World War I

1. The Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins
Chapter 26 Section 1Chapter 26 Section 1
Pages 779-782Pages 779-782

2. What is an alliance?What is an alliance?
Why would countries makeWhy would countries make
alliances with one another?alliances with one another?

3. a.a. anan alliancealliance is ais a pactpact,, coalitioncoalition oror friendshipfriendship
between two or more parties, made in orderbetween two or more parties, made in order
to advance common goals and to secureto advance common goals and to secure
common interests. It is a Political agreementcommon interests. It is a Political agreement
between countries to support each other inbetween countries to support each other in
disputes with other countries.disputes with other countries.
b.Tradeb.Trade
Share ResourcesShare Resources
Mutual Economic AideMutual Economic Aide
DefenseDefense

4. Ripple EffectRipple Effect

5. Crash CourseCrash Course
 Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: CrashArchdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash

6. Main IdeaMain Idea
Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war.Europe in 1914 was on the brink of war.
After an assassination, the nations ofAfter an assassination, the nations of
Europe were drawn one by one into whatEurope were drawn one by one into what
would be called the Great War, or Worldwould be called the Great War, or World
War I.War I.
The Great War BeginsThe Great War Begins

7. Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War
Rising tensions in Europe, 1914Rising tensions in Europe, 1914
Tensions result of four factorsTensions result of four factors
 MilitarismMilitarism
 AlliancesAlliances
 ImperialismImperialism
 NationalismNationalism

8. • Nations formed partnerships
to protect against opposing
forces
• Triple Alliance united
Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
• Great Britain joined France,
Russia in Triple Entente
• Believed no one nation would
attack another, because
allies would join fight
Alliances
• Massive military buildup in
European countries, late
1800s and early 1900s
• Wanted to protect overseas
colonies from other nations
• Growing power of armed
forces left all sides ready to
act at first sign of trouble
• Minor disagreements had
potential to turn to armed
conflict
Militarism
Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War

9. • Strong devotion to one’s
national group or culture,
increased in late 1800s
• Led to formation of new
countries, struggles for
power
• Most visible in Balkan
Peninsula, southeastern
Europe
• Home to many ethnic groups
trying to break free from
Ottoman Empire
Nationalism
• Late 1800s and early 1900s
saw quest to build empires
• Created rivalry, ill will among
European nations
• Germany, France, Russia,
Great Britain vied to become
great imperial nations
• Each did not want others to
gain power
Imperialism
Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War

11. SummarizeSummarize
Why was Europe on the brink of war inWhy was Europe on the brink of war in
1914?1914?
Answer(s): rising tensions as result of militarism,
alliances, imperialism, and nationalism

12. Europe on the Brink of WarEurope on the Brink of War
Some of strongest nationalist tensions inSome of strongest nationalist tensions in
Balkans in Serbia, independent nationBalkans in Serbia, independent nation
 Serbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite peopleSerbian leaders wanted to expand borders, unite people
in “greater Serbia”in “greater Serbia”
 Austria-Hungary, powerful empire to north, opposedAustria-Hungary, powerful empire to north, opposed
expansionexpansion
 Feared growth might encourage ethnic groups there toFeared growth might encourage ethnic groups there to
rebelrebel
 Tensions continued to rise in early 1900sTensions continued to rise in early 1900s

13. In the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand ofIn the midst of the tensions with Serbia, archduke Ferdinand of
Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.Austria-Hungary decided to visit the Bosnian city of Sarajevo.
• Serbian Gavrilo Princip
assassinated archduke, wife
• Austria-Hungary declared
war on Serbia
• Russia prepared to support
Serbia
• Austria-Hungary ally
Germany saw Russia as
threat
• Germany declared war on
Russia, ally France
The Impact
• Germany faced war on two
fronts: Russia to east,
France to west
• Decided to strike France
quickly then move to Russia
• Began with quick strike into
neutral Belgium
• Attack on neutral country led
Great Britain to declare war
on Germany
Fighting Begins
War Breaks OutWar Breaks Out

15. War Breaks OutWar Breaks Out
Main players in World War I in placeMain players in World War I in place
 Triple AllianceTriple Alliance
 GermanyGermany
 Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary
 ItalyItaly
 Triple EntenteTriple Entente
 Great BritainGreat Britain
 FranceFrance
 RussiaRussia
 SerbiaSerbia

