This document provides information about action research methods in education. It discusses:
- Qualitative and quantitative research methods including case studies, surveys, and experiments.
- Action research is conducted by teachers and other education stakeholders to investigate problems and improve student learning. It involves gathering data, analysis, and developing an action plan.
- Examples of action research questions focus on teaching practices that can be improved. The goal is to empower teachers to study their own practices.
This is the first part of Ch. 1 of the book "Research Methods in Education: An Introduction". It tackles upon the nature of research and classification of educational research. The second part to be uploaded soon is on the role of theory, activities of the research process, and the function of educational research.
This is the first part of Ch. 1 of the book "Research Methods in Education: An Introduction". It tackles upon the nature of research and classification of educational research. The second part to be uploaded soon is on the role of theory, activities of the research process, and the function of educational research.
To understand the concept of theory, it is essential to understand the nature of theory in general.
Historically, the Received View holds that a theory is a formalized, deductively connected bundle of laws that are applicable in specifiable ways to their observable manifestations. In the Received View, a small number of concepts are selected as bases for the theory; axioms are introduced that specify the fundamental relationships among those concepts; and definitions are provided, specifying the remaining concepts of the theory in terms of the basic ones.
Meaning, definitions & need of educational research.Neha Deo
To understand the meaning & nature of research, one must study the different definitions of research. In this presentation, definitions of research & educational research are given. From the definitions important characteristics of the research are listed & need of the educational research is also given.
A model is really the first step in curriculum development. A curriculum model determines the type of curriculum used; it encompasses educational philosophy, approach to teaching, and methodology. The good news is, unless you've been hired to design curriculum, you won't come across many curriculum models. However, it's good for educators to be familiar with the models used in their schools
The basic tenet of the dynamic or interactional models of curriculum development is that curriculum development is a dynamic and interactive process which can begin with any curriculum element (Print 1989, Brady 1990).
Walkers Model of Curriculum develop by Decker Walker 1971.
The proponents of this approach to curriculum development argue that the curriculum process does not follow a lineal, sequential pattern. Dynamic models have emerged from a more descriptive approach to curriculum where researchers have observed the behavior of teachers and developers as they devise curricula. Consequently the analytical and prescriptive approach, the very basis of the objectives and cyclical models, is not prominent in the dynamic models.
Platform
The three phases of Walker's model are the platform phase, the deliberation phase and the design phase. In the platform phase, platform statements made up of ideas, preferences, points of view, beliefs and values that are held by curriculum developers are recognized.
Deliberation
When the curriculum developers start discussing on the basis of the recognized platform statements, this is the second stage of deliberation, which is a complex, randomized set of interactions that eventually achieves an enormous amount of background work before the actual curriculum is designed (Print 1989 ).
Design
In this phase developers make decisions about the various process components (the curriculum elements). Decisions have been reached after extended discussion and compromise by individuals. The decisions are then recorded and these become the basis for a curriculum document or specific curriculum materials.
To understand the concept of theory, it is essential to understand the nature of theory in general.
Historically, the Received View holds that a theory is a formalized, deductively connected bundle of laws that are applicable in specifiable ways to their observable manifestations. In the Received View, a small number of concepts are selected as bases for the theory; axioms are introduced that specify the fundamental relationships among those concepts; and definitions are provided, specifying the remaining concepts of the theory in terms of the basic ones.
Meaning, definitions & need of educational research.Neha Deo
To understand the meaning & nature of research, one must study the different definitions of research. In this presentation, definitions of research & educational research are given. From the definitions important characteristics of the research are listed & need of the educational research is also given.
A model is really the first step in curriculum development. A curriculum model determines the type of curriculum used; it encompasses educational philosophy, approach to teaching, and methodology. The good news is, unless you've been hired to design curriculum, you won't come across many curriculum models. However, it's good for educators to be familiar with the models used in their schools
The basic tenet of the dynamic or interactional models of curriculum development is that curriculum development is a dynamic and interactive process which can begin with any curriculum element (Print 1989, Brady 1990).
Walkers Model of Curriculum develop by Decker Walker 1971.
The proponents of this approach to curriculum development argue that the curriculum process does not follow a lineal, sequential pattern. Dynamic models have emerged from a more descriptive approach to curriculum where researchers have observed the behavior of teachers and developers as they devise curricula. Consequently the analytical and prescriptive approach, the very basis of the objectives and cyclical models, is not prominent in the dynamic models.
Platform
The three phases of Walker's model are the platform phase, the deliberation phase and the design phase. In the platform phase, platform statements made up of ideas, preferences, points of view, beliefs and values that are held by curriculum developers are recognized.
