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- 1. Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF Anatomy & Physiology Tenth Edition Cinnamon Vanputte Jennifer Regan Andrew Russo See separate PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
- 2. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 2 Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity Lecture Outline
- 3. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 3 Functions of the Lymphatic System 1. Fluid balance 2. Fat Absorption 3. Defense
- 4. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 4 Lymphatic System and Lymph Drainage Figure 14.1
- 5. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 5 Components of the Lymphatic System Lymph: • fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water and some solutes Lymphocytes Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Spleen Thymus gland
- 6. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 6 Lymphatic Capillaries Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory system Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces Lymphatic capillaries: • tiny, closed-ended vessels • fluid moves easily into • in most tissues • join to form lymphatic vessels
- 7. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 7 Lymphatic Vessels1 Lymphatic vessels: • resemble small veins • where lymphatic capillaries join • one way valves Right lymphatic duct: • where lymphatic vessels from right upper limb and right head, neck, chest empty • empties into right subclavian vein
- 8. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 8 Lymphatic Vessels2 Thoracic duct: • rest of body empties from lymphatic vessels • empties into left subclavian vein
- 9. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 9 Lymph Formation and Movement Figure 14.2
- 10. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 10 Lymphatic Organs Tonsils: • palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity • pharyngeal tonsils near internal opening of nasal cavity (adenoid) • lingual tonsils posterior surface of tongue • form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and oral cavities
- 11. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 11 The Tonsils Figure 14.3
- 12. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 12 Lymph Nodes1 Lymph nodes are: • rounded structures that vary in size • located near lymphatic vessels • groin, armpit, neck • lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood
- 13. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 13 Lymph Nodes2 lymph moves through and immune system is activated (lymphocytes produced) if foreign substances are detected removal of microbes by macrophages
- 14. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 14 Lymph Node Figure 14.4
- 15. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 15 The Spleen1 The spleen is: • size of clenched fist • located in abdomen • filters blood • detect and respond to foreign substances • destroy old red blood cells • blood reservoir
- 16. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 16 The Spleen2 white pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries red pulp: contains macrophages and red blood cells that connect to veins
- 17. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 17 The Spleen3
- 18. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 18 The Thymus Gland1 The thymus gland is: • bilobed gland • located in mediastinum behind the sternum • stops growing at age 1 • at age 60 decreases in size • produces and matures lymphocytes
- 19. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 19 The Thymus Gland2 Figure 14.6 (b) ©Trent Stephens
- 20. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 20 Overview of the Lymphatic System Figure 14.7
- 21. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 21 Immunity Immunity is the ability to resist damage from foreign substances. Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins, and cancer cells. Types of immunity: • innate • adaptive
- 22. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 22 Innate Immunity Innate immunity is: • present at birth • defense against any pathogen • accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators, cells, inflammatory response
- 23. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 23 Physical Barriers First line of defense Skin and mucous membranes to act as barriers Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens
- 24. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 24 Chemical Mediators1 Chemical mediators are chemicals that can kill microbes and prevent their entry into cells Lysozyme: found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria Mucous membranes: prevent entry of microbes
- 25. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 25 Chemical Mediators2 Histamine: promote inflammation by causing vasodilation Interferons: proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins
- 26. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 26 Cells of the Immune System1 White blood cells: produce in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissue that fight foreign substances Phagocytic cells: • ingest and destroy foreign substances • Example—neutrophils and macrophages
- 27. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 27 Cells of the Immune System2 Neutrophils: first to respond to infection but die quickly Eosinophils: • produced in red bone marrow • release chemicals to reduce inflammation Basophils: • made in red bone marrow • leave blood and enter infected tissues • can release histamine
- 28. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 28 Cells of the Immune System3 Macrophages: • initially were monocytes • leave blood and enter tissues • can ingest more than neutrophils • protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in • spleen and liver • given specific names for certain areas of body (Kupffer cells in liver)
- 29. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 29 Cells of the Immune System4 Mast cells: • made in red bone marrow • found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract • can release leukotrienes Natural Killer Cells: • type of lymphocyte • produce in red bone marrow • recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus infected cells • release chemicals to lysis cells
- 30. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 30 Inflammatory Response1 The inflammatory response: • involves chemical and cells due to injury • signaled by presence of foreign substance • stimulates release of chemical mediators
- 31. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 31 Inflammatory Response2 Figure 14.8
- 32. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 32 Adaptive Immunity Adaptive immunity is defense that involves specific recognition to a specific antigen. This immunity: • is acquired after birth • reacts when innate defenses don’t work • slower than innate immunity • has memory • uses lymphocytes (B and T cells) • 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
- 33. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 33 Terms Related to Adaptive Immunity Antigen: • substance that stimulates an immune response • Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs Self-antigen: • molecule produced by the person’s body that stimulates an immune system response Antibody: • proteins the body produces in response to an antigen
- 34. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 34 Origin and Development of Lymphocytes Stem cells: • red bone marrow • give rise to all blood cells • give rise to some pre T cells and pre B cells
- 35. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 35 Lymphocytes1 Lymphocytes are: • type of white blood cell • involved in adaptive immunity • develop from stem cells • differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T cells
