This document discusses naturally extracted drugs used in modern pharmaceuticals. It describes the natural product drug discovery process, including traditional and modern approaches. The traditional approach involves bioassay-guided isolation of active compounds from plant and animal extracts. The modern approach uses high-throughput screening of natural product libraries, which requires dereplication of extracts using techniques like LC-MS and LC-NMR. Many modern drugs are derived from natural products discovered through these processes.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Chemistry of Natural Products
Alkaloids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of ephedrine, nicotine, atropine, quinine, papaverine and morphine.
• Terpenoids
• Introduction; classification; isolation; general methods for structure elucidation; discussion with particular reference to structure and synthesis of citral, α-terpineol, α-pinene, camphor and α-cadinene.
• Steroids
• Introduction; nomenclature and stereochemistry of steroids; structure determination of cholesterol and bile acids; introduction to steroidal hormones with particular reference to adrenal cortical hormones.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Biosynthesis lectures by Dr. Refaat HamedRefaat Hamed
This is a series of five lectures for 4th year Pharmacy Students (Assiut University) as part of the "Applied Pharmacognosy" course. The lectures cover the biosynthesis of many classes of natural products (e.g. Alkaloids, Polyketides, Flavonoids,..etc. Special emphasis is on the recent trends in biosynthesis research.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.
It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases.
Natural products also have challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization.
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
Biosynthesis lectures by Dr. Refaat HamedRefaat Hamed
This is a series of five lectures for 4th year Pharmacy Students (Assiut University) as part of the "Applied Pharmacognosy" course. The lectures cover the biosynthesis of many classes of natural products (e.g. Alkaloids, Polyketides, Flavonoids,..etc. Special emphasis is on the recent trends in biosynthesis research.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crude drugs of animal, vegetable and mineral origin, treated scientifically.
Pharmacognosy is the study of medicine derived from natural sources that include plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the scope of the field depends on knowledge about the safety, purity, and efficacy of complex multicompound products.
Herbal pharmacognosy is the application of this science specifically to traditional herbal medicine sources.
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
A purified and standardized fraction with a defined minimum of four bioactive or phytochemical compounds of an extract of a medicinal plant or its part, for internal or external use of human beings or animals for diagnosis, treatment, mitigation, or prevention of any diseases but does not include administration by parenteral route.
Drug discovery is the process through which potential new medicines are identified.
It involves a wide range of scientific disciplines, including biology, chemistry and pharmacology.
Natural products and their structural analogues have historically made a major contribution to pharmacotherapy, especially for cancer and infectious diseases.
Natural products also have challenges for drug discovery, such as technical barriers to screening, isolation, characterization and optimization.
Nutraceuticals chapter of Advance Pharmacognosy 1 of M Pharm syllabus.
This presentation involves Introduction to Nutraceuticals,
Classification of Nutraceuticals, Herbs as a food, Inorganic /mineral supplements, brief benefits of vitamin supplements, digestive enzymes and its example, use of cereals and Grains, importance of Antioxidants and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, an example of formulation and standardization of Multivitamin Tablets, what all regulatory requirement we need to manufacture Nutraceuticals and FSSAI guidelines for Nutraceuticals, sources- mediinal use - marker compound of some usually used Nutraceuticals.
Structural Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Cocculus hirsutus L...BRNSS Publication Hub
Many number of the plant species including Cocculus hirsutus L. is being used as the sources of herbal
medicine. Present work was mainly focused with the identification of the therapeutic properties of
C. hirsutus L. leaf extracts. The leaf extracts of methanol, aqueous, chloroform, and benzene showed
solvent dependent qualitative and quantitative phytochemical presence as well as antimicrobial activity.
Whereas the leaf extracts of methanol and chloroform showed significantly high antimicrobial activity
than water and benzene extracts. Further methanol leaf extract of C. hirsutus performed to liquid
chromato y-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for identification of active antimicrobial compound structure.
LC-MS studies give 26 structural compounds. Docking (annotating) studies revealed that among 26
compounds the Compound-5 (Hexadecanoic acid - (1R, 2R, 3S, 4R, 6S)-4, 6-diamino-2, 3-dihydroxy
cyclohexyl 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside) showed highest docking fitness score with
the bacterial membrane protein sortase-A. Our data suggest that methanol extract of C. hirsutus leaf
possess medicinally significant antimicrobial compounds and thus justify the use of this leaf as folklore
medicine for preventing human microbial related diseases.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Crimson Publishers-Use of Solid Timber Waste as Potential Raw Material for No...CrimsonPublishersMAPP
Use of Solid Timber Waste as Potential Raw Material for Novel Herbal Drugs: Multidisciplinary Research, Development, and Innovation by Luciana Jankowsky in Modern Applications in Pharmacy & Pharmacology
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
This article provides a comprehensive guide on how to
effectively manage the convert Accpac to QuickBooks , with a particular focus on utilizing online accounting services to streamline the process.
Personal Brand Statement:
As an Army veteran dedicated to lifelong learning, I bring a disciplined, strategic mindset to my pursuits. I am constantly expanding my knowledge to innovate and lead effectively. My journey is driven by a commitment to excellence, and to make a meaningful impact in the world.
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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3. INTRODUCTION TO NATURAL
PRODUCT DRUG DISCOVERY
PROCESS
Natural products are products from
various natural sources, plants,
microbes and animals. Natural
products can be an entire organism(e.g.
a plant, an animal or a micro-
organism), a part of an organism (e.g.
leaves or flowers of a plant, an isolated
animal organ), an extract of an
organism or part of an organism and 3
4. an exudates, or pure compound (e.g.
alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids,
lignans, steroids and terpenoids)
isolated from plants, animals or micro-
organisms.