Deliberation
When the curriculum developers start discussing on the basis of the recognized platform statements, this is the second stage of deliberation, which is a complex, randomized set of interactions that eventually achieves an enormous amount of background work before the actual curriculum is designed (Print 1989 ).
Design
In this phase developers make decisions about the various process components (the curriculum elements). Decisions have been reached after extended discussion and compromise by individuals. The decisions are then recorded and these become the basis for a curriculum document or specific curriculum materials.
Introduction to research and its different aspectsbarsharoy19
This slide introduces the basic aspects of a research paper. It gives a brief description on impact factor, citation index and different categories of research paper
Guide to know about components of Research Paper and how to write one. Deep understanding of components.
According to Goddard and Melville (2001, p.1), research goes beyond the process of gathering information; rather, it is also about finding answers to unanswered questions as part of discovering and/or creating new knowledge. And in order for this newly discovered or created knowledge to be recognized or noticed, you have to prove that it is valid.
Determining the validity of your study is anchored on your research paper’s methodology. According to Somekh and Lewin (2005), a research methodology is both “the collection of methods or rules” you apply to your research, as well as the “principles, theories, and values” that support your research approach. Simply put, a research paper’s methodology section must shed light on how you were able to collect or generate your research data and demonstrate how you analyze them (SHU Library, 2020).
For novice researchers, writing the methodology of a research paper can be an overwhelming process, especially considering the intricate elements covered by this section (J. Ellis & Levy, 2009, p. 323). The goal of this article is to guide novice researchers in writing an effective research methodology by helping them gain a clear understanding of a research methodology’s structure.
Explore Professional Dissertation Writing Help Tips Lisa Miller
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This is a lesson in Research 1- Basic Research and is good for a 1.5 hours classroom activity. It covers images that can motivate undergraduate students from class participation during the class activity.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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4. Methods of educational research
By method educational research can be categories into two main
categories as:
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research
Qualitative & Quantitative research is further categories into
different research designs or styles as under:
Qualitative research
• Narrative research
• Ethnographic (naturalistic) research
• Case study research
• Historical research etc
5. Methods of educational research
Quantitative research
• Survey research
• Correlational research
• Causal-comparative research
• Experimental research
• Single subject experimental research etc
Here we mainly concern with research with practitioners
(Action Research).
6. Action Research
Definition
Action research in education is any systematic inquiry conducted
by teachers, principals, school counselors, or other stakeholders
in the teaching–learning environment that involves gathering
information about the ways in which their particular schools
operate, the teachers teach, and the students learn.
8. purpose of action research
• The purpose of action research is to provide teacher
researchers with a method for solving everyday
problems in schools so that they may improve both
student learning and teacher effectiveness.
• Action research is research done by teachers, for
themselves; it is not imposed on them by someone
else.
9. Action Research
Types of appropriate research questions
The types of research questions that emerge from your area of
focus should involve teaching and learning and should focus on
your practice and be within your locus of control. It should be
something you feel passionate about and something you would
like to change or improve.
10. TYPES OF ACTION RESEARCH
• Critical action research is based on a body of
critical theory and has a goal of liberating individuals
through knowledge gathering; it is also known as
emancipatory action research.
• Practical action research emphasizes the “how-to”
approach to the processes of action research. An
assumption is that teachers are autonomous and can
determine the nature of the investigation to be
undertaken.
11. Action Research
Steps in the process
1. Identify an area of focus.
2. Collect data.
3. Conduct data analysis and interpretation.
4. Develop action plan.
12. Process of action research
• The action research process includes identifying an area of focus, data
collection, data analysis and interpretation, and action planning, a process
known as the dialectic action research spiral.
• The area of focus for action research should involve teaching and learning
and should focus on your practice and be within your locus of control. It
should be something you feel passionate about and something you would
like to change or improve.
• Insight into an area of focus can be gained through self-reflection,
descriptive activities, and explanatory activities.
• Data collection techniques used in action research depend on the area of
focus.
• Qualitative data collection techniques are more often applied to action
research problems than are quantitative methods and designs. Teachers do
not routinely assign children on a random basis to an experimental group
that receives a treatment or to a control group that does not.
• Action research is action oriented. Action researchers follow through with
their action plans to ensure that lessons learned are implemented in the
classroom or school setting.
13. Importance of action research
Action research
• helps teachers develop new knowledge directly
related to their classrooms,
• promotes reflective teaching and thinking,
• expands teachers' pedagogical repertoire,
• puts teachers in charge of their craft,
• reinforces the link between practice and student
achievement
14. Identification and selection of problem for
action research
• Know the different areas in which action
research could be undertaken.
• Identify general problems in a school set
up/institution suitable for action research.
• Analyze the general problems identified and arrive at
a specific/workable/pin-pointed problem for action
research.