17. SequenceSequence
What events led to the outbreak of WorldWhat events led to the outbreak of World
War I?War I?
Answer(s): Serbian Gavrilo Princip killed Austrian
Archduke Ferdinand and his wife; Germany (an
ally of Austria-Hungary) declared war on Russia
(an ally of Serbia); Germany attacked Belgium;
Great Britain declared war on Germany

18. Germany’s planGermany’s plan
 Germany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fightGermany wanted to quickly defeat France, move east to fight
RussiaRussia
 Great Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its planGreat Britain’s declaration of war on Germany doomed its plan
 The Great War became bloody stalemateThe Great War became bloody stalemate
Russia enters fightingRussia enters fighting
 Russia attacked German territory from the eastRussia attacked German territory from the east
 Russians defeated in Battle of TannenbergRussians defeated in Battle of Tannenberg
 Germany distracted from France, Allies turned on GermanGermany distracted from France, Allies turned on German
invadersinvaders
Early battlesEarly battles
 Battle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against bothBattle of the Frontiers pitted German troops against both
French and BritishFrench and British
 Both sides suffered heavy lossesBoth sides suffered heavy losses
 Germany victoriousGermany victorious
Fighting in 1914Fighting in 1914

20. Fighting in 1914Fighting in 1914
Trench warfare beginsTrench warfare begins
Allied troops drove Germans back, Battle of the Marne,Allied troops drove Germans back, Battle of the Marne,
September 1914September 1914
Retreating Germans dug series of trenches along AisneRetreating Germans dug series of trenches along Aisne
RiverRiver
 Waited in trenches for Allied attackWaited in trenches for Allied attack
 Trenches elaborately constructed, cleverly concealedTrenches elaborately constructed, cleverly concealed
Allies dug trenches of their ownAllies dug trenches of their own
 Major battles for months with little change in positionsMajor battles for months with little change in positions
 Deadlocked region became known asDeadlocked region became known as Western FrontWestern Front

21. Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

22. Trench WarfareTrench Warfare

23. SummarizeSummarize
What were the major events of the fightingWhat were the major events of the fighting
in 1914?in 1914?
Answer(s): Germany advanced through Belgium
to attack France; Russia attacked East Prussia;
Russians crushed in Battle of Tannenberg; British
and French forces regrouped; millions died or
were wounded; trench warfare resulted in a
stalemate

24. GROG 26.1- 5 PointsGROG 26.1- 5 Points
 Identify Cause and EffectIdentify Cause and Effect Using yourUsing your
notes, fill in the interactive graphicnotes, fill in the interactive graphic
organizer by explaining how the events oforganizer by explaining how the events of
the late 1800s and early 1900s led up tothe late 1800s and early 1900s led up to
the outbreak of World War I.the outbreak of World War I.

25. A new kind of warA new kind of war
Chapter 26 Section 2Chapter 26 Section 2
Pages 783-788Pages 783-788

26. Bell Ringer 26.2 – 5 pointsBell Ringer 26.2 – 5 points
 Write notes for a speech that aWrite notes for a speech that a
European leader trying to preventEuropean leader trying to prevent
the outbreak of war might havethe outbreak of war might have
given in July 1914. Use details fromgiven in July 1914. Use details from
the chapter in your notes.the chapter in your notes.
A.A. Alliance will not prevent warAlliance will not prevent war
B.B. Militarism should be avoidedMilitarism should be avoided
C.C. Nationalism and imperialism could lead topNationalism and imperialism could lead top
warwar

27. Main IdeaMain Idea
With the introduction of new types of warfareWith the introduction of new types of warfare
and new technologies, World War I resultedand new technologies, World War I resulted
in destruction on a scale never beforein destruction on a scale never before
imagined.imagined.
A New Kind of WarA New Kind of War

28. New weaponsNew weapons
 Poison gas, other new weapons response to massive deadlockPoison gas, other new weapons response to massive deadlock
 Two systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, westernTwo systems of trenches stretched hundreds of miles, western
EuropeEurope
 Millions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches ofMillions of Allied and Central Powers soldiers in trenches of
Western FrontWestern Front
Life in trenchesLife in trenches
 Rainstorms produced deep puddles, mudRainstorms produced deep puddles, mud
 Lice, rats, bad sanitation constant problemsLice, rats, bad sanitation constant problems
 Removing dead bodies often impossibleRemoving dead bodies often impossible
Trench warfareTrench warfare
 Trench warfareTrench warfare not new ideanot new idea
 Soldiers had long hidden behind mounds of earthSoldiers had long hidden behind mounds of earth
 Scale of 1914 Europe trench warfare never before experiencedScale of 1914 Europe trench warfare never before experienced
The World War I BattlefieldThe World War I Battlefield

