This document provides an overview of key concepts in discourse analysis including cohesion, coherence, speech events, conversation analysis, the cooperative principle, hedges, implicatures, and background knowledge such as schemas and scripts. It discusses how discourse analysis studies language in texts and conversation and how interpreters try to understand meaning despite ungrammatical forms using cues like cohesion, coherence, and context. Conversation analysis examines turn-taking strategies and maintaining conversations. The cooperative principle and its maxims (e.g. be relevant) influence how implicatures and hedges are used to express politeness. Background knowledge such as schemas and scripts help interpretation by providing expectations.

1. The study of
language
By George Yule
College: ISFD N°41
Subject: Language and Written Expression IV
Student: Gianella Jacqueline, Melgarejo Erica, Delgado
Gisela, Ríos Florencia, Lagrotta Daniela, Jiménez Ariel.
Teacher: Saubidet, Stella
Date: September, 2020

2. Unit 11.Discourse Analysis
-Discourse analysis.
-Interpreting discourse. Cohesion, coherence & speech events.
-Conversation analysis.
-The co-operative principle. Hedges and implications.
-Background knowledge.

3. Discourse Analysis
Discourse analysis.Its analysis concerns the study of language in texts and conversation.
Interpreting discourse.It is a key element because as language-users we try to arrive at a reasonable
perception of what the speakers want to provide despite ungrammatical forms.
● Cohesion:The ties and connections that exist within texts.
● Coherence: Our ability to make sense of what we perceive or experience in the world.
For example: - That’s the telephone
- I’m in the bath.
- OK
● Speech events:Any situation in which we take part in conversation (debate, interview, disccussion)

4. Conversation Analysis
A conversation occurs when two or more people take turn at speaking.
● Turn taking :Different expectations of conversational style and different strategies of
participation.
You can mark your turn as complete:
-By asking a question. -By pausing at the end of a completed syntactic structure.
To indicate you want to take the turn:
-You can start to make short sounds, or use body shifts or facial expressions.
To keep the turn:
-Do not pause at the end of sentences -Make your sentences run on by using connectors -Place
your pauses where the message is clearly incomplete -”Fill” the pause with a hesitation marker.

5. The cooperative Principle
● In most conversational exchanges ,participants are co-operating with each other.
The QUANTITY maxim : That is to make contributions as informative as required.
The QUALITY maxim : DO NOT SAY that what you believe may be false
The RELATION maxim : BE RELEVANT
The MANNER maxim Clear Brief ordery
● Hedges : To express that we follow the cooperative principle
● and implicatures : The message behind words

6. Background knowledge
We interpret based on our expectations of what normally happens.
● Schemas is conventional knowledge which exist in memory.
● Scripts is essentially a dynamic schema which conventional actions takes place.