alkaloids
The document discusses the occurrence, classification, and biosynthesis of different types of alkaloids. It describes alkaloids as naturally occurring basic nitrogen compounds that are physiologically active but insoluble in water. Alkaloids are generally classified based on their basic chemical structures and common precursors like amino acids. The document outlines four main types of alkaloids - protoalkaloids, true alkaloids, pseudoalkaloids, and false alkaloids - and provides examples of important alkaloids like morphine, codeine, and caffeine.
Alkaloids
The document discusses alkaloids, which are nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. It describes the properties of alkaloids such as being basic, containing heterocyclic rings, and having physiological effects. The document outlines the structures, classifications, names, biosynthesis, extraction methods, and pharmacological uses of different alkaloids. Common alkaloids are derived from amino acids and include morphine, caffeine, ephedrine, and quinine.
Chemistry of alkaloid
This document summarizes key information about alkaloids. It discusses that alkaloids are nitrogen-containing organic compounds found in plants that have physiological effects. Common alkaloids like morphine, codeine, caffeine, and cocaine are mentioned. The characteristics, occurrence in plants, classification based on chemical structure, and examples of alkaloids used in modern medicine are described. The biosynthesis pathways of morphine and codeine from opium poppy are also summarized.
Tannins 5
The document discusses different types of tannins, their properties, classification, and examples. It describes three specific types of tannins - Hamamelis, Catechu, and Nutt gall - including their botanical origins, constituents, and uses. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that occur in plants and can precipitate proteins. They are classified as hydrolysable, condensed, or complex based on their chemical structure and properties.
alkaloids and extraction of alkaloids
This document discusses the extraction of alkaloids from plant materials. It describes the Stas-Otto method, which involves distributing alkaloidal bases between an acid or aqueous solution and an immiscible organic solvent. The method involves rendering the plant material alkaline, extracting with an organic solvent, shaking with dilute sulfuric acid to form alkaloidal salts, making the solution alkaline to precipitate the free alkaloidal bases. The Stas-Otto method allows for the separation and isolation of alkaloids from other plant compounds.
Opioid analgesic
This document discusses opioid analgesics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, and effects. It begins by defining analgesics, opioids, opiates, and narcotics. It then discusses the opioid morphine in depth, including its pharmacological effects in the central nervous system and peripherally. Other opioids discussed include pethidine, methadone, tramadol, endogenous opioid peptides, and opioid receptor antagonists such as naloxone. The document provides an overview of the classification, properties, uses, and adverse effects of various opioid analgesics.
Alkaloids
This document provides information about alkaloids. It begins with definitions and classifications of alkaloids. It then discusses two specific alkaloids - ephedra and colchicum. For ephedra, it describes the plant source, chemical constituents including ephedrine, uses, and chemical tests. For colchicum, it provides the plant source, chemical constituents including colchicine, and geographical sources.
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Naturally extracted drugs used in modern pharmaceuticals.ppt
Naturally extracted drugs used in modern pharmaceuticals.ppt
Similar to Chapter 5 medicine
General drug categories
The document categorizes and defines common types of drugs used in medicine. It discusses analgesics for pain relief, antacids for indigestion, anti-anxiety drugs, antibiotics for bacterial infections, antihypertensives for blood pressure control, and many other classes of drugs used to treat specific medical conditions.
Teleconference September
The teleconference covered:
1. An overview of homeopathy including its history and global use.
2. The promises of homeopathy such as achieving health naturally without side effects.
3. Guidelines for using common homeopathic remedies for first aid, acute illnesses, and preventing/treating flu.
4. Information on getting brief or more comprehensive homeopathic consultations.
Teleconference September 2011, "How to use Homeopathic remedies at home"
This teleconference covered homeopathy as a safe, natural, and effective medical system. Homeopathy promises to achieve and maintain health naturally by removing the root cause of illness without side effects. Homeopathic remedies are classified as FDA-approved drugs and are widely used for acute illnesses, injuries, and vaccine side effects. The teleconference provided guidance on using common homeopathic remedies for first aid and acute illness and selecting an individualized remedy through a homeopathic practitioner.
Teleconference September 2011 "How to use homeopathic remedies at home"
This teleconference covered homeopathy as a safe, natural, and effective medical system. Homeopathy promises to achieve and maintain health naturally by removing the root cause of illness without side effects. Homeopathic remedies are classified as FDA-approved drugs and are widely used for acute illnesses, injuries, and vaccine side effects. The teleconference provided guidance on using common homeopathic remedies for first aid and acute illness and selecting an individualized remedy.
Mam lovern drugs
There is a difference between drugs and medicines. A drug refers to any substance that alters the body or mind when consumed, and can be used for medical, spiritual or recreational purposes. Medicine specifically refers to treatments used to cure or prevent illness and disease. While all medicines are drugs, not all drugs are medicines. A drug is the raw ingredient, while medicine involves manufacturing drugs into a finished product for treating or preventing disease. Common drugs include alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and synthetic drugs, while common medicines fall into categories like antibiotics, pain relievers, and over-the-counter analgesics.