However, in practice, the term natural
product refers to secondary
metabolites, small molecules
(molecular weight < 1500 amu),
produced by an organism, but not
strictly necessary for the survival of the
organism.
4
5. NATURAL PRODUCTS IN
MEDICINE
The use of natural products, especially
plants, for healing is as ancient and
universal as medicine itself.
The therapeutic use of plants certainly
goes back to the Sumerian and the
Akkadian civilizations in about the
third millenium BC.
Hippocrates, one of the ancient authors
who described medicinal natural
products of plant and animal origins,
listed approximately 400 different
plant species for medicinal purposes.
5
6. Natural products have been an integral
part of the ancient traditional medicine
systems.
World Health Organization (WHO),
some 3.4 billion people in the
developing world depend on plant
based traditional medicines. This
represents about 88 per cent of the
world’s inhabitants, who rely mainly on
traditional medicine for their primary
health care. 6
7. Nature has been a potential source of
therapeutic agents for thousands of
years.
An impressive number of modern drugs
have been derived from natural
sources. Over the last century, a
number of top selling drugs have been
developed from natural products.
7
8. Example :
Anticancer drug Vincristine from Vinca
rosea, narcotic analgesic Morphine
from Papaver somniferum,
antimalarial drug artemisinin from
Artemisia annua, anticancer drug
Taxol from Taxus brevifolia and
antibiotic Penicillins from Penicillium
ssp. are just a few examples.
8
10. DRUG DISCOVERY AND NATURAL
PRODUCT
In modern drug discovery and
development processes, natural
products play an important role at the
early stage of ‘lead’ discovery, i.e.
discovery of the active (determined by
various bioassays) natural molecule,
which itself or its structural analogues
could be an ideal drug candidate.
10
11. There are at least 2,50,000 species of
higher plants that exist on this planet,
but merely five to 10 per cent of these
terrestrial plants have been
investigated so far.
In addition, re-investigation of
previously investigated plants has
continued to produce new bioactive
compounds that have the potential for
being developed as drugs.
11
12. While several biologically
active compounds have
been found in marine
organisms,
e.g. antimicrobial compound
cephalosporin C
from marine organisms
(Cephalosporium,
acremonium
and Streptomyces spp.)
Antiviral compounds such
as avarol and avarone from
marine sponges.
12
14. THE TRADITIONAL WAY
In the traditional, rather more
academic, method of drug discovery
from natural products, drug targets are
exposed to crude extracts, and in the
case of a hit, i.e. any evidence of
activity, the extract is fractionated and
the active compound is isolated and
identified.
Every step of fractionation and
isolation is usually guided by
bioassays, and the process is called
bioassay-guided isolation.
14
15. The following scheme presents an
overview of a bioassay-guided
traditional natural product drug
discovery process.
Sometimes, a straightforward natural
product isolation route, irrespective of
bioactivity, is also applied, which
results in the isolation of a number of
natural compounds (small compound
library) suitable for undergoing any
bioactivity screening. 15
16. However, the process can be slow,
inefficient and labor intensive, and it
does not guarantee that a ‘lead’ from
screening would be chemically
workable or even patentable.
16
17. THE MODERN PROCESSES
Modern drug discovery approaches
involve HTS, where, applying full
automation and robotics, hundreds of
molecules can be screened using
several assays within a short time, and
with very little amounts of compounds.
In order to incorporate natural
products in the modern HTS
programmes, a natural product library
(a collection of dereplicated natural
products) needs to be built.
17
18. Dereplication is the process by which
one can eliminate recurrence or re-
isolation of same or similar compounds
from various extracts.
A number of hyphenated techniques
are used for Dereplication, e.g. LC-PDA
(liquid chromatography–photo-diode-
array detector),
18
19. LC-MS (liquid chromatography–mass
detector) and LC-NMR (liquid
chromatography – nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy).
While in the recent past it was
extremely difficult, time consuming
and labor intensive to build such a
library from purified natural products,
with the advent of newer and improved
technologies related to separation,
isolation and identification of natural
products the situation has improved
remarkably.
19
20. Now, it is possible to build a ‘high
quality’ and ‘chemically diverse’
natural product library that can be
suitable for any modern HTS
programmes.
Natural product libraries can also be of
crude extracts, chromatographic
fractions or semi-purified compounds.
20
21. However, the best result can be
obtained from a fully identified pure
natural product library as it provides
scientists with the opportunity to
handle the ‘lead’ rapidly for further
developmental work, e.g. total or
partial synthesis, dealing with
formulation factors, in vivo assays and
clinical trials.
21
23. To continue to exploit natural sources
for drug candidates, the focus must be
on exploiting newer approaches for
natural product drug discovery.
These approaches include the
application of genomic tools, seeking
novel sources of organisms from the
environment, new screening
technologies and improved processes of
sample preparation for screening
samples. 23
24. In addition, the recent focus on the
synthesis of diversity-oriented
combinatorial libraries based on
natural-product-like compounds is an
attempt to enhance the productivity of
synthetic chemical libraries.
24
25. TYPES OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
According to the sources and
applications of Natural products, it can
be classified as under,
i). Alkaloids
ii). Carbohydrates
iii). Glycosides
iv). Terpenoids
v). Steroids
vi). Phenolics 25