29. Over the topOver the top
 Soldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemySoldiers ordered out of trenches to attack enemy
 Sprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadlySprinting across area known as “no-man’s-land” a deadly
gamegame
 Thousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy gunsThousands on both sides died, cut down by enemy guns
More effectiveMore effective
 Other new weapons more effective than poison gasOther new weapons more effective than poison gas
 Rapid-fire machine guns in wide useRapid-fire machine guns in wide use
 Artillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive powerArtillery and high-explosive shells, enormous destructive power
New weaponsNew weapons
 Neither side able to make significant advances on enemy’sNeither side able to make significant advances on enemy’s
trenchestrenches
 Each side turned to new weapons like poison gasEach side turned to new weapons like poison gas
 Value limited, both sides developed gas masksValue limited, both sides developed gas masks
The World War I BattlefieldThe World War I Battlefield

30. Death in the TrenchesDeath in the Trenches

31. The World War I BattlefieldThe World War I Battlefield
Tanks and AircraftTanks and Aircraft
Tanks pioneered by BritishTanks pioneered by British
 Could cross rough battlefield terrainCould cross rough battlefield terrain
 Reliability was a problemReliability was a problem
Aircraft most usefulAircraft most useful
 At beginning of war, mostly for observationAt beginning of war, mostly for observation
 Soon had machine guns, bombs attachedSoon had machine guns, bombs attached
 Faster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefieldsFaster airplanes useful in attacking cities, battlefields

32. New WeaponsNew Weapons

33. SummarizeSummarize
How did new technology affect the WorldHow did new technology affect the World
War I battlefield?War I battlefield?
Answer(s): New technologies such as poison gas
and rapid-firing machine guns made the battlefield
more dangerous; faster airplanes proved useful in
attacking battlefield positions, factories, and cities;
neither side was able to gain an advantage.

34. • Sought to control public
opinion
• Censored newspaper reports
about fighting to keep from
discouraging public
• Created propaganda,
information to influence
opinions, encourage
volunteers
• Posters, pamphlets, articles
about enemy’s brutal actions
Government Control
• Winning new type of war
required use of all society’s
resources
• Total war, governments took
stronger control of citizens’ lives
• New controls changes nations’
industries, economies
• Factories produced military
equipment, citizens conserved
food, other goods
Government Actions
War on the Home FrontWar on the Home Front

35. Propaganda PostersPropaganda Posters

36. War on the Home FrontWar on the Home Front
Women in WarWomen in War
Millions of men at battleMillions of men at battle
Work on home front done by womenWork on home front done by women
 Some worked in factories, producing war suppliesSome worked in factories, producing war supplies
 Others served as nurses to woundedOthers served as nurses to wounded
Contributions of womenContributions of women
 Transformed public views of womenTransformed public views of women
 Helped women win right to voteHelped women win right to vote

37. Women fight war at homeWomen fight war at home

38. In your own words define Propaganda?
How was Propaganda used in WW1?
Hint: Think total war
What is your opinion of Propaganda?
Good/Bad
Why?

39. Propaganda City, North Korea

40. North Korea Propaganda video
North Korean Propaganda Video - YouTube

41. Find the Main IdeaFind the Main Idea
In what ways did the war affect the homeIn what ways did the war affect the home
front?front?
Answer(s): The government took over factories;
civilians conserved food and materials;
propaganda was produced; women joined the
work force.

42. While people on the home front supported their troops, the warWhile people on the home front supported their troops, the war
in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.in Western Europe was going badly for the Allied Powers.
• Italy joined Allied Powers, May
1915
• Sent forces against Austria-
Hungary at border with Italy
• Series of back-and-forth
battles
• Little progress made
The Italian Front
• Germans planned assault on
French fortress, Verdun
• Believed French would defend
fortress at all costs
• Battle of Verdun meant to kill,
injure as many French soldiers as
possible, Bleed France White
• 400,000 French casualties in 10
months of fighting, almost as
many for Germany
The Battle of Verdun
Battles on the Western FrontBattles on the Western Front

