Chapter 10 Sex, gender, and sexuality Jo-Anne D. Petrie, M.Ed. Psychology 260 Fall 2018 Big Questions How does biology make us male or female? Why do we act masculine or feminine? How do we vary in sexual orientation? What motivates us to have sexual relations (or not to)? How does biology make us male or female? Biological sex refers to physical factors that determine the sex of a person Sex chromosomes-xx Female/ xy male Sex glands-ovaries (F) release more estrogen and develop mature eggs Males testes (M) release more androgens (testosterone) and develop mature sperm cells. Biological sex Refers to physical factors that determine one’s sex as male or female NOT the same as gender Social differences between being male or female Humans are more than just male or female Gender nonconformity Some people don’t feel especially male or female Some may feel more male in some situations and more female in other situations (i.e., gender nonconformity) Secondary Sex characteristics Female increased release of estradiol defining in the waist increase in fat breast development body hair (arm pits) pubic hair Secondary Sex characteristics Male Greater muscle mass Facial hair Deepening voice Angular jaw Body hair (armpits and chest) Pubic hair Primary Sex Characteristics Female- Mature internal organs (uterus and ovaries with egg cells) Mature genitals (vagina) Menarche- woman's first menstrual period Males Mature internal organs (testes with sperm cells) Mature genitals (penis) Spermarche -is the beginning of development of sperm in boys' testicles at puberty. Brains Female Less reactive amygdala –(a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the experiencing of emotions) - larger and more reactive orbito-frontal cortex create a tendency toward less physical aggression Male More reactive amygdala smaller obrito-frontal cortex and reduced coupling of amygdala and prefrontal cortex create a tendency toward physical aggression. Biological sex Sex chromosomes Genetic material determined at conception by the 23rd pair of chromosomes in fertilized egg Mother’s egg cell always donates X chromosome Father’s sperm cell either donates X or Y chromosome Female XX sex chromosomes Male XY sex chromosomes Sex determined by whether a sperm that fertilizes egg carries X or Y chromosome What happens as in the case of Coy Mathis? Gender is not the same as biological sex. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJZYquakPkk What happens when children’s genitals are not fully developed and their parents decide the sex for them? Hormonal abnormalities 1 in every 1,500 children are born with no clarity of either a vagina or penis Reason being maybe exposed to androgens in utero. Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) -body doesn't respond to testosterone  -not fully developed penis, test.

1. Chapter 10
Sex, gender, and sexuality
Jo-Anne D. Petrie, M.Ed. Psychology 260 Fall 2018
Big Questions
How does biology make us male or female?
Why do we act masculine or feminine?
How do we vary in sexual orientation?
What motivates us to have sexual relations (or not to)?
How does biology make us male or female?
Biological sex refers to physical factors that determine the sex
of a person
Sex chromosomes-xx Female/ xy male
Sex glands-ovaries (F) release more estrogen and develop
mature eggs
Males testes (M) release more androgens (testosterone) and
develop mature sperm cells.

2. Biological sex
Refers to physical factors that determine one’s sex as male or
female
NOT the same as gender
Social differences between being male or female
Humans are more than just male or female
Gender nonconformity
Some people don’t feel especially male or female
Some may feel more male in some situations and more female in
other situations (i.e., gender nonconformity)
Secondary Sex characteristics
Female
increased release of estradiol
defining in the waist
increase in fat
breast development
body hair (arm pits)
pubic hair
Secondary Sex characteristics
Male
Greater muscle mass
Facial hair
Deepening voice
Angular jaw
Body hair (armpits and chest)
Pubic hair

3. Primary Sex Characteristics
Female-
Mature internal organs (uterus and ovaries with egg cells)
Mature genitals (vagina)
Menarche- woman's first menstrual period
Males
Mature internal organs (testes with sperm cells)
Mature genitals (penis)
Spermarche -is the beginning of development of sperm in boys'
testicles at puberty.
Brains
Female
Less reactive amygdala –(a roughly almond-shaped mass of gray
matter inside each cerebral hemisphere, involved with the
experiencing of emotions) - larger and more reactive orbito-
frontal cortex create a tendency toward less physical aggression
Male
More reactive amygdala smaller obrito-frontal cortex and
reduced coupling of amygdala and prefrontal cortex create a
tendency toward physical aggression.

4. Biological sex
Sex chromosomes
Genetic material determined at conception by the 23rd pair of
chromosomes in fertilized egg
Mother’s egg cell always donates X chromosome
Father’s sperm cell either donates X or Y chromosome
Female XX sex chromosomes
Male XY sex chromosomes
Sex determined by whether a sperm that fertilizes egg carries X
or Y chromosome
What happens as in the case of Coy Mathis?
Gender is not the same as biological sex.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJZYquakPkk
What happens when children’s genitals are not fully developed
and their parents decide the sex for them?
Hormonal abnormalities 1 in every 1,500 children are born with
no clarity of either a vagina or penis
Reason being maybe exposed to androgens in utero.
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
-body doesn't respond to testosterone
-not fully developed penis, testes don't descend
-may have what looks like a vagina
Let’s discuss what can happen in this case?

