The document provides an overview of various macronutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and their roles in energy provision, organ protection, and bodily functions. It explains the different dietary classifications of organisms (carnivores, herbivores, omnivores) and their adaptations, as well as the food chain dynamics including energy transfer between trophic levels. Additionally, the document details the human digestive and circulatory systems, highlighting the functions of organs involved in digestion and nutrient absorption.

1. Why do we eat ????

2. Type Carbohydrate Fat Protein Sugars Use Long term energy Protecting organs and long term energy store Making muscle, enzymes, skin, hair Fast energy Food

3. Food type Protein Sugar Fat Carbohydrate Test Biuret turns purple if protein is present Benedicts turns from blue to red/brown if sugar is present Greaseproof paper gets an oily residue Iodine turns blue/black if starch is present Food tests

4. Only eats meat E.g. Spider, lion Its survival is dependent on finding and catching prey Top predator – Nothing eats him! Carnivore

5. Carnivore Teeth Adaptation

6. Only eats plants E.g. Cow, aphid Depends on a large supply of plant matter. Longer gut as less energy available in their food. Herbivore

7. Herbivore Teeth Adaptation

8. Eats a mixture of plants and animals E.g. Pigs, humans Increased chance of survival as they are not restricted to one diet. Omnivore

9. Breaks down and recycles dead material. E.g. Bacteria, fungi Decomposers

10. Plants can make their own food using Sunlight Chlorophyll Water Carbon dioxide How are all the consumers and producers linked? Primary Producers (Plants)

11. Trophic level Producer Consumer – feeding group in food chain (eg Herbivore) – makes own food – eats other organisms for food Definitions

12. Phytoplankton Zooplankton Fish Shark Label the trophic levels as herbivore, carnivore, producer, top predator. Indicate which are consumers. Top Predator Carnivore Herbivore Producer Consumers Food Chain

14. Food chains describe how organisms gain______ from eating each other in a community. Plants are called _______ because they make glucose using energy from the ______ _________ must eat other organisms for their _______ and nutrients. Producers Sun Consumers Energy Food Food Chains

15. Only about 10% of energy passed on between trophic levels Few Carnivores More Herbivores All supported by energy from producers Most is lost through the organisms living processes Energy Pyramids

16. Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Liver Large Intestine Gall Bladder Pancreas Rectum Anus Let’s find out what happened to your breakfast today! (Breaking food down into smaller pieces) The Digestive System

17. Teeth (mechanical breakdown) Incisors used for cutting Canines used for stabbing and holding Molars large surface area used for grinding Saliva (chemical breakdown) Enzyme (speeds up reactions in the body) Breaks down carbohydrate Mouth

18. Approximately 25cm long Moves food from the throat to the stomach Muscle movement called peristalsis If acid from the stomach gets in here that’s heartburn. Oesophagus

19. Stores the food you eat Chemically breaks it down into tiny pieces Mixes food with digestive juices Acid in the stomach kills bacteria Stomach

20. Small intestines are roughly 6 metres long. Enzymes and bile are added. Villi increase the surface area to help absorbtion . Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls. Small Intestine

21. Directly affects digestion by producing bile Bile is an enzyme that helps dissolve fat Processes nutrients in the blood, filters out toxins and waste. Is often called the body’s energy factory Liver

22. Stores bile from the liver Delivers bile when food is digested Fatty diets can cause gallstones Gall Bladder

23. Produces compounds to digest fats and proteins Neutralizes acids that enter small intestine Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin Pancreas

24. About 1.5 metres long Accepts what small intestines don’t absorb. Absorbs water and minerals from the waste matter. Absorption means taking into the body via the blood stream. Large Intestine

25. Rectum About 15cm long Stores waste before egestion. Anus Muscular ring that controls egestion. Rectum and Anus

26. Write the name of each colored organ: Green: Red: Pink: Brown: Purple: Green: Yellow:

27. Answers Green: Oesophagus Red: Stomach Pink: Small Intestine Brown: Large Intestine Purple: Liver Green: Gall Bladder Yellow: Pancreas

28. Cells are the building blocks of life All cells have the following in common: Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondria Cell membrane Plant cells also have a cell wall and chloroplasts Cells

29. Nucleus largest organelle control centre Instructions for the whole body Cell membrane Controls the entry and exit of material Cytoplasm Liquid containing cell parts and nutrients Mitochondria Powerhouse (burns energy from food) Function of cell organelles

30. ENERGY C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Respiration is the conversion of glucose into energy Glucose is “burnt” with oxygen It takes place in the Mitochondria Glucose Oxygen ENERGY Carbon Dioxide Water Turning food into energy

31. What is it for ? We need 2 pumps because 1 would not have enough energy to push blood through the lungs and then around the body. Circulatory System

32. Oxygenated blood To the body LHS thicker Deoxygenated blood To the lungs Anatomy of the Heart

33. Blood Vessels

34. Oxygenated blood leaving heart High pressure Thick muscular walls Structure of Arteries

35. Carry blood to cells Remove waste Deliver oxygen Deliver food Single file r.b.c. Very thin walls (single cell thick) Structure of Capillaries

36. Deoxygenated blood returning to heart Thin walls Low pressure Valves – allow flow of blood in one direction Muscle contraction Structure of Veins

37. Plasma Liquid carries other components Nutrients Waste like carbon dioxide Red Blood Cells Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide White Blood Cells Fight disease Platelets Clotting Blood