Chapter 5 medicines kumpulan anis(3)
This document discusses different types of medicines. It describes traditional medicines as being derived from plants or animals and potentially toxic to the liver. Modern medicines are manufactured chemicals that can be extracted from plants and animals or be synthetic. Examples of modern medicines include analgesics like paracetamol and aspirin which relieve pain, antibiotics like penicillin which kill bacteria, and psychotherapeutic medicines like antidepressants which treat mental illnesses. Both traditional and modern medicines can have undesirable side effects, so it is important to only take medicines under medical supervision and at the proper dosage.
1 medicines
Medicines can be classified into four main categories: those that prevent disease like vaccines; those that fight pathogens like antibiotics and antivirals; those that relieve pain and symptoms like analgesics and narcotics; and those that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems like insulin, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Medicines work in the body in different ways such as killing pathogens, preventing their reproduction, reducing inflammation and pain. People must be careful when taking medicines due to risks of side effects, addiction, resistance, and interactions.
1 medicines
Medicines can be classified into four main categories: those that prevent disease through vaccines and antitoxins; those that fight pathogens like bacteria and viruses using antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals; those that relieve pain and other symptoms such as analgesics and narcotics; and those that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems including allergies, insulin, antidepressants, and cancer treatments. Medicines are administered orally, topically, inhaled, or injected and can have additive, synergistic, or antagonistic interactions when taken together.
Homeopathy
Homeopathy is a natural medical system developed in the late 18th century. It is based on the principle that "like cures like," meaning a substance that causes symptoms in a healthy person can cure similar symptoms in a sick person when given at a very low dose. Homeopathic remedies are highly diluted, sometimes to the point where no molecules of the original substance remain. Homeopathy can treat a wide range of conditions with minimal side effects through individualized diagnosis and treatment. However, it remains controversial due to skepticism about how extremely diluted substances could have any medical effect.
The use and misuse of drugs
The document discusses medical and recreational drugs. It begins by explaining that medical drugs are used to treat diseases and relieve symptoms, and are obtained via prescription or over-the-counter. Recreational drugs are used for leisure purposes and cause changes in mood, behavior or perception. The document then discusses drug development and testing processes, different types of recreational drugs like stimulants and depressants, and specific drugs like tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and antibiotics. It stresses the importance of controlling drugs and finishing antibiotic courses to prevent resistance.
final ppt of pharmaceutical compounds mcnl 1.pptx
This document provides an overview of pharmaceutical compounds and their importance. It discusses how chemistry has led to the development of synthetic drugs that can treat diseases. Some key points covered include:
- Pharmaceutical drugs act by binding to proteins in the body and causing physiological changes like cell death in the case of anticancer drugs.
- Drugs are classified as natural or synthetic and can be antibacterial, antiviral, antiseptics, analgesics, or act on the central nervous system.
- Important drug classes discussed include antipyretics, analgesics, antimalarials, and antibiotics. Specific drugs mentioned include aspirin, chloroquine, penicillin, and streptomycin.
Pharmacology slideshare .pharmacology pptx
This document provides an introduction and overview of key concepts in pharmacology. It defines pharmacology and divides it into pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. It also defines common terms like drug, medicine, dosage, toxicity, and adverse reactions. The document outlines classifications of drugs based on their mechanism of action, therapeutic use, and chemical composition. It discusses factors that influence adverse drug reactions and ways to prevent such reactions.
LECTURER NOTES PRESENNTATION
Soap is a salt of fatty acids. It is produced by the reaction of fats or oils with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. Soaps help in removing dirt and grease by dissolving them. Common soaps are sodium stearate, sodium palmitate, etc. Soap works by breaking the bonds between dirt/oil and the surface they are attached to. Their molecules have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions which allow them to dissolve in water and remove non-water soluble dirt/oil from surfaces and skin.
Ch19 01
The document discusses different types of medicines and how they work. It describes how medicines are classified and can treat or prevent illness in four main categories: medicines that prevent disease like vaccines; medicines that fight pathogens like antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals; medicines that relieve pain and symptoms like analgesics; and medicines that manage chronic conditions and regulate body systems. It also covers topics like how medicines are taken, potential reactions and interactions, and key terms.
PRESENTATION ON DRUGS
THIS THE THE POWER POINT PRESENTATION ON DRUGS PRESENTED BY AYUSH KUMAR .
THANK YOU FOR YOUR KEEN INTREST IN IT.
