This document provides an overview of inflammation. It defines inflammation as a protective response involving host cells, blood vessels, and chemical mediators intended to eliminate the initial cause of injury and initiate repair. While protective, the cells and mediators involved can also damage normal tissue. The causes of inflammation include infections, trauma, chemicals, tissue necrosis, foreign bodies, and immune reactions. Acute inflammation is characterized by a rapid onset and short duration with predominantly neutrophils, while chronic inflammation has a slower onset and longer duration with lymphocytes and macrophages. Key aspects of the inflammatory response include increased vascular permeability, endothelial cell activation, and the roles of pattern recognition receptors and the inflammasome in recognizing injurious agents.
inflammation is the body's immune system's response to an irritant. The irritant might be a germ, but it could also be a foreign object, such as a splinter in your finger.
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
Inflammation is the body's mechanism for coping with agents that could damage it.
In other words, inflammation is a protective response to rid the body of the cause of cell injury and the resultant necrotic cells that cell injury produces.
Although the processes of acute and chronic inflammation are an important protective mechanism used by the body to deal with potentially damaging agents, they are potentially damaging to the body and must be closely regulated.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
inflammation is the body's immune system's response to an irritant. The irritant might be a germ, but it could also be a foreign object, such as a splinter in your finger.
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic system and body defensesJethro Baltazar
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Lymphatic System and body defenses.
This presentation was made by Jethro Baltazar showing the Lymphatic system, Parts of Lymphatic system, Function of Lymphatic System, The body defenses including the importance of Lymphatic System in defending our body, Disorders of immunity and Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System.
Email me at emulsifier1998@gmail.com and jethrobaltazar1998@yahoo.com for more information and permission to download. You can also text me at 09096530340.
Inflammation is the body's mechanism for coping with agents that could damage it.
In other words, inflammation is a protective response to rid the body of the cause of cell injury and the resultant necrotic cells that cell injury produces.
Although the processes of acute and chronic inflammation are an important protective mechanism used by the body to deal with potentially damaging agents, they are potentially damaging to the body and must be closely regulated.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
3. Inflammation
Definition
• Protective response
• involving (1)host cells, (2)blood vessels and
(3)chemical mediators ,
• intended to
• (1)eliminate (a)the initial cause of injury and
the (b)necrotic tissue resulting from the insult
• (2)initiate repair.
4. Unintended outcomes!
• Inflammation is a protective mechanism…..
Not a disease
• However… cells and mediators that destroy
injurious agents can destroy normal tissue.
5. Signs of inflammation
• Calor ……. hotness
• Rubor …….. redness
• Tumor…….. swelling
• Dolor……… pain
• Functio laesa.. Loss of function
6.
7. Causes of inflammation
any cause of cell injury
• Infections
• Trauma
• Physical : thermal injury, burns
• Chemicals
• Tissue necrosis: ischemia or physical insult
• Foreign bodies
• Immune reaction
9. Acute versus chronic
• Acute: rapid onset, short duration, fluid and
plasma protein exudation, predominantly
neutrophils.
• Chronic: insidious onset, longer duration (
days to years), lymphocytes and macrophages,
vascular proliferation and fibrosis.
10. Acute versus chronic inflammation
feature acute chronic
onset Fast: Minutes to hours Slow: days
cells neutrophils Lymphocytes &
macrophages
Tissue injury and fibrosis Mild and self limited Severe, progressive
Local and systemic signs prominent May be subtle
11. mechanisms
• So.. Cells and molecules needed for the
inflammatory response.
• These are present in the blood.
• The goal of the inflammatory reaction is to
bring these cells and mediators to the site of
injury.
12. Chemical mediators
• Secreted from inflammatory and host cells
(e:g cytokines)
• Derived from plasma proteins (complement)
13. Self control
• Inflammation is controlled and self limited.
• Inflammatory cells are short lived, and
degraded or become inactive.
• Anti inflammatory mediators.
14. Recognition of injurious agent
• Receptors on several cells recognize injurious
agents.
• These receptors present on macrophages,
dendritic cells , epithelial cells and others.
• These receptors are called pattern recognition
receptors because they recognize structures
common to many microbes or dead cells.
17. Toll like receptors
• Microbial sensors.
• 10 mammalian types:
• Can recognize bacterial products : endotoxins
or DNA.
• Can recognize viral products: RNA
18. Toll like receptors
• Located on plasma membrane and
endosomes.
• So: can recognize extracellular and ingested
microbes.
19. Toll like receptors
• Once they recognize the microbe…
transcription factors activation… which
stimulate production of chemical agents
(inflammatory mediators)
20.
21. Inflammasome
• Multi-protein cytoplasmic complex.
• Recognizes products of dead cells… uric acid,
extracellular ATP, crystals, some microbes..
• When stimulated, inflammasome activates
caspase 1.
• Caspase 1.. Cleaves and thus activates IL- 1
which is a potent mediator.
22. Inflammasome in action
1)Gout
Urate crystals deposited in joints.. Ingested by
macrophages.. Activate inflammasome… IL 1
production… inflammation
2)Inflammasome stimulated by cholesterol crystals..
Possible role of inflammasome in atherosclerosis.
3) Also activated by free fatty acids in obese
people… development of type 2 DM.
???TREATMENT BY blocking IL 1
26. Vascular changes
• 1)Transient vasoconstriction.. Seconds.
• 2)Vasodilation… increased blood flow.
• 3) Increased vascular permeability…
extravascular edema
• 4) loss of fluids from capillaries increases
blood viscosity… slowing of circulation = stasis
• 5) stasis.. Neutrophils accumulate at the
epithelial side = margination (the first step in
leukocyte activation)
27. Increased vascular permeability
• Results in edema.
• Edema caused by inflammation is usually an
exudate
• Transudate versus exudate???
28. exudate
• Edema fluid caused usually by inflammation.
• Fluid rich in protein, cell debris and
leukocytes.
• High specific gravity
• Transudate… low protein, low cell debris, no
cells…. Due to changes in hydrostatic or
osmotic pressure….. Here only fluid is lost
29. Causes of increased vascular
permeability in inflammation
• Endothelial cell contraction.. Increasing the
gaps through which fluid is lost
• Endothelial injury.. Loss of the barrier that
prevents fluid to go out of the vessels.
• Increased transocytosis
• Leakage from new blood vessels.
30. Endothelial cell contraction
• Most common cause of increased
permeability.
• Rapid response due to histamine, bradykinin
and leukotrienes.
• Short lived.
• A similar response occurs due to cytokines..
Changes to cytoskeleton increasing the gaps..
This is slower but more prolonged.
31. Endothelial injury
• Damage due to severe injury.. E:g burns or
infections.
• Can start immediately but lasts for several
hours or days till the vessel is thrombosed
• If injury is mild effect (permeability increase)
can be delayed but long lived. E:g in mild
thermal injury or certain bacterial toxins
33. neovascularization
• New blood vessels formed during repair.
• Leaky till proliferation of endothelial cells
matures adequately to form intracellular
junctions.
