The document provides an overview of quantitative research, outlining its characteristics, types, and methodologies. It details the steps involved in conducting quantitative research and describes various research types, including survey, correlational, causal-comparative, and experimental research. Additionally, it highlights the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research while emphasizing its importance across different fields such as business, psychology, and education.

1. LEARNING
OUTCOMES

2. • describe quantitative research;
• follow the steps in using quantitative
research;
• make the right decision as to type of
quantitative research that is applicable to
our field of study; and
• uncover the strengths and weaknesses of
quantitative research.

3. WHAT IS
QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH ?

4. • Aliaga and Gunderson (2000)
described it as explaining
phenomena by collecting numerical
data that are analyzed using
mathematically – based methods
(particularly statistics).

5. •is essentially about collecting
numerical data to explain a
particular phenomenon.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

6. •A more logical and data – led approach
which provides a measure of what
people think from a statistical and
numerical point of view.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

7. •can gather a large amount of data
that can be easily organized,
analyzed and interpreted.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

8. Characteristics of
Quantitative Research

9. 1. Objective- impartial,
unbiased and neutral
2. Clearly defined questions
(What, Which, how much)

10. 3. Structured research
instruments (surveys,
questionnaires, software)
4. Numerical data and
statistical treatment
(unbiased results)

11. 5. Large sample size
(represents a population)
6. Replication (high reliability
— stable and consistent)
7. Future outcomes (new
concepts & further studies)

12. Steps in Doing
Quantitative Research

13. 1) Observing and explaining
something that happens
2) Collecting information
3) Analyzing the information

14. • the four (4) “W” (Who, What, Where
and Why)
1. Observing and explaining
something that happens

15. The information collected must
be in numbers.
2. Collecting information

16. To analyze the data collected, it
must be done with statistics.
3. Analyzing the information

17. Four Basic Kinds Of
Quantitative Research

18. 1) Survey
2) Correlational
3) Causal – comparative
4) Experimental

19. •a brief interview or discussion
with individuals about a specific
topic.
SURVEY RESEARCH

20. •encompasses any measurement
procedures that involve asking
questions of respondents.
SURVEY RESEARCH

21. Most common tools used
in Survey Research

22. 1) Interviews
2) Questionnaires
3) Sampling polls

23. When conducting a
Survey Research…

24. • If the population is small, universal
sampling is used while if it is large,
a sample of the population is used.
• People questioned are sampled
randomly.

25. • Researcher must be properly
guided by field service agents who
are authority on that area.
• When the respondents are minors,
approval of parents or guardian
must be secured.

26. Several ways to conduct
survey research

27. 1) in person
2) over the phone
3) through mail or email

28. For questionnaires, you can
just give it to the institution
where the respondents
belong.

29. General Instructions: We are
amazed in your interest in reading.
Please take a few minutes to
complete this survey. In general,
when you are presented with a scale
next to a question, please put an X
over the number that best
corresponds to your answer.

30. For example, if you strongly agreed
with the following question, you might
put an X through the number 5. If you
agreed moderately, you might put an X
through the number 4., if you neither
agreed nor disagreed, you might put
an X through number 3.

31. Sample Question
Strongly
Disagree
Moderately
Disagree
Neither
Agreenor
Disagree
Moderately
agree
Strongly
Agree
I like to read magazines
like TIME or Newsweek.
1 2 3 4 5
I spent 2 hours everyday
reading books.
1 2 3 4 5
I love to visit libraries. 1 2 3 4 5
My favorite place in school
is the library.
1 2 3 4 5
I have a collection of
books at home.
1 2 3 4 5

32. • tests for the relationship
between two or more variables.
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH

33. • is done to establish what the
effect of one on the other might
be and how that affects the
relationship.
CORRELATIONAL
RESEARCH

34. a) Relationship between intelligence
and friendliness
b) Student’s hours of study and their
stress level
Examples

35. 3 Types of Correlational
Research

36. 1) Positive correlation
2) Negative correlation
3) No correlation

37. • an increase in one variable leads to
an increase in the other and a
decrease in one leads to a decrease
in the other.
Positive correlation

38. •A person with a lot of money will
carry a Hermes bag and a person
with no money will carry a paper
bag.
Example

39. • an increase in one variable
leads to a decrease in the other
and vice versa.
Negative correlation

40. •The level of education might
correlate negatively with crime.
Example

41. • A change in one doesn’t lead to
a change in the other and vice
versa.
No correlation

42. Increase in money doesn’t lead to
happiness
Example

43. Am I positive? Negative?
Zero?

44. Read the following cases. Identify the
type of correlation that exist between
them.
1. A student who has incurred many
absences got low grades.