43. The Third Battle of YpresThe Third Battle of Ypres
 Failed French offensive caused rebellion among FrenchFailed French offensive caused rebellion among French
soldiers, spring 1917soldiers, spring 1917
 British began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of GermanBritish began offensive near Ypres, Belgium, site of German
attacksattacks
 Third Battle of Ypres a disaster for BritishThird Battle of Ypres a disaster for British
 After 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchangedAfter 3 years of battle, front lines remained virtually unchanged
The Battle of the SommeThe Battle of the Somme
 British launched attack in Somme River area to pull GermanBritish launched attack in Somme River area to pull German
troops away from Verduntroops away from Verdun
 Main assault during 1916, but no major breakthroughMain assault during 1916, but no major breakthrough
 Both sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearlyBoth sides lost great number of troops; British suffered nearly
60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting60,000 casualties on the first day of fighting

44. SummarizeSummarize
What was the result of the battles on theWhat was the result of the battles on the
Western Front?Western Front?
Answer(s): Both sides suffered extreme
casualties, but the front lines remained virtually
unchanged.

45. Much of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflictMuch of the early fighting took place in Europe, but the conflict
quickly became a true world war as fighting spread around thequickly became a true world war as fighting spread around the
globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war.globe. Over 30 nations officially took sides in the war.
• Ottoman Empire
joined Central
Powers, late 1914
• Controlled sea
passage,
Dardanelles
• Used by Allies to
ship supplies to
Russia
Gallipoli Campaign
• Allies landed force on
Gallipoli Peninsula
• Attempted to destroy
guns, forts on
Dardanelles
• Gave up after months
of fighting, 200,000
deaths
Spring 1915
• Ottoman subjects in
Arabian Peninsula
rebelled later in war
• British sent T.E.
Lawrence to support
Arabs
• Arabs overthrew
Ottoman rule
Major Loss
War around the WorldWar around the World

46. Gallipoli PeninsulaGallipoli Peninsula

47. Armenian Massacre
• Different conflict elsewhere
in Ottoman Empire during
Gallipoli Campaign
• Russia launched attack in
Caucasus
Use of Force
• Ottoman leaders claimed
Armenians aided Russians
• Began forcibly removing
Armenians from Caucasus,
spring 1915
Caucasus
• Mountain region between
Black and Caspian seas
• Home to ethnic Christian
Armenians, minority in
Muslim Ottoman Empire
Violence, starvation
• 600,000 Armenians died in
massacre
• Ottoman leaders accused of
genocide, destruction of
racial, political or cultural
group
War around the WorldWar around the World

48. War around the WorldWar around the World
Other FightingOther Fighting
War also fought in Asia and AfricaWar also fought in Asia and Africa
Japan declared war on GermanyJapan declared war on Germany
 Part of military agreement with Great BritainPart of military agreement with Great Britain
 Japanese captured German colonies in ChinaJapanese captured German colonies in China
 British, French attacked German colonies in AfricaBritish, French attacked German colonies in Africa
Allied colonies scattered around world madeAllied colonies scattered around world made
contributions to warcontributions to war
 Some colonists worked as laborers to keep armiesSome colonists worked as laborers to keep armies
suppliedsupplied
 Others fought, died in battles in hope of winningOthers fought, died in battles in hope of winning
independenceindependence
 Hopes were in vainHopes were in vain

50. SummarizeSummarize
In what areas of the world did the war takeIn what areas of the world did the war take
place?place?
Answer(s): Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Pacific

51. GROG 26.2 -5 PointsGROG 26.2 -5 Points
 Using your notes, fill in the interactiveUsing your notes, fill in the interactive
graphic organizer by explaining how thegraphic organizer by explaining how the
war on the Western Front was differentwar on the Western Front was different
from the war elsewhere in the world.from the war elsewhere in the world.

52. Revolution In RussiaRevolution In Russia
Chapter 26 Section 3Chapter 26 Section 3

53. Bell Ringer 26.3Bell Ringer 26.3
 From the perspective of a World War IFrom the perspective of a World War I
soldier, write a letter describing life in thesoldier, write a letter describing life in the
trenches. Use details from the section intrenches. Use details from the section in
your letter.your letter.

