2. 2.1 (Based on the Themes as approved by the panel members)
2.2 Synthesis
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.4 Conceptual Framework
2.5 Definition of terms
3. RELATED LITERATURE
• Possible sources of literature are books, journals, magazines,
monographs, and other scholarly publication. The main idea or
ideas from each source should be clearly and concisely
presented. This part should not be a mere enumeration of facts
and information but should show the relatedness of the various
studies and literature presented to the candidate’s paper.
4. RELATED STUDIES
Sources include thesis, dissertation and other output of research.
For each study cited, there should be a presentation and
discussion of the objectives of the study, method used, sampling
subjects, major findings, conclusions or recommendations related
to the present study.
5. SYNTHESIS
• A brief summary of the reviewed literature and studies should be made. It
is important that a comparison and contrast of the current work from other
studies is done. The assessment should contain comments on whether the
reviewed related literature and studies are few or many, mostly local or
foreign, quite recent or not, etc. If there is evidence to support this, this
section should also clearly state that based on the review of related
literature and studies, this study will not duplicate any existing study.
6. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
• The theoretical framework discusses what is (are) the existing
theory or theories that will help explain and predict how an
observed phenomena exists and operates as reflected in the
paradigm. Well-known authority sources to support the theory
or theories are cited.
7. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
• The conceptual framework expounds on the concepts, variables and its
indicators that led to the formulation of the research problem and its
corresponding hypothesis. These concepts, constructs and variables
should be presented in a conceptual paradigm. Examples of these are the
input-process-output-feedback paradigm or the independent-moderating-
dependent variable paradigm.
8. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• The researcher should define important terms to be able to
communicate to his/her reader. The concepts, constructs and
variables in the conceptual framework, statement of the problem
and title should be clearly and concisely defined.
9. • There are two ways in defining terms, conceptual definition and
operational or functional definition. Conceptual definition
refers to the definition found in dictionaries, while operational
definition refers to the specific way or the meaning used in the
study. As to format, the term should be in bold font, the first
line of the definition indented which the succeeding lines are not
indented.
10. • Aside from the library, computer websites are also a
rich source of this list of references. Prepare the list and
decide which ones you will include in your review.
Make sure you have enough potential sources. A good
number to start with would be 10 to 15 references.
11. • A review of related literature and studies is helpful in
knowing the ideas of others interested in the research
question, similar or related, to the study you are
undertaking in order to find out if it is an original work
or merely an extension of work done a long time ago.
This will enable you to narrow down your study to a
specific well-defined manageable problem.
12. • Related literature consists of discussions of facts and principles
to which your study is related.
• These materials are usually found in books, encyclopedias,
journals, magazines, and newspapers from printed or online
sources.
• If printed in the Philippines, they are local; if printed outside of
the country, they are foreign regardless of the citizenship of the
author.
13. • Related studies are inquiries, investigations, researches already
conducted to which your proposed study is related or has some
bearing.
• They are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts,
theses, and dissertations.
• They are local if the inquiry was done in the Philippines;
foreign, if done outside of the country.
14. Three things must be done in the review:
1. It should make a critical evaluation of the studies and examine
the appropriateness of their research designs to the present study.
2. It should show how the methodology of the previous study is
replicated, modified, or improved in the present study.
3. It should show how the present study will contribute to existing
literature and studies.
15. • At the end of each section, do not forget to show how the
materials relate to your study, the differences as well as the
similarities between their work and yours. At the end of the
chapter, state how the materials reviewed contributed to the
preparation of your research. Minimum of 10 and maximum of
15 pages are required in undergraduate theses and maximum of
20pages for graduate studies.
16. IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS OF
RELATED LITERATURE
1. It helps or guides the researcher in searching for or selecting a
better research problem or topic
2. It helps the investigator understand his topic or research better
3. It ensures that there will be no duplication of other studies
4. It provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the
planned research
17. 5. It gives the researcher a feeling of confidence
6. It provides information about the research methods used
7. It provides findings and conclusions of past investigations
18. CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED LITERATURE
MATERIALS
1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible
2. Materials reviewed must be objective and unbiased
3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the study
4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely
original and true facts or data to make them valid and reliable
19. HOW TO CONDUCT THE REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
1. Visit libraries
2. Do a computer-aided search
3. Add for reprints from experts
4. Write all bibliographic information
5. Paraphrase
20. In the theoretical framework, a specific theory and its proponent/s
must be identified and discussed.
The conceptual framework clarifies the relationship between and
among the major variables of the study and must presented in a
paradigm or other illustrative presentation; must be properly
labeled and must have a title.
21. 2.5 Definition of Terms
Contains important terms or variables that must be defined
conceptually or operationally as used in the study.
The terms should be alphabetically arranged. Acronyms
and abbreviations must be spelled out. This part must begin with
an introductory paragraph.
