The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes that cells have three main parts - the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The plasma membrane encloses the cell and regulates exchanges. The cytoplasm contains organelles that carry out metabolic processes. The nucleus houses genetic material and controls cellular activities. Cellular transport mechanisms like diffusion, osmosis, and active transport allow movement of molecules into and out of cells.
Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.
Cells are the basic, fundamental unit of life. So, if we were to break apart an organism to the cellular level, the smallest independent component that we would find would be the cell.
Biology Class 11 Chapter 8
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
Cell Structures and Functions In pathology.pptxVictory120660
Cell structure and function are fundamental to understanding biology. Here's a broad overview:
1. **Cell Structure:**
- **Cell Membrane:** Acts as a barrier, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
- **Cytoplasm:** Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
- **Nucleus:** Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
- **Organelles:** Structures within the cell with specific functions, such as mitochondria (energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein packaging), and lysosomes (digestion).
2. **Cell Function:**
- **Metabolism:** Cells carry out metabolic processes to maintain life, including energy production, nutrient breakdown, and waste removal.
- **Reproduction:** Cells can reproduce through processes like mitosis (cell division) or meiosis (reproductive cell division).
- **Homeostasis:** Cells maintain a stable internal environment by regulating processes like temperature, pH, and nutrient levels.
- **Communication:** Cells communicate with each other through chemical signals, allowing coordination within tissues and organ systems.
- **Differentiation:** Cells specialize into different types with specific functions during development, forming tissues and organs.
- **Response to Stimuli:** Cells can respond to external stimuli, such as light or chemicals, through processes like movement or changes in gene expression.
Understanding cell structure and function is crucial for comprehending biological processes at all levels, from the functioning of individual organisms to the interactions within ecosystems.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Biology Class 11 Chapter 8
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
Cell Structures and Functions In pathology.pptxVictory120660
Cell structure and function are fundamental to understanding biology. Here's a broad overview:
1. **Cell Structure:**
- **Cell Membrane:** Acts as a barrier, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
- **Cytoplasm:** Gel-like substance within the cell where organelles are suspended.
- **Nucleus:** Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
- **Organelles:** Structures within the cell with specific functions, such as mitochondria (energy production), endoplasmic reticulum (protein synthesis), Golgi apparatus (protein packaging), and lysosomes (digestion).
2. **Cell Function:**
- **Metabolism:** Cells carry out metabolic processes to maintain life, including energy production, nutrient breakdown, and waste removal.
- **Reproduction:** Cells can reproduce through processes like mitosis (cell division) or meiosis (reproductive cell division).
- **Homeostasis:** Cells maintain a stable internal environment by regulating processes like temperature, pH, and nutrient levels.
- **Communication:** Cells communicate with each other through chemical signals, allowing coordination within tissues and organ systems.
- **Differentiation:** Cells specialize into different types with specific functions during development, forming tissues and organs.
- **Response to Stimuli:** Cells can respond to external stimuli, such as light or chemicals, through processes like movement or changes in gene expression.
Understanding cell structure and function is crucial for comprehending biological processes at all levels, from the functioning of individual organisms to the interactions within ecosystems.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ocular injury ppt Upendra pal optometrist upums saifai etawah
CELL ANATOMY.pdf
1.
2. • Cells are the structural units of all living things.
All cells arise from existing cells by the process
of cell division, in which one cell divides into
two identical cells.
• The English scientist Robert Hooke first
observed plant cells with a crude microscope in
the late 1600s. Then, in the 1830s two German
scientists, Matthias Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann, proposed that all living things are
composed of cells.
4. PARTS OF A CELL
A human cell has three main parts:
• The plasma membrane: the outer
boundary of the cell.
• The cytoplasm: the intracellular fluid
packed with organelles, small structures
that perform specific cell functions.
• The nucleus: an organelle that controls
cellular activities. The nucleus lies near the
cell’s center.
5.
