This document discusses the importance of transport systems in multicellular organisms, focusing on the circulatory system in humans and animals, including its components like blood and blood vessels. It details the functions and types of blood cells, the heart's role in circulation, and the mechanisms of blood clotting. Additionally, it compares different types of circulatory systems across species, emphasizing the significance of efficient nutrient and gas transport.

1. 1.1
IMPORTANCE OF A TRANSPORT SYSTEM
IN SOME MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
By: Rumaizah Muhamad

2. Dimension of cube (cm) 1x1x1 2x2x2 4x4x4
Total surface area of cube (cm2)
Volume of cube (cm3)
TSA/V ratio
Calculate the TSA/V ratio.

6. • In larger multicellular organisms need a
transport system so that dissolved materials
could be moved rapidly to and from all parts
of the body.

7. 1.2
CONCEPT OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM

8. Circulatory system in humans and
animals
• Circulatory system (CS) includes:
– Medium  fluid that flows in CS (eg: animal :
blood; insects: haemolymph)
– Vesels  arteries, veins and capillaries
– Pump  muscular heart

11. Erythrocytes

12. Erythrocytes
• Small, biconcave disc
• Have no nucleus
• Great quantities of haemoglobin (which contains iron)
(Cells become bright red)
• Site of production: bone marrow
• Life span: 120 days
• Site of destruction: liver and spleen (by phagocytes)
• Ratio of erythrocytes to leucocytes  1000 : 1 (in normal person)

13. Leucocytes (White blood cells)
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes

14. Leucocytes (White blood cells)
• Less numerous than eryhtrocytes.
• Have nuclei
• Do not have haemoglobin
• Larger than erythrocytes and do not have
fixed shapes.
• Site of production : bone marrow
• Site of growth and development: thymus
gland or lymph nodes

15. Cont.
Basic types of leucocytes:
Granulocytes (have granular cytoplasm and
lobed nuclei)
• Neutrophils
• Eusinophils
• Basophils
Agranulocytes (clear cytoplasm and no
lobed)
• Monocytes (largest)
• Lymphocytes (smallest)

17. Quizzes
1. The neutrophils are _______
A. Phagocytes
B. Leucocytes
C. Lymphocytes
D. Phosphate
2. Which leucocytes that help to control allergic
reaction?
A. Basophils
B. Eosinophils
C. Monocytes
D. Neutrophils

18. 3. Basophils secrete _________ to prevent blood clotting
A. Warfarin
B. Fibrinogen
C. Heparin
D. Walfarine
4. Which leucocytes that can move to the body tissues to
become phagocytic macrophage?
A. Basophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Eosinophils
D. Monocytes

19. 5. Some lymphocytes produce _________ to aid
in destruction of __________
A. Antibodies, homogens
B. Antibodies, pathogens
C. Hormones, pathogens
D. Enzymes, pathogens

20. Platelets
• Small, irregularly
shaped
• F(x) : blood clotting
• Life span: 5 -9 days

21. Plasma
• Pale, yellow liquid
• Made up of 90% water & 10% dissolved solutes
(gases, minerals, hormones, plasma proteins and
excretory wastes)
• BOOD SERUM : plasma without fibrinogen (clotting
factors).

22. Plasma

23. Function of blood in transport
• Transport oxygen from the lungs to other
parts of the body (form 4)
• Transport absorbed food materials from the
digestive tract to body tissues (form 4)
• Transport waste products (form 4)
– Eg: carbon dioxide from body tissues to the lungs
– Urea to the kidneys
• Transport heat, hormones and water

24. Transport of heat,
hormones & water
• Body T can be regulated by blood by
distributing heat from heat-producing sites
(eg:muscles) to the skin.
• Hormones (eg:insulin & glucagon) produced
by endocrine glands (pancreas) transported by
blood to target organs (liver).
• Water is important to provide medium for
biochemical reaction.

25. Function of haemolymph
• Circulating blood-like fluid found in invertebrates
with open-circulatory systems
• Tubular heart pumps the haemolymph into
haemocoel.
• Haemolymph – bathes the tissues and internal
organ directly.
• Nutrients and hormones diffuse from
haemolypmh into the cells
• Waste products diffuse out from the cells into
haemolymph.

