This document provides an overview of discourse analysis. It defines discourse analysis as the study of language beyond the sentence level, including both written texts and spoken conversations. Some key aspects covered include cohesion, coherence, speech events, turn-taking, implicatures, background knowledge, schemas and scripts. Specific techniques are discussed, such as Labov's variation theory which identifies six common stages in narrative structures. The document was presented by a group of students under the supervision of their professor.

1. Start with the name of Allah Who is most
bounteous and merciful.
STYLISTICS’
PRESENTATION
TOPIC;
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

2. Group members
Under the supervision of respected Ma’am
Irum Jameel (HOD Eng, )
 Muhammad Irfan (BS-ENG-15-40)
 Faozia Sagheer (BS-ENG-15-42)
 Syed Aon Raza (BS-ENG-15-44)
 Iqra Rani (BS-ENG-15-45)
 Samreen Fatima (BS-ENG-15-46)
 Malik Mubashir Rehman (BS-ENG-15-35)

3. Discourse analysis is usually define
as the analysis of language beyond
the sentence and analysis of
discourse is typically concern with the
study of language in text and
conversation .
What is discourse
analysis?

4. Basic ideas in Discourse analysis
 Text analysis (writing)
 Conversation analysis
(speaking)

5. Basics of text analysis
Cohesion
Coherence
Speech events

6. Basics of conversation analysis
 Turn-taking
 Cooperative principles
 Hedges
 implicatures
 Background knowledge
 Schemas and scripts

7. Cohesion
 Cohesion is the grammatical and/or
lexical relationships between the
different elements of a text.
 Example : My father once bought a Gli . He
did it by saving every penny that he could. That
car would be worth a fortune nowadays. However
he sold it to help pay for my college education.
 Cohesive ties(In reference) : Father-he- he- he,
A Gli-that car-it

8. Cont.…
 Cohesive ties (In semantics): bought-penny-
pay-saving-fortune-worth-sold
 [times] once-nowadays.
 Cohesive ties (In grammar): tense;
bought-could-did-sold-would.
 Cohesive device for textual relation: however

9. Coherence
Coherence is the relationships which
links the meanings of utterance in a
discourse or of the sentence in a text.
 Example: “that’s the telephone” , “I’m in the
bath”.
 Here we see coherence but no cohesion.

10. Speech Events
 To interpret the conversation above , we need
to possess the knowledge of the followings;
 Speech events includes the interactions such
as conversation at a party or ordering a meal.
Any speech event comprises several
components. debates, interview, game, daily
routine, etc.

11. Conversation analysis
Turn Taking
The speaker and hearer take turn taking. One
person speaks at one time and the other
listens, and they switch places.
 Example: A:
Hello B:
Hi
A:How are you? B:
Fine

12. The cooperative principle
 Assumption: interlocutors are cooperative in
constructing a conversation.
 Gricean Maxims: (i)
The Quantity maxim: It makes our conversation
as informative as is required, but not more, or less
then is required. (ii) The Qualitative
maxim: Do not say that which we believe to be
false or for which we lack adequate evidences.

13. Hedges
 It can be define as words or phrases used to
indicate that we are not really sure of what we
are saying is sufficiently correct or complete.
 We can use kind of & sort of as hedges in
the accuracy of our statement.
 Example: his hair was kind of long, The
book cover is sort of yellow.

14. Implicatures
 Implicature is an additional meaning conveyed by
a speaker adhering to cooperative principle.
 Example:
Umar: Are you coming at a party tonight?
Hassan: I have got an exam tomorrow.
 Here Hassan’s statement is not an answer to
Umar’s Q, Hassan does not say Yes or No. But
Umar will interpret that the answer means No.

15. Background knowledge
 Background knowledge is an information that
is not in a text, but is used from memory by a
reader to understand the text.
 Example:
 The students of BS-6th have been
hardworking since Tuesday, they are really
worried about presentation, and they have
consulted with many teachers.

16. Schemas and scripts
 Schema is a conventional knowledge which
exist in memory.
 If you hear that ‘describe what happened
during a visit to a supermarket’, you do not
have to told what is normally found in
supermarket. You already have ‘supermarket
schema’(food displayed on shelves, arranged
in aisles, shopping carts and baskets etc.)as
part of your background knowledge.

17. Scripts
 Script is a dynamic schema in which conventional
actions take place.
 Examples: taking
the train, travelling on a airplane, eating at a
restaurant.
 Our understanding of what we read is not only
based on what we see on the page(language
structure), but also on other things that we have in
mind(knowledge structure).

18. Variation Theory
 It was developed by Labov (1972) and has
made a major contribution to discourse
analysis.
 Labov and waletzky argue that fundamental
narrative structures are evident in spoken
narratives of personal experience.
 He argued that the structure of narrative
involves 6 stages.

19. STAGES
 Abstract:
(Summary of story,
with it’s points.)
 Orientation:
(in respect of time,
place & situation)
 Complication:
(temporal sequence
of events ,the
occurrences that
move it ahead.
 Evaluation: (narrator’s
attitude toward
narrative, the point, or
the reason)
 Resolution:
(protagonist approach
to crisis, conclusion,
end of narrative )
 Coda: (Relevance
of
narrative to every day
life).

20. Thanks for
concentrating.
Written by:
M Irfan Chheena