Aadrsh kumar tiwari bbau
Medicinal chemistry is the science dealing with the design and development of drugs. Edward E. Smissman is considered a father of modern medicinal chemistry. Many everyday substances like caffeine, sugar, nicotine, and alcohol can be considered drugs as they produce physiological effects. Cocaine was formerly used as a local anesthetic but is highly addictive. Nicotine from tobacco stimulates the brain and increases heart rate and blood pressure. Heroin was originally marketed as a painkiller but was withdrawn due to its addictive properties. Drugs can be classified based on their use and effects. Traditional medical systems like Siddha, Ayurveda, and Allopathy use different plant-based and synthetic drugs to treat
classificaion of drugs.pptx
Drugs can be classified in several ways, including by their chemical composition, mechanism of action, or therapeutic use. Some examples of drug classifications by mechanism of action include alpha-adrenergic agonists, beta blockers, and dopamine agonists. Drugs are also often classified by their therapeutic use, such as analgesics, antibiotics, anticoagulants, antidepressants, and anticancer drugs. Additionally, drugs have legal classifications that define restrictions on their availability and use.
diploma in pharmacy all definition pharmaceutical chemistry 20112.pptx
diploma in pharmacy all definition pharmaceutical chemistry 20112.pptxAshokrao Mane institute of diploma in pharmacy peth-vadgaon
This document defines key terms related to pharmaceutical chemistry including precision, accuracy, impurities, limit tests, titration, molarity, normality, and molality. It also defines types of pharmaceutical compounds such as hematinics, gastro-intestinal agents, antacids, topical agents, antimicrobials, anesthetics, analgesics, and anti-infective agents. Finally, it defines diseases and conditions treated by pharmaceuticals like tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer. Rational use of Otc medications
OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription. They include pain relievers like acetaminophen and ibuprofen, cough and cold medicines, antacids, and allergy medications. OTC drugs are widely used in India, accounting for 55% of drugs consumed. While convenient and cheaper than prescription drugs, OTC medications still carry risks if not taken as directed or if combining multiple products with the same active ingredients. Proper use of OTC drugs requires carefully reading and following all label instructions.
OVER THE COUNTER SALE_ RDP_PHARMACY PRACTICE
OTC drugs are medications that can be purchased without a prescription. They include analgesics, cough and cold medicines, antacids, and topical products. OTC drugs are considered low risk but can still interact with other medications or cause side effects if misused. Pharmacists play an important role in counseling patients on the safe use of OTC drugs through open-ended questions to understand medical history and current medications, then providing instructions on proper dosage, administration, storage, and potential drug interactions. While convenient, OTC drugs still require guidance to ensure safe self-medication.
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Teleconference September 2011, "How to use Homeopathic remedies at home"
Teleconference September 2011, "How to use Homeopathic remedies at home"
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diploma in pharmacy all definition pharmaceutical chemistry 20112.pptx
diploma in pharmacy all definition pharmaceutical chemistry 20112.pptx
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Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
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Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
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Proposal: The Ark Project and The BEEP Inc
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
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So many challenges, so little time. While we’re busy developing software and keeping it operational, we also need to sharpen the saw, but how? Gamification can be a way to look at how you’re doing and find out where to improve. It’s a great way to have everyone involved and get the best out of people.
In this presentation, Ben Linders will show how playing games with the DevOps coaching cards can help to explore your current development and deployment (DevOps) practices and decide as a team what to improve or experiment with.
The games that we play are based on an engagement model. Instead of imposing change, the games enable people to pull in ideas for change and apply those in a way that best suits their collective needs.
By playing games, you can learn from each other. Teams can use games, exercises, and coaching cards to discuss values, principles, and practices, and share their experiences and learnings.
Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
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原版制作贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【贝德福特大学毕业证（bedfordhire毕业证）硕士文凭】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Chapter 5 medicine
- 1. ~Medicine~
- 2. As usual…… :D :D
- 4. Traditional medicines are not chemically processed Don’t mistaken traditional medicine to be fully safe because: ~ Any medical plant containing alkaloid is potentially toxic to liver. ~It often interacts with medicines we normally take causing side reactions
- 5. Example:
- 10. Modern medicine is : ~Medicines that are made by scientists in the laboratory and based on substances found in nature
- 12. Examples
- 13. Analgesics Medicine that relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting consciousness. Sometimes called painkillers Do not treat pain but just gives relieve to carry out daily activities The structure: COOH O C O CH3
- 14. Antibiotics: Antibacterial Medicine Chemicals that destroy or prevent the growth of infectious microorganisms. Used to treat diseases caused by bacteria. Not effective against diseases caused by viral infections (influenza, measles, small pox)
- 15. Psychotherapeutic Medicine Group of drugs that change the emotions and behavior of the paitnet and are used for treating mental or emotional illnesses.
- 16. Side effects of Medicine Traditional Medicine Have fewer side effects compared to modern medicine. High doses of quinine for a prolonged period may cause hearing loss. Liver damaged caused by medicine containing kava-kava.
- 17. Modern medicine Type of modern drug Side effect Aspirin -Bleeding in stomach because aspirin is acidic -Allergies, skin rashes and asthmatic attacks Amphetamine -People who abuse amphetamines are excitable and talkative -Psychologically addictive and can cause heart attact -Axiety, sleeplessness, aggressive behaviour & decrease in appetite. -Enlarged pupils and heavy perspiration and trembling hands Codeine Addiction Penicillin -Allergies -Death to people who are allergic to it Streptomycin -Nausea,vomiting,dizziness,rashes and fever. -Loss of hearing following long-term use Stimulant -Addiction Antidepressant -Addiction -Headaches, grogginess and loss of appetite Antipsychotic drug -Dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation -Tremor and restlessness -Sedation (make people calmer or make people sleepy)
- 18. Correct ways of using medicine