45. 2. Taller people have larger shoe
sizes and shorter people have
smaller shoe sizes.
3. The taller a basketball player is,
the more he weighs.
4. As one exercises more, his
body weight becomes less.

46. 5. As weather gets colder, air
conditioning costs decrease.
6. If a train increases speed, the
length of time to get to the final
point decreases.
7. The more time you spend
running on a treadmill, the more
calories you will burn.

47. 8. A person’s telephone number is
related to his IQ score.
9. If it is darker outside, more light
is needed inside.
10. If a chicken increases in age,
the amount of eggs it produces
decrease.

48. • determine the cause or
consequences of differences
that already exist between or
among groups of individuals.
CAUSAL - COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH

49. • is also known as “ex post facto”
research. (Latin for “ after the
fact)
CAUSAL - COMPARATIVE
RESEARCH

50. a) Female and male employees and
their job satisfaction
b) Gender causes on differences in
abilities
Examples

51. • uses the scientific method to
establish the cause-effect
relationship among a group of
variables
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

52. a) Levels of heavy metal
bioaccumulation of Nypa fruticans
from Boac River
b) Solar purification for water
portability
Examples

53. Strengths and
Weaknesses of
Quantitative Research

54. 1. Fast speed data collection
(sampling methods)
2. Findings can be generalized (if
sample is from a population)
Strengths

55. 3. Easy to analyze data (use of
statistical data)
4. Consistent and reliable data (use
of research manipulations -
experiment, surveys)
Strengths

56. 5. Can be anonymous (for
sensitive topic)
Strengths

57. 1. Requires a large number of
respondents
2. Costly and expensive
Weaknesses

58. 3. Secondary data may be
unavailable
4. Many info are difficult to
answer (sensitive topic)
Weaknesses

59. 5. More structured research
instruments
Weaknesses

60. Importance of
Quantitative Research

61. •More reliable and objective
•Can use statistics to generalize a
finding
•Often reduces and restructures a
complex problem to a limited
number of variables

62. •Looks at relationships between
variables and can establish cause
and effect in highly controlled
circumstances
•Tests theories or hypotheses

63. •Subjectivity of researcher in
methodology is recognized less
•Less detailed than qualitative data
and may miss a desired response
from the participant

64. Importance of
Quantitative Research
across Fields

65. Business - estimates
consumer attitudes and
behavior, market sizing, and
marketing tactics.

66. Political science- measures
political behavior and attitudes
of citizens and politicians

67. Psychology- measures
human attributes/behavior
and analyzes psychological
processes

68. Medicine- measures clinical and
methodological standards in
medicinal prescription and
composition and laboratory
experimentations

69. Economics- evaluates economic
behavior and designs economic
policies and techniques

70. Demographics- discover
patterns, associations,
correlations, and other features
of a population

71. Education- discover solutions to
issues in educational research,
assessment, and program evaluation
and curriculum implementation.

72. Science and Technology - represent the
research field of utilization of mathematical,
statistical, and data-analytical methods and
techniques for gathering, handling, interpreting,
and predicting a variety of features of the science
and technology enterprise, such as performance,
development, and dynamics.

73. Quantitative Research
Variables

74. Variables refer to factors or
conditions that can change
during the course of an
experiment.

75. Types of Variables

76. Based on Cause – and –
Effect

77. Independent variable is a
variable in research that causes
a change esp. on other variables.
It can be controlled to monitor
such changes.

78. Dependent variables result
from the independent
variables. It is the variable
being tested and monitored.

79. The effect of temperature on
plant pigmentation
IV = temperature
DV= plant pigmentation or
color

80. Effects of fertilizer on plant
growth
IV = brand/amount of fertilizer
DV= plant growth

81. Time spent studying and its
effects the test scores of
students
IV = time spent studying
DV = test scores

82. Salary and job satisfaction
among Gasan residents
IV = salary
DV = job satisfaction

83. Based on the Value taken
by the Variable

84. Discrete- variable that can only take
on a certain number of values.
In short, these are variables that are
countable where the range of
specified values is complete.

85. a. Classroom attendance
b. Grade level of students
c. Number of cars in a parking lot
d. Baby’s age in months

86. Continuous- a variable that has an
infinite number of possible values. In
short, these are variables that are
obtained by measuring.

87. a. Person’s weight/age/height
b. Travel time from Boac to Gasan
c. Price of commodities
d. Family income