54. Main IdeaMain Idea
The war and social unrest combined toThe war and social unrest combined to
push Russia to the edge of apush Russia to the edge of a
revolution. The events that followed ledrevolution. The events that followed led
to Russia’s exit from the war andto Russia’s exit from the war and
became a major turning point in worldbecame a major turning point in world
history.history.
Revolution in RussiaRevolution in Russia

55. • Adaptation of Marxist ideas of
overthrow of capitalism
• Wanted elite group to keep
much of power over Russia
• As Russia’s problems grew
more serious, Bolsheviks
gained more followers
• Czar Nicholas hoped World
War I would cause people to
rally to his leadership and
overcome domestic problems
Bolshevik Plan
• Russia a troubled nation
• Czar Nicholas II had promised
reform after 1905 revolution, but
delivered little real change
• Bolsheviks sought to change
life through revolution, wanted
to overthrow czar
• Led by Lenin, wanted proletariat
to rule Russia as socialist
country
The Years Before the War
Russia and World War IRussia and World War I

56. At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of someAt the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some
6 million soldiers.6 million soldiers.
• Outbreak of fighting caused
patriotism, rush to join military
• Otherwise Russia ill-prepared for
war
– Factories unable to produce
supplies quickly
– Transportation system weak
– Equipment outdated
Preparations for War
• Many Russian officers
advanced on connections, not
ability
• Some initial successes on
battlefield
• Losses soon outnumbered
victories
• Millions of Russian soldiers
wounded, killed during early
battles
On the Battlefield
Russia in World War IRussia in World War I

57. Russian Weapons

58. Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces,Czar Nicholas II took personal command of forces,
19151915
 Move made little sense since he knew little of military mattersMove made little sense since he knew little of military matters
 Czar’s fate became linked with fate of Russian armed forcesCzar’s fate became linked with fate of Russian armed forces
 Bad situation grew worse under Czar’s commandBad situation grew worse under Czar’s command
Conditions in Russia worse than on battlefieldConditions in Russia worse than on battlefield
 Food, goods scarce; peasants grew desperateFood, goods scarce; peasants grew desperate
 Unpopular Czarina relied onUnpopular Czarina relied on Grigory RasputinGrigory Rasputin, viewed as, viewed as
corrupt, immoralcorrupt, immoral
 Shaky support for Russian monarchy dipped even lowerShaky support for Russian monarchy dipped even lower
Russian army seemed doomedRussian army seemed doomed
 Central Powers were able to stop Russian offensiveCentral Powers were able to stop Russian offensive
 Destroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadershipDestroyed Russian soldiers’ faith in leadership
 Army had little strength, even less confidenceArmy had little strength, even less confidence
Conditions Grow WorseConditions Grow Worse

59. Find the Main IdeaFind the Main Idea
How did World War I affect Russia?How did World War I affect Russia?
Answer(s): poor economic conditions, worker
strikes, unpopular czar

60. By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of aBy the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a
revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russiarevolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia
continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted acontinued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted a
change.change.
• Citizens protested in
streets of Petrograd,
March 8, 1917
• Police, soldiers refused
to shoot rioters
• Government was
helpless
Revolution Begins
• Ordered legislature
• to disband
• His order defied
• Citizens, government,
military refused to
obey Czar
• Forced to abdicate,
March 15, 1917
Czar Nicholas II
• March revolution
known as February
Revolution
• Russian calendar at
time 13 days
behind
• New calendar
adopted, 1918
Calendar Change
The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

61. Provisional Government
• Duma established temporary
government
• Led by Aleksandr Kerensky
• Many unhappy with new
leadership
Bolshevism
• Abolish private property
• Enforce social equality
• Later known as Marxism-
Leninism
Bolsheviks
• Led opposition to Kerensky’s
provisional government
• Wanted out of WWI
• Wanted fundamental change
in government and society
• Planned Marxist revolution
Vladimir Lenin
• Bolshevik leader forced to live
outside Russia
• Returned, April 1917
• Germany hoped Lenin would
weaken Russian war effort
The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution

62. Kerensky’s final offensive
• Kerensky ordered final military offensive against Central Powers
along Eastern Front, mid-1917
• Drive failed and led to widespread rebellion in Russian army
• Weakened Russian army collapsed
• Conditions ideal for Lenin
• Armed Bolshevik factory workers, Red
Guard, attacked provisional government,
November 1917
• Known as October Revolution
• Kerensky’s government collapsed after
nearly bloodless struggle
Bolshevik takeover
• Established radical Communist program
(Socialism)
• Made private ownership of land illegal
• Land given to peasants
• Control of factories given to workers
Lenin became leader
The Bolshevik RevolutionThe Bolshevik Revolution

64. SummarizeSummarize
What were the main events of the RussianWhat were the main events of the Russian
Revolution?Revolution?
Answer(s): the February Revolution and the
Bolshevik Revolution