- 36. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 36 Lymphocytes2 B cells: • type of lymphocytes • involved in antibody-mediated immunity • originate from stem cells • mature in red bone marrow • move to lymphatic tissue after mature • lead to production of antibodies
- 37. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 37 Lymphocytes3 T cells: • type of lymphocyte • involved in cell-mediated immunity primarily and antibody-mediated immunity • mature in thymus gland • move to lymphatic tissue after mature • 4 types
- 38. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 38 Origin and Processing of B Cells and T Cells Figure 14.9
- 39. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 39 Antigen Recognition Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their surface Called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-cell receptors on T cells Each receptor only binds with a specific antigen When antigen receptors combine with the antigen, the lymphocyte is activated and adaptive immunity begins
- 40. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 40 The MHC Molecule The major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC): • contain binding sites for antigens • specific for certain antigens • hold and present a processed antigen on the surface of the cell membrane • bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and stimulate response
- 41. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 41 Cytokines Cytokines are: • proteins secreted by a cell that regulates neighboring cells • Example—interleukin 1 released by macrophages stimulates helper T cells
- 42. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 42 Proliferation of Helper T Cells Figure 14.10
- 43. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 43 Lymphocyte Proliferation 1. After antigen is processed and present to helper T cells, helper T cell produces interleukin-2 and interleukin 2-receptors 2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and stimulates more helper T cells production 3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells 4. B cells produce antibodies
- 44. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 44 Proliferation of B Cells Figure 14.11
- 45. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 45 Dual Nature of the Immune System Lymphocytes give rise to 2 types of immune responses: antibody-mediated and cell- mediated Antigens can trigger both types of responses Both types are able to recognize self versus nonself, use specificity, and have memory
- 46. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 46 Antibody-Mediated Immunity Antibody-mediated immunity is: • effective against antigens in body fluids (blood and lymph) • effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins • uses B cells to produce antibodies
- 47. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 47 Antibody Structure1 Letter Y shape Variable region: • V of Y • bind to epitopes of antigen using antigen- binding site Constant region: • stem of Y • each class of immunoglobulin has same structure
- 48. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 48 Antibody Structure2 Figure 14.12
- 49. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 49 Antibody Structure3 Antigen-binding site: site on antibody where antigen binds Valence: number of antigen-binding sites on antibody 5 classes of immunoglobulins used to destroy antigens: IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
- 50. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 50 Antibody Structure4
- 51. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 51 Antibodies1 IgG • 80 to 85% in serum • activates compliment and increases phagocytosis • can cross the placenta and provide protection to the fetus • responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of the newborn
- 52. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 52 Antibodies2 IgM • 5 to 10% in serum • activates compliment • acts as an antigen binding receptor on the surface of B cells • responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood system • often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
- 53. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 53 Antibodies3 IgA • 15% in serum • secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous membranes • protects body surfaces • found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection to the newborn
- 54. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 54 Antibodies4 IgE • 0.002% in serum • binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the inflammatory response
- 55. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 55 Antibodies5 IgD • 0. 2% in serum • functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
- 56. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 56 Effects of Antibodies1 Inactivate antigen Bind antigens together Active complement cascades Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals Facilitate phagocytosis
- 57. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 57 Effects of Antibodies2 Figure 14.13
- 58. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 58 Antibody Production1 The primary response • 1st exposure of B cell to antigen • B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and memory cells Plasma cells: • produce antibodies • 3 to 14 days to by effective against antigen • person develop disease symptoms
- 59. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 59 Antibody Production2 The secondary response involves: • Memory cells: • occurs when immune system is exposed to antigen that has been seen before • B memory cells quickly divided to form plasma cells which produce antibodies • produces new memory cells
- 60. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 60 Antibody Production3 Figure 14.14
- 61. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 61 Cell-Mediated Immunity Cell-mediated immunity is used against antigens in cells and tissues. It is effective against intracellular bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. It uses different types of T cells.
- 62. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 62 Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated Immunity1 Helper T cells (TH): • activate macrophages • help form B cells • promote production of Tc Cytotoxic T cells (Tc): • precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
- 63. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 63 Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated Immunity2 Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL): • destroys antigen on contact Regulatory T cells (Tr): • turn off immune system response when antigen is gone
- 64. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 64 Proliferation of Cytotoxic T Cells Figure 14.15
- 65. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 65 Stimulation and Effects of T Cells Figure 14.16
- 66. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 66 Immune Interactions Figure 14.18
- 67. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 67 Types of Adaptive Immunity1 Naturally Acquired Immunity Active: • natural exposure to antigens causes production of antibodies • can be lifelong immunity • Example—mononucleosis Passive: • transfer of antibodies from mother to child • Example—breast milk or placenta
- 68. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 68 Types of Adaptive Immunity2 Artificially Acquired Immunity Active: • injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the production of antibodies • immunization is a process of introducing killed, live, or inactivated pathogen Passive: • injection of antibodies from another person or animal
- 69. © 2019 McGraw-Hill Education 69 Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity Figure 14.17