6. A. THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
• The plasma membrane defines the extent
of a cell, thereby separating two of the
body’s major fluid compartments the
intracellular fluid within cells and the
extracellular fluid (ECF) outside cells. The
plasma membrane encloses cell contents,
mediates exchanges with the extracellular
environment, and plays a role in cellular
communication.
7.
8. Structure
The Fluid Mosaic Model
• The fluid mosaic model of membrane
structure depicts the plasma membrane as
an exceedingly thin (7–10 nm) structure
composed of a double layer of lipid
molecules with protein molecules dispersed
in it.
• The proteins which float in the fluid lipid
bilayer, form a constantly changing mosaic
pattern.
9. The Glycocalyx
• Plasma membrane contains a carbohydrate
rich area at the cell surface called glycocalyx.
Cell junctions.
• An epithelial cell is shown joined to adjacent
cells by three common types of cell junctions.
10. 1. Tight Junctions: Impermeable junctions
prevent molecules from passing through the
intercellular space.
2. Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions bind
adjacent cells together like a molecular
“Velcro” and help form an internal tension
reducing network of fibers.
3. Gap junctions: Communicating junctions
allow ions and small molecules to pass for
intercellular communication
11.
12. B. THE CYTOPLASM
The cellular material between the plasma
membrane and the nucleus, is the site of most
cellular activities. It consists of three elements:
–The cytosol
–Organelles
–Inclusions.
13. 1. The cytosol: it is the viscous, semitransparent
fluid in which the other cytoplasmic elements
are suspended.
2. The organelles are the metabolic machinery
of the cell. Each type of organelle carries out a
specific function for the cell.
3. The inclusions are chemical substances that
may or may not be present, depending on cell
type.
15. Ribosomes
• Dense particles
consisting of two
subunits, each
composed of
ribosomal RNA and
protein. Free or
attached to rough
endoplasmic
reticulum.
• The sites of protein
synthesis.
16. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranous system
enclosing a cavity, the
cistern, and coiling
through the cytoplasm.
Externally studded with
ribosomes.
• Sugar groups are attached
to proteins within the
cisterns. Proteins are
bound in vesicles for
transport to the Golgi
apparatus and other sites.
• External face synthesizes
phospholipids.
17. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Membranous system
of sacs and tubules;
free of ribosomes.
• Site of lipid and steroid
(cholesterol)
synthesis, lipid
metabolism, and drug
detoxification.
18. Golgi apparatus
• A stack of flattened
membranes and
associated vesicles
close to the nucleus.
• Packages, modifies,
and segregates
proteins for secretion
from the cell, inclusion
in lysosomes, and
incorporation into the
plasma membrane.
19. Peroxisomes
• Membranous sacs of
catalase and oxidase
enzymes.
• The enzymes detoxify
a number of toxic
substances. The most
important enzyme,
catalase, breaks down
hydrogen peroxide.
21. Microtubules
• Cylindrical structures made of tubulin
proteins.
• Support the cell and give it shape. Involved
in intracellular and cellular movements.
Form centrioles and cilia and flagella, if
present.
22. Microfilaments
• Fine filaments composed of the protein
actin. Involved in muscle contraction and
other types of intracellular movement, help
form the cell’s cytoskeleton.
23. Intermediate filaments
• Protein fibers; composition varies. The
stable cytoskeletal elements; resist
mechanical forces acting on the cell.
24. Centrioles
• Paired cylindrical
bodies, each composed
of nine triplets of
microtubules.
• Organize a microtubule
network during mitosis
(cell division) to form
the spindle and asters.
Form the bases of cilia
and flagella.
25. Inclusions
• Inclusions includes stored nutrients such
as lipid droplets and glycogen granules,
protein crystals, pigment granules. Storage
for nutrients, wastes, and cell products.
27. 1. Cilia
• Short cell-surface
projections; each cilium
composed of nine pairs
of microtubules
surrounding a central
pair.
• Coordinated movement
creates a unidirectional
current that propels
substances across cell
surfaces.