65. After the RevolutionAfter the Revolution
Lenin sought to end RussianLenin sought to end Russian
involvement in World War Iinvolvement in World War I
SentSent Leon TrotskyLeon Trotsky to negotiate peace withto negotiate peace with
Central PowersCentral Powers
Russia’s army virtually powerlessRussia’s army virtually powerless
Trotsky had to accept agreement harsh onTrotsky had to accept agreement harsh on
RussiaRussia
Russia gained peace, gave up large parts ofRussia gained peace, gave up large parts of
empireempire

66. Civil WarCivil War
 White Army received military help from France, U.S.White Army received military help from France, U.S.
 Civil War raged for 3 years between Lenin’s (Bolsheviks) RedCivil War raged for 3 years between Lenin’s (Bolsheviks) Red
Army and White ArmyArmy and White Army
 Millions of Russians died in fighting, faminesMillions of Russians died in fighting, famines
 Bolsheviks finally triumphed, late 1920Bolsheviks finally triumphed, late 1920
Reaction to TreatyReaction to Treaty
 Bolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered manyBolsheviks’ acceptance of peace treaty angered many
RussiansRussians
 Bolsheviks’ opponents organized the White ArmyBolsheviks’ opponents organized the White Army
 White Army included army leaders, political opponents,White Army included army leaders, political opponents,
wealthy Russians opposed to Communist systemwealthy Russians opposed to Communist system

67. Collapsing economyCollapsing economy
 Brought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruinBrought on by civil war, pushed Russia to edge of total ruin
 Peasants, workers especially hard hitPeasants, workers especially hard hit
 Lenin introducedLenin introduced New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy, 1921, 1921
The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union
 Russia reunited with several neighboring lands, became UnionRussia reunited with several neighboring lands, became Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communistof Soviet Socialist Republics, dominated by Communist
leadershipleadership
 Lenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet UnionLenin’s death in 1924 led to struggle for control of Soviet Union
Key pointsKey points
 New Economic Policy permitted some capitalist activityNew Economic Policy permitted some capitalist activity
 Peasants could sell food at profitPeasants could sell food at profit
 Tried to encourage badly needed food productionTried to encourage badly needed food production
New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy

68. SequenceSequence
What events took place after the RussianWhat events took place after the Russian
Revolution?Revolution?
Answer(s): The Bolsheviks formed the Red Army
which fought against the White Army. The White
Army was made up of army leaders, political
opponents of the Bolsheviks, and wealthy
Russians.

69. GROG 26.3 5 PointsGROG 26.3 5 Points
 Using your notes, fill in the interactiveUsing your notes, fill in the interactive
graphic organizer by identifying thegraphic organizer by identifying the
causes and effects of the Russiancauses and effects of the Russian
Revolution.Revolution.

70. The War EndsThe War Ends
Chapter 26 Section 4Chapter 26 Section 4
Pages 794-799Pages 794-799

71. Main IdeaMain Idea
After several years of bloodyAfter several years of bloody
stalemate-and the entry of the Unitedstalemate-and the entry of the United
States into the conflict-the AlliedStates into the conflict-the Allied
Powers finally prevailed. The peace,Powers finally prevailed. The peace,
however, proved difficult to establish.however, proved difficult to establish.
The War EndsThe War Ends

72. Bell Ringer 26.4Bell Ringer 26.4
 In a paragraph, explain why Lenin andIn a paragraph, explain why Lenin and
the Bolsheviks took the actions they didthe Bolsheviks took the actions they did
between 1917 and 1924. Use detailsbetween 1917 and 1924. Use details
from the section to support yourfrom the section to support your
explanation. Be sure to includeexplanation. Be sure to include
information about Bolshevik political andinformation about Bolshevik political and
economic goals.economic goals.
a.a. Poor economicsPoor economics
b.b. Unpopular czarUnpopular czar
c.c. Bolsheviks believed Marxism-Leninism would solveBolsheviks believed Marxism-Leninism would solve
Russia problemsRussia problems

73. The United States Enters theThe United States Enters the
WarWar
German attacks on ships carrying AmericansGerman attacks on ships carrying Americans
angered American people, leadersangered American people, leaders
German plan to have Mexico attack U.S. also surfacedGerman plan to have Mexico attack U.S. also surfaced
American NeutralityAmerican Neutrality
 American public generally supported AlliesAmerican public generally supported Allies
 U.S. remained neutral officiallyU.S. remained neutral officially
 PresidentPresident Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson believed U.S. should stay outbelieved U.S. should stay out
of affairs of other nationsof affairs of other nations
 ““He kept us out of war”He kept us out of war”