5. Nature
chromosomes and hormones
Nurture
environnent, parents/peers/society/media influences
XXY Klinefelter Syndrome
Boys born with 3 chromosomes
Symptoms: Birth-small testes and penis, misplaced/delayed
speech
Puberty-don't have normal development of secondary sex
characteristics, develops some fat on breasts
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c9ne4Cwy9T4
X0
Turner Syndrome
Girls missing a chromosome
Symptoms: Birth- no abnormalities externally
Puberty- lack of 2nd sex characteristics, shorter, never
menstruate due to undeveloped ovaries

6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aowhL33lTDs
ancy or in early childhood. Occasionally, in females with mild
signs and symptoms of Turner syndrome, the diagnosis is
delayed until the teen or young adult year
Intersexuality
Physical doesn't match chromosomal makeup
Variety of conditions in which a person is born with a
reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the
typical definitions of female or male.
For example, a person might be born appearing to be female on
the outside, but having mostly male-typical anatomy on the
inside.
Or a person may be born with genitals that seem to be in-
between the usual male and female types—for example, a girl
may be born with a noticeably large clitoris, or lacking a
vaginal opening, or a boy may be born with a notably small
penis, or with a scrotum that is divided so that it has formed
more like labia.
Or a person may be born with mosaic genetics, so that some of
her cells have XX chromosomes and some of them have XY.
Gender
Social, cultural, psychological aspects of masculinity and
femininity
How has what we explored thus far or your knowledge differ

7. from the stereotypical “gender” stereotypes?
Gender Schemas
cognitive model about being male/female and
masculine/feminine
Gender Stereotypes
commonly held beliefs about what males/females are like and
what they do
Gender Roles
position/characteristic/interest expected based on gender
Gender Identity
How you identify in terms of male or female regardless of
anything else
Transgender
Gender identity differs from biological sex
Transgender
gender identity differs from biological sex
Transitioning
Transgender
gender identity differs from biological sex
Transitioning

8. Gender Dysphoria
Experiencing depression/ stress/ anxiety related to being
transgender, go one for 6+ months, interferes with day to day
function
Sexual Orientation
Has to deal with who you are attracted to
sexually/romantically/emotionally
Heterosexual
Heterosexual
Attracted to other sex
Homosexual
Attracted to same sex
Bi-sexual
attracted to all sexes
Asexual
attracted to neither men or women

9. Transitioning
Discovery/Research
Therapy
Coming Out
Hormones
Passing
Name Change
Surgery
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RqGgmBVTd84
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RYuipbRGu5s
Chapter 12
Social Psychology
How do we think about other people?
How do our attitudes affect us?
How do other people influence us?
How do we develop strong relationships?
Non verbal behavior
Share!
How do you think about someone's body language?
Facial expressions
How do we read each others faces and actions?
Stereotypes

10. How do you stereotype others?
How are those maintained?
Self fulfilling prophecy
The tendency to behave in ways that conform to our own or
others expectations
Serotypes can make us feel and act certain ways- they can be
positive negative and lead to prejudice and discrimination
Site some examples?
Lets talk about stereotypes and perception
White people looked at a black or white face briefly they were
not aware of seeing it. After each picture a tool or gun
appeared. People were to classify whether a tool or gun
appeared. People who were shown a gun identified it with the
gun more frequently.
Discuss this. Is it right?
Think about Megyn Kelly’s “blackface” comment. How did that
make you feel? What are your thoughts? Should Megyn Kelly’s
morning show be cancelled or not?
The Jigsaw Classroom
Aronson and colleagues developed and implemented the jigsaw
classroom technique in Austin, Texas, in 1971. Drawing on
classic psychological research on how to reduce tensions
between competing minority children in underfunded schools
and those of white privileged over preforming ones.
Effort for bridging the stereotype gap making all learners more
equal.
The jigsaw technique is so named because each child in a jigsaw
classroom must become an expert on a single topic that is a
crucial part of a larger academic puzzle to be taught together in
the classroom as a cohesive team

11. Group responsibilities
Your group is the expert on that subject
You will have 10 minutes to present your area of expertise
Please make it concise and to the point
Everyone in the group will talk – being aware of how much
floor time you each have
Be conscious of how much responsibility is given to each of you
and your ethnicity
Each group needs to have a recorder.
Questions can be asked then challenged peacefully and
respectfully
Attributions about other people
implementing the Jigsaw Method
Group 1- Personal attribution
peoples explanations for why events or actions occur that refer
to peoples internal characteristics such as abilities, traits,
moods, or efforts
Group 2- Situational attributions
Peoples explanations for why events or actions occur that refer
to external events such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other
peoples actions
Group 3- Fundamental attribution error
In explaining other peoples behavior the tendency to
overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational
factors
Group 4-Actor/observer bias
When interpreting our own behavior we tend to focus on
situations. When interpreting other peoples behavior we tend to
focus on personal attributes.

12. Presentations
Group 1- Personal attribution
peoples explanations for why events or actions occur that refer
to peoples internal characteristics such as abilities, traits,
moods, or efforts
Group 2- Situational attributions
Peoples explanations for why events or actions occur that refer
to external events such as the weather, luck, accidents, or other
peoples actions
Group 3- Fundamental attribution error
In explaining other peoples behavior the tendency to
overemphasize personality traits and underestimate situational
factors
Group 4-Actor/observer bias
When interpreting our own behavior we tend to focus on
situations. When interpreting other peoples behavior we tend to
focus on personal attributes.
Next Class…………
Term Paper #2
Format APA
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa
_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
Any topic of interest discussed in class or on power point,
lectures and class discussions since the last paper.
Stick to one subject/topic
Dig down deep
Please submit on blackboard ONLY
Due by 11:59PM 11/6/18