The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease. It consists of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph fluid and lymph nodes that filter the fluid. The lymphatic system works with the immune system which has innate and adaptive defenses. The adaptive defenses include lymphocytes, antibodies, and antigen-presenting cells that work together to identify and destroy pathogens. Antibodies bind to antigens to help fight infections and diseases. The lymphatic and immune systems provide critical defenses but can also cause issues like allergic reactions or autoimmune diseases when they mistakenly attack the body's own tissues. Emerging technologies utilize the lymphatic system to treat diseases.
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
Antigens – Anything that cases a biological immune response by this system of cells
Specificity – Some antibodies are quite specific to an antigen others are general to a “type” or “form”
Memory – b-memory cells are formed and remain to combat future exposures quickly (Active vs Passive immunity
Antibodies – the proteins formed by b-cells that combat antigens whether chemical or biological
Lymphocytes – cells involved in this response
Adaptive/Acquired Immunity
Antigens – Anything that cases a biological immune response by this system of cells
Specificity – Some antibodies are quite specific to an antigen others are general to a “type” or “form”
Memory – b-memory cells are formed and remain to combat future exposures quickly (Active vs Passive immunity
Antibodies – the proteins formed by b-cells that combat antigens whether chemical or biological
Lymphocytes – cells involved in this response
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
immunological tolerance can be divided into two parts. they are central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. this slide contains information on development of central tolerance which include both B cell and T cell central tolerance.
Histology of group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells.
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
immunological tolerance can be divided into two parts. they are central tolerance and peripheral tolerance. this slide contains information on development of central tolerance which include both B cell and T cell central tolerance.
Histology of group of immune cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens for recognition by certain lymphocytes such as T cells.
• Gross anatomy:
– Components of the lymphatic system: lymphatic plexuses, lymphatics, lymphoid tissue
– Plan of the lymphatic system: Superficial lymphatic vessels, deep lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph trunks, cysterna chyli, lymph ducts: right lymph duct and thoracic duct.
– Lymphatic drainage of the lower limb
• Superficial inguinal lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area.
• Deep inguinal lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area. The popliteal lymph nodes
– Lymphatic drainage of the upper limb
• Superficial and deep lymphatics. Supratrochlear and infraclavicular lymph nodes.
• Axillary lymph nodes: arrangement and drainage area.
– Plan of the lymphatic drainage of the head and neck: deep cervical lymph nodes, inner and outer circle of lymph nodes.
• Deep cervical lymph nodes: location of the upper and lower groups, jugulodigastric node, jugulo-omohyoid, supraclavicular lymph nodes. Drainage area and efferent vessels.
• The outer circle of lymph nodes: submental, submandibular, buccal, mandibular, parotid, mastoid, occipital: location, drainage area and efferent vessels.
• The inner circle of lymph nodes: pretracheal, paratracheal and retropharyndeal.
• The tonsils and Waldeyer’s ring.
– Lymphatic drainage of the thorax:
• Lymph nodes of the chest wall: Parasternal, intercostal, and phrenic
• Lymph nodes of the mediastinum: Nodes around the division of the trachea and the main bronchi, anterior and posterior mediastinal nodes.
– Plan of lymphatic drainage of the abdomen: lumbar and intestinal lymph trunks.
• Pre-aortic lymph nodes: mesenteric, celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes.
• Para-aortic lymph nodes.
• MALT & Peyer’s patches.
– Lymphatic drainage in the pelvis: External and internal iliac lymph nodes, lymph nodes in fascial sheaths, sacral and common iliac lymph nodes.
• Applied anatomy
• Functional and clinical importance of the lymphatic system; Virchow’s lymph nodes; Retropharyngeal abscess; Clinical applications of enlarged thoracic lymph nodes: involvement of left recurrent laryngeal nerve and phrenic nerve. Pressure on the esophagus. Carinal lymph nodes and bronchoscopy; Communications of lymphatics between thorax and abdomen.
• Radiographic anatomy:
– Lymphangiogrms.
• Surface anatomy of palpable lymph node groups: superficial inguinal, axillary, infraclavicular, outer circle of crevical lymph nodes, deep cervical lymph nodes.
Immune System - The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated so it can recognize and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic disease, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
Antigen - Any factors or agents that can enter the body and create an immune response are called antigen.
Formation of immune cells - Immune cells are produced by hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells are self-renewing and reside in the medulla of the bone ( bone marrow ).
HSCs are divided into two main lineages, lymphoid progenitor cells or myeloid progenitor cells.
Myeloid cells - Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Mast cells, Monocyte, Macrophage, Dendritic Cell
Lymphoid cells - B Lymphocytes,
T Lymphocyte, NK Cells
Antigen presenting cells - Professional antigen presenting
cells : Macrophage, Dendritic cell, B Lymphocyte
Non professional antigen presenting cell: Non-professional antigen presenting cells include all nucleated cell types in the body.
Proteins of immune system - Set of serum proteins that co-operate with both Innate and adaptive immune system to eliminate blood and tissue pathogen.