74. LusitaniaLusitania
 Initially U-boats attacked only military, merchant shipsInitially U-boats attacked only military, merchant ships
 Passenger shipPassenger ship LusitaniaLusitania sunk, 120 Americans among the deadsunk, 120 Americans among the dead
 Fearing U.S. entry into war, Germany agreed to stop attackingFearing U.S. entry into war, Germany agreed to stop attacking
passenger shipspassenger ships
 Germany hoped to defeat Allied powers before U.S. entered warGermany hoped to defeat Allied powers before U.S. entered war
Trouble on the seasTrouble on the seas
 Remaining neutral not easy with Germany attacking civilianRemaining neutral not easy with Germany attacking civilian
shipsships
 Attacks part of policy called unrestricted submarine warfareAttacks part of policy called unrestricted submarine warfare
 Any ship traveling in waters around Great Britain subject toAny ship traveling in waters around Great Britain subject to
attack by Germanattack by German U-boatsU-boats

75. Sinking of Lusitania

76. Final push to warFinal push to war
 Repeated attacks on shipping brought U.S. close to war onRepeated attacks on shipping brought U.S. close to war on
GermanyGermany
 Discovery ofDiscovery of Zimmermann NoteZimmermann Note final push, February 1917final push, February 1917
 Secret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann toSecret message from German diplomat Arthur Zimmermann to
MexicoMexico
Call for warCall for war
 American public called for war against GermanyAmerican public called for war against Germany
 U.S. had kinship, financial ties to Great Britain, Allied PowersU.S. had kinship, financial ties to Great Britain, Allied Powers
 U.S. entered war on side of Allied Powers, April 1917U.S. entered war on side of Allied Powers, April 1917
Contents of noteContents of note
 Germany proposed Mexico attack the U.S. in return for U.S. landGermany proposed Mexico attack the U.S. in return for U.S. land
 Promised Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, all once belonging toPromised Texas, Arizona and New Mexico, all once belonging to
MexicoMexico
 Hoped war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of war in EuropeHoped war with Mexico would keep U.S. out of war in Europe
The Zimmermann NoteThe Zimmermann Note

77. Zimmerman Note

78. Identify Cause and EffectIdentify Cause and Effect
How did unrestricted submarine warfareHow did unrestricted submarine warfare
affect U.S. entry into the war?affect U.S. entry into the war?
Answer(s): Germany broke its promise to the
United States to stop attacking passenger ships.

79. German leaders knew America entering the war would increaseGerman leaders knew America entering the war would increase
the strength of Allied Powers.the strength of Allied Powers.
• Wanted to deal decisive blow
to Allied Powers before U.S.
had time to ready for war
• Opportunity came with
Russia’s withdrawal from war
– Russia out by end of 1917
– German troops no longer
needed on Eastern front
– Could launch new offensive
in the west
A New German Offensive
• Launched major assault, March
1918
• Made progress, advanced to within
40 miles of Paris
• High cost to Germany, lost
800,000 troops
• By June, 1918, U.S. troops arrived
in Europe, added 100’s of
thousand of troops
• Gave Allies hope, discouraged
Germans
Assault on West
The End of the FightingThe End of the Fighting

80. Balance of power shiftedBalance of power shifted
 Allied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of theAllied forces stopped German assault in Second Battle of the
MarneMarne
 Allies now on the offensiveAllies now on the offensive
 Allies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territoryAllies used tanks, aircraft; gained huge amounts of territory
End of warEnd of war
 Allied forces broke through Hindenburg LineAllied forces broke through Hindenburg Line
 German leaders soughtGerman leaders sought armisticearmistice with Allieswith Allies
 Other Central Powers also admitted defeat, war endedOther Central Powers also admitted defeat, war ended
Germany a defeated forceGermany a defeated force
 Many Germans gave up without a fightMany Germans gave up without a fight
 Began to doubt their own powerBegan to doubt their own power
 Great turmoil within German ranksGreat turmoil within German ranks
German CollapseGerman Collapse

81. SummarizeSummarize
How did fighting come to an end?How did fighting come to an end?
Answer(s): The Allies used tanks and aircraft at
the Marne, then broke through the Hindenburg
Line, and Germans sought an armistice.