15. Similarities and Differences Between Action Research and
Formal Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Action Research
• Systematic inquiry.
• Goal is to solve problems of local concern.
• Little formal training required to conduct such
studies.
• Intent is to identify and correct problems of local
concern.
• Carried out by teacher or other local education
professional.
• Uses primarily teacher-developed instruments.
• Less rigorous.
• Usually value-based.
• Purposive samples selected.
• Selective opinions of researcher often considered
as data.
• Generalizability is very limited.
Formal Research
• Systematic inquiry.
• Goal is to develop and test theories and to
produce knowledge generalizable to wide
population.
• Considerable training required to conduct such
studies.
• Intent is to investigate larger issues. Carried out
by researcher who is not usually involved in
local situation.
• Uses primarily professionally developed
instruments. More rigorous.
• Frequently value-neutral. Random samples (if
possible) preferred.
• Selective opinions of researcher never
considered as data.
• Generalizability often appropriate.
16. Source of locating related literature
• Find background information on your topic using subject
encyclopedias or handbooks.
• Hint: Search the Library catalog for your topic and
combine with encyclopedias or handbooks to see what
resources are available.
• A better understanding of your topic can help you narrow
down and focus your search.
Also can be located by using followings:
Google scholar
Latest research articles
Research gate etc.
17. Citation
APA
• APA format is the official style of the American Psychological
Association (APA) and is commonly used to cite sources in psychology,
education, and the social sciences.
• The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information
in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the
"Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association" 6th
edition (2010).
cite in APA 6th edition?
• In parentheses begin with "as cited in". Then, add the last name of the author of
the secondary source followed by the year of publication. Be sure to include a
comma between the author's name and the publication date. End with a period
if at the end of a sentence.
• While quoting directly, Include the exact spelling and interior punctuation of
the borrowed words. The author, year of publication, and page number(s) or
paragraph number for non-paginated materials are always included in the text
and a reference citation is included in the reference list.
APA style example
APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication,
for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well,
for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14).Nov 10, 2020.
18. Citation
Use et al
Writers sometimes use the surname of the first author followed by et al.
at the first mention of a work that has three, four, or five authors. Only
when a work has six or more authors should the first in-text citation
consist of the first author followed by et al.
Cite a website in APA (Web Page)
• Author(s). Note: List each author's last name and initials as
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. ...
• (Year, Month Date). Note: Read more about date formats from
the APA Style website. ...
• URL.
19. Citation
URL in APA style
The Web page address should not be hyperlinked -- that is, not in blue and not
underlined. If the address has to be split into two lines on your References
page, break the URL before most punctuation (slash, dash, etc), except for
http://. Do not add a period after the end of the address.Jan 29, 2020
Example of URL
Most web browsers display the URL of a web page above the page in an
address bar. A typical URL could have the form
http://www.example.com/index.html , which indicates a protocol ( http ),
a hostname ( www.example.com ), and a file name ( index.html ).
Example Citations: Articles
• AuthorLastName, AuthorFirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title, Version,
Number, Publication Date, Page Numbers. ...
• What should include in a citation?
• Generally, a citation will include: the name of the book, article, or other
resource; the name of its author; information (if applicable) about the
journal it came from; the date it was published; and when it was accessed if
it was read online.
20. Citation
Citation components
All APA citations contain four main components: author, date, title, and retrieval
information.
General assumption about citation
• The APA Publication Manual (6th ed.) says, "Each reference cited in text must
appear in the reference list, and each entry in the reference list must be cited in
text" (p. 174).
• The terms reference and citation are also often used to refer to the same thing
although a citation tends to mean the part of the text within your assignment
where you acknowledge the source; whilst a reference usually refers to the full
bibliographic information at the end.
• In-text citations often come at the end of a sentence and must have a
matching reference at the end of the paper. What goes into your in-text
citation depends on which citation style you're using. A reference should
provide complete information about a source and where it can be found.
• APA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of
publication, for example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page
number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. 14).
21. References
What are the four elements of a reference?
• In general, a reference should contain four elements, which you can remember as
the four W's: author name ("who"), date of publication ("when"), title of the work
("what"), and publication data ("where"). This is the basic principle behind all APA
Style references.
• Reference list entries include the four elements of the author, date, title, and source.
References of Book
• Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) ...
• Title (this should be in italics)
• Series title and number (if part of a series)
• Edition (if not the first edition)
• Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)
• Publisher.
• Year of publication.
22. APA Style
Difference between APA Style and APA format?
APA format refers to the precise rules of generating your article, manuscript, or
term paper by using the rules set forth in the Publication Manual. ... An
EasyGuide to APA Style is written for students who are learning to write
in APA style using APA format.