Organs of immune cells - Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils , MALT, Bone marrow, Thymus
Types of immunity -
Innate Immunity: Innate immune response is in born and is the first line of defense against pathogen
Adaptive immunity: Antigenic specificity. It have immunological memory
Immune Receptors - It is a specialized structures found in the cell membrane. They are mainly composed of proteins, which bind to pathogens and causes a response in immune system
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
Immune system contains complex network of cells that are specialized to provide resistance against invading foreign particles. such immune system is of two types innate and adaptive immune system. this presentation is focused on adaptive immune system.
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
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The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
3. Lymphatic vessels
• Flow toward heart
• Pick up excess tissue fluid and return it to blood
• Extremely permeable
• Lymph goes from lymph capillaries to lymphatic
collecting vessels
• Right lymphatic duct drains right arm, right side of
head, and thorax
• Thoracic duct receives the rest of body’s lymph
4. Lymph nodes
• Remove foreign material from lymphatic stream and
produce lymphocytes
• Cluster
7. • First line of Defense
• Surface Membrane: barrier for pathogens
• Produces protective secretions
• Second line in Defense
• Cells and Chemicals: phagocytes, natural killer
cells, inflammatory cells, and chemical substances
9. Inflammatory response
• Nonspecific response that’s triggered
• Process
• Neutrophils enter blood
• Move through capillary walls to worst area
• Neutrophils gather and remove foreign material
10. Phagocytes
• Macrophage or neutrophil
• Lysosome fuses with phagocytes and digest
pathogens
• Eat away foreign material
11. Antimicrobial Proteins
Complement
• Plasma protein
• Proteins bind to foreign
material
• Enhance inflammatory and
immune responses and
phagocyes
Interon
• Proteins
• Interfere with viruses being
able to multiply
13. Adaptive body defenses
• Immune system: response to threats
• Third line of defense
• Two parts
• Humoral immunity
• Cellular immunity
• Three most important parts
• Antigen specific
• Systemic
• Memory
14. antigens
• Substance initiates our immune system
• Large complex molecules
• Strongest are proteins
• Provoke an immune response then bind with
proteins
• Incomplete antigens can’t provoke a response
unless it binds with other protein
15. Cells of adaptive defense
system
Two Parts: Lymphocytes and Antigen-
Presenting Cells (APCs)
16. Lymphocytes
• Develop in red bone marrow
• Becoming B or T cells depend on immunocompetent
• T cells oversee cell-mediated immunity
• B cells provide humoral immunity
17. Anti-presenting cells
• Present antigens to cells
• Develop from monocytes
• Called dendrites or macrophages
• Live in lymphoid organs
18. Humoral immune response
Primary Humoral
Response
• Antigens bind to receptors
• Causes multiplication of
cells
• Clump of cells
• Clone members that
become plasma members
secrete antibodies
Secondary Humoral
Response
• B cells that don’t become
plasma cells become
memory cells
• In charge of immunological
memory
• Much faster because
they’ve taken care of the
same antigens before
19. Antibodies
• Made by activated B cells or plasma-cell offspring
• Bind with specific antigens
• 5 major classes:
• IgM
• IgA
• IgD
• IgG
• IgE
20. Antibody Structure
• Four amino acid chains
• Two identical heavy and two identical light
• T or Y shaped
• Variable region at one end and constant region at
the other
• Variable region forms an antigen-binding site
• Constant region determine antibody function and
class
21. Antibody function
• Functions: complement
fixation, neutralization, precipitation, and
agglutination
• Complement: binds to antibodies attached to cellular
targets and triggers lysis
• Neutralization: antibodies bind to specific sites on
bacterial exotoxins. block harmful effects
• Precipitation: antigens cross-link involve soluble
molecules
• Agglutination: cross-link involves cell-bound
antigens and causes clumping
22. CELLULAR (CELL-MEDIATED)
IMMUNE RESPONSE
• T cells must be activated by binding with antigens
that macrophages present it to
• T cells are differentiated to effector T cells and
memory T cells
• Cytotoxix T cells: kill virus-infected, cancer, or
foreign graft cells
• Helper T cells: “managers/directors”
• Regulatory T cells: stop immune response when
finished
23. Development
• Lymphatic vessels break off from veins
• Immune response develops around birth
• Ability of cells to recognize foreign antigens is
genetically determined
24. Diseases
1. Anaphylactic
Shock
• Allergic response
• Allergens directly enter
blood
• Immunoglobin has an
exaggerated response
• Symptoms: swelling, low
blood pressure, hives, and
dilated blood vessels
• Epinephrine needs to be
injected to thigh
2. Rheumatoid
Arthritis
• Inflammatory disorder
• Affects small joins in hands
and feet
• Causes painful swelling
• Immune system accidently
attacks your own body and
tissue
• No cure
• Medications can reduce
pain
25. Technologies
1.Xenographs
• Transfer of living
cells, tissues, or organs
from one species to
another
• Used for cancer treatments
fatal diseases, and prolong
life
26. 2.
Lymphoscintigraphy
• Image technology
• Radioactive substance
flows through lymp ducts
and lymph nodes
• Scanner or probe follow
substance on a computer
screen
• Finds sentinel lymph node