82. Italy’s leader hoped to gain territory for his nation, but was
disappointed to find himself mostly ignored by other leaders
during peace talks.
Although peace had come to the battlefield, the leaders of the
war’s major countries still had to work out a formal peace
agreement. This task would prove difficult.
• Wilson announced his vision of world
peace, Fourteen Points
• Included reduction of weapons, right
of people to choose own government
• Proposed organization of world
nations, protect from aggression
Wilson’s Vision
A Difficult PeaceA Difficult Peace
• Leaders of four major Allies all had
different ideas of peace treaty
• French wanted to punish Germany,
reparations for cost of war
• British wanted to punish Germany, but
not weaken it
Allied Goals

83. After difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on theAfter difficult negotiations, the Allies finally compromised on the
Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles. The treaty was named after the French. The treaty was named after the French
Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place.Palace of Versailles, where the treaty signing took place.
• Germany forced
to pay enormous
amount of money
to war’s victims
• Treaty also
assessed
responsibility for
the war on
Germany
Key points
• Military size limited
• Return conquered lands
to France, Russia
• German land taken to
form Poland
• Other colonies given to
various world powers
Weaker Germany
• Furious, though no
choice but to sign
• Reparations
crippled economy
• Bitterness would
affect German
politics in years to
come
German reaction
The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

84. League of Nations
• Organization of world
governments proposed by
Wilson
• Established by Treaty of
Versailles
Other treaties
• Separate agreements with
all defeated Central Powers
• Made important changes to
Europe
Main goals
• Encourage cooperation, keep
peace between nations
• Germany excluded
• U.S. did not ratify treaty, not
member, weakened League
Changes in Europe
• Austria-Hungary, Ottoman
Empire lands broken apart
• Independent nations created:
Austria, Hungary,
Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia,
Turkey
AftermathAftermath

85. • Movement to create a
Jewish state in the Middle
East
• Balfour Declaration favored
establishing Jewish state in
Palestine
• Britain created Transjordan
from Palestine Mandate
• Mandates eventually
became colonies
Zionist movement
• Former Ottoman lands turned
into mandates, territories to be
ruled by European powers
• Syria, Lebanon became French
mandates
• Palestine, Iraq became British
mandates
• European nations supposed to
control mandates only until they
were able to govern selves
Changes in Middle East
The Middle EastThe Middle East

87. SummarizeSummarize
Why was it so difficult to work out a peaceWhy was it so difficult to work out a peace
agreement?agreement?
Answer(s): because each of the four major Allies
had different goals

88. Human Costs
• Nearly 9 million soldiers killed in battle
• Millions wounded, taken prisoner
• Almost an entire generation of young German, Russian,
French men died, were wounded in war
• Deadly outbreak of influenza spread by returning soldiers killed
some 50 million worldwide, spring 1918
• War destroyed national
economies
• Farmland, cities devastated
• Economic chaos in much of
Europe
• Cost Europe role as dominant
economic region of world
• U.S., Japan, others prospered
Economic Costs
• World War I caused widespread
political unrest
• Communist revolution in Russia
• Monarchies in Austria-Hungary,
Ottoman Empire overthrown
• Political, social turmoil would
shape world in years to come
Political Changes
The Costs of the WarThe Costs of the War

89. The Costs of the WarThe Costs of the War
Unrest in ColoniesUnrest in Colonies
Many colonists who fought in war heard nobleMany colonists who fought in war heard noble
words about importance of freedom, democracywords about importance of freedom, democracy
After fighting for colonial rulers, expected rightsAfter fighting for colonial rulers, expected rights
for themselvesfor themselves
Wartime sacrifices did not win new freedomsWartime sacrifices did not win new freedoms
European powers split up lands controlled byEuropean powers split up lands controlled by
Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans andGermans, Austro-Hungarians, Ottomans and
redistributed them to other colonial powersredistributed them to other colonial powers

91. SummarizeSummarize
What were the costs of the war?What were the costs of the war?
Answer(s): Millions of people died or were
wounded. Some nations' economies were
devastated while others prospered. Some people
enjoyed the benefits of freedom and democracy
after the war, but others remained under the
control of colonial rulers.

92. GROG 26.4 -5 PointsGROG 26.4 -5 Points
 Using your notes, fill in the interactiveUsing your notes, fill in the interactive
graphic organizer by explaining what yougraphic organizer by explaining what you
believe was the most significant effect ofbelieve was the most significant effect of
World War I.World War I.