28. 2. Flagellum
• Like a cilium, but
longer; only example
in humans is the
sperm tail. Propels the
cell.
29. 3. Microvilli
• Tubular extensions of
the plasma membrane;
contain a bundle of
actin filaments.
Increase surface area
for absorption.
30. C. NUCLEUS
• The nucleus is a spherical or oval-shaped
structure that usually is the most prominent
feature of a cell. Surrounded by the nuclear
envelope; contains fluid nucleoplasm,
nucleoli, and chromatin.
• Control center of the cell; responsible for
transmitting genetic information and
providing the instructions for protein
synthesis.
31.
32. Structure of the Nucleus
1. The nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoplasm
3. Chromatin
4. The nucleolus
33. Nuclear Envelope
• The nuclear envelope is a double-layered
membrane perforated with pores, which
control the flow of material going in and
out of the nucleus.
• The outer layer is connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum, communicating
with the cytoplasm of the cell. The
exchange of the large molecules (protein
and RNA) between the nucleus and
cytoplasm happens here.
34. Nucleoplasm
• A jelly-like (made mostly of water) matrix
within the nucleus
• All the other materials “float” inside
• Helps the nucleus keep its shape and
serves as the median for the
transportation of important molecules
within the nucleus
35. Chromatin
• Chromatin appears as a fine, unevenly
stained network, but special techniques
reveal it as a system of bumpy threads
weaving through the nucleoplasm.
– Chromatin is composed of approximately
– 30% DNA, our genetic material
– 60% globular histone proteins which package
and regulate the DNA
– 10% RNA chains, newly formed or forming
36. Chromosomes
• Chromosomes contain DNA in a condensed form
attached to a histone protein.
• Chromatin is comprised of DNA. There are two
types based on function.
– Heterochromatin: highly condensed,
transcriptionally inactive mostly located
adjacent to the nuclear membrane
– Eurochromatin: delicate, less condensed
organization of chromatin, located in a
transcribing cell
37. Functions
• The nucleus is often compared to the
“command center,” as it controls all
functions of the cell.
• It is important in regulating the actions
of the cells.
• It plays an important part in creating
the cell’s proteins.
• It is involved in important processes
dealing with DNA and other genetic
molecules.
38. DNA
• DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, contains
the information needed for the creation
of proteins (which include enzymes and
hormones) and is stored in the nucleus,
as already said, in the form of chromatin
or chromosomes.
• The nucleus is the site of DNA
duplication, which is needed for cell
division (mitosis) and organism
reproduction and growth.
39.
40. RNA
• RNA are made fromthe DNA template:
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the synthesis
of a protein.
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) joins with ribosomal
proteins to make ribosomes.
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) binds to an amino acid
and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is
incorporated into a protein during translation
41. Proteins and Cell Regulation
• The nucleus oversees cells’ functions and
regulatory mechanisms for keeping the cell
healthy and alive.
• The nucleus controls growth of the cell through
the synthesis of structural proteins, energy and
nutrient metabolism.
• The nucleus regulates the secretion of
ribosomes, which are made in the nucleolus
and are the sites of gene transcription.
42. Molecule Movement
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
• Exocytosis
43. Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient
– differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient
– High moves toward low
44. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
46. Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water
– Into cell
– Out of cell
47. Solution Differences
• Solvent + solute = solution
• Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside
– Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic
– Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic
– Solutes greater outside cell
– Fluid will flow out of cell
48.
49. Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or
ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water)
• No energy is used
50. Process of Facilitated Transport
• Protein binds with molecule
• Shape of protein changes
• Molecule moves across membrane
52. Endocytosis
• Movement of large material
– Particles
– Organisms
– Large molecules
• Movement is into cells
• Types of endocytosis
– bulk-phase (nonspecific)
– receptor-mediated (specific)
53. Process of Endocytosis
• Plasma membrane surrounds material
• Edges of membrane meet
• Membranes fuse to form vesicle