27. Structure of human blood vessels
Blood vessels : tubes that transport blood from one part to another.
Arteries Capillaries Veins
Transport blood away from Connect arterioles to Transport blood to the
the heart venules heart
Transport oxygenated Act as the sites for Transport deoxygenated
blood (except pulmonary exchange of substances blood (except pulmonary
artery) with the cells vein)
Thick muscular wall Thinnest wall, one cell Thinner wall
thickness
No valves except semilunar No valves Valves present to prevent
valves at the base of the back flow of blood
aorta and pulmonary
artery
Blood flows in pulses under No pulses. Pressure lower No pulses. Blood flows
high pressure than arteries but higher under lower pressure than
than veins arteries.

30. Artery, vein and capillary

31. How blood is propelled through the
human circulatory system
• Organ responsible to pump the blood : heart

32. Structure of the human heart

33. How blood is propelled through the
human circulatory system
• VIDEO

34. Lungs
Pulmonary veins
Vena cava
Right ventricle Left atrium
Tricuspid Bicuspid
valve
deO2 blood O2 blood valve
Right atrium Left ventricle
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Whole body

35. FAQ SPM
1. The diagram below shows the external view of the
human heart.
What is the blood vessel labeled W?
A. Carotid artery
B. Coronary artery
C. Subclavian artery
D. Systemic artery

36. 3.

37. The pumping of the heart
Sinoatrial node
Bundle of His
Atrio-ventricular containing
node Purkinje tissue
Interventricular
septum

38. Conducting system of the heart
• Video

39. Contraction of skeletal muscles
around veins

40. Circulatory system in insects

41. 2. Valves ensure the haemolymph flow in one direction
1. When the heart relax, haemolymph re-enters ostia
Material exchange occurs
here. Haemolymph in
haemocoel carry nutrients
and waste products

42. Circulatory system in fish
• Single circulatory
system.
• Deoxygenated blood
Sinuses leaves the heart at high
pressure and passes
through the gills where
the gaseous exchange
occurs.
• Oxygenated blood flows
through the organs and
blood pressure drops.

43. Circulatory system in amphibians
(eg:frogs)
• Double circulatory system:
– Pulmonary circulation
– Systemic circulation
• Have three-chambered heart (2 atria & 1
ventricle)
• Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood in ventricle. The mixed blood enters the
systemic circulation.

45. Circulatory system
in humans

46. FAQ SPM
1. The diagram below shows a longitudinal section
of the human heart.
Which of the labeled parts, A, B, C or D, receives
blood from the lungs?

47. 2. The diagram shows the circulatory system of
a fish.
What are the organs P, Q and R?
P Q R
A Gills Lungs Stomach
B Stomach Lungs Gills
C Gills Heart Stomach
D Stomach Heart Gills

48. Circulatory system in humans
• Double circulatory system (blood passes through the
heart twice for each circuit)
– Pulmonary circulation
– Systemic circulation
• Two divisions of heart:
– Right side  pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs
– Left side  pump oxygenated blood to the body (except
lungs)
• Advantage: blood returns to the heart to be pumped
again will increase the blood pressure and flow rate,
thereby speeding up delivery O2 to the tissues and
organs.

49. Assignment 1.3
1. Draw and label a longitudinal section of
human heart.
2. List the functions of the different types of
leucocytes.

50. 1.3
THE MECHANISM OF BLOOD
CLOTTING

51. The necessities of blood clotting
• To prevent:
– serious blood loss
– the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles
into the blood
• To maintain:
– normal blood pressure
– circulation of blood in a a closed circulatory
system

52. The mechanism of blood clotting

54. VIDEO

55. FAQ SPM
1. The conversion of the soluble fibrinogen
present in blood plasma into the insoluble
fibrin is by
A. calcium ion
B. thrombin
C. thromboplastins
D. vitamin K

56. FAQ SPM
2. Fibrinogen, fibrin, thrombin and prothrombin
are necessary for blood clotting. Which of the
following is the correct sequence for the
involvement of these four substances during
blood clotting?
A. Prothrombin, thrombin, fibrinogen, fibrin
B. Thrombin, prothrombin, fibrin, fibrinogen
C. Fibrinogen, fibrin, prothrombin, thrombin
D. Fibrin, fibrinogen, thrombin, prothrombin

57. Impaired blood clotting mechanisms in
human
The consequences

60. Assignment 1.4
1. List the advantages of blood clotting at the
site of damaged blood vessels.
2. Draw a schematic diagram to illustrate the
mechanism of blood clotting.
3. What would happen if a blood clot forms
a) In the brain
b) In the coronary artery